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Article AnalysisAccording to the GAAP rules of accounting, the description of an ‘audit failure’ can assume various perspectives. As stated in this case study, misstated financial statements are good example that provides an indication for an audit failure. Secondly, an audit failure can be represented by lack of properly documented work papers in a business enterprise. This implies although the right procedures and judgment were utilized, an audit failure may be reported due to inadequacy in the documentation.

Thus, some of the concerns stipulated by Jay Hanson in the case study are relevant. This is because Hanson’s allegations are aimed to dispute the term ‘audit failure’, which is a term that covers a relatively broad segment of a business firm. According to Hanson, the term ‘audit failure’ as utilized by PCOAB forms a basis for confusion to several stakeholders of a firm such as the audit committee, investors, etc. In my opinion, while this rationale is true, Jay Hanson and his supporters should not focus on altering the term rather focus should be reinforced in educating the stakeholders on what ‘audit failure’ means. Focus should also be augmented in providing specific details on the ‘audit failures’ as reported by PCOAB.

The reason for suggesting that focus should be altered from changing the term to educating stakeholders is because changing these terms increases the venue for fraudulent activities to occur. The aggravating realities of compromising on audit reports particularly on its procedures, terminologies, etc. can be demonstrated by the consequence of Enron Corporation case study. This article is relevant as it identifies accounting issues that face the business operations of the modern world. It also supports the use of GAAP rules as well as other accounting rules through the use of PCOAB inspections.

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Monopoly and Competition in U.S.A.

Monopoly Is a term in economics that describes how a specific individual or a company has gained control over the provision of a particular service or product in a way that they determine the terms and conditions of how other individuals will have access to these products or services. On the other hand, competition is whereby there is a contest between individuals or companies for the provision of products or services whereby the price is set by the market itself and the other individuals determine the terms by which they will access these products or services. So competition is where two or more individuals/companies strive for a specific goal that cannot be shared. In business, competition always arises as most companies are in constant competition with one another over the same group of customers.

In the quest to remove monopoly, the United States of America came up with the competition law. This law’s aim is to maintain and promote healthy market competition through regulation of anti-competitive behavior. In the U.S.A, it is also referred to as the antitrust law. According to Kenneth, the U.S.A has the longest history and the toughest policy of anti-monopoly. This monopoly policy is strictly based on structural approach unlike the U.K. one that is based on cost-benefit approach (407). The U.S. monopoly policy started in the 17th century with the Act of Sherman of 1890. This act clearly states that “Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any person or persons to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among several States, or with foreign nations, shall be found guilty of a misdemeanor” (409). However some kind of monopoly can be found not to be illegal in the U.S.A if it comes through cost saving, innovative and product improvement policies rather than anti-competitive strategies.

Another example of monopoly and competition is that given by Richard. He tries to describe monopoly and lack of competition in the telecommunications industry. According to Richard, monopoly has been considered to be natural in the telecommunications industry (21). He describes how one company can be able to produce more services by use of a few resources compared to a group of companies using same resources and producing less output. Thus monopoly is no longer natural in telecommunications but it is rather driven by technological change and innovations. For example the use of electrical wires to string telephone wires thus telecommunication traffic can be carried through electricity networks, and also technological advancement such as use of microwaves. Even if theoretically a single company can provide telecommunications services more economically than several competitors, such a theory cannot be achieved in practice. This is because of monopolies making bad decisions such as choice of investment plans and technologies, neglect of the consumers by favoring the investors and staff or basically become lazy.

Therefore the competition between several companies seems more viable in practice than a monopoly because competition is a sure and efficient way of making companies lower their prices and basically improve the quality of their services and their service delivery. Thus according to Terry, democratic nations tend to favor the producers more than the consumers and so in the U.S.A pro-competition policies are implemented and highly guarded whereas monopoly policies has been abolished and deemed illegal except in some special cases where by they bring innovation and technological advancement (122).

Works Cited

Kenneth, Caroline. Industrial organization: competition, growth, and structural change. 408. Routledge Press. New York. (2000). Print.

Richard, Cristina. New Media, new policies: media and communications strategies for the future. 23. Polity & Blackwell Press, (1996). Print.

Terry, Angela. Competition in theory and practice. 122. Croom Helm ltd.USA Print

Alejandra Villegas

ANTH 2311-91L

#Module 4 Readings

In the first reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health Law in the Broader Currents of Global Governance for Health, Gostin writes about the major sources of global health law, the failures of global health laws, and global health in the global south. Global health laws are directly connected to public international laws whose source is primarily the state’s sovereignty. However, apart from the state,international laws are also a subject of international organizations whose influence comes in through the development of human rights laws. International law is limited as it fails to include the nonstate parties, lacks enforceability, and has fake standards. The above disadvantages reflect on the global health law which further demeans it. Global health laws should be firm enough to spell out priorities;various coordinate activities, encourage investment, foster transparency,and accountability, and help in dispute resolution among other chief functions. In the south, globalization is getting popular through the deliverance of international trade. However, global health is bound to face certain impacts as globalization thrives. The trade, especially on health-related goods and services, is beneficial to the public health,but the trade system is expected to adjust its trading tariffs to maintain quality and affordability for the health-related goods and services. Trade in the south is not as effective as it is in the north and has left the people in the region stuck in poverty. Trade liberations demean the health and the lives of the poor in the region by favoring the interests of the richer individuals and the multinational corporations in the north.

In the second reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health, International Trade and Intellectual Property, Gostin writes about the challenges in health and development and trade. He suggests that trade could be the answer to such challenges in the global south. Through international trade, global pharmaceuticals are bound to develop in the trade routes in as much as it all poses challenges in line of health along the trade routes as well. He cites instances such as exportation of poultry during avian flu, asbestos and cigarettes as a way through which global health is affected through international trade. Several trade agreements are there to regulate the global trade and WHO comes in to counterbalance it for the health care safety sake. However, importation of health care practioneers and medicines however favors the developed countries and renders the underdeveloped and the developing ones brain drained. The above phenomenon causes economic disparities especially in African countries. Gostin gave us an example of importation of fish in 1997 when the EU restricted the importation from Africa due to the outbreak of Salmonella and Cholera. It led to economic depression in Africa. Trade agreements are bound to work against the economy of the developing countries. According to Gostin, there is disparity in the economies of global north and the global south which causes to a standstill in health care developments. The free trade agreements between the global north and the global south eliminate proactive inclusion of the small countries in the international trade thus causing stagnation.

The other reading by Howard Waitzkin, Medicine and Public Health at the End of Empire, Waitzkin writes about the relationship between the wealthy and the poor in the empire and philanthropic foundations. There has been a wave that suggests that the wealthy should bring back to society and for that reason, there have been foundations aimed at helping out in the needs of the society. In the reading, Waitzkin gives an example of the Rockefeller foundation which was initiated internationally to run campaigns against infectious diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. The foundation developed research institutes and disease eradication programs in almost all continents. The foundation helped in stabilizing the cost of health care which had initially risen due to lack of effective treatment of the infectious diseases. International health became a concern especially in Europe which led to the development of international public health organizations which aimed to control the spread of infectious diseases across the global borders especially in the regions affected by epidemics. The main aim of the concern on international public health was to preventing diseases from paralyzing international trade and investment. There was a need to protect the ports from ships that had been to the affected regions — Walkins in his writing focuses on the empire, public health, and health services. Later on, the World Health Organization (WHO) emerged as a sub-organization of the United Nations concerned with public health worldwide. Unlike the previous public health organization that focused more on trade protection, WHO is more concerned with the distribution of healthcare services.

All of the above readings are concerned with public health and the connection between international public health and international trade. Major concerns in the public sector arose after the liberation of trade. Public health is a subject of globalization,and from the readings, it is clear that major health concerns particularly the epidemics such as malaria were a challenge to international trade between various continents. Safeguarding trading activities requires certain health-related restrictions have to be put in place, for instance, quarantine zones at the borders and even prevention of entry into different countries without clearances related to public health such as yellow fever cards. In previous times, public health concerns aimed more at protecting trade relations rather than controlling and eradicating the epidemics. However, in the present day world, public health is concerned with distributing health care services across the world and ensuring all the public can access these services. Through WHO, services such as the distribution of mosquito nets, vaccinations, and even distribution of drugs in the epidemic affected areas havebeen made available worldwide. Initially, the main focus was on preventing the epidemics from spreading across the geographical domain. The ports were major points of concern. The current public health organizations aim at supporting even the low-class members of society in fighting against infectious diseases. The organizations are more concerned with the global public health and distribution of health care services across the globe. The first two readings by Gostin cover the trade relations and global health laws between the trading domains. Its main focus is on maintaining and developing trade relations while the second reading by Waitzkin covers public health care and distribution of health care services globally through organizations such as WHO.

The concern on public health globally has me thinking about the efforts of various public health care organizations and governments. Is health care supposed to be solely a function of the state government? Do global health laws count? According to authors I discussed above, public health care and international trade are related. The United Nations have a sub-organization, WHO, concerned with health care and distribution of health care services globally. Are such organizations there because the trade has to be protected from health care challenges or the organizations are about humanity and conserving life? What is generic medicine and how legal is it?

#Module 6 readings

In the first reading by Ellen E. Foley, Your Pocket is What Cures You: the Politics of Health in Senegal, Foley writes about how decentralization has affected Senegal. He writes about Pikine which is a poor neighborhood in St. Louis with the poorest medical system. The neighborhood is affected by high levels of poverty, poor infrastructure and a large population which is ever growing. The poor medical system is due to what Foley says is called Bamako initiative and devolution in Senegal. The residents are treated poorly, and the medicine found in health care centers is generic. The healthcare reforms put in place does not help the poor according to Foley. He says that apart from the management at the healthcare being corrupt, they make the medical services inaccessible to the poor since the costs are high despite the inequality in the social classes in Pikine. He also points out that politician clings to development projects to help popularize themselves but end up killing the projects through corruption and embezzlement of funds which were supposed to be used in the development projects. The healthcare staff also plays a role in diminishing the medical system in various ways such as embezzlement of funds and drugs, missing work, corruption. Others, however, argued that they miss work sometimes due to poor infrastructure that causes floods during the rainy season and forcing them to close down and making the healthcare facilities inaccessible. This, in turn, delays medical operations in the neighborhood during the same times when several epidemics such as malaria and diarrhea are likely to strike.

In the second reading by John A. Quelch, Consumers, Corporations, and Public Health, Quelch writes about public oral health and how the introduction of the Colgate Palmolive Company has played a role in improving the oral health. As much as the company was focused on popularizing their Colgate brand and increasing sales, they were able to create awareness on oral healthcare across the world. By radicalizing their employees and ensuring that their oral health care was at the top, they were able to influence the communities in places where their employees were based. The children who participated in the oral health care program were able to take the ideas home alongside the toothpaste samples which the adults at home would use and hopefully like. During the operation time, dentists were focused more on oral diseases which gave the company the niche to argue from the food consumption angle, that is, sugary foods being a danger to oral and their toothpaste as the ultimate solution. The strategy explained oral health from a normal perspective other than infection perspective. The prices of the Colgate brands were also adjusted worldwide to ensure that all prospective customers in the new markets could afford the product. The Colgate Company did not only invest in commercial advertisements but also partnered with government bodies as well as public oral health providers for more exposure and extra support to reach the desired oral health care results. This became the perfect marketing strategy for the Colgate Company across the globe.

In the third reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health Law, Gostin writes about contemporary health threats. He argues that the institutions should respond to such health threats all over. Various international institutions should plan on tackling such health threats amongst themselves. The institutions are expected to decide on the course of action by the national strategies, the ownership of the health systems, and the amounts of funding and time according to a specific health threat. Gostin also talks about how various health care organizations have influenced the provision of health care globally both negatively and positively. As much as these organizations, such WHO and different NGOs have liberated the civil society, funded medications, and improved medical care in various countries it has also bent the health care planning and financing and affected leadership and accountability in the sector. Organizations such as who failed due to corruption allegation as WHO worked through governments which then put global health care into autocratic management. Gostin features three phases in the evolution of global health, that is, the dominance of WHO in dealing with global health care agendas, the fall of WHO and the rise of World Bank in taking over the global health, and the era of partnership in addressing global health. The rise of the World Bank was cushioned by the fact that it was focused on the well-being of people rather than economic gains. He advocates for good leadership, integrity, and transparency in the health care system as a key to the successful provision of global health. He, however, points out that the era of partnership later rose since there were doubts on both the WHO and the World Bank.

All three readings are about health care. The first reading by Foley covers poor governance in the health care systems just like the third reading by Gostin. Both the readings also examine the various epidemics such as malaria. In the first reading, Foley talks about the epidemics such as malaria that strike during the rainy season when the health care facilities in Pikine are closed. In the third reading, Gostin features the same epidemics in global health setups as among the diseases that require extra attention such as vaccinations against the epidemics such as tuberculosis. Both readings also examine funding and transparency in the systems. However, in the second reading by Quelch, health care is offered in a better way. The company stabilizes the prices of the toothpaste to ensure that all classes afford the product unlike in Pikine where the residents received health care for the cost they afforded which kept away medical services out of reach for the poor residents of pikine. The management in the second reading is also transparent, and no corruption by the top management or involvement of the politicians is recorded. Gostin and Quelch nevertheless, talk about partnership in their readings. Gostin talks about the era that came later after the dissatisfaction in WHO and the World Bank. It is an era of partnership in carrying out the functions of global health which gives chances to NGOs, philanthropists, celebrities, and multinational corporations. In the second reading, Quelch says that the Colgate Company was involved in a partnership with both the government and other oral health care providers across the world in their endeavors to provide a solution to caries which is caused by eating sugary foods. Both global health and oral health have partnership strategies although the Colgate Company is pitching for more profits, unlike global health which is focused on human health. Should oral health focus on dental infections such as gingivitis? Doesn’t oral infections arise from eating sugary foods?

#Module 7 readings

In the first reading by Chris Kiefer, Doing Health Anthropology, Kiefer talks about anthropology where he postulates that culture distinguishes between anthropological thoughts and anthropological research. He states that cultural anthropology is unique to a kind of people in different societies. The concept of culture is derived along such features as; culture being a holistic concept which means the way of life of a people follows certain realistic patterns of belief and behavior. Furthermore, culture is a comparative concept that focuses on the shared and patterned similarities and differences amongst human groupies. He also asserts that culture is learned and no one is born with a specific culture. Apart from that, culture is shared manifested across a group of people and is a feature present in human life with value to the specific group. He further says that the holistic concept makes a culture unique across various groups of people in different societies. Through anthropology, one can understand health and illness by study the way of life of a people. Among the main aims of anthropologists is to understand human behaviors and beliefs to determine the connection between a people’s history, religion, health, politics, economics, art, technology, etc. Kiefer believes that tampering with people’s culture by changing the way they think and how they behave is a step in health and diseases prevention. In his writing, he suggests that social perspective should be used in anthropology research, but then the perspective has experienced limitations as much as it is quite practical. The strategy is complex and expensive which may attract politics. The strategy also has a couple of assumptions which renders it limited in study behavior change and measuring the decree of the change.

In the second reading by Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Charles Poole, and Timothy L. Lash, Modern Epidemiology Essentials of Epidemiology, they write about causation and causal hypotheses. The authors argue that the disease occurs due to a case which they define as an event, condition, or characteristic that gives rise to the occurrence of a disease at a specific time. They articulate certain conditions to diseases and infer that if certain cases occur differently, it influences the chances of disease breaking out. The disease may occur or may not occur at all depending on certain conditions. According to the authors, one event may not be responsible for causing certain illness, but rather multiple events lead to the illness. For instance, one may break ribs while riding a bike, but that does not mean that anyone who rides a bike will break his/her ribs. There should be other events such as bad weather or inexperience in riding bikes etc. the sufficient-cause model provides for the other unknown causes of disease. Some causes are sometimes bound to combine thereby causing diseases. The authors examine the various scientific inferences which hold a certain degree of truths. Some diseases are genetic or caused by environmental factors. Some diseases can be predicted as well. However, there is no sufficient specific criterion for determining whether an observation is causal. The observations are still a subject to explanations that may register certain patterns that can be predicted. Prediction of certain patterns is responsible for the causal inferences provided. The model may not work for all hypotheses which are bound to leave other causes of diseases unsolved.

In the third reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health Law, Gostin writes about the International Health Regulations (IHR). The major concern of IHR is to provide health security through the management of global responses to the emerging international health threats such as Ebola. The health threats need to be prevented from spreading across the various trading routes to different countries. Gostin suggests checkups and surveillance at the international ports before letting ships or aircraft into a country. Quarantines are also put up at the sites to help contain the epidemic and prevent it from further spreading to the various countries. In the past, immigration has been recorded to cause disease as well as causing economic consequences in the host countries. He insists that the government should enforce actions to bar the infected groups from entering a state. Tests, medication and quarantines should be mandatory at ports or borders to different states. Upon detection of the diseases too, the host state should notify WHO for immediate action in treating and containing the endemic and preventing further spread. Gostin calls IHR a ‘all-hazards’ approach to solving global health threats because it applies to not only people but also goods, food, water, animals, and the environment. The major pillar of IHR is the preparedness of the states. Some states, however, lack the necessary systems and equipment for testing, treatment, and quarantine which Gostin proposes as a limitation on IHR’s side. The IHR is considered as more powerful and instrumental as compared to WHO even thou WHO has established partnership across the globe including the key NGOs. For equitable global health care provision, WHO should consider negotiating fairer agreements on behalf of states.

In the fourth reading by Moyses Szklo and F. Javier Nieto, Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics, the authors have written on epidemiologic study design. The authors provide the well-explained concept of cohort analysis and application of ecological studies. The book also examines the measures of the occurrences of diseases and association with the cohorts. Furthermore, the book focuses on study designs that are relevant to the study of distribution and determinants of health-related events in specific populations and its application. The designs are supposed to allow assessment of hypotheses of associations of suspected risk factor exposures with health outcomes on a group of cohorts or individual cohorts. In a cohort study, cohorts are picked and studied for a certain period to determine any events related to their ill health. The authors also touch on other studies including the case-control study which involves comparing cases and the controls concerning exposure to suspected risk factor to determine the relative risk. The other study is case-based case-control study whereby a group already in contact with the disease is used as the cases. Controls are then picked from the community and a comparison with regards to exposure to the suspected risk factor. The cases and controls are however expected to have a common origin in the society and should possess the same characteristics. The purpose of these studies is to determine the causes of epidemics among the populations and the level of associations. The study is not perfect as much as it is practical and has limitations such as being open to bias and in the case of case-control study, if the cases and controls are from different origins with different characteristics, it will affect the results.

All the above readings are concerned with the causes of diseases except the third reading by Gostin which focuses on testing, treating, quarantining endemics and keeping them from spreading from one state to another through the states trade routes. The first and second reading is about the causes of diseases directly. Kiefer in the first reading asserts that diseases are connected to the behaviors and beliefs of people. By studying the patterns of people, over time one can determine the causes of common diseases. In the second reading by Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Charles Poole, and Timothy L. Lash, the causes of disease are confined to certain conditions or events, for instance, smoking cigarettes is normally associated with lung cancer. The fourth reading Moyses Szklo and F. Javier Nieto also focus on origins of epidemics in which the authors feature some studies that are used to infer the causes and the extent of the effect of diseases amongst the chosen individuals for the study. This reading is experimental tough; it is considered practical just like the second reading. They both have limitations thus making the less accurate in determining the causes of diseases since they are dependent on certain variables thus may not be effective for all the diseases. Going through the fourth reading on epidemiology had me thinking about the several studies under it and left me wondering its effectiveness. Are the case studies viable? Have they been tested or are they merely theories yet to be tested? Gostin’s book also has limitations related to the course of action in case of an endemic. The IHR requires certain equipment and systems to work well in containing a situation which is barely available in all states. Is WHO more capacitated than IHR?

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Module 3 review Assignment

Chapter 7

I. Perspective Question (Your response should be 4-10 sentence in length.)

What were the main problems with the Articles of Confederation?

The articles of confederation codified the lifestyle during the 1770’s and granted very little power to the Federal government. They suggested that the power only be in on legislature, which meant there would be no separation of powers. There was no person to serve as the executive power; instead there was one representative from each state was seated to form the “Committee of The States”. War had a major conflict due to the states having the rights to levy taxes and regulate commerce.

II. Key Concepts (The following questions can be answered with short-answer responses.)

John Adams was the Massachusetts leader who developed the theory behind separation of powers, or “mixed government.”

The Articles of Confederation granted very little power to the federal government.

The Land Ordinance of 1785 was most favorable to wealthy speculators.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which prohibited slavery, established territorial governments in the Great Lakes region and set a pattern for future western development.

Prior to the eruption of tax, rural towns in Massachusetts in 1786 had petitioned their state assembly for a moratorium on taxes and on lawsuits against debtors.

Shay’s Rebellion was a warning to the new nation’s leaders that they would have to address the problem of debt or risk a lower-class uprising.

The members of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were not sure about Democracy because, as Shays’ Rebellion had just demonstrated, it could be messy.

The Virginia Plan called for the elimination the Articles of Confederation in their entirety, whereas the New Jersey Plan only called for a revision of the Articles, giving each state equal representation.

Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise on representation in Congress finally was accepted after Benjamin Franklin added the stipulation that all funding measures would originate in the Lower house.

The Three-fifths clause involved the counting of slaves for representation in the slave states.

As the free states debated the slave states at the Constitutional Convention, some southerners threatened to secede if the slave trade was abolished.

One political compromise between the slave states and the free states at the Constitutional Convention stated that in 1808 the Slave Trade would end.

Legislative is the branch of government that can declare war.

The Electoral College was put in place because the framers of the Constitution wanted to ensure that only qualified candidates got elected president, not populist hooligans.

During the ratification debate, it was agreed that for the Constitution to take effect, and thereby replace the Articles of Confederation, nine of the thirteen states had to ratify it.

The earliest states to ratify the Constitution were small states such as Delaware, Connecticut, and New Jersey.

The Federalists papers were a series of essays written by three prominent advocates of the new constitution that sought to gain support for its ratification in New York State.

The Anti-Federalists objected to the concentration of power in a centralized government, preferring a weaker confederation of states and more direct democracy than provided for in the Constitution.

To gain ratification of the Constitution, the Federalists promised Anti-Federalists like John Hancock that adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution would be the first order of business once the new Congress met.

By the end of 1788, every state except for Rhode Island had already ratified the Constitution.

The First Amendment emphasized freedom of speech, religion and the press, protected individuals from unwarranted searches, and outlined the rights of criminal defendants.

Chapter 8

I. Perspective Question (Your response should be 4-10 sentence in length.)

Describe the formation of the first two political parties in American history–the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. What were their major differences, and who were the best-known members of each party?

The Federalists party was filled with mostly wealthy merchants, large property owners, and conservative farmers. They supported a strong governmental role in economic roles and stability of trade with Britain. New England and Middle Colonies were Federalist Strong holders. The Democratic-Republicans were also referred to as the Republican party or Jeffersonian-Republicans. James Madison was a well-known member of the disciplined party. They opposed the national bank and favored limited government.

II. Key Concepts (The following questions can be answered with short-answer responses.)

Under the Naturalization Act of 1790 only immigrants who were both free and white could ever become citizens.

The first Congress elected in 1788 passed legislation setting up a system of federal courts, securing the Bill of Rights, establishing the executive department, and raising revenues.

The Judiciary Act of 1759 created thirteen district courts and three circuit courts to accompany the Supreme Court.

The Hamilton Tariff of 1789 brought in enough money so that the federal government didn’t have to always be presently concerned about economic shortfalls.

Upon taking office, Washington was aware he had no contemporary role models.

For his cabinet, which included the Attorney General and the Secretaries of War, State, and the Treasury, President Washington wanted differing viewpoints and a balance in perspectives from his advisers.

As Washington’s Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson was in charge of diplomatic relations, public lands, patents and copyrights, and the census.

As a political group, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams would come to be known as The Federalists, while Thomas Jefferson and James Madison would come to be called Democratic-Republicans.

Implied Powers refer to Congress’s power to do whatever is “necessary and proper” for the efficient functioning of the government, meaning that the Constitution granted it much more power than mere words would suggest.

The whiskey tax that provoked the Whiskey Rebellion actually taxed small producers more than it did large producers, in part because the government wanted to prove to small farmers and westerners that it had the power to do so.

The French ambassador who arrived in the United States in 1793 and whose presence created a diplomatic nuisance for President Washington for months afterward was Edmond Genet.

Jefferson resigned from Washington’s cabinet due to his opposition to Washington’s neutrality and the influence Hamilton was having on the president’s foreign policy.

Britain’s capture of American sailors for the purpose of forcing them into service in the British navy was called impressment.

Jay’s treaty did not actually address the issue of the British impressing American sailors.

The Pinckney Treaty opened the Mississippi River to American shipping and allowed Americans to use the port of New Orleans to transport goods.

The Treaty of Greenville drove the Indian tribes of the Old Northwest to the west side of the Mississippi River.

The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts made it illegal for Americans to trade with or buy lands from Indians without the consent of the federal government.

The Democratic-Republicans sided with France over Great Britain because of the feeling of shared republican brotherhood.

Gabriel’s Conspiracy came as a result of the Haitian Revolution.

The XYZ Affair outraged Americans because the French representatives demanded money before they would allow the American envoys to negotiate the French foreign minister.

Critics claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated first amendment guarantees of freedom of speech and the press.

Jefferson and Madison’s Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were the first instances of individual states attempting to employ the doctrine of Nullification.

Chapter 9

I. Perspective Question (Your response should be 4-10 sentence in length.)

Give the reasons why the United States went to war with Britain in 1812, and describe some of the more significant outcomes of the war.

Westerners greatly influenced Madison to declare war on Great Britain. They felt that the British were to blame for all the violence against the Indians in the Midwest. As well as Impressment, other conflicts that evoked the war of 1812 included Napoleon’s agreement to respect America’s neutrality rights. Significant outcomes after the war were Madison’s acknowledgement for needing a stronger Army and Navy, New banks, and his agreement to protective tariffs.

II. Key Concepts (The following questions can be answered with short-answer responses.)

President Jefferson’s domestic policies included reducing the size of government, expanding the so-called “agrarian republic,” developing the court system, and securing the Louisiana Purchase.

The doctrine of Judicial Review was established by the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).

At first hoping to buy only the city of New Orleans, Jefferson eventually paid the French, led by Napoleon, $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, despite the fact that the Constitution did not give the president power to buy new territories.

The purpose of the Louis and Clark expedition was to explore the land west of the United States all the way to the Pacific.

Tecumseh and the Prophet were brothers who belonged to the Shawnee tribe.

The Revitalization Movement encouraged Indians to return to the old ways of tribal life.

Burr killed Hamilton in an 1804 duel in New Jersey.

Called the biggest mistake of Jefferson’s presidency, the Embargo Act of 1807 stopped American exports from going to Europe, encouraging smuggling and imperiling the American economy.

The Federalists believed they had a good chance to win the election of 1808 because of the unpopularity of Jefferson’s Embargo Act.

In the 1808 presidential election, Democratic-Republican James Madison handily defeated the Federalist candidate, Charles Pinckney.

Under the Non-Intercourse Act, American ships could trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Westerners who blamed Britain for increasing troubles with Indians in the Midwest influenced President Madison in his decision to ask for a declaration of war.

In the lead up to the War of 1812, the Democratic-Republicans in Congress were voicing their opinion that this war would be a second “war for American Independence,” that would be necessary to get Britain to conclusively accept American independence.

The leader of the U.S. forces that defeated the Creeks, who had allied with the British, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend was Andrew Jackson.

America’s national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” written during the War of 1812, was set to the music of an English drinking song.

The irony of General Andrew Jackson defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans was that, by then, a peace treaty had already been signed, meaning that the fighting actually took place after the official end of the war.

The Hartford Convention, which met to seek constitutional amendments limiting the government’s ability to restrict commerce, tainted the Federalist Party with treason.

The Treaty of Ghent which formally ended the War of 1812, failed to resolve the question of America’s right to neutrality as well as the impressment issue.

The War of 1812 convinced President James Madison of the need for a national bank, a system of national improvements, an increase in protective tariffs, and a stronger army and navy.

The North American Review was America’s first magazine of note.

Gilbert Stuart and John Trumbull painted many of the famous portraits of the founding fathers.

Module 4 Reflection

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The fourth module presented a number of lessons that have been very instrumental in my academic growth. It has also presented a number of challenges that I am still doing my best to grasp them. I learnt several aspects on statistics including the measures of central tendency, SPSS software, and basic descriptive analysis techniques. I had an easy time recapping the mean, mode and median had. Several things outstood in the module including the significance of the statistical aspects such as the standard deviation that never made any sense to me initially. The understanding of how SPSS works was a revelation that brought many things about scientific research to light. The test was challenging but I managed to get 26 out of 30 in Module 4 Quiz. Some of the challenging aspects include understanding correlational statistics, understanding conceptual frameworks, and elucidating how to test for significance among others.

The introduction and overview on SPSS was very important in the understanding of the topic. I came to learn of the simplicity that is brought by the introduction of SPSS in the statistical analysis, for a long time researchers have continued to find simplistic ways of analyzing data; they have developed the program, which is in its 17th version. I cannot imagine a world without SPSS, I attempted to look through the methods of statistical testing and found that most of them such as ANOVA require lengthy calculations that can be discouraging to a researcher. It left me wondering, how the researchers of old times did it. In addition, I have learnt some aspects of the SPSS software through a trial version of the software I downloaded over the internet.

Understanding the significance of the standard deviation has been a challenge that I have attempted to overcome through extensive reading and practice. It is the distance that a given entry distances itself from the mean of the whole data. In addition, I got to differentiate between standard deviation and variance hence eliminating the confusion that I had between the two statistical components. The two concepts of standard deviation and variance make much sense in statistics and their understanding makes it possible to elucidate a number of statistical concepts.

Another area of difficult that still has some unclear components is the statistical tests. Key among these is the ANOVA test that is an analysis of variance. This parametric test that is used to test the difference between two groups is very significant in the study and practice of statistics but its calculations are sometimes lengthy and tedious. Another statistical test is the Pearson correlation that is used to test measurable variables only. Some confusion between the Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis had emerged, but I learnt to distinguish the former from the latter by considering the number if variables involved, the former uses two variables while the latter can use three or more total variables. In addition, multiple regression analysis tests whether the independent variables can give a prediction of the results.

In conclusion, there are diverse aspects that were learnt about statistics and the simplicity that is brought by the SPSS software. Areas of concern that required more time to understand include the descriptive analysis techniques and some key statistical tests. However, judging from the results of the test, the topic well understood.

Monitoring Employees on the Network

Name Surname

The internet is used in many spheres of our living. It became a fundamental part of our business and personal lives. Communication through the internet is very popular today. People can communicate with each other thanks to email or social networks. Surfing on the internet takes much time. That is why many people use the internet for their own needs during business hours. Many companies monitor their employee use of the internet during work hours. Sometimes they do this secretly. All U.S. companies have legal right to monitor their employee internet connections while they are at work. Some people can say that it is unethical. Actually, it is a good business to monitor people during work hours.

There are some drawbacks and benefits of instant messaging at work. Let us speak about the benefits of instant messaging on organizational networks. The first thing is the possibility of organizing contacts by categories. It is very useful to divide your business and personal life. Getting quick answers is also very important. There is no need in waiting for a response. Here are also some drawbacks. People can send you a message at a wrong time. The next thing is virus infection while sharing files with instant messengers. That is why a person should be careful while downloading received files.

Here is one more important theme that should be discussed in this essay. This topic is called “practical and negative sides of Web page and search engine use in an organization.” First of all, let us speak about the positive sides. The most important thing is access to the enormous amount of information. Today, there are more than 900 million of pages on the Web. Great speed of the search is also very important. It takes us a couple of seconds to find needed information. Despite all these benefits, Internet search presents certain drawbacks. The most painful problem is an effective search. Sometimes it is really hard to find useful information.

Using the internet during business hours in an appropriate way is good for productivity and success of the company. That is why managers worry about losing time and productivity of their employee’. Low productivity means loss of the revenue. This problem is burning for many companies. The path of email after it leaves an organization is simple. Usually it is sent to a certain person or persons. Here companies face with one more serious problem. Hackers can spread information from these emails throughout the internet. In conclusion, I would like to say that managers should monitor employee Internet and email usage. It is important for stable income of the company. A person should concentrate during business hours. Nothing should hinder achieving success.

References

Kenneth, C, Laudon ., & Jane P. Laudon. Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology. Monitoring Employees on Networks: Unethical or Good Business?. 210-211

Joshua Brustein “Keeping a Closer Eye on Employees Social Networking” Retrieved from

HYPERLINK “http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/keeping-a-closer-eye-on-workers-social-networking/” http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/keeping-a-closer-eye-on-workers-social-networking/

Debra Shinder “Being Big Brother: Monitoring employees’ network activity” Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/being-big-brother-monitoring-employees-network-activity.html” http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/being-big-brother-monitoring-employees-network-activity.html

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Question 2

In cases where a monopoly exists, the equilibrium price is not usually dependent upon on the typical market forces of demand and supply. In the case of education, monopoly by public schools essentially means that public schools benefit increasingly from public funds set aside for education by default. As such, not only do parents have limited choices when it comes to schools, skewing the balance of supply and demand, due to higher demand, but the system also leads to a compromise on standards, fuelled largely by the lack of true competition for clients, or students. This lack of competition creates a market in which demand exceeds supply. Further, such a system leads to a skewed education system in which access is limited to those privileged enough to have access to public schools; such that areas where there are fewer public schools have less access to education compared to other areas with a higher number of schools. This is evidenced by the educational disparities that exist between the various racial groups, with the disparities in a way following a geographical pattern.

The introduction of charter schools would undoubtedly increase competitiveness, and consequently, according to the economic theory, productivity usually increases with increase in competitiveness in any market. This notion is also captured by Caroline Hoxby’s articles, which claim that increased choices of schools from which parents can choose from, usually forces schools to become more competitive by improving their levels of productivity and performance. Further, Hoxby’s articles also posit that with an increase in the sharing of public funds, usually comes a fall in student grades, mainly due to the fact that public schools skew the value of educating a single student, in terms of quality and quantity. This stems from the fact that in any case of monopoly, products are not usually produced at lowest opportunity cost possible. This it can be argued, is demonstrated by the fact that despite the increased funding from the government, the level of performance in public schools continues to fall with increased enrollment. Due to this compromise in the quality of education, consumers are less satisfied with the education offered by public schools, leading to a situation whereby those who are able, are actually willing to pay more for the same services elsewhere, hence the success rates of private schools and an increasing level of enrollment in private schools.

Question 3

The authors essentially used an instrument due to the presence of numerous independent variables that were endogenous. The usage of the instrument allowed for the variables discovered to be correlated with the error term. Age fits the criteria suggested by Hoxby in her article, as it is not independently correlated to the dependent variable, instead it is actually correlated to the independent variable. The criterion employed by the instrument, allows Boheim and Lackner to distinguish how long an individual has stayed in college. The basic argument behind such an inquest is that the older an individual is, the more capital they have acquired. Hence the older an individual is, the more human capital they actually have. In essence therefore, age is correlated to the independent variable being investigated: that of the relationship between time spent in college and the level of human capital gained.

Yes, the findings do in a way serve to confirm Boheim and Lackner’s claims regarding college playing experience and increased human capital. The coefficient estimate findings by the researchers indicate that the entry age is significant when it comes to determining total salary as well as the signing bonus as dependent variables. Seemingly, the older an individual is, the greater their human capital, to the extent that the total salary earned by the athlete increases by a significant 31% every year. The athlete therefore earns more with each year they spend in college, in a way reaffirming the claims by the NCAA regarding how time spent in college improves human capital.

Height is exogenous because it is not only an essential characteristic for an athlete, but also because height is less prone to fluctuation. While weight is significant, it is not as significant as height, and is essentially more prone to fluctuations. Due to its proneness to variability, weight becomes an endogenous factor that cannot be taken as a basis for determining the entry point.

Question 4

False: Complementary goods are essentially goods that if one good’s price is increased, the demand for the complementary good also reduces. Although the patent protection and access to patent protection may affect the amounts companies spend on research and development. The relationship is not complementary, research and development is not dependent on patent protection, hence they cannot be referred to as being complementary. It would be possible for the pricing of patent protection to increase, without the demand for research and development being affected.

Uncertain: Although violation of the Sherman law is definitely one of the reasons for the failure of cartels, it is not the only one, hence although such a claim is not false, it is not necessarily true. In my opinion, one of the main reasons for the failure is undoubtedly the nature of demand of the primary product the cartel deals in. For a cartel to succeed, the product’s demand must be inelastic. Elasticity in demand makes prediction of profits harder, hence reducing the appeal of a particular market for cartels.

True: The banks became reckless in the manner with which they were offering loans primarily because they were aware that they would not be the ones bearing the risk in case the loanees defaulted. This led to a situation whereby risky loans taken backfired and rendered the securities useless, as the pricing for the houses rendered the maintenance of the loans impractical, leading to the housing bubble.

False: The Act will only serve to make it mandatory for people to have insurance, an issue that might not necessarily lead to increased adoption of insurance. The problem with the current situation is not really policy, but rather, the economy, most of the individuals who do not have insurance are unable to afford it, and a simple law change is unlikely to change the situation.

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Political Science

According to Herbst, the main question that we ask our selves is if the African nations can take transformation policies for consolidating nations without necessarily following the path of the European countries. Peaceful consolidation has to do with revising fiscal policies and government revenue. Herbst says that it is quite hard to have major reforms and increase the states’ capacity without having to rely on wars as a means to ratchet up the extractive ability of a state. Instituting key reforms when the state is running normally is difficult. Concrete things that can be undertaken include use of fiscal systems and tax reforms. Structural adjustments directed towards Africa by the IMF, bilateral donors and the World Bank are some of the policies to reach consolidation.

According to Samuel P. Huntington, it is religious and cultural identities that will primarily breed tension and conflict in the world of post- Cold War. Huntington concluded this after surveying various theories relating the mode of global politics. He argued that the idea of different civilizations is key to analyzing the possibility of conflict. Civilizations differ from each other in terms of language, culture, history, religion and tradition. This has potential for conflict.

Huntington gave a memorable slogan regarding Islamic religion which has agitated friction in the western world. It is the “Islam has bloody borders” slogan that brings fear in his arguments. Huntington concludes that all Asian countries and other Islamic nation are collectively peace haters. The western will come together and consolidate their power to ensure their interests remain. The Islamic nations will too consolidate and challenge the power and values of the West.

The western world has had impact great impact in the world civilizations. To remain relevant, they have to consolidate their military power and fight for their interests and values.

Work cited

Jeffrey Herbst. War and State of Africa. International Security, vol.14 No.4. The MIT Press, 1990, pp.117-139

Can you elaborate on how COVID-19 affect your chosen company?

The coronavirus epidemic, which has severely hurt the world economy, has had a negative impact on the shipping sector globally. Almost all nations heavily depend on the shipping sector as a vital link in the supply chain for the great majority of businesses. Some of the effects of the epidemic in Qiaolian include the following:

1. Port closures

Ports have been closed during quarantine periods and to protect the workers’ health. A few restrictions have also been put into place, such as the ban on marine vessel entry into several countries, which forced these boats to remain at sea without a port of destination. International maritime transportation infrastructures are in disarray as a result of certain jurisdictions’ restrictions or outright bans on ship admission.

2. decreased demand for shipping

The danger of COVID-19 spreading is being reduced by each country’s capable health authorities, which has impeded transnational trade in products and commodities. All of these items, which were formerly simple to transport by ship or other marine vehicle, must now adhere to a predetermined set of norms and guidelines. The delays brought on by quarantine periods have further decreased the demand for such goods. Due to the 14-day waiting period or the waiting period determined by the relevant authorities in each nation, perishable commodities cannot be transferred.

3. Conflicts between owners and charters

As a consequence of the lost time and money, several types of conflicts are developing between the owners and charters of vessels that are chartered by charters. Disagreements over the duration of the rental of such boats occur when a charter is permitted for a certain amount of time, but that period is later ended due to an act of God.

4. Conflict resolution in idle time

Owners rent out their ships to charters for a certain rate and time. If this window of time is passed, more charges will be imposed. COVID-19 has made it particularly difficult to resolve the issue during this time period due to the boats’ inability to reach specific ports, forcing the parties to contribute to the payment of disputed extra expenses. These expenses are not paid as a result of force majeure, costing the parties money.

According to your SWOT analysis, which factor is the most important one for the future development of Zhuhai Qiaolian Overseas Consulting?

The most important feature is competition. I believe that how Qiaolian responds to competition today determines how and whether it will be able to expand, compete on a national and international level, or pursue future opportunities in the shipping sector. Competition in the market that is both healthy and intense is essential to the proper operation of any business. When businesses are forced to compete for consumers, it often results in cheaper costs, superior quality products and services, more variety, and increased levels of innovation. This is shown by fundamental economic theory.

You mentioned some recommendations for your case. In your opinion, which one is the most urgent one for Zhuhai Qiaolian Overseas Consulting?

The most urgent recommendation for Qiaolian is addressing the issue of change and getting over the issues linked to change. Change management will be a core competence for the organization as it begins to prepare for the next phase of competition and restructuring post-covid.

According to the catechism of the catholic church, the most valued sacrament among the seven sacraments of the eucharist is the body and blood shared by its adherents. It is a symbol of the presence of Christ through His soul and divinity. However, 28% of Catholics who believe that the wine and bread used in church as sacraments symbolize the blood and body of Christ are not fully aware that the church holds the occurrences of transubstantiations (Smith, 2019). The position of the catholic church is defined by the 43% of Catholics who believe that the bread and wine are a true representation of Jesus Christs’ body and blood. It means that they acknowledge the faith of the church that Christ died on the cross for their sins and the Eucharist shared during mass a symbol of His love. Despite the value attached to transubstantiation, many Catholics don’t see the need to attend mass regularly (Goodson & Stein, 2019). A survey shows that seven out of ten self-identified Catholics do not show up for mass. 22% of Catholics strongly reject the idea of transubstantiation despite knowing the catholic church’s teaching.

A large percentage of people in America identify with the Catholic faith, almost like a cultural category or an ethnic background. This factor can be attributed to their upbringing in catholic faith households and the practices they were subjected to as they grew up (Stevens III, 2021). Most of these believers received at least two sacraments out of the seven eucharist sacraments in their lifetime because of their family traditions. However, it does not necessarily mean that they believe in the actual presence of Christ when receiving the sacraments. Research shows that most people above the age of sixty believe in the actual presence of Christ during mass (Smith, 2019). 63% of strong observers of catholic doctrines across all age groups believe in the symbolism concept propagated in the church and adhere to them.

References

Goodson, J. L., & Stein, Q. C. (2019). William James on the Doctrine of Transubstantiation. American Philosophers Read Scripture, 165.

Smith, G. A. (2019). Just one-third of US Catholics agree with their church that Eucharist is body, blood of Christ. Pew Charitable Trust, 5.

Stevens III, R. W. (2021). The Meaning of the’Real Presence’in the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper between Protestants and Roman Catholics (Doctoral dissertation, Regent University).