Evaluation Of Methods And Introduction Of Complementary Research Devices To Improve Research Robustness

Evaluation Of Methods And Introduction Of Complementary Research Devices To Improve Research Robustness

Abstract

According to Kisfalvi (2003), Entrepreneurship has been conceptualized in a number of ways in literature, common ground has still not been found. Social scientists have embarked to study effects and reasons of entrepreneurial actions to find the essence of entrepreneurship, (Kisfalvi, 2003). Research on ‘true’ entrepreneurial behavior is scarce though, researchers agree that investigating this field could help solidify entrepreneurship theory, its delimitation from management and lay groundwork for studies on entrepreneurial efficacy and competence.

Referring to ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Edmondson</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>809</RecNum><record><rec-number>809</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>809</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Edmondson, Amy C.</author><author>McManus, Stacy E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>METHODOLOGICAL FIT IN MANAGEMENT FIELD RESEARCH</title><secondary-title>Academy of Management Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Academy of Management Review</full-title></periodical><pages>1155-1179</pages><volume>32</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>MANAGEMENT science</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT literature</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT</keyword><keyword>QUALITY control</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>EXPERIMENTAL design</keyword><keyword>DATA analysis</keyword><keyword>METHODOLOGY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>Academy of Management</publisher><isbn>03637425</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=26586086&amp;loginpage=login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Edmondson & McManus (2007), this paper provides that a research design based on field methods, in meticulous methods of observation, can be used to study and consequently code and evaluate behavioral scenario in entrepreneurship. A method to studying managerial behavior postulated by Henry Mintzberg’s (1968) proves a valuable starting point, however, an evaluation of the method based on Yin (1998) and ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gibbert</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>821</RecNum><record><rec-number>821</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>821</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gibbert, M. </author><author>Ruigrok, W.</author><author>Wicki, B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>What passes as a rigorous case study?</title><secondary-title>Strategic Management Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Strategic Management Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>1465-1474</pages><volume>29</volume><number>13</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Gibbert et al. (2008) shows apparent lack of rigor in his proceeding. Consequently, the research design is updated and remedies as well as complimentary methods are introduced. These measures are integrated into a research approach which enables the generation of reliable and valid data on entrepreneurial behavior.

Table of Contents TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733400” Table of Contents PAGEREF _Toc229733400 h ii

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733401” List of Abbreviations PAGEREF _Toc229733401 h iii

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733402” 1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc229733402 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733403” 2Conceptual foundations PAGEREF _Toc229733403 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733404” 2.1The job of the entrepreneur as research focus PAGEREF _Toc229733404 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733405” 2.2Methodological fit of systematic observation in entrepreneurial settings PAGEREF _Toc229733405 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733406” 2.3Key concepts of scientific observation PAGEREF _Toc229733406 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733407” 2.4Using observation to generate data PAGEREF _Toc229733407 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733408” 3Evaluation of Mintzberg’s observation approach PAGEREF _Toc229733408 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733409” 3.1Internal validity PAGEREF _Toc229733409 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733410” 3.2Construct validity PAGEREF _Toc229733410 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733411” 3.3External validity PAGEREF _Toc229733411 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733412” 3.4Reliability PAGEREF _Toc229733412 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733413” 3.5Attainments of Mintzberg’s work PAGEREF _Toc229733413 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733414” 4Measures to improve rigor of systematic observation PAGEREF _Toc229733414 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733415” 4.1Clear definitions, epistemological foundations as well as pattern matching to improve internal validity PAGEREF _Toc229733415 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733416” 4.2Social learning theory as theoretical foundation for the research approach PAGEREF _Toc229733416 h 13

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733417” 4.3Multi-rater methods, in particular Delphi processes to code behaviour PAGEREF _Toc229733417 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733418” 4.4Methodological triangulation to enhance construct validity PAGEREF _Toc229733418 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733419” 4.5Larger sample size and clear rationale for case selection to enhance external validity PAGEREF _Toc229733419 h 16

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733420” 4.6Comprehensive and comprehensible documentation to improve reliability PAGEREF _Toc229733420 h 17

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733421” 4.7Overview of approach to studying entrepreneurial behaviour with systematic observation PAGEREF _Toc229733421 h 17

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733422” 5Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc229733422 h 18

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733423” 5.1Summary PAGEREF _Toc229733423 h 18

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733424” 5.2Directions for future research PAGEREF _Toc229733424 h 19

HYPERLINK l “_Toc229733425” References PAGEREF _Toc229733425 h 20

List of AbbreviationsAbbreviationFull term

e.g.exempli gratia (for example)

et al.et alteri (and others)

i.e.id est (that means)

p.page

pp.pages

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to analyze, evaluate and improve methodological rigor of field research for deployment in entrepreneurial settings. According to Edmondson and McManus (2007), Field research is defined as “systematic studies that rely on the collection of original data in real organizations” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Edmondson</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>809</RecNum><Pages>1155</Pages><record><rec-number>809</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>809</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Edmondson, Amy C.</author><author>McManus, Stacy E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>METHODOLOGICAL FIT IN MANAGEMENT FIELD RESEARCH</title><secondary-title>Academy of Management Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Academy of Management Review</full-title></periodical><pages>1155-1179</pages><volume>32</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>MANAGEMENT science</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT literature</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT</keyword><keyword>QUALITY control</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>EXPERIMENTAL design</keyword><keyword>DATA analysis</keyword><keyword>METHODOLOGY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year></dates><publisher>Academy of Management</publisher><isbn>03637425</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=26586086&amp;loginpage=login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Edmondson & McManus, 2007). This paper mainly focuses on systematic observation techniques as well as complimentary research devices to gather original data and a scientific process to generate activity categories. These methods fit the study of a research gap in entrepreneurship particularly well (see Section 2.2). Systematic observation has been used to explore and analyse a variety of subject matters, such as educational, healthcare and military institutions as well as political and economic actors (Sulsky & Kline, 2007; Yukl, 2005).

Henry Mintzberg pioneered the deployment of direct systematic observation in his seminal PhD thesis on managerial behaviour “The manager at work – determining his activities, roles and programs by structured observation” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mintzberg</Author><Year>1968</Year><RecNum>721</RecNum><record><rec-number>721</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>721</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Thesis”>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mintzberg, Henry</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Manager at Work – Determinig his Activities, Roles, And Programs by Structured Observation</title></titles><dates><year>1968</year></dates><pub-location>Boston</pub-location><publisher>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Mintzberg, 1968). Since then, researchers have repeatedly relied upon systematic observation as a method to study and understand managerial behaviour ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Kotter, 1982; Kurke & Aldrich, 1983; Luthans, 1987; S. Tengblad, 2001a). ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Brown & Hanlon, 2004; Gartner, 1989; Schwehm, 2007 , argue that entrepreneurship is a young discipline whose actual activities, tasks and behaviours of entrepreneurs have not yet been studied comprehensively, leaving a research gap which could be addressed by systematical analysis of data from systematic observation ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Brown & Hanlon, 2004; Gartner, 1989; Schwehm, 2007).

The incorporation of typical advantages of case study research, like the coverage of events in their natural context, in real time, and the generation of detailed, voluminous evidence (Yin, 1998) have not saved the situation because still observation approaches have been criticized for several reasons in the literature. ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Brown & Hanlon, 2004; Hales, 1986; Martinko & Gardner, 1985 denotes that limitations of observant research relate normally to problems of validity, lack of reliability checks, subjective coding methodology and a number of other conceptual problems ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Brown & Hanlon, 2004; Hales, 1986; Martinko & Gardner, 1985). The underlying research question for this chiefly methodological paper is thus:

R: How can we address the limitations of observational field research while preserving its methodological advantages?

To answer this question in the context of management and entrepreneurship, three main objectives subside. First, direct, systematic observation has been widely used to study managers but not to study entrepreneurs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>817</RecNum><record><rec-number>817</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>817</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brown, Travor C.</author><author>Hanlon, Dennis</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>U Newfoundland</auth-address><titles><title>Developing Behavioural Observation Scales to Foster Effective Entrepreneurship</title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship</full-title></periodical><pages>103-116</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Human Capital</keyword><keyword>Skills</keyword><keyword>Occupational Choice</keyword><keyword>Labor Productivity J240</keyword><keyword>Firm Performance L250</keyword><keyword>New Firms</keyword><keyword>Startups M130</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Winter</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>08276331</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ccsbe.org/jsbe/</url><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ecn&amp;AN=0743863&amp;loginpage=login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown & Hanlon, 2004). therefore, identification and address of the methodological issues in the scientific observation of managers can bring about research designs which, could make valid and reveal significant aspects of administrative or entrepreneurial behaviour ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gartner</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>731</RecNum><record><rec-number>731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gartner, William B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>&quot;Who Is an Entrepreneur?&quot; Is the Wrong Question</title><secondary-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</full-title></periodical><pages>47-68</pages><volume>13</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</keyword><keyword>BUSINESSMEN</keyword><keyword>ORGANIZATION</keyword><keyword>BUSINESS</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>PSYCHOLOGY</keyword><keyword>PERSONALITY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>Summer89</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Limited</publisher><isbn>10422587</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=5331834&amp;loginpage=Login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Schwehm</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>850</RecNum><record><rec-number>850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Book”>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schwehm, M. O. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Entrepreneurship im internationalen Vergleich: Erfassung, Beobachtung und Erklärung</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><pub-location>Marburg</pub-location><publisher>Books on Demand GmbH</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gartner, 1989; Schwehm, 2007). Second, this paper aims at enhancing rigor of direct behaviour observation and behaviour coding approaches by methodically identifying weaknesses and strengths to consequently put in place measures to improve and advance the methodology for future fruitful use in the social sciences. Third, a gradual research framework shall be devised which can be applied in bridging a concrete research gap in entrepreneurial setting basing on the evaluation and development of systematic observation methods.

After the introduction, Section II will lay the foundation for the remainder of the paper. To substantiate the identified research gap, current issues in entrepreneurship theory will be reviewed briefly. Thereafter, methodological fit of an approach, in particular systematic observation and subsequent activity coding procedures to address the research gap shall be assessed. Finally, observation approaches as deployed in field research in management will be introduced as scientific methodologies. Subsequent to the fundamental groundwork laid out in Section II, Section III will evaluate the rigor of studies relying on structured observation by deploying Yin’s (1994) and Gibbert et al.’s (2008) suggested validity and reliability criteria. The analysis shall exemplarily focus on Mintzberg’s 1973 case studies on managerial behaviour, since they incorporate common weaknesses but also strengths of systematic observation and behavioural coding ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Brown</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>817</RecNum><record><rec-number>817</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>817</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Brown, Travor C.</author><author>Hanlon, Dennis</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>U Newfoundland</auth-address><titles><title>Developing Behavioural Observation Scales to Foster Effective Entrepreneurship</title><secondary-title>Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship</full-title></periodical><pages>103-116</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>Human Capital</keyword><keyword>Skills</keyword><keyword>Occupational Choice</keyword><keyword>Labor Productivity J240</keyword><keyword>Firm Performance L250</keyword><keyword>New Firms</keyword><keyword>Startups M130</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Winter</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>08276331</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ccsbe.org/jsbe/</url><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=ecn&amp;AN=0743863&amp;loginpage=login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Brown & Hanlon, 2004). Based on identified methodological and conceptual shortcomings, Section IV will suggest incremental remedies and complementary research devices to advance research designs featuring observation as a method to generate valid and reliable data on entrepreneurial behaviour for research and practice. Section V concludes the paper by providing a summary as well as directions for future research.

Conceptual foundationsThe job of the entrepreneur as research focusEntrepreneurship, although being a relatively young discipline, has been conceptualized in a number of different ways over the last decades ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gartner</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>724</RecNum><record><rec-number>724</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>724</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gartner, William B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Entrepreneurship Hop</title><secondary-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</full-title></periodical><pages>361-368</pages><volume>32</volume><number>2</number><keywords><keyword>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</keyword><keyword>NEW business enterprises</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT science</keyword><keyword>STUDY &amp; teaching</keyword><keyword>RHYMING slang</keyword><keyword>HIP-hop — Influence</keyword><keyword>RAP (Music) — Social aspects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Limited</publisher><isbn>10422587</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00230.x</url><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=30033421&amp;loginpage=Login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gartner, 2008). More recently, its definition in literature has been predominantly processual: According to Fueglistaller et al. (2008) Entrepreneurship is a process which is initiated and executed by individuals to identify, evaluate and exploit opportunities. The entrepreneur is hence an individual performing these processes, succeeding with new products or production methods in the market and establishing new economic structures ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Blanchflower & Oswald, 1998; Gartner et al., 1994) .

However, academic discourse about the terms and concepts entrepreneurship and entrepreneur has not settled ADDIN EN.CITE ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Fueglistaller et al., 2008; Gartner, 2001, 2008; Schwehm, 2007). as a result, researchers have embarked in a variety of directions to explain and conceptualize entrepreneurship phenomena, which can be summarized under the following three questions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stevenson</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>823</RecNum><record><rec-number>823</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>823</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stevenson, Howard H.</author><author>Jarillo, J. Carlos</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A PARADIGM OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGEMENT</title><secondary-title>Strategic Management Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Strategic Management Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>17-27</pages><volume>11</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</keyword><keyword>BUSINESS literature</keyword><keyword>STRATEGIC planning</keyword><keyword>NEW business enterprises</keyword><keyword>INDUSTRIAL management</keyword><keyword>BUSINESS</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT science</keyword><keyword>BUSINESS planning</keyword><keyword>MANAGEMENT — Research</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1990</year></dates><isbn>01432095</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=12496733&amp;loginpage=login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990)

What happens when entrepreneurs act? (Results of entrepreneurial action)

Why do entrepreneurs act? (Predispositions of entrepreneurial action)

How do entrepreneurs act? (Behaviours / actions of entrepreneurs)

According to ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Timmons</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Timmons, Jeffrey A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New Venture Creation – Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century</title></titles><keywords><keyword>1080 Ent – Manage start-ups</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gartner</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>731</RecNum><record><rec-number>731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gartner, William B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>&quot;Who Is an Entrepreneur?&quot; Is the Wrong Question</title><secondary-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</full-title></periodical><pages>47-68</pages><volume>13</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</keyword><keyword>BUSINESSMEN</keyword><keyword>ORGANIZATION</keyword><keyword>BUSINESS</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>PSYCHOLOGY</keyword><keyword>PERSONALITY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>Summer89</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Limited</publisher><isbn>10422587</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=5331834&amp;loginpage=Login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote> Gartner, (1989); Timmons, (2002) the first two questions are investigated in the disciplines of economics and psychology / sociology respectively. While The third question, is best to be examined in the field of business management research ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Timmons</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Timmons, Jeffrey A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>New Venture Creation – Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century</title></titles><keywords><keyword>1080 Ent – Manage start-ups</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Gartner</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>731</RecNum><record><rec-number>731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Journal Article”>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gartner, William B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>&quot;Who Is an Entrepreneur?&quot; Is the Wrong Question</title><secondary-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Entrepreneurship: Theory &amp; Practice</full-title></periodical><pages>47-68</pages><volume>13</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>ENTREPRENEURSHIP</keyword><keyword>BUSINESSMEN</keyword><keyword>ORGANIZATION</keyword><keyword>BUSINESS</keyword><keyword>RESEARCH</keyword><keyword>PSYCHOLOGY</keyword><keyword>PERSONALITY</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>Summer89</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Limited</publisher><isbn>10422587</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=buh&amp;AN=5331834&amp;loginpage=Login.asp&amp;site=ehost-live</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gartner, 1989; Timmons, 2002). Stevenson and Jarillo (1990) suggest that management researcher should put into consideration what entrepreneurs do behaviourally and how they succeed as entrepreneurs. little has been published on this topic to this day despite almost 20 years having passed, recent research by Schwehm (2007) still claim for a focus on direct contemplation of entrepreneurs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schwehm</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>850</RecNum><record><rec-number>850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app=”EN” db-id=”0azr0ttfyztxvuevse659fwe5dsvddazpf0v”>850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name=”Book”>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schwehm, M. O. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Entrepreneurship im internationale