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Campaign Advertisement

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Campaign Advertisement

Politics is among the fundamental factors that affect the societies in a wide range and can result in degradation and instability in the economy. Political communication concerns information spreading and its influence on the citizens, policymakers, the media and politics at large. In other words, political communication can be referred to the practice that involves political actors and institutions, the media and more fundamentally the citizens who are the primary aim regarding political influence. The commonly involved people in the politics are the political entrepreneurs and the political candidates who have the interest and vying for different political positions in the society. Among the vital part of political communication is the campaign advertisement. It is the use of advertising campaigns which are composed of messages of similar nature, and they are shared to the citizens through different media at a fixed time. In this paper, the political communication audiovisual selected regards campaign advertisement, in particular, an advert involving Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump’s manifestos comparison on how to change the American’s economy.

In the process of making campaign advertisement, the crucial thing is what one is advertising and the reasons for why one is advertising. In the regular market, the main reason why one does advertising makes people aware of the products, making the advertised products available in the market and convincing the consumers to buy the products. There is no significant difference from the mentioned above and the political field as in politics the politician aims to sell the manifestos to the citizens and convince them to elect him or her for a particular position during the election period (Burton, et.al 2015). There is a specified duration of time that the vying candidates are given to carry out their campaigns. Hence they have optimally made its utilization to out-compete their rivals. Politics is like any other field and the rule of the game works where the smart and perfect ones win the position.

In the advert of concern, its purpose prevails, and in consideration of the visual images and the words used, it has been developed to support Donald Trump as the president of America. The developer has correctly applied the main parts of a campaign advert and has made it clear to the audience regarding the candidate to be elected as the candidate. It starts with Clinton’s plans which are viewed in a negative aspect and tends to lead to economy’s degradation in contrast to Trump’s manifestos which are promising regarding economic stability. Considering the adverts information, Clinton is associated with deleterious aspects such as middle-class crushing, the level of spending going up, taxes going up and thousands of jobs disappearing. On the other hand, Trump’s side has been well presented in a way that everyone who comes across the advert will automatically see a certain sense in electing him for the position. Among his promising propagandas include needy families getting tax relief, millions of new jobs, thriving of many small businesses, an increment in wages and salaries, making the American dream achievable and making the country great again regarding economic development (Valentino, et.al 2018).

The analysis of the campaign advert involves looking at its effectiveness and consideration whether it has followed the advertising campaign making process which is critical in the political sector. The process begins from the research to the execution of the campaign. It stages include research, knowing target audience, budget setting, theme decision, media selection, media scheduling and the executive campaign. To begin with, the first stage which involves research, the economy advert developers have correctly accomplished that. It is concerned with doing market research for the product to be publicized in determining its demand, contenders and the target consumer. The advert has focused on the main issues affecting the American society. Therefore, in coming up with the candidate’s propaganda, they have ensured that they have captured them all and on the other side they relate their delegate, in this case, Hilary Clinton with negativity. Campaigning is about changing and challenging peoples mind in the efforts of convincing them to elect a particular candidate. Hence, the stage regarding research is essential as it makes the candidate play his or her role safe even when it comes to the subsequent stages.

The following stage involves knowing the target audience. In the market, it is vital to know who will buy the products and where to find the targeted customers. In the Donald Trump’s campaign advertisement, the target audience has been defined as the American citizens. It is considering the language used, and the features showed in the advert such as the American flag among many others. That is the same reason there are specific promises such as relief of taxes, an increase of wages, the establishment of new jobs and reviving the middle class as most of the targeted audience has in one way or another been stuck in the mentioned hitches.

After knowing the targeted audience, the next phase is setting the recommended budget. In this stage, all the activities involving the use of capital must be out in mind, and there should be an estimate of the expected spending in the advertising process (Settle, et.al 2016). Among the factors that are put in consideration are paper works, media, labor and presentation in the midst of many others. The campaign advert selected shows perfection in this step as the presentations are well done, and it has been broadcasted in the media where everyone can get access.

The next step regards decision on the most appropriate theme to use. This involves deciding how the message will be delivered, the music to be used, the color to be applied, the language to use and the designing of the ads among many others. The campaign advertisement in consideration has been scrutinized adequately at this stage regarding the delivering of the message and language used creating an immediate impact on the audience view on the subject of both the delegates. The symbols and color used to bring a clear picture of the preference party, and this will affect the audience during the voting process as he or she will come across the same symbols. Considering the ads, the advert developers have used moving pictures on Clinton’s propaganda and promising ones when it comes to Trump’s side, hence the creation of a positive perception of the supported candidate.

Additionally, the following stage involves media selection. The media plays a significant role in transmitting the information from the primary source to the audience. Therefore, the more available the media is, the higher the probability of a large number of people will get the information. The primary purpose of advertising campaigns is mobilizing many citizens and ensuring that many of them get the message. In the advert involving trump’s campaign, the right media has been used which is accessible to everyone in the country considering that a massive number of American citizens have access and are capable of using internet services.

Also, media scheduling is an essential phase in the process of making campaign advertisements. It has to be done correctly to enhance visibility and audibility of the information being presented. With this, the targeted audience will apparently get the message, and it even plays an indispensable role in creating a positive incentive towards the campaigner. In the advert involving Donald Trump’s campaign advertisement, the speaker is audible, the words are visible and the language used is precise and clear to understand. Therefore, satisfies the conditions of media scheduling and efficiently attracts a wide range of the audience.

Finally, the last step in the process of making campaign advertisement is executing the campaign. The campaign has to begin to be put into effect, and the feedback from the various audience has to be put into consideration. The responses are vital as they help to detect faults and other missing points in the advert that needs immediate rectification. The advert in consideration has been developed up to the last stage where it is posted on the media channel where citizens access it and leave their recommendations (Trent & Friedenberg 2008). Through the media, the owner knows the people’s reactions regarding his manifestos, and it was the best time to rectify and strengthen the weak campaign areas.

From the discussion above, the analysis of campaign advertisement has put it clear that campaign marketing is the same as advertising any other product and it also requires entrepreneurship skills. The campaigners have to be innovative enough to be capable of outfitting other political competitors. The advert regarding Trump’s campaign has successfully adhered to the process of establishing campaign advertisement. However, according to the audience reviews, it is wiser not to present the manifesto using the comparison procedure as the seen case. Accusing his opponents with negative manifestos has shown a high level of dislike from the audience.

References

Burton, M. J., Miller, W. J., & Shea, D. M. (2015). Campaign Craft: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management. ABC-CLIO.

Valentino, N. A., Neuner, F. G., & Vandenbroek, L. M. (2018). The Changing Norms of Racial Political Rhetoric and the End of Racial Priming. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 000-000.

Settle, J. E., Bond, R. M., Coviello, L., Fariss, C. J., Fowler, J. H., & Jones, J. J. (2016). From posting to voting: The effects of political competition on online political engagement. Political Science Research and Methods, 4(2), 361-378.

Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (2008). Political campaign communication: Principles and practices. Rowman & Littlefield.

Alehandra VilegasModule #9 readings

According to Gostin, Lawrence. Global Health Law. (Pp. 243-269), Gostin tells us about global justice, human dignity and personal security were he views health as a human right and not something that can be purchased as many perceives it. Since human rights law advocate for equity then it is important to give every human being equal health treatment. By equal health treatment, food, water and housing are included since they are significant determinants of good health. He goes further to tell us even though the above human rights are recognized worldwide, there is still unfair treatment of people health wise globally. Global health equity is the unmet challenge that the world is yet to embrace. Quoting from the reading, “Health equity is the great unmet challenge of the health and human rights movement of our time.” Globally, human rights are violated daily, and the human right commissions are weak at embracing the rights. States fail on their responsibility to protect the rights but there are pathways to achieving human rights which individuals can follow to ensure there is equality. Gostin suggests that through social movement, human can help champion their health rights. Just like the early AIDS movements, then to achieve the health rights and equality can be done the same way. One common misconception is that civil and political rights to not need immediate attention but it should be noted that human rights especially the health law do require much attention and a lot of resources dedicated to it. From the reading, the world is informed that nearly 60 years after the United Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, the U.S. called the right to health “an ultimate goal, not an immediate entitlement.”

In the reading Week 9 Saussy Partner to the Poor – Apr 6 2017 – 3-31 PM.pdf, it begins by saluting Paul Farmer as a hero, anthropologist and a doctor to the poor. Saussy recognizes Paul Farmer’s research on the effect that beliefs on tuberculosis had on final outcomes of treatment. He found out that food and social support were determining factors to how the patient responded to the treatment methods. From the research, the author then suggest that it is essential to train on social and cultural factors and not only doing so in clinical factors. Through education, doctors can serve as natural attorney to the poor seeking health services. Doctors need not to make immodest claim of casualty but they need to help do away with the so call cultural factors in order to attain equal global health. Saussy turns his discussion to epidemiology by describing the 1980s CDC data on the AIDS epidemic which had just emerged. “Social medicine…seizes on certain organizing principles of society and reworks them for the sake of medical efficacy.” Saussy pushes for helping the needy with the phrase that something is better than nothing. We should not blame clinical failures instead the world and medical society should examine global priorities. According Saussy, “The justification for the ‘different standards of care treatment for the affluent, no treatment for the poor’ and the consequent ‘outcome gap’ was presented in the language of economics.” This leads to the to the questions Why has AIDS killed many people since the 20th century? According to Saussy health relies on the efforts of reasonably decent people.

From the reading Week 9 Pathologies of Power – Apr 6 2017 – 3-23 PM.pdf, it begins by addressing the hierarchy of suffering. From 141 countries, 27 countries are faced with extreme suffering in the health sector. Farmer gives an example of Haitian women who suffer and it is explained by Acephie’s story. Women interviewed claimed to be forced into involuntary sexual activities because of unfavorable conditions such as poverty. Suffering in the health sector results from racism, poverty and political factors. The reading is basically about Accephie’s story and the suffering encountered in the health sectors as a result of social, political and cultural factors. Paul Farmer pauses Farmer asks, “How might we discern the nature of structural violence and explore its contribution to human suffering? Can we devise an analytic model, one with explanatory and predictive power, for understanding suffering in a global context?” There is a lot of discrimination in the health sector and this should not be confused with structural violence. Discrimination in the health sector can end up leading to death. Gender alone does not define inequality and suffering in the health sector. Poverty is a key cause of people making desperate decisions which will end up affecting their health. Socioeconomic status explains the difference in mortality rates between the blacks and white and also America and African countries.

The three readings suggest that there is a lot of inequality in the health sector which leads to the global health law sector not performing. Accessibility of health services should be a human right should be distributed equally among nations in order to achieve equal rights. Health is a human right and hospitals should embrace this fact by granting everyone equal access to health services regardless of race, gender and social class. From the three readings, resources in the health sector must be available sufficiently in order to attain quality health services offered equally without limiting resources. Health resources should be accessible to everyone in a transparent manner, issues with racial and gender discrimination should not be included here. In accordance with respect to privacy, health services should be offered as instructed by national medical association and other bodies such as World Health Organization. The services should be of quality and appropriate since health care is a human right and a basic requirement. From the readings, it can be deduced that it is the responsibility of every human to participate in public policy in order to ensure the effectiveness of the services given and what needs to be improved in the global health sector. It is a social responsibility to implement the provisions provided in global health law in order to achieve maximum and quality health services. Participation is through meaningful engagement in health policy. The government needs to stand up for the rights of people and ensure no forms of corruption in the health sector. Just like the readings suggest, health is a basic requirement thus matters concerning it should be adhered to.

Question one and two According to Pascal Boyer, why are “Intellectual Scenarios” inadequate to explain the origin of religion? How might one attack Boyer’s assessment of them?

Some people are religious and some are not; religious beliefs are different in different places. Buddhists hold their religious information too much, they prefer conserving information regarding their religion thus brings about complexities when trying to understand the origin and evolution of religion. Some human’s beings do not understand the meaning or the in-depth analysis of religion; this is due to gospel disparity and lack of respective channels for delivering the gospel to such people.

Occupational hazard; the general intuition that the origin of religion is systemic rather the general evolution brings the gap of professionalism in dispatching the origin of religion. This has brought about diversity in professionalism when arguing about the origin of religion.

How are memes like genes? Drawing from Dennett and/or Blackmore, explain the reproductive success of any one religious

Human imagination; this is a phenomenon that is devolved from a fount of creativity. Humans imagine things and facts that they have never seen nor heard, for example, imagining events or actions that someone has never seen and that are most impossible to happen in the real world. Creative imagination is believed to solve some biological actions that take course in a person’s life.

Unique capacity for creativity; humans are the most creative species among all creatures. Most animals have the capability of learning and arguably both operant conditioning and classical analysis involve a clear capacity and level for procedural imagination.

Difference between hominid ancestors and modern humans; modern humans are constantly busy with simulation of new ideas and plans as compared to hominid ancestors who had adequate time in devolving and coming about with religion matters. Cultures were also created by ancestors hence this brought about the devolution of religion.

Mohammad Iqbal And Renaissance Of Islam

Introduction

Mohammad Iqbal identifies the meaning of identity by asserting that a prophetic message from Islamic prophecy is a new unitary force that awakens both the mind and spirit of the prophet and his followers to live a life that executes the prophetic experience in real time. The renaissance of Islam is a self-actualization of inductive intellect, which provides a direction between the past and the future person to discover and lice a revealed life. Mohammed Iqbal asserts that Christianity developed Europe and modernity emerged out with national ethics, which hindered development of European unitary until they dissolve their national ethics (120). Contrastingly, Islam is offering a unitary force solution in the world since differentiated culture and religious ethics merged into an international unitary movement of Islam. Islamic politics is understood from the application of Islamic law in all Islamic nations, which establishes equality in social, economic and political unitary. Modernity emphasizes the application of autosuggested solutions to the development of individual personality. Iqbal states that Christianity systems of national ethics resulted in the Great European War, which created an intolerable psychology in humanity. Islam policy encourage merging of nations into one political and religious unit to design self-control measures to establish equality in structure of government in the society.

Analyzing Capitalism of the western modernity

Iqbal states that luxuries create a delayed sense of direction to life. Capitalism is merely a process of fattening the body to attend to luxuries and all forms of debauch that have deprived the modern person from the inductive intelligence. Delayed agency means that the souls remain impatient and intolerant and in turn create a society that lives through taxation and production only. Modern capitalism is concern about increasing tax through exchange of produce and the proceedings are used to create luxury to comfort the worker. The westerner’s intelligence is measured by the stuff he own since his heart is dead and only perceives through his eyes to get meaning of the world material nature (The Sphere of Mercury 57). The solution to overcoming the western deception is by understanding love as a deep mystery that creates a united force or movement that is perceived by the heart of God. Europeans war has hurt their hearts and they lack perceptive hearts to love the change that comes with unitary force. However, the author lacks credible information on how to determine how cold a European citizen’s heart is from an Islamic heart since both have experienced painful wars that serve as motivation to intoxicate their reasoning capacity (The Sphere of Mercury 57).

Critiquing Lack of Agency in the western modernity

Individuality makes man helpless when compared to the raging forces of nature, which need to be controlled. Freedom from individuality would result in freedom from pain in realization of love. Man is the source of his own destruction through his constant actions. Buddhism thus calls for inaction and absolute unworldliness (Ahmed 88). Christianity asserts that sin is hereditary and man is bound to sin by nature of his ignorance. Iqbal criticizes Christianity concept of accepting that only through a supernatural power can he mediate with the creator. Sin separates man from god in Islam, Christianity and Buddhism, however, Buddhism and Christianity views assert that man’s power is not enough to content sin. Iqbal concludes that Buddhism states that man is evil and that is reason why there is pain in nature. Zoroastrianism states that nature is struggling between good and dark forces, which produce man who is a mixture of good and evil.

Critiquing reason of the western modernity

Western modernity is deprived of reason since they hold a view that man as mixture of evil and goodness. Iqbal relates to the audience that love is a source of inductive intellect especially for a self-conscious individual in a country like Turkey away from the dogmatic lifestyle in dogmatic states and individuals. Modernity has obstructed growth of inductive reasoning, which is the reason why modernity is waning away into divisions. Iqbal offers the solution in the application of Umma, which is the union of spirit and material to empower the society.

Explaining Iqbal’s ideas Truth in Islam being a solution

Islamic thought is constructed on a neutral view that the universe is God’s and evil is not an essential component of nature for it can be eliminated altogether through appropriate

Modern Islamic law is undergoing modern evolution and development to include people from all religions by assimilation. Liberal movements in the modern world threaten the breakaway of Islam into national ethics, which would engender the unitary force that the prophet envisioned when he was awakening in his journey heaven. Attainment of self-consciousness among Islamic nations is a breakthrough away from differentiating into numerous Islamic (Ahmed 89).

Explaining Iqbal’s ideas about Mohammed Prophecy being the stat of modernity

Mohammed Prophecy triggered the movement that led to modernity both in the western and eastern world that embraces either Christianity or Islamic equality ethics. Islam offered a new perspective about life, which promised absolute freedom by embracing the principle of goodness to eliminate evil and eventual triumph over evil. Guilty conscious impressed upon the minds of Christians, Buddhists and Zoroastrians hinder the western world from progressing because the panic makes them accumulate wealth, luxury and no agency, which make nature control man. On contrary, Islam offers a new modern perspective that promotes use of inductive intellect, reasoning to train mind to attain goals of goodness away from evil.

Explaining Iqbal’s ideas of Islam can be for everyone. (P.158-159 of)

Islamic thought argues that the modern world needs a political and religious creed alongside creativity to insure no territorial restrictions obstruct the prophetic mind from operating in the world’s physical nature. Once Islamic political and religious creed produced the prophetic mind of liberating every soul from sin to achieve responsibility, then the next objective would be to achieve self-consciousness and attain their manifest self-nature (Iqbal 159).

Conclusion

Islam can control the evil nature attributed to man and transform it light by assigning responsibility using religious ethics and legal codes to design an orderly and beautiful society. Transformation of societies around the world would be achieved through Islamic Umma, which is the union of the spiritual and the material to control nature to the advantage of man. Islam gives the community a will to act for common goodness to eliminate evil although that does not take place on a purely rational state. Therefore, the principle of individuation would start with the process of ordering using similar religious and political creed to help human achieve rationality before proceeding to achieve self-consciousness.

Work cited

Iqbal, Mohammad. The reconstruction of religious thought in Islamic. London: Oxford University Press, 1934. 118-171.

“The Sphere of Mercury.” Visitation to the spirits of Jamal al-Din Afghani and Sa’id Halim Pasha. 53-71.

Ahmed, Latif, Sherwani. Speeches, writings and statements of Iqbal. Iqbal Academy, 84-103.

Monarch Butterfly (Danaus Plexippus)

Abstract

The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is an inhabitant of North and South America. However, they have spread to other parts of the world such as in South Pacific islands, Australia and New Zealand as well as other countries in central part of Africa. It is a brightly orange colored butterfly with black stripe markings and is beautiful to look at. It is a species of milkweed butterflies of the danaidae family. Two sub-species of the Monarch exist in the Western Hemisphere; Danaus plexippus plexipppus in South Canada, USA, Mexico, South and Central America and Danaus plexippus erippus of Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay (Bonanno 67). The North American monarch butterfly is known for it’s incredible migration where individuals fly from their summer breeding grounds to overwintering habitat in central Mexico.

The Monarch cannot survive in cold weather hence the migration of as long as three thousand miles to reach warmer climates. It can be found in many habitats for instance fields, urban areas, gardens, trees and many others. Amazingly, each butterfly lives a year hence the migrations made by future generations every year. They lay three hundred to four hundred eggs and have incomplete metamorphosis and it’s larvae are specialized herbivores that consume only leaves of the milkweed family of plants. The milkweed provides them with a good and effective chemical defense against predators (Pringle 5).

Introduction

From its coloration, migration, lifecycle and even mating, this insect is extremely fascinating and interesting in every aspect of its life. There is a lot to learn about it, and the paper will give a good understanding of the monarchs’ classification, it’s lifecycle, it’s habitat, evasive features and migration.

Classification of the monarch butterfly can be traced back from kingdom Animalia. Under this kingdom, it is found under the phylum Arthoropoda and class Insecta. Under the class insecta, Danaus plexippus belongs to the order Lepidoptera which also consists of moths. This order consists of the family nymphalidae in which monarch butterfly is found under the subfamily Danainae, genus Danaus, and finally species plexippus. Monarch butterfly is also known as milkweed butterfly due to the fact that their larva feeds on the milkweed plant (Christensen 58).

Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippu) is mainly found in North America also sometimes it is found in western Europe having flown to western or been transported to western Europe by American ships. It has also been found in other parts of the world such as Australia, India and New Zealand. Monarch butterfly feeds mainly on milkweed plants found in North America which thrive during the spring, summer and, autumn seasons (Bonanno 45). They migrate southwards during winter to the warmer Mexican and Californian highlands. However, the milkweed plants do not grow well in Mexico and southern California. Due to this forces monarch butterflies to fly to the North during spring in search of food.

Life cycle

Mating period for the migrating monarch population occurs in the spring, this just prior to migration from the overwintering sites. Their courtship is quite simple and dependents very little on chemical pheromones if compared to other species in it’s genus. Courtship is composed of two distinct stages that is the aerial phase and the other is known as the ground phase. the first phase if when the male takes down the female by nudgling after which copulation takes place at the ground phase. Here, the male and female remain attached for about 30 to 60 minutes. From the male, a spermatophore is transferred to the female along with sperm. The spermatophore plays the role of offering energy to the female insect during reproduction (Pringle 2).

Monarch butterflies have a very interesting life cycle. There are four different generations of monarch butterflies in approximately every twelve months. The first generation of monarch butterflies starts their life cycle between March and April when the fourth generation of butterflies hibernating in Mexico and south California emerge. This (fourth) generation of monarch butterflies migrates to the North which is beginning to get warmer. They lay their eggs on the leaves of milkweed plants. The egg when in a favorable environment takes about four days to hatch into wormlike larvae. The larvae are the most active and feed on the milkweed plant and grow (Christensen 7).

The larva is most vulnerable to predators because it does not have a hard covering like the pupa. The larval stage lasts for about two weeks when it has stored enough nutrients to take it through the pupa stage then it attaches itself by use of silk to a plant’s leaves or stem. It then transforms itself into pupa. Within the first ten days there seems to be nothing happening in the pupa but this is the most active stage when the caterpillar is being transformed into the beautiful butterfly (Bonanno 12). After at least ten days the butterfly emerges from the cocoon to enjoy the remaining two to six weeks remaining in it’s life cycle, and then they die.

The first generation lay their eggs between May and June which then goes through exactly the same life history as the first generation. When the second generation butterflies are sexually mature, they lay their eggs between July and August then it undergos the same stages as the first and second generations. Sexually mature third generation lay eggs that will develop to the fourth generation in September and august. The fourth generation has the same life history as the first, second, and third generations apart from the time when they become adults. Adult fourth generation butterflies migrate to Mexico and southern California to avoid winter in North America. They stay in these warmer climates for around seven months, and when the temperatures in the North have increased to a bearable limit (during spring in the North), they migrate to the North. They then lay their eggs which mark the start of the first generation and the cycle goes on and on (Pringle 56).

The monarch habitats include fields, meadows, prairie remnants, urban and suburban parks, gardens, trees, and roadsides. Interactions between the monarch and humans is majorly because of its beauty the best way that people catch sight of monarchs is by growing a butterfly gardens and grow specific milkweed species of plants. They have also been used in research, especially due to their migration patterns. Some people enjoy raising them for pleasure or for educational purposes. The migrating flocks have had people create sanctuaries at favorite wintering locations, and this has created areas of tourism attractions and used for revenue generation.

In education, numerous schools have undertaken to growing and attending to monarch butterflies along their lifecycle starting with the caterpillar form. They do this until they mature into adults and then left out to go to the wild (Bonanno 34). The Cape May Bird Observatory, have embarked on monarch identification tagging programs to track the butterflies and hence study their migration patterns, including the far they fly and where they fly to.

Monarch butterfly has various mechanisms of defending themselves against predators. These include methods like production of poisonous and foul tasting cardenolide aglycones. They also prove that they are unpalatable through their bright colors. Some group of birds like jays and orioles have also leaned to just feed selectively on some parts of these butterflies considering that those areas are of less harm as compared to other parts. Monarch butterfly is of great monumental value to humans. This has made most of the people plant a chosen species of milk weed so as to attract these wonderful creatures of the nature (Pringle 34). However, it has been determined to be the most existent form of the monarch butterfly is under threat as a result of some of deleterious human activities such as deforestation and air pollution. Therefore, there are plans underway to protect these species which is feared to be in the list of the extinct organisms in the near future.

Threats to the monarch butterfly are many among them being parasites like the tachinid flies and Lesperia-parasitized larvae. Also, the bacterium micrococcus flacidifex danai infects the larvae and can cause the “black death”. Another bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa causes secondary infections in weakened butterflies hence considered as one of the most common cause of life of these insects. Besides bacteria, protozoans also attack the monarchs. It infects the subcutaneous tissue and propagates by spores that get formed during its pupal stage (Christensen 23).

Works Cited

Bonanno, SE. Jefferson County Alvar Megasite Conservation. New York: The Nature Conservancy, 1999.

Christensen, T. The ecology and control of Vincetoxicum spp. Rochester, NY: Wildflower, 1998.

Pringle, J. The spread of Vincetoxicum species in Ontario. Ontario: The Canadian Field Naturalist, 1998.

Modern, Symbolic-Interpretive, And Postmodern Analysis Of The Coca Cola Company

Contents TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc379010770 h 1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc379010771 h 2Goals and objectives PAGEREF _Toc379010772 h 2People PAGEREF _Toc379010773 h 3Relationships between people PAGEREF _Toc379010774 h 3Structure of the organization PAGEREF _Toc379010775 h 3Short Summary of the Organization PAGEREF _Toc379010776 h 3MODERNISTIC ANALYSIS PAGEREF _Toc379010777 h 4Environment PAGEREF _Toc379010778 h 5Social Structure PAGEREF _Toc379010779 h 6Technology PAGEREF _Toc379010780 h 7Culture PAGEREF _Toc379010781 h 8Statement of Problems PAGEREF _Toc379010782 h 8Solution and Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc379010783 h 8SYMBOLIC- INTERPRETIVE CRITIQUE PAGEREF _Toc379010784 h 9POSTMODERN CRITIQQUE PAGEREF _Toc379010785 h 10Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc379010786 h 11

AbstractOrganization theory is considered to be the most essential aspects in the science of economics. Organization theory encompasses theorizing, theories, abstraction, the study of organizations from different points of view, levels and methods of analysis. Organizational theory helps managers to effectively more possibilities and ideas for managing and designing their organizations, as managers usually have numerous options and approaches of solving and addressing issues in their organizations (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006b). In the following essay, I will show how the three most common perspective approaches of organizational theory assist managers and organizations, in general, in achieving and understanding that is more comprehensive of the complex phenomenon usually associated with organizations. These three perspectives include the symbolic interpretive, modernistic and post- modernistic. I will do this by analyzing one particular organization, Coca- Cola.

Key words: post- modernistic, modernistic, symbolic interpretive, organizational theory

IntroductionWhat is an organization? The term organization can be used to refer to a social system that is specifically established for the purposes of achieving certain goals and objectives. The term social system, on the other hand, reflects the fact that a group of persons, who correlate with everyone in some way, are involved. The role of the management in this case is to organize and coordinate the groups or the social systems so that they can corporate and work together towards attaining certain, specific goals set by the organization. As it follows, an organization can also be defined as a group of individuals who have individual or personal objectives, but work together in coordination for the purposes of attaining certain, common goals that have been set and determined by the organization within the set or the frame of their environment and that of their personal goals.

There are a number of elements that define an organization. Some of these factors include goals, people, relationships made by those people, and the structure of the organization (Alchian & Demsetz, 1972).

Goals and objectivesThe goals and objectives of an organization are what define what the management and their employees are supposed to attain in an organization. Goals are most useful when they are unified in terms of their content. Everyone in the organization must work towards the same goals. Moreover, the goals of the management and the workers must also be similar to those of the company.

PeopleThese are the organization’s members. It is the duty and the responsibility of the management to ensure that the people’s focus is towards the achievement of the company’s goals.

Relationships between peopleThis has been defined as the ‘glue’ that sticks organizations together. These relationships are furthered by the culture of the organization, which are in turn defined by the community within which the organization is located. On the other hand, the community is defined by the opinions, values, dependencies, disagreements, and conflicts that are commonly found within an organization. It is possible for the relationships found within the organization to be ruined, especially by power struggles of differing intensities and strengths commonly associated with organizations.

Structure of the organizationThis term is used to define how an organization is organized or structured. It also indicates which units of the organization are essential, and what functions are associated with each unit.

Short Summary of the OrganizationThe Coca Cola Corporation will be the main focus of this paper. The head office of the company is in Delaware, and its holding company is the Corporation Trust Company. The company produces and distributes over 500 brands in more the 200 hundred countries. The company’s most known product is the Coca- cola beverage. The company offers and distributes other products as well like Fanta, Sprite, and Tab, which was the company’s first diet soda.

The holding company of Coca-Cola has several functions. For example, it is the one involved in general business for all of its subsidiaries; it is also the one that gets in other lawful businesses on the behalf of its holdings. For example, the company buys and acquires all or some of the good- will business, trade- names and marks, rights, property names, and other essential assets (Company fact sheet).

MODERNISTIC ANALYSISOne of the most basic characteristic of modernists is that they are objectivists, in that they focus more on knowledge reality, which is mostly developed through theorization and conceptualization. In the modernistic view, things that occur usually have definite explanations, and usually through the help of data that is carefully collected and analyzed. For example, a company earns profit because of the ability of its CEO to make the right decisions as they invest the money of the company. It has been argued that the modernists only recognize data and information that they can touch, hear, smell, see, and taste. Organizations based on modernistic theories works depending on the systems implemented and defined by the general system theory. The system, on the other hand, can be established through deductive modes which can be used to measure or test the theories through practice. This system is usually focused on building a set of values that an organization can use so that everyone can follow and adhere to the rues, and as a result, function, and perform in a manner that ensures that the organization’s functions run smoothly.

EnvironmentAccording to the modernist theory, the environment is the space that can be found outside the organization’s boundaries. The modernists argue that the environment is the one that provides an organization with resources and they also argue that it absorbs its services, as well as, its products. The environment is seen in this theory to foster several constraints or challenges upon the organization. The environment also demands that the organization adapt to its environment. The management of the organization involves the company protecting its internal environment from shocks that might originate from the external environment. Such shocks might include labor, capital shortage, and labor. This environment management strategy is known as buffering. The other environmental strategy is known as boundary spanning, which monitors the activities in the external environment, and represents the interests of the organization through sales, advertisements, public relations, and efforts in recruiting (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c). The Coca-Cola Company has managed to stay afloat and successful for numerous years because of its ability to manage the environment. The company, for example, has advanced machines and production machines that utilize high technology. These machines lessen the want for man labor and consequently the company cushions itself perfectly in times of shortages in labor.

The modernists analyze an organization based on three main resources namely the environmental contingency assumption, the population ecology premise and the theory on resource dependence. Coca-Cola will be analyzed using the environmental contingency theory. The analysis of the inter-organizational relationships and associations can be helpful for an organization in that it can help the managers comprehend and analyze the king of relationships the organization has with its network actors; the relation can take the form of power or dependence. For example, the resources that the organization utilizes are controlled by the outer environment. The organization, therefore, depends on the environment to provide it with resources, and the environment, hence, influences some of the decisions that the company makes (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c).

The Coca-Cola Company, for instance, depends on the outside environment for its raw material, labor, products, equipment and knowledge, and capital. The organization should, hence prioritize each dependence according to its importance and scarcity. For example, the Coca-Cola Company utilizes a lot of water for its beverages. There were complains in the past that the company in some areas has been overusing the water resources to the extent that some plants had to shut down. The company also depends on the customers and clients to move its products. There were complains that the company uses a lot of sugar in its products that can be harmful. It was also said that some of the products of the company had harmful chemicals. As a result, the sales of the company dropped significantly.

Social StructureThe social structure of an organization is formed by the relationships that exist between people working in an organization, and between the organizational units and groups formed by these people. Structure can be defined by three main dimensions which have been added on and elaborated by the modernists. These dimensions include; labor division, formalization, and authority hierarchy. There are two main theories that define social structure of an organization. These are the structural contingency theories and the current contingency theories. The structural contingency theories are three; size, centralization and specialization; integration and differentiation; and organic and mechanistic management systems. Today’s contingency theories include; lifecycles, taxonomies, and open system models of development (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006d).

The contingency theory indicates that the dimensions of a social structure are determined by the associations between the organization’s strategy, environment, size and technology. The Coca-Cola Company is largely centralized, in that the organization is divided into three sections; the holding company, its subsidiaries, and the distributors. The main company distributes concentrates of beverages to its subsidiaries for packaging; the subsidiaries package and distribute the products to the customer. This high centralization has numerous challenges. For example, these three systems have different goals and different ways of doing things. This is despite the verity that the aims of an association must be made uniform for better achievements (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006d). As a result, the company has received numerous complains, in addition to being involved in numerous law suits. For example, the quality of raw materials has been said to be low, resulting to products that are of low quality. This, in turn, leads to a decrease in sales and profitability.

TechnologyTechnology of an organization is based on three perspectives; that it is a means of turning raw material to final products, which it shapes social relations and the social interactions shape it; and that technology is a type of discipline, control and power that can also liberate. Coca-Cola is going to be analyzed by the modernistic definition that technology determines the tools and equipments an organization utilizes. Coca-Cola has advanced tools and equipments that ensure that the company retains high productivity. This has seen the company adapt machines that surpass human capabilities in manufacturing, packaging, and storing. As a result, the increased technology has displaced numerous workers leading to shortages of jobs (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006a).

CultureOrganizational culture can be defined as the way organizations do things or operate. It reflects an organization’s shared expectations and understanding (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006d). Organizational culture can be defined by the values, norms, assumptions, and believes that determine the way that organization runs, feels, think, and act. Coca-Cola has represented its organizational culture through images and symbols commonly used in the promotions, and campaigns of its products. The symbols and images used by Coca-Cola carry numerous meanings. Coca-Cola uses these symbols to express their ‘fun’ culture and to, in turn, influence customers to be part of the fun by purchasing their products.

Statement of ProblemsFrom the above analysis, it was found that Coca-Cola has numerous problems that can affect its productivity. Most of the problems result from the external environment and the failure of the company to prioritize the most essential resources. For example, Coca-Cola was accused of putting too much sugar in its beverages something that led to a drop in sales. The company was also accused of producing beverages with harmful chemicals. This also led to a decrease in sales. The company has also significantly reduced jobs through the utilization of advanced machines. The company is also losing its reputation because of wastage of water, a raw material. In addition to this, Coca-Cola has also largely decentralized its organizational structure, something that has led to a decrease in quality of products produced.

Solution and RecommendationsTo solve the problems brought about by the environment, the company has to critically analyze and determine the most essential sources or environments by their scarcity and importance. The company, through this will determine which sources are worth taking care of and which ones are priorities. The company can improve their situation by developing personal relationships with their environment, by lobbying, and marketing their goods. This way they will improve their reputation and, hence, their profitability (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c).

SYMBOLIC- INTERPRETIVE CRITIQUEIn the context of environments, the symbolic- interpretive theories is composed of three theories; institutional theory, ambiguity theory, and the enacted environment. These theories argue that organizations must adapt to both the external and the internal environments. An alternative measure to the solutions provided for the environmental problems above, the institutional theory can be used, and specifically the institutional pressures can offer the environment and company an alternative set of solutions to the problems caused by the company and the environment respectively. These pressures are coercive, normative, and mimetic. The company can for example, want to be similar in success in creating relationships with the environment to another company. Through the mimetic pressure, the company can eliminate some of its issues like wastage of water, and minimizing of sugar so as to be successful as another company. The company can also use the normative pressure to change. These are the expectations of the culture to conform to the practices of the society (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c).

Coca-Cola can also transform and solve the problems it is causing the community by use of the coercive pressures which are the pressures provided by the government. The government for example can regulate the amount of water a company uses. It can also regulate the nutritional values of the company’s beverages (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c). In the technology context, the social construction of technology offered by the symbolic interpretive perspectives can help the company solve its technology problems. The company was indicated to be causing numerous job losses as a result of technology. The symbolic interpretive perspective implies that technology should be co- developed by an interaction of society, environment, economic, culture, and technical factors (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006a). Based on this argument, the company can balance the use of machines with offering and providing the community with job opportunities, because of the above, mentioned factors.

When it comes to the problems caused by the organizational structure, and in particular decentralization, the company can use the symbolic- interpretive approaches to solve the problems caused by decentralization. For example the company can devise and implement key routines and improvisations that must be followed by all subsidiaries to ensure quality of products. The established routine can make sure that actions are reproduced in all of the subsidiaries of the company to ensure that the quality is good and similar. Routine can ensure stability, as well as, transfer and preserve knowledge and skills (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006d).

POSTMODERN CRITIQQUEIn the environment context, the postmodern theories can similarly be used to offer the company alternative solutions to their problems. The company, for example, can utilize the approach based on the different phases of industrialization, and especially the second phase of industrialization. In this phase, the company has a wider range of products, has more complicated processes of production, and it is at this stage the company grows in bureaucracy (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c). The Coca-Cola Company is in this phase and, it can control some of the adversities that result from this phase of industrialization by specialization, developing a routine, and by controlling the production. The company can also minimize the number of negative effects resulting from this phase by developing a suitable structure of management.

The approach of the third phase indicates that an organization should be more sensitive to the customers. It also suggests that companies should initiate stimulated consumption, and internationalization, as well as, improve its technologies. This way the customers can start viewing the company in a better light and as a result increase their purchasing power (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006c).

When it comes to the organizational structure of the company, an organization should adapt the de- differentiation approach which promotes self- organization, self- coordination, and self- management. The company should practice all this to ensure that the quality of the resulting products is high. The postmodern theory argues that technology can imprison organizations if they let it govern their needs (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006a). As a result, the organization should not let this happen; rather it should strike a balance between technology and providing work (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006d).

ConclusionFor one to completely understand the theory of organizations, they have to study and analyze organizational phenomena in different ways. This is because different ways or approaches of analysis provide one with different kinds of perspectives which lead to different theories and concepts. In the above essay, different kinds perspectives of organizational theories have been used to analyze Coca-Cola as an organization, and as a result, the perspectives have helped in a big way in coming up with different issues that affect the company, in addition to the solutions of the problems. The perspectives that have been looked at are the modern perspective, the symbolic- interpretive perspective, and the postmodern approach.

References

Alchian, A. & Demsetz, H. (1972). Production, Information Costs, and EconomicOrganization. The American Economic Review 62(5): 777-795.

Company fact sheet. The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved from http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/contactus/students.html

Hatch, M. J. & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006a). Technology. Chapter 5. Oxford University Press.

Hatch, M. J. & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006b). A brief history of organization theory. Chapter 2. Oxford University Press.

Hatch, M. J. & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006c). Organization and environment. Chapter 3. Oxford University Press.

Hatch, M. J. & Cunliffe, A. L. (2006d). Organizational social structure. Chapter 4. Oxford University Press.

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Jonathan Swift inscribed Modest Proposal with the perception to better humanity. It is a satirical pamphlet that scrutinizes the outlook of the rich towards the poor starving children in society. It was written in 1729 with the aim to prevent children of the deprived individuals in Ireland from being a burden on their country or parents and for turning them to be beneficial to the public. This proposal consisted of selling, skinning, and purchasing infants at the age of one. Such kind of proposal that he came up with is a very controversial and inhuman one when it comes to being socially accepted. He commences his writing by talking on walking down a street in Ireland. He asserts how someone would see “mendicants of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six kids, all in tatters, and plaguing each commuter for donations.” Jonathan Swift’s thinking behind this proposal is that many ladies were getting kids that they were not able to care for. Jonathan swift uses rhetorical devices of logos and ethos in order to get his message across and make his argument more effective.

Swift asserts that this suggestion would make the babies “advantageous to the public” (Swift 4). It also talks about the terrible situations in which the individuals were dwelling at the time. He blames the politicians for the disgraceful state of affairs as a result of the absence of apathy provided in the decision-making process in dealing with the conditions. In the proposal, he uses sarcasm, rhetorical exaggeration, and insincerity to show his annoyance with poverty-stricken citizens, politicians, and the papists of Ireland at the time. He uses several rhetorical devices effectively as he emphasizes his proposal. He uses humor, logical fallacies, repetition, parallelism, metaphors, in addition to satire and sarcasm to highlight the negative attitudes. He starts by blaming and mocking the kids’ mothers by saying to them that they ought to engage or find themselves working to receive an honest living rather than ambling to beg for alms (Swift, 5). He also forecasts coming hard days for these youngsters that when they mature up, they will become thieves. This is mere because the paternities did not teach them the modest way of life.

When he wrote the Modest Proposal, he attempted to get his audience to perceive the problem by taking it and giving inhumane and unethical solutions using rhetorical devices to bring out individuals’ emotions. One of the devices he used that brings emotions is using constant metaphor whereby he compares children or labels them as bodies of carcasses or stocks. Swift employs the use of logos to assist him throughout his proposal. He makes a very persuasive and logical argument that the Irish should eat their children. Swift makes a situation that by feeding on the deprived babies after they attain one year of age, the nation would be dealing with many significant problems the nation is facing. He asserts that by feeding on the infants, they can reduce the number of kids that the low-income families have to support, the males would not beat their expectant spouses since the infants they are carrying are valuable like a calf or a foal, and by vending the babies as foodstuff, the economy will be enhanced.

Jonathan Swift uses logical fallacies to make his argument in his writing. His thinking and way of argument lacks validity and appear incorrect in what is proposing. It is evident in his booklet on lines 69 to 73. He noted that a young, healthy kid is an enjoyable foodstuff to be roasted, stewed, and boiled to be served and consumed. Besides, he has figured out a large number of children to be reserved for breeding. This dehumanizes the kids to be like animals. He uses emotional plea in his dispute by recommending slaughterhouses to be constructed in appropriate locations and butchers to be put to perform the work of slaughtering the children. He additionally overstresses by asserting that the youngsters will be roasted like pigs. Swift captures his readers’ emotions because no parent will accept his child to be done like this. An additional rhetorical device that he uses in his work is irony. Swift asserts, ‘I estimate there might be approximately two hundred thousand couple whose partners are breeders’ and ‘how this figure shall be raised and provided for.’ (Albert, 10) This proposal is ironic since he equates women to animals. Furthermore, this makes a good argument since human beings do not breed and cannot be reared. Jonathan Swift dehumanizes humankind and makes satire in his account.

Jonathan swift, in his structure of backing up his dispute, he is sarcastic in a way that particular body parts of infants are right to take. He additionally elucidates that in certain circumstances, the parts of the body will be on-demand. He further asserts that healthy and good children will be skinned and be used to make admirable summer boots for men and gloves for women. This perception is ridiculous to a level that kids will be considered food, and their body parts will be used to make ornaments. Jonathan makes fun of children that they will be sold for 10 shillings, whereby their mothers will get an eight shillings profit to use until they are able to give birth to another child.

In conclusion, Jonathan puts into practice a number of rhetorical devices as he highlights his writing. He uses repetition, parallelism, logical fallacies, metaphors, in addition to sarcasm and satire. The Modest Proposal was an effort to convince an Irish Parliament to improve the condition of the poor. The idea of eating children was used as a metaphor since he perceived it as exploiting the poor.

Works Cited

Swift, Jonathan. Irish Political Writings after 1725: A Modest Proposal and Other Works. Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2018.

Power, Albert. “Jonathan Swift (1667-1745).” The Green Book: Writings on Irish Gothic, Supernatural and Fantastic Literature 12 (2018): 9-16.

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Modernism in Pablo Neruda’s “Today I Can Write”

Not all poems are considered modern because they belong to the modernist literary movement. However, it should be noted that modernist poets such as Eliot emphasized on favor intellect over emotion, and as well valued the themes of alienation and isolation as a reaction to the romanticism. For modern poetry, the common characteristics include the stream of consciousness, preference for the suggestion, or ambiguity, and free verse. Besides, it does not attempt to convey dignity and tends to personalize the text. The poem “Tonight I can write” can be considered modern poetry since it exhibits most of the characteristics. For example, it is a free verse poem in that it does not follow a specific pattern. Besides, the author tends to be ambiguous, providing contradicting information in the poem. Another issue is that it is highly personalized with the pronoun ‘I’ all over the poem. Another characteristic is that it is full of awareness, for example, “Today I can write’ where the author is aware of his writing capabilities. Another major characteristic is that it does not offer to provide dignity since it is full of romantic messages.

There are various poetic devices that have been used in the poem, and they include repetition and imagery. Repetition can be seen in the line “Tonight I can write,” which is used in line 1, line 5 in the first stanza, and line 11 in the opening stanza. The other term that has been repeated in the poem is “night,” and the repeated words and phrases have been used to create emphasis. Imagery has also been used in the line, “The night is starry, and the stars are blue and shiver in the distance,” and this helps in creating visual images in the reader’s mind. Major themes in the poem include love and passion and memory and reminiscence, which happens to be in line with modern poetry.

Works Cited

Neruda, Pablo. “Tonight I Can Write.” Retrieved June 27 (1924): 2013.

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Molecular Biology Questions

Describe how transposition can give rise to speckled maize kernels.

Breaking of the chromosome especially the short arm of chromosome 9 during transposition in maize plants yields purple-spotted kernels. An Activator (Ac) gene from the long arm chromosome controls the Dissociator (Ds) gene on the short arm chromosome. A colored gene on the dissociated short arm chromosome produces the purple or speckled maize kernels, which is passed on during cell division.

Compare and contrast the mechanism of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon transposition.

A common ground for both mechanisms is the involvement of enzyme reverse transcriptase or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase during replication and transposition. In retrovirus replication, new viral DNA strands are made from viral RNA through reverse transcriptase. Contemporary viral DNA strand or cDNA is then synthesized, which is then used to make viral RNA strands through host-cell RNA polymerase. In retrotransposon transposition, there is interaction of transposable element with the DNA target site of cleavage. One DNA strand acts a primer for DNA polymerase, and the reverse transcriptase replicates RNA into DNA. cDNA retrotransposon copy should be converted to a double stranded element to complete the transposition process.

3. What is the Alu transposable element?

The Alu transposable element is a type of jumping gene found only in primates. They are separate DNA sequences capable of self-replicating by making copies in protein-coding genes. They are significant elements in molecular genetics and forensic uses as well as human evolution (Fedoroff Web).

4. Describe the mechanism of Alu TE integration (into the genome)

The first step involves the insertion of Alu TE into the intron of a gene. The Alu TE trigger mutations in the gene causing the formation of active splice sites on one side of the Alu. This makes the Alu TE an exon, integrating it into the mRNA genome (Pray Web).

5. Describe the outcome/result when Alu TE is integrated into the coding region of a gene

When Alu TE is incorporated into the coding region of a gene, it is spliced out of the mRNA as it acts as a part of an intron. Exonization process then takes place where the Alu TE is converted into an exon in the final copy of the mRNA.

6. Describe the outcome/result when Alu TE is integrated into the promoter region of a gene

Once the Alu element is inserted into a promoter region, reverse transcriptase converts it into a double-stranded DNA because it has no ability for self-replication. They then rely on a transposon called L1 for replication and integration into new chromosomal positions (McDonald 159).

7. Describe how Alu TE serves as recombination hot spots.

Alu TE are only found in primates and they are the only elements used in molecular biology to identify human DNA sequences present in other animals through marker-rescue experiments. Because of their scarcity, they are hot spots in recombination as they are used in joining various genetic materials from different organisms.

8. Describe how Alu recombination gives rise to inherited human diseases such as insulin-resistant diabetes type II.

Alu elements have played significant roles in evolution through gene combinations or emergence of new genes. The existing genes have advanced features added onto them through the process of exonization. This process causes mutations in the genes, for example, mutations occurring in genes responsible for diabetes type II will give rise to a new type of diabetes that has resistance to insulin.

Works Cited

Fedoroff, Nina. “Transposable Elements, Epigenetics, and Genome Evolution.” Science 2012: 338. 6108 (2012): 758-767 DOI: 10.1126/science.338.6108.758

McDonald, John. Transposable Elements and Genome Evolution: Volume 1 of Georgia genetics review. New York: Springer, 2000. Print.

Pray, Leslie. Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes. Nature Education, 2008. Web. 26 Oct. 2013.

Calculation Assignment

2-Way ANOVA

Researchers were interested in whether a cognitive-behavioral group therapy intervention would reduce symptoms of depression among male students in a particular high school. Thirty students were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group, with 15 in each group. The depression level of all students was measured at the beginning of the study (Time 1) and again at the end (Time 2). A two-way mixed ANOVA was used to determine the impact of the intervention. The two independent variables were time of assessment (Time 1 vs. Time 2) and treatment (intervention group vs. control group). (Note that this is considered a “mixed” ANOVA because treatment is a between-group variable, and time of assessment is a within-group/repeated measures variable.)

3171825748665From the data table, notice that “Treatment” is represented by columns and “Time” is represented by rows. Also note that what we call “Rows,” Excel calls “Sample.”

400000From the data table, notice that “Treatment” is represented by columns and “Time” is represented by rows. Also note that what we call “Rows,” Excel calls “Sample.”

Use the data below to calculate a two-way ANOVA in Excel. Answer the questions that follow and include a copy of your results.

Intervention Group Control Group

Time 1 7 17

12 7

10 16

15 14

18 7

12 11

12 9

11 10

18 12

9 9

13 15

9 9

9 10

10 10

8 9

Time 2 9 16

12 8

10 15

9 9

7 16

6 14

6 9

10 11

10 10

14 8

10 17

7 9

9 18

8 12

10 19

Instructions:

Copy the data table above into Excel.

From the Data tab, click on Data Analysis. (If the Data Analysis option does not appear, add it by clicking File, Options, Add-Ins, Analysis ToolPak, Go, OK, as detailed in previous assignments.)

Select Anova: Two-Factor With Replication and then click on OK.

Click in the Input Range Box

Select the entire data set, including all labels, by clicking on the top-left cell and dragging the mouse to the bottom-left cell before releasing the click.

“Rows per sample” is the number of participants in each group, which in this case is 15.

Select .05 as the alpha level.

Under Output options, select Output Range button and then click in the Output Range box.

Click on the cell where you want your results to begin.

Click OK

Answer the questions below.

Copy and paste the results (screen print, Snippit, or whatever works for you) to the bottom of the assignment.

QUESTIONS:

This is a 2×2, 2-way ANOVA. How many cells are there?

The Excel table provides a column for the degrees of freedom. Tell how many df there are for each of the following:

df Time ________________

df Treatment _____________

df Interaction ____________

df Within______________

df Total___________

Notice that the results table (source table) from Excel gives the three values of F – one each for the main effect of time, the main effect of treatment and the interaction of treatment X time. For each, report the calculated value of F, it’s associated p-value, and the critical value of F for the stated degrees of freedom. Then determine if each effect is statistically significant.

Effect The calculated value of F P-value Critical Value of F

(F crit) Is this result statistically significant? (yes or no)

Time (“Sample”) Treatment (“Columns”) Interaction For any statistically significant effect, write the results in APA format. Remember to include both values of df in parenthesis.

In one or two sentences, describe the results of the study.

Explain how the graph below (created from the data) illustrates an interaction effect.

Copy of Excel results: