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According to Sir Ken Robinson on the significance of creativity in education, creativity is more significant in the workplaces due to the fact that most of the companies are looking for more than just graduates to perform specific tasks. Besides, the companies need employees who are able to think for themselves and therefore are able to think differently and be innovative. During the 2006 TED talk, Sir Ken Robinson challenged the way we are educating our children and therefore champions a radical rethink of the present school system in their effort to cultivate creativity as well as acknowledging multiple types of intelligence.

According to Robinson, creativity is essential in education just like literacy is deemed to be significant and therefore, literacy and creativity should be treated with the same status. Children will tend to take a chance, and they are not afraid of being wrong but according to Robinson, being wrong does not necessarily imply creativity but at the same time questions to the questions the dedication of being creative if an individual is afraid of being wrong. During his lecture, Robinson claims that by the time the children matures tom be adults, they already have lost the capacity of creativity as they have become frightened due to the consequent failures. According to Robinson, the current generation is responsible for discouraging creativity, and this is done through stigmatization whereby the society stigmatizes mistakes. It is undoubtedly true that the current educational system is run in such a manner that making a mistake is one of the worst things that a child can do.

Accordant to Robinson, it is due to the stigmatization of the mistakes that are responsible for smothering creativity in schools in the sense that we are educating our children out of creative capacities. Robinson further states by quoting from Picasso that all children are born artists bit the main problem is to remain to be as an artist as one grows up. Robinson believes that individuals don’t grow into creativity but grow out of it, or the children are educated out of creativity. Robinson asserts that in every system, there is a hierarchy within the arts, and within these, arts and music are generally associated with a higher ranking in status in schools than drama and dance. According to him, there is no education system on the globe that is capable of teaching dance every day to the children in the same way that the teachers teach mathematics in schools.

The education system is predicated on the idea of academic ability, and the education system came to meet the needs of industrialism. The education hierarchy is rooted on the basis of two ideas one of which is based on the most useful subjects being listed on the top. Robinson claims that the whole topic of public education is not based on creativity as the things that were deemed creative were stigmatized. During the early times, the possession of a degree earned a person a direct job unlike in the present days where a graduate walks home to play video games.

Through Robinson’s assertion that the present education system doesn’t support or push for creativity among the students, we are able to relate to the present situations, and it is true that the education system is developed and strengthened for the aspiring employees and not entrepreneurs. The fact that the current education system doesn’t foster creativity is due to the fact that schools focus on the subjects to which they deem to be relevant to the job market. While at the same time stigmatize those people who most likely try to expose their creativity especially on such fields as fitness, sports, and physical education as they are not relevant according to the education system. The claim is valid as most of the educational curriculum supports only the theoretical part of learning and doesn’t pay an effort to other aspects of creativity such as in sports and therefore the education system can be termed as being the number one enemy to the growth of talents as well as encouraging creativity among the students.

Reference

Do schools kill creativity? Sir Ken Robinson. (2006): Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity#t-64995

Campaign to Lower Voting Age in New Zealand: The Make It 16 Initiative

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Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u 1. Introduction PAGEREF _Toc98853900 h 22. Analysis and Justification of the Social Marketing Campaign PAGEREF _Toc98853901 h 32.1 Social Issue PAGEREF _Toc98853902 h 32.2 Call to Action PAGEREF _Toc98853903 h 42.3 Competing Behavior PAGEREF _Toc98853904 h 52.4 Target Audience PAGEREF _Toc98853905 h 52.5 Message Resonating with Audience PAGEREF _Toc98853906 h 52.6 Role of Research PAGEREF _Toc98853907 h 62.7 Checking Success of the Campaign PAGEREF _Toc98853908 h 63. Effectiveness of the Marketing Mix PAGEREF _Toc98853909 h 74. 10-Step Planning Model PAGEREF _Toc98853910 h 85. Phase of Target Audience in the Transtheoretical Model of Stages of Change PAGEREF _Toc98853911 h 96. Behavioural Change Theory PAGEREF _Toc98853912 h 107. Recommended Inclusions for the Campaign PAGEREF _Toc98853913 h 108. Recommended Alternative PAGEREF _Toc98853914 h 11References PAGEREF _Toc98853915 h 12

1. IntroductionThe Make It 16 campaign is an online initiative led by The Spinoff NZ. Spinoff NZ is an online news publication company covering popular culture, political direction, and social life. It chronicles the journey of a group of young people who are spearheading a drive to make democracy more equitable and robust. They’re fed up with people dismissing them as too young and impressionable to participate in politics (The Spinoff, 2021). They are stepping up and demanding a voice on problems like as environmental issues, the rebound from the recently concluded Covid-19 crisis, housing, and inequalities that are harming their futures. Specifically, the campaign intends to lobby a movement in New Zealand to have the legal voting age lowered to 16, in order to have more young people involved in the political direction of their country. The initiative uses social media marketing strategy on the YouTube platform and other popular social media sites including Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The use of these platforms and channels is an effective way to reach millions of Kiwis in a social marketing campaign that is appropriate for its purpose. The message contained in the video is relatively short and succinct. It delivers on the need for a more inclusive society and the upholding of the features of democracy through lowering the voting age to 16.

Courtesy of The Spinoff (2021)

2. Analysis and Justification of the Social Marketing Campaign2.1 Social IssueVoting is a crucial opportunity for New Kiwis to have a role in shaping a more equitable future. Voting allows citizens to participate in determining the country’s future course by expressing support for a political party’s policies on major subjects such as global warming, taxes, and housing. Almost every nation in the world prohibits minors under the age of 18 from voting. The reasons differ each nation, but the most of them center around phrases like youngsters are not well-informed, they don’t really pay taxes, they are unable to serve in the military, they are too liberal, they are too rebellious, and they are not old enough to comprehend government (Eichhorn & Bergh, 2021). Voting is, in fact, a crucial act of civic involvement by which youth participate in New Zealand’s democracy.

Courtesy of The Spinoff (2021)

2.2 Call to ActionWhen some groups have greater voice in what occurs in their areas and throughout the country, a society has failed to live up to the democratic assumptions. Simultaneously, by failing to aggressively address structural impediments to civic knowledge and opportunity, a country loses out on a chance to better its community and the mechanisms that generate knowledgeable and enthusiastic civic actors. According to the Make It 16 movement, the problem of restricting young voters to a certain age is an obstacle to democratic growth in New Zealand. The intended behavioral change is putting an end to age restriction that limits the political participation of those above 16 years. Largely, the campaign also targets an end to the culture of ignoring the opinions of the youth.

Courtesy of The Spinoff (2021)

2.3 Competing BehaviorThe competing behavior is a need to retain the current legal voting age at 18. The prevalence of a non-inclusive government system is mentioned as a key fault to the New Zealand’s political involvement structure. As more young people gain access to voting, the campaign hopes that the rate of political participation will improve in the future.

2.4 Target AudienceFor the Make It 16 campaign, the target audience includes all teenagers aware of the voting system, particularly the 16- and 17-year-olds who are locked out of the voting system. It also includes parents of said groups, college going students, legislators, and political parties. All stakeholders in the New Zealand voting system are encouraged to participate in bringing an end to age discrimination as far as voting is concerned. The campaign brings together the young Kiwis, adults (parents and caregivers), and various government organizations that work towards democracy and inclusion.

2.5 Message Resonating with AudienceThe message is very clear, short, and direct to the point. It also incorporates humor and is aware of the different social and age-related differences. It will resonate with young Kiwis through the action to speak up and participate in nation building through voting. It will also appeal to parents who will encourage their children to speak up in order to have a choice in who is a part of making their future through political action. The campaign will also reach other stakeholders well including government institutions and social authorities, the media, and the judicial system. Overall, the packaging of the message is an effective means to achieve the desired goals of the entire programme.

2.6 Role of ResearchA robust research foundation is required for an efficient social marketing plan. A marketing endeavor will be more likely to fail if this is not done. In the process of developing social marketing campaigns, research is used to learn as much as possible about the target demographic and market in order to guide the program in the appropriate path (Gilal et al., 2019). This might entail performing primary research, including such activities as performing surveys, collecting data from focus groups, or being a part of community-wide in-depth interviews, as well as examining secondary research sources to gain a deeper perspective of what other scholars have established. 

2.7 Checking Success of the CampaignFor this campaign, the key performance indicators will aim to know whether the platforms chosen are reaching the qualified people, whether it is engaging the right people (stakeholders), the number of inquiries regarding the initiative, and the conversion rates to the desired behavior through testimonials. The first area of focus is engagement. This would measure the number of shares, comments, and likes on the different social media platforms (Grave, 2019). Then, to determine reach, the number of redirects and clicks from social media to the government website will be monitored. Profile visits, campaign mentions, and active followers will be checked. In all cases, the higher the numbers, the more successful the campaign.

3. Effectiveness of the Marketing Mix

Make It 16 is a powerful social marketing campaign. The 4 Ps of the marketing mix include the product, pricing strategies, place, and promotional campaigns. The said elements influence the marketing strategy when creating social marketing campaigns. Marketers can define the 4Ps with improved consumer knowledge to make consumers more equipped and eager to act. The “product” in social marketing is the intended action and the social good that results from it. The effort to lower the voting age to 16, for example, promotes better social and political participation among young Kiwis. The product must be presented as the optimal method to the highlighted social issue in the initiative (Smaliukiene & Monni, 2019). The campaign takes a rational and emotive approach to the subject. For example, the short film features a young woman who explains the development of voting from the time where women were barred from voting to present day where discrimination is taking a different form. Marketers must be acutely aware of how the issue is perceived by the majority of audiences.

In social marketing, the pricing is determined by the cost to the end user in exchange for the value to society. It’s often monetary, particularly for charitable initiatives. The current Make It 16 campaign may appeal for donations to help end discrimination on the basis of age in voting while also attracting other agencies including the corporate world to join in the effort. It is critical to keep the cost of the social marketing effort as low as feasible in order to maximize the acceptance of the desired behavior. In order to lower the cost of the marketed initiative (product), the campaign must look for methods to reduce the amount of time and effort that is required. People’s participation in an exercise to include more young people in voting, for example, may be harmed if they are required to make reports regarding their own personal lives and that of their children. To make things simpler for the society, such steps should be left private.

When it comes to promoting an activity, place is used in reference to where the target audience executes or thinks about an initiative. Users are more likely to participate if these locations are easily accessible to them (Smaliukiene & Monni, 2019). Currently, the goal of the campaign is to constantly appear in people’s social media news feed as a reminder to allow more youths to participate in voting. Place-related techniques that help the target audience take action, remove obstacles, and minimize costs are effective.

To draw notice to social marketing activities, promoting them to a wide audience is required. It encompasses all of the many media outlets that are utilized to disseminate a message. There are a variety of ways to do this as used in the Make It 16 voting campaign, including social media ads, news releases to media sources, events, and TV advertising. Research into how the target group can effectively acquire information is crucial at this point.

4. 10-Step Planning ModelIn the Make It 16 voting campaign, the 10-step planning model was applied. Step 1 identified the social issue, the organizations and stakeholders, the background, purposes, and focus (Harnett, Kennelly, & Williams, 2020). A situation analysis was then performed in step 2, highlighting the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that the campaign faced. The campaign then followed in step 3 by prioritizing on the audiences selected before the establishment of the goals and objectives in step 4. The goal was created as an attempt to influence positive participation in governance through voting. Step 5 highlighted the perceived barriers, the motivators, benefits, competitive forces, and other influential factors. Step 6 involved a critical element of highlighting the value proposition and the positioning statement. In step 7, the campaign crafted a marketing intervention mix using 4Ps. The product was identified as the benefits associated with a society that allows its young people to participate in governance through enabling voting for 16-year-olds. The price is all the costs linked to the adoption of the new behaviour. Place involved convenient access to the services provided by the initiative. Promotion used persuasive communication on social media platforms. In step 8, the initiative planned for the monitoring and evaluation phases, including critical performance indicators and related aspects. Step 9 involved budget formulation including research on ways to cut costs. Finally, step 10 was the plan for execution and sustaining behaviours regarding voting inclusion for at age 16 and above.

5. Phase of Target Audience in the Transtheoretical Model of Stages of ChangeThe Transtheoretical Paradigm is a model of deliberate change that focuses on individual decision-making. People do not alter their habits fast and decisively. Instead, transformation in behavior, particularly routine behavior, is a cyclical phenomenon that happens continually. Individuals go through six phases of transformation, according to the Transtheoretical Model: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination (Sarkin et al., 2001). At present, the target group, consisting of government agencies, parents and caregivers, and young Kiwis are in the third stage, preparation.

In the first stage, precontemplation, individuals have no plans to act in the near future and are ignorant that their actions are harmful or have bad repercussions. People at this stage often undervalue the benefits of altering their behavior and put much too much focus on the disadvantages. In the second stage, contemplation, the intended audience (parents and young people) intends to start the healthy habits in the near future, in recognition that the current system of locking out young people from voting is problematic (Chang et al., 2022). The target group is prepared to act in the third stage, preparation, and they are beginning to take little measures toward changing the voting system. The fourth stage entails action, in which individuals have recently modified their behavior and aim to keep that behavior change going. Stage five is maintenance, which occurs after individuals have maintained their system change for a period of time and want to do so in the future. Individuals in this stage try hard to avoid relapsing to a previous stage. People in the final stage, termination, have really no interest in returning to their bad habits and are certain that they will not revert.

6. Behavioural Change TheoryThe Make It 16 campaign is built on the social cognitive theory. Personal experiences, the behaviours of other people, and the environmental circumstances all have an impact on individual health habits. Social cognitive theory creates possibilities for welfare support via setting expectancies and self-efficacy, as well as via the use of learned behavior and other rewards to bring about behavioural change in individuals (Luca & Suggs, 2013). The theory highlights several aspects including behavioural capability, expectancies, reinforcements, self-control, self-efficacy, expectations, and observational learning as key elements of bringing about change. The theory, therefore, is very appropriate in guiding behaviour change interventions at a social and political level.

The social cognitive theory will offer opportunity for social support by using the expectations of young people to be included in voting. It will achieve behavioural change by observational learning and other forms of reinforcement (Armitage & Conner, 2000). However, it is important to note that the theory fails to recognize or focus on the motivation and emotions of the social group in question (young people) other than referencing their drive to past experiences. As such, it may not be a good model to use because it is not representative of how every member of the New Zealand society might behave or feel towards the issue of lowering the voting age to 16. That said, the benefits of the theory outweigh these issues, making it an appropriate guide to predict behaviour and the expectations of future generations.

7. Recommended Inclusions for the CampaignThe improved campaign must not only use emotional persuasion but should include statistics on the harmful effects associated with telling young adults that they cannot be a part of their own future in matters relating to governance and political direction in New Zealand. According to Casais and Pereira (2021), these emotional and logical aspects add to the credibility of a social campaign. Lastly, there will be a need to have an emotional segment made up of all stakeholders having an input on the issue of voting, including the systems applied in other countries to allow deepened democracy.

8. Recommended AlternativeThe Make It 16 campaign’s alternative strategy would involve the use of the theory of planned behaviour (reasoned action). In this approach, the society would be forced to shift the focus on to the rigid form of governance and legislative structure that closes out on people who will be a critical part of the future of the country. The theory of planned behaviour assert that behaviour is influenced by intention and these elements are all under the perceived social norms and personal attitude (Ajzen, 2011). Therefore, by focusing on the entire society and its attitude on rejecting the input of young people in voting, behavioural and systemic change would be more focused and rapid.

ReferencesAjzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & health, 26(9), 1113-1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995

Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Social cognition models and health behaviour: A structured review. Psychology and health, 15(2), 173-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440008400299

Casais, B., & Pereira, A. C. (2021). The prevalence of emotional and rational tone in social advertising appeals. RAUSP Management Journal, 56, 282-294. https://doi.org/10.1108/rausp-08-2020-0187

Chang, C. F., Wang, J. Y., Kuo, T. H., Lin, Y. L., & Yang, S. Y. (2022). Stages of Change in Dairy Intake among Older Adults: Application of the Transtheoretical Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1146. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031146

Eichhorn, J., & Bergh, J. (2021). Lowering the voting age to 16 in practice: Processes and outcomes compared. Parliamentary Affairs, 74(3), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsab019

Gilal, F. G., Zhang, J., Paul, J., & Gilal, N. G. (2019). The role of self-determination theory in marketing science: An integrative review and agenda for research. European Management Journal, 37(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.10.004

Gräve, J. F. (2019). What KPIs are key? Evaluating performance metrics for social media influencers. Social Media+ Society, 5(3), 2056305119865475. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119865475

Harnett, P. J., Kennelly, S., & Williams, P. (2020). A 10 step framework to implement integrated care for older persons. Ageing International, 45(3), 288-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-019-09349-7

Luca, N. R., & Suggs, L. S. (2013). Theory and model use in social marketing health interventions. Journal of health communication, 18(1), 20-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2012.688243

Sarkin, J. A., Johnson, S. S., Prochaska, J. O., & Prochaska, J. M. (2001). Applying the transtheoretical model to regular moderate exercise in an overweight population: validation of a stages of change measure. Preventive medicine, 33(5), 462-469. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0916

Smaliukiene, R., & Monni, S. (2019). A step-by-step approach to social marketing in energy transition. Insights into Regional Development, 1(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.9770/ird.2019.1.1(2)The Spinoff NZ. (June 29, 2021). Make It 16: The fight to lower New Zealand’s voting age. [YouTube]. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSWM85jFGFc

According to Prince, narratives is a universal human activity that is employed and used for socialization, interaction and entertainment, one of the popular medium of the narrative is the cinema and it is central to the documentary filmmaking tradition. Narratives became the predominant film after displaying the nonfiction film that had been developed with Nickelodeons being at the theatre storefronts. They are both the fictional and non-fictional films that audience evaluate different, with fictional films they tend suspended their disbelief so that they can enjoy the film, the y look the films as real while recognizing that it’s only a story; this is the fictive stance.

They are narrative characteristics that are important in every film among them plot and story; plot is the events sequencing while the story is the comprehensive set of all events and there is a little structural distinction between them in a film. Such characteristics are usually meant to encourage the contribution of the viewers. While most films are known to uses a linear and chronological function they are few that employs flashback; this was very common in the 1940’s films. Currently, they are various movies that use the flashback sequence; arrow that began depiction in 2012 is one of them as shown in the video of its trailer https://youtu.be/XQS7JkQmlx8 (TVweb).

While it is easier to identify the book authors the authorship of films is difficult since they are in all cases made by a group of people. The narrative in the films in most cases uses the third person narration which is different from the novels that used either the first or third person. They are various genres too that are popular with the American film they include western, gangster, horror, musical, science-fiction, war film and the film noir, with repetition of the stories being done over again as aligned with the conventions and genres of a particular genre (Prince).

Works Cited

Prince, Stephen. Movies And Meaning. 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2020, pp. 213-269.

TVweb. Arrow – Season 1 Trailer 3 [HD. 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQS7JkQmlx8. Accessed 23 Mar 2020.

The monetary base.

Monetary base = reserves + currency                   MB          =      R       +     C

30 + 15

AED 45 billion

The banks’ reserve ratio.

Separate the sum the bank has close by the aggregate estimation of stores. For instance, on the off chance that you verify that the bank has $300 million in stores and $10 million available, you would separate 10 by 300 to get 0.3. At that point increase by 100

This gives you is equal to reserve ratio= 30%

Currency drain as a % of deposits. (1 Mark)

Currency drain ratio = currency / deposits

= 10/300

0.03

Illustrate how the banks create money with the help of given information.

(Show first 5 steps)

The “cash” in your ledger does not speak to physical money that you can hold in your grasp; it is basically a bookkeeping risk from the bank to you, and just exists as an issue in a machine framework.

We now utilize these bank liabilities/ bookkeeping passages to make installments in excess of 99% of all exchanges (by worth). In this way we could depict bank liabilities, bank credit and bank stores (which are all the same thing) as being comparable to cash in the cutting edge.

Banks make bank stores (the cash in your record) when they make advances. They add liabilities to the borrower’s record, and at the same time include a benefit (the credit contract) to their asset report.

The repayable primary of the advance is recorded as a benefit. Nonetheless, the investment payable isn’t recorded as a benefit on the monetary record, yet is recently recorded as wage as and when the premium is paid.

The cash that banks utilization to pay one another – national bank holds – is itself made out of nothing as a bookkeeping passage by the Bank.

In synopsis, what we use as “cash” – the numbers in our ledgers – are just bookkeeping entrances made by banks. These bookkeeping entrances make up in excess of all the cash that

Calculate the total money creation in the economy with the help of formula.

To calculate the multiplier uses marginal propensities, as follows:

1/1-mpc

1/1-0.9

10

Hence, the multiplier is 10, which means that every AED 1 of new income generates AED 10 of extra income.

Reference

Mishkin, F. S. (2007). The economics of money, banking, and financial markets. Pearson education.

Alejandra Villegas

ANTH 2311-91L

#Module 1 Readings

In the reading by, Nichter, Mark. Global Health: Why Cultural Perceptions, Social Representations, and Biopolitics Matter, Nichter helps us to understand how ethnographic studies helps us in relating local issues such as beliefs with public health matters. He tells us that public health messages hybridize when similar messages about the same thin are received. In the Northern part of Thailand, messages about mosquitos and the spread of malaria were crossed with messages on how to prevent diarrhea where people were encouraged to keep water uncontaminated. This message was confused with that of closing jars to help control mosquitos. In countries such as Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon, blood in urine for both boys and girls is taken as part of growth yet this can be a sigh of schistosomiasis. The confusion leads to delayed treatment of schistosomiasis and related diseases. Nichter goes further to investigate how public health rhetoric mobilizes support from the majority of people in the society. How the local people perceives the government is what shapes the enthusiasm which the public health department follows suit? A good example from the reading is the Dominican Republic where the people failed to cooperate with the public health unit because they had a bad impression about the government. This led to the control of mosquitoes to prevent dengue fever a hard task since they did not cooperate even if they understood the importance of the activity. Lastly, Nichter gives a recommendation in chapter seven that if governments are reluctant then it is the role of NGOs to lead and mobilize the locals. To increase local stability, international organizations have a role of strengthening resources in the public health sector in support of the NGOs.

According to Gostin, Lawrence. Global Health Law, he tries to emphasize on the need for global governance in the health sector supporting the idea that the need to live a healthy life is part of human rights. It is widely recognized that contemporary globalization is having a profound impact on the health of populations everywhere. Although increasing global integration is not an entirely new phenomenon, contemporary globalization has had an unprecedented impact on global public health and is creating new challenges for international law and policy. Gostin shows that it is important for institutions to focus not only on health conditions but also the needed conditions that helps people to live a healthy life. To enhance healthy lifespan things such as nutrition, controlling mosquitoes, clean water and controlling tobacco existence need to be looked into. Globalization, characterized by changes in a range of social spheres including economic, political, technological, cultural and environmental have consequences. These processes of global change are restructuring human societies, ushering in new patterns of health and disease and reshaping the broad determinants of health. Indeed, the globalization of trade, travel, communication, migration, information and lifestyles has obscured the traditional distinction between national and global health. Increasingly human activities have profound health consequences for people in all parts of the world, and no country can insulate itself from the effects. Gostin calls for proper reforms in these areas to ensure a better coordination and transparency which in the long run will better the health of the community. Gostin shows that is a collective task to achieve good health and not the work of public health alone.

The two; Nichter and Lawrence did a good job in explaining the relationship between public health and the general public including governments, organization and the locals. Both the community and the government play a role in ensuring that there is good health and that the public health department runs smoothly. For the public health to meet its goals, it is a collective role for both the government and other organizations to help mobilizing the public. From the two authors, health does not mean one not being sick but also maintaining a good healthy environment. Societal myths play a role in public health where sometimes it might slowdown the process of disease diagnosis and treatment. All the readings show the common issues that occur in public health highlighting that it is through this issues that the public health sector fails to function accordingly. The creation of international legal norms, processes and institutions provides an ongoing and structured forum for states to develop a shared humanitarian instinct on global health. Generally, it is widely recognized that current system of global health governance is insufficient to meet the wide range of challenges and opportunities brought by globalization. The readings emphasize on the need for more effective collective action among governments, businesses, civil society and other actors is also intensifying as health determinants are increasingly affected by a complex web of factors outside of the health sector, including conflict, environmental degradation, trade, investment and criminal activity.

The world community’s growing appreciation of the scope and scale of the challenges in global health is reflected in the multiplication of actors in global health since the founding of the United Nations in 1945. In recent years, for example, there has been a proliferation of international institutions active in the domain of health. Public health is a crucial matter that should be looked into by everyone and people need to show some seriousness in handling matters concerning health. Culture plays a role in public health and people should not ignore signs and symptoms of certain diseases in the name of it is part of growing. The spread of infectious diseases in a changing and interdependent world is to be expected, given increased human migration, congregation and trade.

#Module 2 Readings

According to Farmer, Paul. Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues. Farmer helps us to understand that we are living in an era where there are infectious diseases and people are unprecedented about it. The main point he is trying to put across is that inequalities exist in the distribution, severity, and outcome of infectious disease. He reminds us that there are two worlds in existence and due to inequalities there is almost no hope left for them. Not all current infectious diseases that we are concerned with are actually new, it is only that they have come to affect more vulnerable people than before. A good example is tuberculosis which is characterized as an emerging disease since it happened to be a current problem in a wealthy country than it has been in the previous century. He tells us about the developing countries where people succumb to death due to infectious diseases such as tuberculosis even though a permanent treatment has been found. It is so obvious that the poor countries cannot afford to purchase the drugs at individual level. This poses a question; Should the WHO make such drugs free of offered at a lower price? He goes ahead and give guidelines against certain misconceptions and myths held by the first world countries. A good example is the impossibility of carrying out certain health measures if they are not in accordance to social and structural changes. The wealthy nations seem to be reluctant in promoting health in the developing countries. We are left thinking that; is it possible to improve sanitary conditions in this poor countries? If not, then infectious diseases will continue to be a problem in these countries. Famer goes further to tell us that inequalities and poverty are determinants of HIV/AIDS in the developing countries. We also see in some countries were the assumptions that certain people are drug users denies them treatments. Who are we to blame on infection yet it is the inequalities in the society that creates all these problems?

In the reading by Marmot, Michael. The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World. (Pp. 22-48, 327-347) he tells us that is the socioeconomic difference and the gap between the poor and the rich that leads to inequalities in the health sector. As technology and health keeps on improving, so do inequalities in the health sector. These health inequalities have led to a difference in life expectancy for instance, there is a 20-year gap in life expectancy between Baltimore and London. People live in optimism that is in vain due to in equalities, this is made impossible because of the differences in wealth levels. Political will and commitment can help minimize the inequalities and the poor conditions in which people live in and grow. He goes further to tell us that we must think beyond race and social class to understand what is happening in the health sector leading to inequalities. Poor lives, illegal immigration, chaotic lives are also what leads to health inequalities. On page 34 he writes “The high mortality of young men comes from homicide, suicide, car crashes, other accidents, drugs, alcohol and some other disorders. To blame homicide or other violent deaths on lack of medical care is a bit like blaming broken windows on a lack of suppliers of new window panes. If someone heaves a rock through your window, it is quite helpful to have someone to call who can come and fix it.” Many people attribute race and gender as sources of inequalities, however in the health sector there is much to think about in terms if inequality. According to Marmot, social gradients are linked to life expectancy as well as disabilities in life. This lives us with the question; are the rich limited to getting certain diseases or health problems? Of course diseases have no boundaries however if one has the money he or she can treat these problems with high class medication. Health inequalities affects us all thus Marmot recommends that we should try and get everyone’s health to the standard of the richest despite their social class.

Both readings talk about inequalities in the health sector. We live in a society where people with the same health care needs to not have access to the same level of access to services to meet their needs. The two argue that social class, gender, race and poverty are the source cause to rampant spread of HIV/AIDS. Inequalities do exist whereby those in wealthier countries take the emerging issues and diseases as serious ones even though the poor countries had been experiencing the same problem before them. In short, it only come to the attention of the first world countries that a problem is serious when it affects them. This is a serious inequality that the health sector needs to look into. Despite the two agreeing on the inequalities, Farmer adds that therapies widen the gap between the haves and the have nots. If one’s therapy becomes better, the more the gap in inequalities widen. The two argue that how the people deal with infectious diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis among the poor is a standard measure of how inequality is unjust and we like comparison. For instance, if one goes to a hospital earlier than one who is rich, the richer one will be served before the other. Also these inequalities are measures of our social, medical and scientific skills and morals. Inequalities are both global and local in the health sector.

Conclusively, we all need to treat everyone equal in the society when we it comes to health since we all need good health to live. Improving wider determinants of health, health improvement, health protection, health service improvement and increasing health intelligence globally is the first step towards fighting inequalities in the health sector. In the health sector, there are several social exclusions faced with those in poor countries such as overcrowding, lack of resources such as fresh food and clothing, social stigma, low expectations, poorer mental and physical health, and lack or resources required for social participation. This are also forms of inequalities that needs to be dealt with.

#Module 4 Readings

In the first reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health Law in the Broader Currents of Global Governance for Health, Gostin writes about the major sources of global health law, the failures of global health laws, and global health in the global south. Global health laws are directly connected to public international laws whose source is primarily the state’s sovereignty. However, apart from the state,international laws are also a subject of international organizations whose influence comes in through the development of human rights laws. International law is limited as it fails to include the nonstate parties, lacks enforceability, and has fake standards. The above disadvantages reflect on the global health law which further demeans it. Global health laws should be firm enough to spell out priorities;various coordinate activities, encourage investment, foster transparency,and accountability, and help in dispute resolution among other chief functions. In the south, globalization is getting popular through the deliverance of international trade. However, global health is bound to face certain impacts as globalization thrives. The trade, especially on health-related goods and services, is beneficial to the public health,but the trade system is expected to adjust its trading tariffs to maintain quality and affordability for the health-related goods and services. Trade in the south is not as effective as it is in the north and has left the people in the region stuck in poverty. Trade liberations demean the health and the lives of the poor in the region by favoring the interests of the richer individuals and the multinational corporations in the north.

In the second reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health, International Trade and Intellectual Property, Gostin writes about the challenges in health and development and trade. He suggests that trade could be the answer to such challenges in the global south. Through international trade, global pharmaceuticals are bound to develop in the trade routes in as much as it all poses challenges in line of health along the trade routes as well. He cites instances such as exportation of poultry during avian flu, asbestos and cigarettes as a way through which global health is affected through international trade. Several trade agreements are there to regulate the global trade and WHO comes in to counterbalance it for the health care safety sake. However, importation of health care practioneers and medicines however favors the developed countries and renders the underdeveloped and the developing ones brain drained. The above phenomenon causes economic disparities especially in African countries. Gostin gave us an example of importation of fish in 1997 when the EU restricted the importation from Africa due to the outbreak of Salmonella and Cholera. It led to economic depression in Africa. Trade agreements are bound to work against the economy of the developing countries. According to Gostin, there is disparity in the economies of global north and the global south which causes to a standstill in health care developments. The free trade agreements between the global north and the global south eliminate proactive inclusion of the small countries in the international trade thus causing stagnation.

The other reading by Howard Waitzkin, Medicine and Public Health at the End of Empire, Waitzkin writes about the relationship between the wealthy and the poor in the empire and philanthropic foundations. There has been a wave that suggests that the wealthy should bring back to society and for that reason, there have been foundations aimed at helping out in the needs of the society. In the reading, Waitzkin gives an example of the Rockefeller foundation which was initiated internationally to run campaigns against infectious diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. The foundation developed research institutes and disease eradication programs in almost all continents. The foundation helped in stabilizing the cost of health care which had initially risen due to lack of effective treatment of the infectious diseases. International health became a concern especially in Europe which led to the development of international public health organizations which aimed to control the spread of infectious diseases across the global borders especially in the regions affected by epidemics. The main aim of the concern on international public health was to preventing diseases from paralyzing international trade and investment. There was a need to protect the ports from ships that had been to the affected regions — Walkins in his writing focuses on the empire, public health, and health services. Later on, the World Health Organization (WHO) emerged as a sub-organization of the United Nations concerned with public health worldwide. Unlike the previous public health organization that focused more on trade protection, WHO is more concerned with the distribution of healthcare services.

All of the above readings are concerned with public health and the connection between international public health and international trade. Major concerns in the public sector arose after the liberation of trade. Public health is a subject of globalization,and from the readings, it is clear that major health concerns particularly the epidemics such as malaria were a challenge to international trade between various continents. Safeguarding trading activities requires certain health-related restrictions have to be put in place, for instance, quarantine zones at the borders and even prevention of entry into different countries without clearances related to public health such as yellow fever cards. In previous times, public health concerns aimed more at protecting trade relations rather than controlling and eradicating the epidemics. However, in the present day world, public health is concerned with distributing health care services across the world and ensuring all the public can access these services. Through WHO, services such as the distribution of mosquito nets, vaccinations, and even distribution of drugs in the epidemic affected areas havebeen made available worldwide. Initially, the main focus was on preventing the epidemics from spreading across the geographical domain. The ports were major points of concern. The current public health organizations aim at supporting even the low-class members of society in fighting against infectious diseases. The organizations are more concerned with the global public health and distribution of health care services across the globe. The first two readings by Gostin cover the trade relations and global health laws between the trading domains. Its main focus is on maintaining and developing trade relations while the second reading by Waitzkin covers public health care and distribution of health care services globally through organizations such as WHO.

The concern on public health globally has me thinking about the efforts of various public health care organizations and governments. Is health care supposed to be solely a function of the state government? Do global health laws count? According to authors I discussed above, public health care and international trade are related. The United Nations have a sub-organization, WHO, concerned with health care and distribution of health care services globally. Are such organizations there because the trade has to be protected from health care challenges or the organizations are about humanity and conserving life? What is generic medicine and how legal is it?

#Module 6 readings

In the first reading by Ellen E. Foley, Your Pocket is What Cures You: the Politics of Health in Senegal, Foley writes about how decentralization has affected Senegal. He writes about Pikine which is a poor neighborhood in St. Louis with the poorest medical system. The neighborhood is affected by high levels of poverty, poor infrastructure and a large population which is ever growing. The poor medical system is due to what Foley says is called Bamako initiative and devolution in Senegal. The residents are treated poorly, and the medicine found in health care centers is generic. The healthcare reforms put in place does not help the poor according to Foley. He says that apart from the management at the healthcare being corrupt, they make the medical services inaccessible to the poor since the costs are high despite the inequality in the social classes in Pikine. He also points out that politician clings to development projects to help popularize themselves but end up killing the projects through corruption and embezzlement of funds which were supposed to be used in the development projects. The healthcare staff also plays a role in diminishing the medical system in various ways such as embezzlement of funds and drugs, missing work, corruption. Others, however, argued that they miss work sometimes due to poor infrastructure that causes floods during the rainy season and forcing them to close down and making the healthcare facilities inaccessible. This, in turn, delays medical operations in the neighborhood during the same times when several epidemics such as malaria and diarrhea are likely to strike.

In the second reading by John A. Quelch, Consumers, Corporations, and Public Health, Quelch writes about public oral health and how the introduction of the Colgate Palmolive Company has played a role in improving the oral health. As much as the company was focused on popularizing their Colgate brand and increasing sales, they were able to create awareness on oral healthcare across the world. By radicalizing their employees and ensuring that their oral health care was at the top, they were able to influence the communities in places where their employees were based. The children who participated in the oral health care program were able to take the ideas home alongside the toothpaste samples which the adults at home would use and hopefully like. During the operation time, dentists were focused more on oral diseases which gave the company the niche to argue from the food consumption angle, that is, sugary foods being a danger to oral and their toothpaste as the ultimate solution. The strategy explained oral health from a normal perspective other than infection perspective. The prices of the Colgate brands were also adjusted worldwide to ensure that all prospective customers in the new markets could afford the product. The Colgate Company did not only invest in commercial advertisements but also partnered with government bodies as well as public oral health providers for more exposure and extra support to reach the desired oral health care results. This became the perfect marketing strategy for the Colgate Company across the globe.

In the third reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health Law, Gostin writes about contemporary health threats. He argues that the institutions should respond to such health threats all over. Various international institutions should plan on tackling such health threats amongst themselves. The institutions are expected to decide on the course of action by the national strategies, the ownership of the health systems, and the amounts of funding and time according to a specific health threat. Gostin also talks about how various health care organizations have influenced the provision of health care globally both negatively and positively. As much as these organizations, such WHO and different NGOs have liberated the civil society, funded medications, and improved medical care in various countries it has also bent the health care planning and financing and affected leadership and accountability in the sector. Organizations such as who failed due to corruption allegation as WHO worked through governments which then put global health care into autocratic management. Gostin features three phases in the evolution of global health, that is, the dominance of WHO in dealing with global health care agendas, the fall of WHO and the rise of World Bank in taking over the global health, and the era of partnership in addressing global health. The rise of the World Bank was cushioned by the fact that it was focused on the well-being of people rather than economic gains. He advocates for good leadership, integrity, and transparency in the health care system as a key to the successful provision of global health. He, however, points out that the era of partnership later rose since there were doubts on both the WHO and the World Bank.

All three readings are about health care. The first reading by Foley covers poor governance in the health care systems just like the third reading by Gostin. Both the readings also examine the various epidemics such as malaria. In the first reading, Foley talks about the epidemics such as malaria that strike during the rainy season when the health care facilities in Pikine are closed. In the third reading, Gostin features the same epidemics in global health setups as among the diseases that require extra attention such as vaccinations against the epidemics such as tuberculosis. Both readings also examine funding and transparency in the systems. However, in the second reading by Quelch, health care is offered in a better way. The company stabilizes the prices of the toothpaste to ensure that all classes afford the product unlike in Pikine where the residents received health care for the cost they afforded which kept away medical services out of reach for the poor residents of pikine. The management in the second reading is also transparent, and no corruption by the top management or involvement of the politicians is recorded. Gostin and Quelch nevertheless, talk about partnership in their readings. Gostin talks about the era that came later after the dissatisfaction in WHO and the World Bank. It is an era of partnership in carrying out the functions of global health which gives chances to NGOs, philanthropists, celebrities, and multinational corporations. In the second reading, Quelch says that the Colgate Company was involved in a partnership with both the government and other oral health care providers across the world in their endeavors to provide a solution to caries which is caused by eating sugary foods. Both global health and oral health have partnership strategies although the Colgate Company is pitching for more profits, unlike global health which is focused on human health. Should oral health focus on dental infections such as gingivitis? Doesn’t oral infections arise from eating sugary foods?

#Module 7 readings

In the first reading by Chris Kiefer, Doing Health Anthropology, Kiefer talks about anthropology where he postulates that culture distinguishes between anthropological thoughts and anthropological research. He states that cultural anthropology is unique to a kind of people in different societies. The concept of culture is derived along such features as; culture being a holistic concept which means the way of life of a people follows certain realistic patterns of belief and behavior. Furthermore, culture is a comparative concept that focuses on the shared and patterned similarities and differences amongst human groupies. He also asserts that culture is learned and no one is born with a specific culture. Apart from that, culture is shared manifested across a group of people and is a feature present in human life with value to the specific group. He further says that the holistic concept makes a culture unique across various groups of people in different societies. Through anthropology, one can understand health and illness by study the way of life of a people. Among the main aims of anthropologists is to understand human behaviors and beliefs to determine the connection between a people’s history, religion, health, politics, economics, art, technology, etc. Kiefer believes that tampering with people’s culture by changing the way they think and how they behave is a step in health and diseases prevention. In his writing, he suggests that social perspective should be used in anthropology research, but then the perspective has experienced limitations as much as it is quite practical. The strategy is complex and expensive which may attract politics. The strategy also has a couple of assumptions which renders it limited in study behavior change and measuring the decree of the change.

In the second reading by Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Charles Poole, and Timothy L. Lash, Modern Epidemiology Essentials of Epidemiology, they write about causation and causal hypotheses. The authors argue that the disease occurs due to a case which they define as an event, condition, or characteristic that gives rise to the occurrence of a disease at a specific time. They articulate certain conditions to diseases and infer that if certain cases occur differently, it influences the chances of disease breaking out. The disease may occur or may not occur at all depending on certain conditions. According to the authors, one event may not be responsible for causing certain illness, but rather multiple events lead to the illness. For instance, one may break ribs while riding a bike, but that does not mean that anyone who rides a bike will break his/her ribs. There should be other events such as bad weather or inexperience in riding bikes etc. the sufficient-cause model provides for the other unknown causes of disease. Some causes are sometimes bound to combine thereby causing diseases. The authors examine the various scientific inferences which hold a certain degree of truths. Some diseases are genetic or caused by environmental factors. Some diseases can be predicted as well. However, there is no sufficient specific criterion for determining whether an observation is causal. The observations are still a subject to explanations that may register certain patterns that can be predicted. Prediction of certain patterns is responsible for the causal inferences provided. The model may not work for all hypotheses which are bound to leave other causes of diseases unsolved.

In the third reading by Lawrence Gostin, Global Health Law, Gostin writes about the International Health Regulations (IHR). The major concern of IHR is to provide health security through the management of global responses to the emerging international health threats such as Ebola. The health threats need to be prevented from spreading across the various trading routes to different countries. Gostin suggests checkups and surveillance at the international ports before letting ships or aircraft into a country. Quarantines are also put up at the sites to help contain the epidemic and prevent it from further spreading to the various countries. In the past, immigration has been recorded to cause disease as well as causing economic consequences in the host countries. He insists that the government should enforce actions to bar the infected groups from entering a state. Tests, medication and quarantines should be mandatory at ports or borders to different states. Upon detection of the diseases too, the host state should notify WHO for immediate action in treating and containing the endemic and preventing further spread. Gostin calls IHR a ‘all-hazards’ approach to solving global health threats because it applies to not only people but also goods, food, water, animals, and the environment. The major pillar of IHR is the preparedness of the states. Some states, however, lack the necessary systems and equipment for testing, treatment, and quarantine which Gostin proposes as a limitation on IHR’s side. The IHR is considered as more powerful and instrumental as compared to WHO even thou WHO has established partnership across the globe including the key NGOs. For equitable global health care provision, WHO should consider negotiating fairer agreements on behalf of states.

In the fourth reading by Moyses Szklo and F. Javier Nieto, Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics, the authors have written on epidemiologic study design. The authors provide the well-explained concept of cohort analysis and application of ecological studies. The book also examines the measures of the occurrences of diseases and association with the cohorts. Furthermore, th

Module 1.1

From the Phew research center feedback, I first understood what websites using cookies means. It tracks visits and activities in the sites. I was also surprised to know the co-founder of twitter, Jack Dorsey as I usually attach the name to founding google. I also understood the difference between https and http to encryption of data. At first these two had no difference. The quiz was informative on the technological developments and meaning of terms.

Module 2.1

At first, I thought that data are any facts, figures and information collected or extracted from a source and has to be translated to make it meaningful. However, from this course, data is the core driver of innovation and it is what makes the systems work. It influences the strategies created in business and is the basis for every running of business intelligence units. Every decision that are made in a business entity has to rely on data available, as it gives the current state of affairs in the operations of the entity.

Module 2.2

A value chain coordinates all the departments of an organization to achieve a common goal or objective set. This may be in the production process or functions of departments, as they work together, they make every activity progress efficiently. The porters value chain first links the primary activities to support activities. The primary activities such as logistics, operations and customer sales are supported by the administration, human resource management, product development management and procurement management. This shows that for a business to attain its primary activities, the support personnel as important as they make decisions and act on them to ensure success. The coordination between the two activities all aim at achieving value addition and most importantly achieve the objectives of the business such as making profits. Every department in the chain plays a role that supports the another’s functions. This means that when one fails, it will affect the others in a way which affects the output of the business.

Module 3.1

A complete ERP solution should include an enterprise performance management, and a software that plan, budget and predict financial progress of a company. The SP ERP solution is providing a complete ERP solution as it entails all these factors. First it has a system to manage its finances including financial reporting, oversees sales progress and customer lifecycle, it has included purchasing and inventory control and the business intelligence systems. Therefore, all its supply chain is represented hence providing an appropriate ERP that serves a company efficiently.

The SAP solution is an ERP II solution as it incorporates supply and design areas and does not only focus on finance and reporting within an enterprise. It has included factors such as mobility to get immediate access to information and specific industry capabilities to understand the sources of products; manufacturing, retail or wholesale distribution. These capabilities provide other solutions beyond financial analysis to increase finances of an enterprise. Hence regarded in the ERP II solutions due to extended functions.

Module 3.2

Jawaharlal should use predictive analytics to find the right tickets for the coming holiday season. The predictive analytics is based on current trends of the company in that, Jawaharlal will use the information and data of the past holidays to understand the types of tickets used, check the current trends and think of how to improve them to cater for future needs. The mix od skills need to keep developing hence the future require more improved than the past or current state. The current and past information will help develop appropriate tickets for ServiceNow over the holiday period.

Module 4.1

One reason for failure in alignment is the pace of change with rapidly increasing innovations especially during this era. This at times causes the IT leaders and department personnel to put up with the changes and may at times cause differences with the management. Therefore, to prevent such, the IT need to communicate to the business heads to inform on the changes and explain how the changes will be handled for the benefit of the business. Transparency in IT and also in the entire management team creates satisfaction and ensures the workforce is contended with IT actions. It is not possible to slow technological change but to keep the company up to date at all times. With these actions, failure in alignment will be prevented hence IT will have the opportunity to improve the business.

Module 5.1

The think pair square technique used in the group work proved to be very effective as it involves every individual in a group and also encourages everyone to participate. Every individual in the group contributes their views then the smaller divisions from the group report back to the group presenting their notes and opinions regarding a topic. The team then brainstorm together, developing final drafts of the assignment. It is a technique that ensures more knowledge is gained from different people’s thinking and that from the many points given, the best is chosen to give the final group work done.

Also, through a team contract, the participants of the group became more dedicated to contributing to the issues of the group. The contract stated total engagement, contribution and support to team members hence everyone adhered to rules set. The team contract encouraged individuals‘ hard work and dedication to attaining our set objectives. would wish to use these methods in the future to ensure the group participates to the maximum and the work is accomplished just as required by the course.

Module 6.1

The two technology websites I follow are TechCrunch .com and wired.com. These websites provide information on developing technology and application in the business platforms. TechCrunch provides quality information on new emerging gadgets; hence, I stay ahead on matters of technology. Also, it provides news and articles related to internet portals, latest technological products and reviews on the technological news. Wire.com also provides news pertaining technological products, its development and application in the business entities. It also focuses on how emerging technologies affects culture, the economy and politics hence understand more how the developments impacts businesses.

Name

Professor

Class

Date

Marketing

Monetary operations

Monetary operation is the exercise by which economists implement monetary policy. On the other hand the mechanism by which the financial authorities in a country manage the circulation of money is what is referred to as monetary policy. Stakeholders widely agree on roles that the economic policy have to play: rapid growth, high employment and stable prices. However, they do not agree that these roles are compatible. Monetary policy can be used to halt inflation but cannot be used to stop recession. The role of monetary operations is to ensure that policies made by the central bank in a country attain their objectives in the financial markets. To meet its operational purposes their target is mainly to obtain a certain interest rate per day and the most successful instruments are those that match the workings of the system in the financial market (Homan 134).

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is an individual’s direct investment through his business in a foreign country either by expanding the operations of an already existing business in the foreign country or by purchasing all the shares in a company in the foreign nation. Hot money is an expression common in the financial markets to submit to the streaming of funds from one nation to another so as to gain some short term profits on the differences in interest rates. Production FDI occurs when a company copies the activities it does in its home country at the same production level but in a foreign country (Homan 137).

A capitalist system is one in which the economic system is founded on the personal ownership of the means by which goods are produced. Financial architecture is the wide ranging measures and framework put in place to manage an economic crisis. The Banking system is an important component of the international economy because it accounts for trillions of assets globally. The IMF (International Monetary Fund) is a global financial institution that is affiliated to over 180 countries and works to guarantee international trade, monetary cooperation and financial stability (Homan 139).

The IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) one of the five subsidiaries of the World Bank is a global financial institution that provides loans to poor countries. BIS (Bank for international settlements) mainly promote global financial and monetary cooperation and works closely with central banks. However, being a global organization it does not answer to any country (Homan 142).

Hard money is the kind of funding by an organization or government that is continuous rather than an on one occasion funding. On the other hand Soft money is the kind of funding provided by politicians particularly during their campaigns it is done only once (Homan 147).

A foreign exchange risk is a risk that results from an exposure to unexpected changes in the rate of exchange between two currencies. The risk exists because of exchange of currencies between exporters and importers who are subjected to a likelihood of drastic financial costs if they do not properly manage it. For exporters and importers to protect their investments against losses posed by the foreign exchange risk they need to affect various available hedging strategies (Homan 156).

A forward contract is a non consistent contract between two parties to purchase or vend a product on a particular future date on a price settled upon between them prior to the transaction. On the other hand, a forward option starts at a specified date in the future and expires on a further specified future date. However, its premium is paid well in advance and just before it expires. A counter party risk is a risk that affects each part of a contract that the counterparty may not meet its requirement. On the other hand market risks are the probabilities of investors to get losses because of dynamics that impact on the general performance of financial markets (Homan 159).

Works Cited

Homan, P. T. and Fritz Machlup, ed., Financing American Prosperity. New York (2010): (134-159).Print.

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Course

Date

Campbell is a strong advocate for a society free of prejudice and harassment. Race, color, sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, national origin, ancestry, citizenship, marital status, military or veteran status, physical or mental disability, medical condition, age, religion, genetic information, or any other protected classification under federal, state, or local law will not be tolerated (Collins, 1994). Every employee is expected to support the company’s commitment to providing all employees with equal employment opportunities.

Campbell encourages its employees to treat one other with decency, respect, and kindness. Every employee has the right to work in a free of harassment, intimidation, and bullying environment. Harassment, bullying, and discrimination can happen in a variety of forms, including unwanted physical contact (sexual or otherwise) (Shea, 2002). jokes or other words, photos, voicemails, or emails made at the workplace that are insulting, aggressive, or unpleasant

The organization places a premium on shared ownership and goal clarity. It plans to offer a demographic data dashboard that represents the demographics of the organization. It also generates a scorecard to track the progress of its approach. It is developing a 360-degree feedback program for our management, and all paid workers have a performance target that is directly related to I&D, in order to instill accountability throughout the firm. It’s also amending its Code of Business Conduct and Ethics to better represent the inclusive organization it aspires to be. At Campbell, we want to foster an environment where people can be themselves while also feeling accepted and encouraged to do their best work.

Campbell is dedicated to keeping and developing correct books, records, and accountings in a transparent and honest manner. Employees are responsible for ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and truthfulness of the company’s financial records, contracts, agreements, and any other papers (however trivial) (Collins, 1994). In the marketplace and among investors, financial honesty helps to retain trust and reputation.

References

Collins, Douglas (1994). America’s Favorite Food: The Story of Campbell Soup Company. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-2592-3.

Shea, Martha Esposito, and Mathis, Mike (2002). Images of America: Campbell Soup Company. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-1058-0.

Insecurity

Student’s Name

Institution

Insecurity

According to Lu, Zhang, and Liu (2018), insecurity refers to a situation where people tend to worry about issues such as hurt and rejection. Insecurity breeds issues such as anxiety and uncertainty amongst people and causes them to question their self-worth and their relevance. Insecurity is a major problem in society, and thus, it is vital to understand the causes of insecurity, its effects as well as measures which can be undertaken to help eliminate or overcome it.

Human interactions are inevitable. Social interactions are an integral part of the day to day operations. The social interactions are experienced through friendship, business, religion, families, social media, as well as other areas that encourage or facilitate the interaction between one individual and another. Consequentially, it is difficult to carry out social interactions without the possibility of the occurrence of insecurity. In most social setups, there is a likelihood that one or more persons will suffer from insecurity issues that expose them to feel that question their ability to be cared for, protected, or loved. Such feelings, which are associated with insecurities, causing them to develop several behavioral consequences.

Causes of Insecurity

Different factors can lead to the occurrence of feelings of insecurity among people. In most cases, insecurity arises as a result of a combination of several factors. One of the causes of insecurity is the effects of a traumatic experience. Traumatic events such as the loss of a family member, issues such as bankruptcy and divorce can lead to the rise of insecurity among people. Traumatic events tend to create an environment that is characterized by uncertainty. The unpredictable environment, in turn, leads to issues such as anxiety. Traumatic experiences can significantly affect the lives of people. Their impact can last for long periods and cause issues such as lack of self-direction, low self-esteem, and in other instances, make people feel like other people are ignoring them.

Childhood experiences are another cause of insecurity. The parent-child relationship is one of the most critical relations which play a significant role in shaping the future of a child. However, if the relationship between the child and the parent is not established in the right manner, it can cause negative consequences that spill from childhood into adulthood. An example of a childhood experience that can lead to insecurity is one where a parent fails to adequately cater or respond adequately to the needs of a child. In such instances, the child grows into adulthood, lacking crucial assurances in life, which then leads to insecurity. Also, in instances where the child a parent constantly abuses as a child, the child may tend to develop insecurities that stem from mistrust. Therefore, poor parenting can cause insecurity attachments among children, which may develop into adulthood.

Family relations are another cause of insecurity among people. Children are the most impacted in family relations. An example of family relation which breeds insecurity among children is where parents are inconsistent in their relationship with their children. Inconsistent relationships or family relations where parents are self-absorbed lead to everlasting implications that cause the children to lack emotional connections with other people. Domestic violence also affects children during and after their growth process. A study by Pingley (2017), reveals that children who witness domestic violence in their families tend to be burdened by the act throughout their developmental stages, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds.

Another source of insecurity stems from intimate relationships among people. Solid intimate relationships are built on virtues such as love, trust, and respect. However, in instances where the virtues are not cultivated in the relationship, insecurity emerges. Insecurity in intimate relationships can also emerge from past relationships. If a party to a relationship had experienced a situation that hurt their emotions or feelings, they might translate the effects of the relationship to the new relationship. As a result, they are more likely to interpret their partner’s course of actions with negative attitudes. Also, in situations where a partner in an intimate relationship hurts the other partner through activities such as cheating, insecurity is likely to arise. Insecurity in relationships is dangerous as it can quickly escalate into conflict and, in other instances, cause a partner to eliminate trust between couples.

Effects of Insecurity

If not handled at an early stage, insecurity can lead to negative consequences, which may affect people who suffer from it and other innocent people. One of the effects of insecurity is it negatively affects the ability to establish sound relationships. People who suffer from insecurity tend to lack trust and often focus on the negative side of events and life—relationships with insecure people are more likely to become toxic and mentally taxing.

Another effect of insecurity is that it limits the progress of a person. People with insecurity tendencies tend to develop a negative perception of things. For example, insecure people lack the confidence to express themselves in workplaces, and as such, they miss out on opportunities such as job promotion. Also, insecurity limits the self-esteem of a person, thus limiting their capabilities. Another effect of insecurity is that it can lead to the development of mental illnesses. Insecurity tends to create a social barrier among people due to anxiety and mistrust. As such, people who are faced with insecurity are likely to avoid social gatherings and reject people’s company. The impact of social distancing is that it escalates anxiety and causes mental complications such as dementia, dependent personality, borderline personality, narcissism, and depression. Eating disorders are particularly common among teenagers and children who suffer from insecurity. Insecurity causes teenagers to develop body image issues. They counter their problems through stress eating, a factor that ultimately leads to

Young people, especially children, and teenagers are more likely to suffer the most from the effects of insecurity (Kelly, & El-Sheikh, 2013). One of the areas in their lives, which is adversely affected by insecurities is their education. Young people’s minds, especially school-going children and students, are still at the developmental stage. As a result, they are unable to fully handle the effects of issues such as domestic violence and body shaming. The development of insecurities leads to mistrust and a lack of confidence. They are unable to fully express themselves among teachers, friends, or guardians. Their performance in school is the most affected due to the loss of concentration and the limitation of their learning abilities, which is affected by their lack of confidence.

Ways to Overcome Insecurity

The effects of insecurity can be devastating. However, one of the positive things about insecurity is that it can be handled. One of the ways one can utilize to deal with insecurity is through seeking professional help such as therapy (George et al. 2014). Therapy is an efficient approach that can help individuals with insecurities to deal with their problems and seek alternative solutions. The therapy utilizes cognitive-behavioral techniques, which help an individual to express themselves about the issues they are facing. Therapy helps people to realize that they are facing insecurities and also acknowledge the fact that the insecurities can affect them and the people within their environment. Therapy also helps people to regain their self-belief, confidence, and self-esteem. Therapy not only helps people to address and solve their insecurities but also aids in avoiding the negative impact of insecurities.

Weber and Petriglieri (2018) suggest that the key to overcoming insecurities in places of work is through shunning individualism at the workplace and encouraging better, sustainable, and caring relationships among employees. Weber and Petriglieri assert that insecurities at the workplace do not arise as a result of drive or flaw. Instead, the authors agree that insecurity at the workplace is manufactured through the creation of workplace environments, which encourage negative competition. Therefore, the creation of a workplace environment which facilitates togetherness among employees and support for each other can help get rid of insecurity as employees do will not consider other employees as competition but rather workmates and friends who work for a united purpose.

One of the most effective measures of overcoming insecurities is through conducting a self-evaluation. The first step towards dealing with a person’s insecurity is through acknowledging that one is suffering from it. Acknowledging its existence creates a platform for acceptance of one’s weaknesses and thus paving the way for the development of favorable solutions. After accepting the existence of insecurities, it is important to assess what causes insecurities. Focusing on the causes of the insecurities allows a person to eliminate dangerous or negative factors that can lead to one’s susceptibility to them. It helps a person to elevate themselves to toxic situations that trigger the disease. The last step in the self-evaluation process is deciding to overcome the insecurities es and working on measures that eliminate the insecurities. In the process, one ought to set realistic goals that follow step by step processes. The setting of unrealistic goals may lead to failure and, as a result, cause the insecurities to reoccur.

Lastly, one can overcome insecurities by surrounding themselves with people who have positive mindsets. Friends, family members, and mentors can play a vital role in overcoming insecurities. They can provide essential contributions such as advice, support, or mentorship. Positive people’s input can help one to develop self-confidence and self-belief, which are instrumental in overcoming insecurities. Also, surrounding oneself with positive people enables them to avoid people with negative mindsets or people who focus on exposing one’s weaknesses. Therefore, there is a need to create a positive environment where one is surrounded by positive people and things that they enjoy doing. Doing so provided an impetus towards the development of successful strategies towards overcoming insecurities.

Conclusion

Insecurity is a major concern amongst people. Insecurity hurts relationships and restrains people from fully expressing themselves. It can be caused by several factors, such as a history of domestic abuse or traumatic experiences. Insecurities can be overcome through therapy, surrounding oneself with a positive environment, and taking a step to address the issue. Addressing and overcoming insecurity enables one to express themselves and avoid the negative consequences that come with it.

References

George, M. W., Fairchild, A. J., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2014). Marital conflict in early childhood and adolescent disordered eating: Emotional insecurity about the marital relationship as an explanatory mechanism. Eating behaviors, 15(4), 532-539.

Kelly, R. J., & El-Sheikh, M. (2013). Longitudinal relations between marital aggression and children’s sleep: The role of emotional insecurity. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 282.

Lu, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). Interpersonal insecurity and risk-taking propensity across domains and around the globe. Evolutionary psychology, 16(3), 1474704918795520.

Pingley, T. (2017). The impact of witnessing domestic violence on children: A systematic review.

Weber, S., Petriglieri, G. (2018). To overcome your insecurity, recognize where it comes from. Harvard Business Review.

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