Category: Uncategorized

Name

Institution

Date

Calling for Reform to Marijuana Laws

Current Federal Policy

Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc. wants congress to pass laws easing the restrictions on the marijuana industry in order to allow it to interact well with banking services since the industry is currently barred from these services. The federal government should understand that marijuana is not going away, and it very essential for a huge group of Americans. The federal government has not been able to respond to this issue the way states have. It does not matter whether Colorado, the state where Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc. operates, has legalized cannabis, financial institutions that work with our Company faces federal laws that put them at the risk of being charged with money laundering and racketeering for dealing with cannabis firms. Our supplies, growers, and the dispensaries that form an important part of charlotte’s Web Holdings supply chain cannot access banking services such as depositing money into accounts or accepting credit card payments.

Although some financial institutions have decided to carry the prevailing climate of non-enforcement to provide banking services to the cannabis industry, most financial institutions are not ready for the legal, regulatory or reputational risk that is associated with allowing business dealing in cannabis to bank with them. The industry has been crying for reform for a very long time. Charlotte’s will join with other agencies, including state attorney generals, financial services industry, and lawmakers have joined to raise the concern that the lack of access to banking services is a huge business brainer for these companies and also a public safety concern. The state is also not able to collect tax for the revenues generated by these companies.

Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc. will rally behind the Secure and Fair Enforcement (SAFE) Banking Act that shows promise of banks, credit card unions, and financial institutions to serve the marijuana industry. Charlotte’s Web Holdings will work closely with Rep. Ed Perlmutter and Rep. Denny Heck, who are the leading proponents of the bill in congress.

More states are legalizing cannabis, and Charlotte is looking to expand its horizon into these new states, which is why the house committee must create a way for the financial sector to play a role in serving this growing industry. However, this is the first step because the Company also has an interest in the legalization of marijuana at the federal level. The Company’s interest grew stronger after realizing the possibility of this after the House Judiciary Committee approved a bill that removed cannabis from Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act (LaVito, 2019). The legislation had good numbers where 24 to 10 ruled in its favor, which means the chance of it being approved in the Full House is higher since the chamber is controlled by Democrats who are the majority (Galston & Dionne Jr, 2013). However, the real task is passing the bill through the SenateSenate, which is controlled by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, who strongly opposes the legalization of marijuana with a majority of Republicans.

The good thing about the legislation and why it is important for Charlotte’s Web Holding Inc. is that it allows states to create their own policies and gives them the incentive to clear criminal records of people with minor marijuana offenses. The Company has identified job training and legal assistance for people hit hard by the war on drugs as its corporate social responsibility. The Company understands that marijuana makes up more than half of all drug arrests across the country. The disproportionate impact that drug laws have had on minorities is a point of concern for Charlotte’s as it should be for any responsible entity and individual. The decriminalization of marijuana is not just about growing the companies revenues but alleviating the imbalance that has defined our criminal justice system.

Polarization in Congress

The likelihood of enacting this legislation is not guaranteed since Republicans have already raised their concerns that the bill has gone too far, and Senate is unlikely to take up the bill. Majority of Republican Senators will not support the bill especially because of the influence of Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (Lovelace Jr., 2019). The Senate is even less likely to take it up. There is not much bipartisan support for this particular bill.

However, Charlotte will lobby to support an idea where House democrats will negotiate with the Senate and consider their concerns since it is clear they will not take up the bill as it is. As an advisor, I would not say that Senate will not take up the idea because if a bill passes the House then the process is rolling. It is not an end process.

Strategy for Influencing Senate Decision

Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc. will engage Colorado Senator Cory Gardner to help mobilize the Republican Senate. The first step will be to increase the Senator’s involvement with the Cannabis industry. The Company will not use its financial power to influence this decision, initially lest it is translated into arrogance or attract sanctions due to violations. Modesty will apply with Senator Cory Gardner, although the Company will pledge their financial support coming to the next elections up to the limits of the law. I believe that the Senator does not understand how the cannabis industry has grown in Colorado with Charlotte’s at the center of it.

The Company will mobilize its employees during the legislative process since people are the ones that make a difference. We will develop a grassroots policy in the Company, which will begin by following the legislative process closely. There will be alerts through mail on legislative action as well as a policy outline on how to respond to these alerts. The Company will issue a procedure for distributing alerts to every employee and insist that the employee participates. We understand that our employees have great steak in the affairs of the Company and have an interest in the bill that proposes the removal of cannabis from Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act. The more people are contacting Senator Cory Gardner on this bill, the more effective his response.

The Company will also engage the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, which is an institution with massive social capital. The association is useful because it is able to establish a grassroots alert that does not only cover states but also national grassroots alerts. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws has the ability to reach beyond the national membership base and will broaden the reach of the original alert.

The Company will also organize a meet and greet at the company premises that seeks to bring together Senator Cory Gardner, Rep. Ed Perlmutter, and Rep. Denny Heck. The Senator should be able to see how many people are reliant on the cannabis industry and its potential in contributing to the economy beyond the myths going around. Bringing Rep. Ed Perlmutter and Rep. Denny Heck together with Cory Gardner is for the effect of initiating a compromise discussion between House Democrats and the Republican Senate to ensure the bill is taken up.

We are hoping that Senator Cory will be able to return for another facility tour with Majority Leader Mitch McConnell so that they can expand their understanding of how the Cannabis industry works and the importance of an entity such as Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc. in the community (Monte, Zane, & Heard, 2015). These lawmakers will see how these issues are affecting not only the Company by the people it serves in growers, distributors, and consumers, most of whom have medical prescriptions. The Company hopes to include the increase of the scope of research on marijuana so that certain uncertainties can be cleared as part of the compromise that will see the bill adopted by the Senate.

To support the Senator’s argument on the floor of the House, if things go as planned, the business will take up the responsibility for message delivery using certain principles. The business, along with the stakeholders that it is associating with ensuring that the information given to the Senator, will be factual and accurate. The information ought to be personal because it deals with the intricate needs of the general population first, the population that has made Charlotte’s essential as demonstrated by the revenue the Company generates in the last few quarters. The information will raise problems but also outline solutions perfectly.

Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc., through its co-founders, will arrange a fundraiser for Senator Cory for the upcoming elections. The Company has been monitoring the Senator’s campaign pledge and would like to be an active member of his course.

The Company will use its vast resources to engage the media through letters to editors. Using the media is an invaluable way of enacting a bill that eases the restrictions of marijuana. The letters to the editor will include information that educates the public and influence members of congress. The letter will hopefully generate public support and mention the Senator to put him in the spotlight. If it’s the will of the people to have marijuana legalized, he should be able to represent this will.

References

Galston, W. A., & Dionne Jr, E. J. (2013). The new politics of marijuana legalization: Why opinion is changing. Governance Studies at Brookings, 1-17.

LaVito, A. (2019, July 23). Senate Panel Looks at Easing Laws That Restrict the Cannabis Industry’s Access to Mainstream Banking Services. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/23/us-senate-looks-at-easing-cannabis-laws-that-restrict-access-to-banking-services.htmlLovelace Jr., B. (2019, November 21). House Committee Approves Landmark Bill Legalizing Marijuana at the Federal Level. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/20/house-committee-approves-bill-decriminalizing-marijuana-on-the-federal-level.htmlMonte, A. A., Zane, R. D., & Heard, K. J. (2015). The implications of marijuana legalization in Colorado. Jama, 313(3), 241-242.

Insecurity

Student’s Name

Institution

Insecurity

According to Lu, Zhang, and Liu (2018), insecurity refers to a situation where people tend to worry about issues such as hurt and rejection. Insecurity breeds issues such as anxiety and uncertainty amongst people and causes them to question their self-worth and their relevance. Insecurity is a major problem in society, and thus, it is vital to understand the causes of insecurity, its effects as well as measures which can be undertaken to help eliminate or overcome it.

Human interactions are inevitable. Social interactions are an integral part of the day to day operations. The social interactions are experienced through friendship, business, religion, families, social media, as well as other areas that encourage or facilitate the interaction between one individual and another. Consequentially, it is difficult to carry out social interactions without the possibility of the occurrence of insecurity. In most social setups, there is a likelihood that one or more persons will suffer from insecurity issues that expose them to feel that question their ability to be cared for, protected, or loved. Such feelings, which are associated with insecurities, causing them to develop several behavioral consequences.

Causes of Insecurity

Different factors can lead to the occurrence of feelings of insecurity among people. In most cases, insecurity arises as a result of a combination of several factors. One of the causes of insecurity is the effects of a traumatic experience. Traumatic events such as the loss of a family member, issues such as bankruptcy and divorce can lead to the rise of insecurity among people. Traumatic events tend to create an environment that is characterized by uncertainty. The unpredictable environment, in turn, leads to issues such as anxiety. Traumatic experiences can significantly affect the lives of people. Their impact can last for long periods and cause issues such as lack of self-direction, low self-esteem, and in other instances, make people feel like other people are ignoring them.

Childhood experiences are another cause of insecurity. The parent-child relationship is one of the most critical relations which play a significant role in shaping the future of a child. However, if the relationship between the child and the parent is not established in the right manner, it can cause negative consequences that spill from childhood into adulthood. An example of a childhood experience that can lead to insecurity is one where a parent fails to adequately cater or respond adequately to the needs of a child. In such instances, the child grows into adulthood, lacking crucial assurances in life, which then leads to insecurity. Also, in instances where the child a parent constantly abuses as a child, the child may tend to develop insecurities that stem from mistrust. Therefore, poor parenting can cause insecurity attachments among children, which may develop into adulthood.

Family relations are another cause of insecurity among people. Children are the most impacted in family relations. An example of family relation which breeds insecurity among children is where parents are inconsistent in their relationship with their children. Inconsistent relationships or family relations where parents are self-absorbed lead to everlasting implications that cause the children to lack emotional connections with other people. Domestic violence also affects children during and after their growth process. A study by Pingley (2017), reveals that children who witness domestic violence in their families tend to be burdened by the act throughout their developmental stages, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds.

Another source of insecurity stems from intimate relationships among people. Solid intimate relationships are built on virtues such as love, trust, and respect. However, in instances where the virtues are not cultivated in the relationship, insecurity emerges. Insecurity in intimate relationships can also emerge from past relationships. If a party to a relationship had experienced a situation that hurt their emotions or feelings, they might translate the effects of the relationship to the new relationship. As a result, they are more likely to interpret their partner’s course of actions with negative attitudes. Also, in situations where a partner in an intimate relationship hurts the other partner through activities such as cheating, insecurity is likely to arise. Insecurity in relationships is dangerous as it can quickly escalate into conflict and, in other instances, cause a partner to eliminate trust between couples.

Effects of Insecurity

If not handled at an early stage, insecurity can lead to negative consequences, which may affect people who suffer from it and other innocent people. One of the effects of insecurity is it negatively affects the ability to establish sound relationships. People who suffer from insecurity tend to lack trust and often focus on the negative side of events and life—relationships with insecure people are more likely to become toxic and mentally taxing.

Another effect of insecurity is that it limits the progress of a person. People with insecurity tendencies tend to develop a negative perception of things. For example, insecure people lack the confidence to express themselves in workplaces, and as such, they miss out on opportunities such as job promotion. Also, insecurity limits the self-esteem of a person, thus limiting their capabilities. Another effect of insecurity is that it can lead to the development of mental illnesses. Insecurity tends to create a social barrier among people due to anxiety and mistrust. As such, people who are faced with insecurity are likely to avoid social gatherings and reject people’s company. The impact of social distancing is that it escalates anxiety and causes mental complications such as dementia, dependent personality, borderline personality, narcissism, and depression. Eating disorders are particularly common among teenagers and children who suffer from insecurity. Insecurity causes teenagers to develop body image issues. They counter their problems through stress eating, a factor that ultimately leads to

Young people, especially children, and teenagers are more likely to suffer the most from the effects of insecurity (Kelly, & El-Sheikh, 2013). One of the areas in their lives, which is adversely affected by insecurities is their education. Young people’s minds, especially school-going children and students, are still at the developmental stage. As a result, they are unable to fully handle the effects of issues such as domestic violence and body shaming. The development of insecurities leads to mistrust and a lack of confidence. They are unable to fully express themselves among teachers, friends, or guardians. Their performance in school is the most affected due to the loss of concentration and the limitation of their learning abilities, which is affected by their lack of confidence.

Ways to Overcome Insecurity

The effects of insecurity can be devastating. However, one of the positive things about insecurity is that it can be handled. One of the ways one can utilize to deal with insecurity is through seeking professional help such as therapy (George et al. 2014). Therapy is an efficient approach that can help individuals with insecurities to deal with their problems and seek alternative solutions. The therapy utilizes cognitive-behavioral techniques, which help an individual to express themselves about the issues they are facing. Therapy helps people to realize that they are facing insecurities and also acknowledge the fact that the insecurities can affect them and the people within their environment. Therapy also helps people to regain their self-belief, confidence, and self-esteem. Therapy not only helps people to address and solve their insecurities but also aids in avoiding the negative impact of insecurities.

Weber and Petriglieri (2018) suggest that the key to overcoming insecurities in places of work is through shunning individualism at the workplace and encouraging better, sustainable, and caring relationships among employees. Weber and Petriglieri assert that insecurities at the workplace do not arise as a result of drive or flaw. Instead, the authors agree that insecurity at the workplace is manufactured through the creation of workplace environments, which encourage negative competition. Therefore, the creation of a workplace environment which facilitates togetherness among employees and support for each other can help get rid of insecurity as employees do will not consider other employees as competition but rather workmates and friends who work for a united purpose.

One of the most effective measures of overcoming insecurities is through conducting a self-evaluation. The first step towards dealing with a person’s insecurity is through acknowledging that one is suffering from it. Acknowledging its existence creates a platform for acceptance of one’s weaknesses and thus paving the way for the development of favorable solutions. After accepting the existence of insecurities, it is important to assess what causes insecurities. Focusing on the causes of the insecurities allows a person to eliminate dangerous or negative factors that can lead to one’s susceptibility to them. It helps a person to elevate themselves to toxic situations that trigger the disease. The last step in the self-evaluation process is deciding to overcome the insecurities es and working on measures that eliminate the insecurities. In the process, one ought to set realistic goals that follow step by step processes. The setting of unrealistic goals may lead to failure and, as a result, cause the insecurities to reoccur.

Lastly, one can overcome insecurities by surrounding themselves with people who have positive mindsets. Friends, family members, and mentors can play a vital role in overcoming insecurities. They can provide essential contributions such as advice, support, or mentorship. Positive people’s input can help one to develop self-confidence and self-belief, which are instrumental in overcoming insecurities. Also, surrounding oneself with positive people enables them to avoid people with negative mindsets or people who focus on exposing one’s weaknesses. Therefore, there is a need to create a positive environment where one is surrounded by positive people and things that they enjoy doing. Doing so provided an impetus towards the development of successful strategies towards overcoming insecurities.

Conclusion

Insecurity is a major concern amongst people. Insecurity hurts relationships and restrains people from fully expressing themselves. It can be caused by several factors, such as a history of domestic abuse or traumatic experiences. Insecurities can be overcome through therapy, surrounding oneself with a positive environment, and taking a step to address the issue. Addressing and overcoming insecurity enables one to express themselves and avoid the negative consequences that come with it.

References

George, M. W., Fairchild, A. J., Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (2014). Marital conflict in early childhood and adolescent disordered eating: Emotional insecurity about the marital relationship as an explanatory mechanism. Eating behaviors, 15(4), 532-539.

Kelly, R. J., & El-Sheikh, M. (2013). Longitudinal relations between marital aggression and children’s sleep: The role of emotional insecurity. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(2), 282.

Lu, J., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2018). Interpersonal insecurity and risk-taking propensity across domains and around the globe. Evolutionary psychology, 16(3), 1474704918795520.

Pingley, T. (2017). The impact of witnessing domestic violence on children: A systematic review.

Weber, S., Petriglieri, G. (2018). To overcome your insecurity, recognize where it comes from. Harvard Business Review.

Cage Testing Artifact

This specific test was created by Dr John Aewing

The purpose of this document is a screening for alcoholism

The document is mostly for the nurse and doctors eyes,

Nursing Care Plan

A care plan is basically an outline created by the nurse that is assisting a patient.

The document is of a nurses care plan, this specific one is about heart failure, but essentially a nurse can make a care plan for anything.

The document is mostly for the nurse and doctors eyes but depending on the situation the patient and family could also have access to the information.

Campaign Advertisement

Student’s Name

Institution

Campaign Advertisement

Politics is among the fundamental factors that affect the societies in a wide range and can result in degradation and instability in the economy. Political communication concerns information spreading and its influence on the citizens, policymakers, the media and politics at large. In other words, political communication can be referred to the practice that involves political actors and institutions, the media and more fundamentally the citizens who are the primary aim regarding political influence. The commonly involved people in the politics are the political entrepreneurs and the political candidates who have the interest and vying for different political positions in the society. Among the vital part of political communication is the campaign advertisement. It is the use of advertising campaigns which are composed of messages of similar nature, and they are shared to the citizens through different media at a fixed time. In this paper, the political communication audiovisual selected regards campaign advertisement, in particular, an advert involving Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump’s manifestos comparison on how to change the American’s economy.

In the process of making campaign advertisement, the crucial thing is what one is advertising and the reasons for why one is advertising. In the regular market, the main reason why one does advertising makes people aware of the products, making the advertised products available in the market and convincing the consumers to buy the products. There is no significant difference from the mentioned above and the political field as in politics the politician aims to sell the manifestos to the citizens and convince them to elect him or her for a particular position during the election period (Burton, et.al 2015). There is a specified duration of time that the vying candidates are given to carry out their campaigns. Hence they have optimally made its utilization to out-compete their rivals. Politics is like any other field and the rule of the game works where the smart and perfect ones win the position.

In the advert of concern, its purpose prevails, and in consideration of the visual images and the words used, it has been developed to support Donald Trump as the president of America. The developer has correctly applied the main parts of a campaign advert and has made it clear to the audience regarding the candidate to be elected as the candidate. It starts with Clinton’s plans which are viewed in a negative aspect and tends to lead to economy’s degradation in contrast to Trump’s manifestos which are promising regarding economic stability. Considering the adverts information, Clinton is associated with deleterious aspects such as middle-class crushing, the level of spending going up, taxes going up and thousands of jobs disappearing. On the other hand, Trump’s side has been well presented in a way that everyone who comes across the advert will automatically see a certain sense in electing him for the position. Among his promising propagandas include needy families getting tax relief, millions of new jobs, thriving of many small businesses, an increment in wages and salaries, making the American dream achievable and making the country great again regarding economic development (Valentino, et.al 2018).

The analysis of the campaign advert involves looking at its effectiveness and consideration whether it has followed the advertising campaign making process which is critical in the political sector. The process begins from the research to the execution of the campaign. It stages include research, knowing target audience, budget setting, theme decision, media selection, media scheduling and the executive campaign. To begin with, the first stage which involves research, the economy advert developers have correctly accomplished that. It is concerned with doing market research for the product to be publicized in determining its demand, contenders and the target consumer. The advert has focused on the main issues affecting the American society. Therefore, in coming up with the candidate’s propaganda, they have ensured that they have captured them all and on the other side they relate their delegate, in this case, Hilary Clinton with negativity. Campaigning is about changing and challenging peoples mind in the efforts of convincing them to elect a particular candidate. Hence, the stage regarding research is essential as it makes the candidate play his or her role safe even when it comes to the subsequent stages.

The following stage involves knowing the target audience. In the market, it is vital to know who will buy the products and where to find the targeted customers. In the Donald Trump’s campaign advertisement, the target audience has been defined as the American citizens. It is considering the language used, and the features showed in the advert such as the American flag among many others. That is the same reason there are specific promises such as relief of taxes, an increase of wages, the establishment of new jobs and reviving the middle class as most of the targeted audience has in one way or another been stuck in the mentioned hitches.

After knowing the targeted audience, the next phase is setting the recommended budget. In this stage, all the activities involving the use of capital must be out in mind, and there should be an estimate of the expected spending in the advertising process (Settle, et.al 2016). Among the factors that are put in consideration are paper works, media, labor and presentation in the midst of many others. The campaign advert selected shows perfection in this step as the presentations are well done, and it has been broadcasted in the media where everyone can get access.

The next step regards decision on the most appropriate theme to use. This involves deciding how the message will be delivered, the music to be used, the color to be applied, the language to use and the designing of the ads among many others. The campaign advertisement in consideration has been scrutinized adequately at this stage regarding the delivering of the message and language used creating an immediate impact on the audience view on the subject of both the delegates. The symbols and color used to bring a clear picture of the preference party, and this will affect the audience during the voting process as he or she will come across the same symbols. Considering the ads, the advert developers have used moving pictures on Clinton’s propaganda and promising ones when it comes to Trump’s side, hence the creation of a positive perception of the supported candidate.

Additionally, the following stage involves media selection. The media plays a significant role in transmitting the information from the primary source to the audience. Therefore, the more available the media is, the higher the probability of a large number of people will get the information. The primary purpose of advertising campaigns is mobilizing many citizens and ensuring that many of them get the message. In the advert involving trump’s campaign, the right media has been used which is accessible to everyone in the country considering that a massive number of American citizens have access and are capable of using internet services.

Also, media scheduling is an essential phase in the process of making campaign advertisements. It has to be done correctly to enhance visibility and audibility of the information being presented. With this, the targeted audience will apparently get the message, and it even plays an indispensable role in creating a positive incentive towards the campaigner. In the advert involving Donald Trump’s campaign advertisement, the speaker is audible, the words are visible and the language used is precise and clear to understand. Therefore, satisfies the conditions of media scheduling and efficiently attracts a wide range of the audience.

Finally, the last step in the process of making campaign advertisement is executing the campaign. The campaign has to begin to be put into effect, and the feedback from the various audience has to be put into consideration. The responses are vital as they help to detect faults and other missing points in the advert that needs immediate rectification. The advert in consideration has been developed up to the last stage where it is posted on the media channel where citizens access it and leave their recommendations (Trent & Friedenberg 2008). Through the media, the owner knows the people’s reactions regarding his manifestos, and it was the best time to rectify and strengthen the weak campaign areas.

From the discussion above, the analysis of campaign advertisement has put it clear that campaign marketing is the same as advertising any other product and it also requires entrepreneurship skills. The campaigners have to be innovative enough to be capable of outfitting other political competitors. The advert regarding Trump’s campaign has successfully adhered to the process of establishing campaign advertisement. However, according to the audience reviews, it is wiser not to present the manifesto using the comparison procedure as the seen case. Accusing his opponents with negative manifestos has shown a high level of dislike from the audience.

References

Burton, M. J., Miller, W. J., & Shea, D. M. (2015). Campaign Craft: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management: The Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management. ABC-CLIO.

Valentino, N. A., Neuner, F. G., & Vandenbroek, L. M. (2018). The Changing Norms of Racial Political Rhetoric and the End of Racial Priming. The Journal of Politics, 80(3), 000-000.

Settle, J. E., Bond, R. M., Coviello, L., Fariss, C. J., Fowler, J. H., & Jones, J. J. (2016). From posting to voting: The effects of political competition on online political engagement. Political Science Research and Methods, 4(2), 361-378.

Trent, J. S., & Friedenberg, R. V. (2008). Political campaign communication: Principles and practices. Rowman & Littlefield.

Alehandra VilegasModule #9 readings

According to Gostin, Lawrence. Global Health Law. (Pp. 243-269), Gostin tells us about global justice, human dignity and personal security were he views health as a human right and not something that can be purchased as many perceives it. Since human rights law advocate for equity then it is important to give every human being equal health treatment. By equal health treatment, food, water and housing are included since they are significant determinants of good health. He goes further to tell us even though the above human rights are recognized worldwide, there is still unfair treatment of people health wise globally. Global health equity is the unmet challenge that the world is yet to embrace. Quoting from the reading, “Health equity is the great unmet challenge of the health and human rights movement of our time.” Globally, human rights are violated daily, and the human right commissions are weak at embracing the rights. States fail on their responsibility to protect the rights but there are pathways to achieving human rights which individuals can follow to ensure there is equality. Gostin suggests that through social movement, human can help champion their health rights. Just like the early AIDS movements, then to achieve the health rights and equality can be done the same way. One common misconception is that civil and political rights to not need immediate attention but it should be noted that human rights especially the health law do require much attention and a lot of resources dedicated to it. From the reading, the world is informed that nearly 60 years after the United Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, the U.S. called the right to health “an ultimate goal, not an immediate entitlement.”

In the reading Week 9 Saussy Partner to the Poor – Apr 6 2017 – 3-31 PM.pdf, it begins by saluting Paul Farmer as a hero, anthropologist and a doctor to the poor. Saussy recognizes Paul Farmer’s research on the effect that beliefs on tuberculosis had on final outcomes of treatment. He found out that food and social support were determining factors to how the patient responded to the treatment methods. From the research, the author then suggest that it is essential to train on social and cultural factors and not only doing so in clinical factors. Through education, doctors can serve as natural attorney to the poor seeking health services. Doctors need not to make immodest claim of casualty but they need to help do away with the so call cultural factors in order to attain equal global health. Saussy turns his discussion to epidemiology by describing the 1980s CDC data on the AIDS epidemic which had just emerged. “Social medicine…seizes on certain organizing principles of society and reworks them for the sake of medical efficacy.” Saussy pushes for helping the needy with the phrase that something is better than nothing. We should not blame clinical failures instead the world and medical society should examine global priorities. According Saussy, “The justification for the ‘different standards of care treatment for the affluent, no treatment for the poor’ and the consequent ‘outcome gap’ was presented in the language of economics.” This leads to the to the questions Why has AIDS killed many people since the 20th century? According to Saussy health relies on the efforts of reasonably decent people.

From the reading Week 9 Pathologies of Power – Apr 6 2017 – 3-23 PM.pdf, it begins by addressing the hierarchy of suffering. From 141 countries, 27 countries are faced with extreme suffering in the health sector. Farmer gives an example of Haitian women who suffer and it is explained by Acephie’s story. Women interviewed claimed to be forced into involuntary sexual activities because of unfavorable conditions such as poverty. Suffering in the health sector results from racism, poverty and political factors. The reading is basically about Accephie’s story and the suffering encountered in the health sectors as a result of social, political and cultural factors. Paul Farmer pauses Farmer asks, “How might we discern the nature of structural violence and explore its contribution to human suffering? Can we devise an analytic model, one with explanatory and predictive power, for understanding suffering in a global context?” There is a lot of discrimination in the health sector and this should not be confused with structural violence. Discrimination in the health sector can end up leading to death. Gender alone does not define inequality and suffering in the health sector. Poverty is a key cause of people making desperate decisions which will end up affecting their health. Socioeconomic status explains the difference in mortality rates between the blacks and white and also America and African countries.

The three readings suggest that there is a lot of inequality in the health sector which leads to the global health law sector not performing. Accessibility of health services should be a human right should be distributed equally among nations in order to achieve equal rights. Health is a human right and hospitals should embrace this fact by granting everyone equal access to health services regardless of race, gender and social class. From the three readings, resources in the health sector must be available sufficiently in order to attain quality health services offered equally without limiting resources. Health resources should be accessible to everyone in a transparent manner, issues with racial and gender discrimination should not be included here. In accordance with respect to privacy, health services should be offered as instructed by national medical association and other bodies such as World Health Organization. The services should be of quality and appropriate since health care is a human right and a basic requirement. From the readings, it can be deduced that it is the responsibility of every human to participate in public policy in order to ensure the effectiveness of the services given and what needs to be improved in the global health sector. It is a social responsibility to implement the provisions provided in global health law in order to achieve maximum and quality health services. Participation is through meaningful engagement in health policy. The government needs to stand up for the rights of people and ensure no forms of corruption in the health sector. Just like the readings suggest, health is a basic requirement thus matters concerning it should be adhered to.

Question one and two According to Pascal Boyer, why are “Intellectual Scenarios” inadequate to explain the origin of religion? How might one attack Boyer’s assessment of them?

Some people are religious and some are not; religious beliefs are different in different places. Buddhists hold their religious information too much, they prefer conserving information regarding their religion thus brings about complexities when trying to understand the origin and evolution of religion. Some human’s beings do not understand the meaning or the in-depth analysis of religion; this is due to gospel disparity and lack of respective channels for delivering the gospel to such people.

Occupational hazard; the general intuition that the origin of religion is systemic rather the general evolution brings the gap of professionalism in dispatching the origin of religion. This has brought about diversity in professionalism when arguing about the origin of religion.

How are memes like genes? Drawing from Dennett and/or Blackmore, explain the reproductive success of any one religious

Human imagination; this is a phenomenon that is devolved from a fount of creativity. Humans imagine things and facts that they have never seen nor heard, for example, imagining events or actions that someone has never seen and that are most impossible to happen in the real world. Creative imagination is believed to solve some biological actions that take course in a person’s life.

Unique capacity for creativity; humans are the most creative species among all creatures. Most animals have the capability of learning and arguably both operant conditioning and classical analysis involve a clear capacity and level for procedural imagination.

Difference between hominid ancestors and modern humans; modern humans are constantly busy with simulation of new ideas and plans as compared to hominid ancestors who had adequate time in devolving and coming about with religion matters. Cultures were also created by ancestors hence this brought about the devolution of religion.

Mohammad Iqbal And Renaissance Of Islam

Introduction

Mohammad Iqbal identifies the meaning of identity by asserting that a prophetic message from Islamic prophecy is a new unitary force that awakens both the mind and spirit of the prophet and his followers to live a life that executes the prophetic experience in real time. The renaissance of Islam is a self-actualization of inductive intellect, which provides a direction between the past and the future person to discover and lice a revealed life. Mohammed Iqbal asserts that Christianity developed Europe and modernity emerged out with national ethics, which hindered development of European unitary until they dissolve their national ethics (120). Contrastingly, Islam is offering a unitary force solution in the world since differentiated culture and religious ethics merged into an international unitary movement of Islam. Islamic politics is understood from the application of Islamic law in all Islamic nations, which establishes equality in social, economic and political unitary. Modernity emphasizes the application of autosuggested solutions to the development of individual personality. Iqbal states that Christianity systems of national ethics resulted in the Great European War, which created an intolerable psychology in humanity. Islam policy encourage merging of nations into one political and religious unit to design self-control measures to establish equality in structure of government in the society.

Analyzing Capitalism of the western modernity

Iqbal states that luxuries create a delayed sense of direction to life. Capitalism is merely a process of fattening the body to attend to luxuries and all forms of debauch that have deprived the modern person from the inductive intelligence. Delayed agency means that the souls remain impatient and intolerant and in turn create a society that lives through taxation and production only. Modern capitalism is concern about increasing tax through exchange of produce and the proceedings are used to create luxury to comfort the worker. The westerner’s intelligence is measured by the stuff he own since his heart is dead and only perceives through his eyes to get meaning of the world material nature (The Sphere of Mercury 57). The solution to overcoming the western deception is by understanding love as a deep mystery that creates a united force or movement that is perceived by the heart of God. Europeans war has hurt their hearts and they lack perceptive hearts to love the change that comes with unitary force. However, the author lacks credible information on how to determine how cold a European citizen’s heart is from an Islamic heart since both have experienced painful wars that serve as motivation to intoxicate their reasoning capacity (The Sphere of Mercury 57).

Critiquing Lack of Agency in the western modernity

Individuality makes man helpless when compared to the raging forces of nature, which need to be controlled. Freedom from individuality would result in freedom from pain in realization of love. Man is the source of his own destruction through his constant actions. Buddhism thus calls for inaction and absolute unworldliness (Ahmed 88). Christianity asserts that sin is hereditary and man is bound to sin by nature of his ignorance. Iqbal criticizes Christianity concept of accepting that only through a supernatural power can he mediate with the creator. Sin separates man from god in Islam, Christianity and Buddhism, however, Buddhism and Christianity views assert that man’s power is not enough to content sin. Iqbal concludes that Buddhism states that man is evil and that is reason why there is pain in nature. Zoroastrianism states that nature is struggling between good and dark forces, which produce man who is a mixture of good and evil.

Critiquing reason of the western modernity

Western modernity is deprived of reason since they hold a view that man as mixture of evil and goodness. Iqbal relates to the audience that love is a source of inductive intellect especially for a self-conscious individual in a country like Turkey away from the dogmatic lifestyle in dogmatic states and individuals. Modernity has obstructed growth of inductive reasoning, which is the reason why modernity is waning away into divisions. Iqbal offers the solution in the application of Umma, which is the union of spirit and material to empower the society.

Explaining Iqbal’s ideas Truth in Islam being a solution

Islamic thought is constructed on a neutral view that the universe is God’s and evil is not an essential component of nature for it can be eliminated altogether through appropriate

Modern Islamic law is undergoing modern evolution and development to include people from all religions by assimilation. Liberal movements in the modern world threaten the breakaway of Islam into national ethics, which would engender the unitary force that the prophet envisioned when he was awakening in his journey heaven. Attainment of self-consciousness among Islamic nations is a breakthrough away from differentiating into numerous Islamic (Ahmed 89).

Explaining Iqbal’s ideas about Mohammed Prophecy being the stat of modernity

Mohammed Prophecy triggered the movement that led to modernity both in the western and eastern world that embraces either Christianity or Islamic equality ethics. Islam offered a new perspective about life, which promised absolute freedom by embracing the principle of goodness to eliminate evil and eventual triumph over evil. Guilty conscious impressed upon the minds of Christians, Buddhists and Zoroastrians hinder the western world from progressing because the panic makes them accumulate wealth, luxury and no agency, which make nature control man. On contrary, Islam offers a new modern perspective that promotes use of inductive intellect, reasoning to train mind to attain goals of goodness away from evil.

Explaining Iqbal’s ideas of Islam can be for everyone. (P.158-159 of)

Islamic thought argues that the modern world needs a political and religious creed alongside creativity to insure no territorial restrictions obstruct the prophetic mind from operating in the world’s physical nature. Once Islamic political and religious creed produced the prophetic mind of liberating every soul from sin to achieve responsibility, then the next objective would be to achieve self-consciousness and attain their manifest self-nature (Iqbal 159).

Conclusion

Islam can control the evil nature attributed to man and transform it light by assigning responsibility using religious ethics and legal codes to design an orderly and beautiful society. Transformation of societies around the world would be achieved through Islamic Umma, which is the union of the spiritual and the material to control nature to the advantage of man. Islam gives the community a will to act for common goodness to eliminate evil although that does not take place on a purely rational state. Therefore, the principle of individuation would start with the process of ordering using similar religious and political creed to help human achieve rationality before proceeding to achieve self-consciousness.

Work cited

Iqbal, Mohammad. The reconstruction of religious thought in Islamic. London: Oxford University Press, 1934. 118-171.

“The Sphere of Mercury.” Visitation to the spirits of Jamal al-Din Afghani and Sa’id Halim Pasha. 53-71.

Ahmed, Latif, Sherwani. Speeches, writings and statements of Iqbal. Iqbal Academy, 84-103.

Monarch Butterfly (Danaus Plexippus)

Abstract

The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) is an inhabitant of North and South America. However, they have spread to other parts of the world such as in South Pacific islands, Australia and New Zealand as well as other countries in central part of Africa. It is a brightly orange colored butterfly with black stripe markings and is beautiful to look at. It is a species of milkweed butterflies of the danaidae family. Two sub-species of the Monarch exist in the Western Hemisphere; Danaus plexippus plexipppus in South Canada, USA, Mexico, South and Central America and Danaus plexippus erippus of Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay (Bonanno 67). The North American monarch butterfly is known for it’s incredible migration where individuals fly from their summer breeding grounds to overwintering habitat in central Mexico.

The Monarch cannot survive in cold weather hence the migration of as long as three thousand miles to reach warmer climates. It can be found in many habitats for instance fields, urban areas, gardens, trees and many others. Amazingly, each butterfly lives a year hence the migrations made by future generations every year. They lay three hundred to four hundred eggs and have incomplete metamorphosis and it’s larvae are specialized herbivores that consume only leaves of the milkweed family of plants. The milkweed provides them with a good and effective chemical defense against predators (Pringle 5).

Introduction

From its coloration, migration, lifecycle and even mating, this insect is extremely fascinating and interesting in every aspect of its life. There is a lot to learn about it, and the paper will give a good understanding of the monarchs’ classification, it’s lifecycle, it’s habitat, evasive features and migration.

Classification of the monarch butterfly can be traced back from kingdom Animalia. Under this kingdom, it is found under the phylum Arthoropoda and class Insecta. Under the class insecta, Danaus plexippus belongs to the order Lepidoptera which also consists of moths. This order consists of the family nymphalidae in which monarch butterfly is found under the subfamily Danainae, genus Danaus, and finally species plexippus. Monarch butterfly is also known as milkweed butterfly due to the fact that their larva feeds on the milkweed plant (Christensen 58).

Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippu) is mainly found in North America also sometimes it is found in western Europe having flown to western or been transported to western Europe by American ships. It has also been found in other parts of the world such as Australia, India and New Zealand. Monarch butterfly feeds mainly on milkweed plants found in North America which thrive during the spring, summer and, autumn seasons (Bonanno 45). They migrate southwards during winter to the warmer Mexican and Californian highlands. However, the milkweed plants do not grow well in Mexico and southern California. Due to this forces monarch butterflies to fly to the North during spring in search of food.

Life cycle

Mating period for the migrating monarch population occurs in the spring, this just prior to migration from the overwintering sites. Their courtship is quite simple and dependents very little on chemical pheromones if compared to other species in it’s genus. Courtship is composed of two distinct stages that is the aerial phase and the other is known as the ground phase. the first phase if when the male takes down the female by nudgling after which copulation takes place at the ground phase. Here, the male and female remain attached for about 30 to 60 minutes. From the male, a spermatophore is transferred to the female along with sperm. The spermatophore plays the role of offering energy to the female insect during reproduction (Pringle 2).

Monarch butterflies have a very interesting life cycle. There are four different generations of monarch butterflies in approximately every twelve months. The first generation of monarch butterflies starts their life cycle between March and April when the fourth generation of butterflies hibernating in Mexico and south California emerge. This (fourth) generation of monarch butterflies migrates to the North which is beginning to get warmer. They lay their eggs on the leaves of milkweed plants. The egg when in a favorable environment takes about four days to hatch into wormlike larvae. The larvae are the most active and feed on the milkweed plant and grow (Christensen 7).

The larva is most vulnerable to predators because it does not have a hard covering like the pupa. The larval stage lasts for about two weeks when it has stored enough nutrients to take it through the pupa stage then it attaches itself by use of silk to a plant’s leaves or stem. It then transforms itself into pupa. Within the first ten days there seems to be nothing happening in the pupa but this is the most active stage when the caterpillar is being transformed into the beautiful butterfly (Bonanno 12). After at least ten days the butterfly emerges from the cocoon to enjoy the remaining two to six weeks remaining in it’s life cycle, and then they die.

The first generation lay their eggs between May and June which then goes through exactly the same life history as the first generation. When the second generation butterflies are sexually mature, they lay their eggs between July and August then it undergos the same stages as the first and second generations. Sexually mature third generation lay eggs that will develop to the fourth generation in September and august. The fourth generation has the same life history as the first, second, and third generations apart from the time when they become adults. Adult fourth generation butterflies migrate to Mexico and southern California to avoid winter in North America. They stay in these warmer climates for around seven months, and when the temperatures in the North have increased to a bearable limit (during spring in the North), they migrate to the North. They then lay their eggs which mark the start of the first generation and the cycle goes on and on (Pringle 56).

The monarch habitats include fields, meadows, prairie remnants, urban and suburban parks, gardens, trees, and roadsides. Interactions between the monarch and humans is majorly because of its beauty the best way that people catch sight of monarchs is by growing a butterfly gardens and grow specific milkweed species of plants. They have also been used in research, especially due to their migration patterns. Some people enjoy raising them for pleasure or for educational purposes. The migrating flocks have had people create sanctuaries at favorite wintering locations, and this has created areas of tourism attractions and used for revenue generation.

In education, numerous schools have undertaken to growing and attending to monarch butterflies along their lifecycle starting with the caterpillar form. They do this until they mature into adults and then left out to go to the wild (Bonanno 34). The Cape May Bird Observatory, have embarked on monarch identification tagging programs to track the butterflies and hence study their migration patterns, including the far they fly and where they fly to.

Monarch butterfly has various mechanisms of defending themselves against predators. These include methods like production of poisonous and foul tasting cardenolide aglycones. They also prove that they are unpalatable through their bright colors. Some group of birds like jays and orioles have also leaned to just feed selectively on some parts of these butterflies considering that those areas are of less harm as compared to other parts. Monarch butterfly is of great monumental value to humans. This has made most of the people plant a chosen species of milk weed so as to attract these wonderful creatures of the nature (Pringle 34). However, it has been determined to be the most existent form of the monarch butterfly is under threat as a result of some of deleterious human activities such as deforestation and air pollution. Therefore, there are plans underway to protect these species which is feared to be in the list of the extinct organisms in the near future.

Threats to the monarch butterfly are many among them being parasites like the tachinid flies and Lesperia-parasitized larvae. Also, the bacterium micrococcus flacidifex danai infects the larvae and can cause the “black death”. Another bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa causes secondary infections in weakened butterflies hence considered as one of the most common cause of life of these insects. Besides bacteria, protozoans also attack the monarchs. It infects the subcutaneous tissue and propagates by spores that get formed during its pupal stage (Christensen 23).

Works Cited

Bonanno, SE. Jefferson County Alvar Megasite Conservation. New York: The Nature Conservancy, 1999.

Christensen, T. The ecology and control of Vincetoxicum spp. Rochester, NY: Wildflower, 1998.

Pringle, J. The spread of Vincetoxicum species in Ontario. Ontario: The Canadian Field Naturalist, 1998.

Modern Media Anthropology

Student’s Name

Date

Institutional Affiliation

Introduction

Modern media encompasses digital media, print media, and broadcast media formats. Over the years, media technologies have significantly evolved. Currently, it is possible to connect and share content with billions of people across the globe. As media has evolved, anthropologists have explored how content produced is interpreted and adapted by people from different groups. Modern media has significantly changed how healthcare professionals and patients interact and share information in the healthcare profession. In the nursing profession, modern media has had positive and negative impacts on the professional lives of nurses. Modern media involves technologies that have helped spread information and connect people. Therefore, media anthropology is an important aspect of healthcare as it helps nurses understand how their patients consume and interact with their content.

How Anthropologists Study Modern Media

Anthropologists have long studied mass communication and a wide range of digital media. Media is technology that connects people through shared content and is a central part of everyday life. Anthropologists explore the ways media is designed and adopted by communities and cultural groups. The information shown is interpreted differently depending on the audiences’ culture, history, and identity (Peake, 2018). Anthropologists also explore the ways media enable people to create and maintain ties and their sense of identity. Overall, media anthropologists question universal beliefs around various forms of media and highlight how an individual’s culture, history and beliefs influence the interpretation of media content.

Ways Nurses Could Use Modern Media Professionally

The internet is the most popular form of modern media currently. The latter half of the 1900s saw the creation of the internet; however, it was not until the rise and popularity of social media platforms that its influence reached the masses. Different individuals created various social media platforms between the late 1990s and early 2000. These platforms made it easy for people to connect. Social networking sites are part of everyday life and can be used for professional and personal reasons. Social media platforms are characterized by openness, community, connectedness, and participation. These features aid in the efficient transfer of information and enable nurses to connect and engage with other healthcare workers or potential clients. For instance, openness is evident when nurses share healthcare information with other healthcare professionals. On platforms such as Twitter, nurses can use hashtags to receive real-time information on topics they find interesting. They can also use these hashtags to participate in conversations. Nurses can use social media sites to access and connect with experts in their profession. This ease in accessing and connecting with experts enables the creation of online communities dedicated to nursing. Also, nurses can use social media platforms such as LinkedIn to build their professional image by sharing their skills, accomplishments, and qualifications.

Social media is an internet-based tool that meets the different needs of users. As a nurse, I could use this powerful tool for collaboration. Healthcare is constantly evolving as technology and science advance. As healthcare advances, there is a need for healthcare professionals from all parts of the globe to connect and collaborate. I could use social media to create a platform that connects specialists with nursing students and young nursing professionals starting their careers. People can engage in online discussions, share health information, and discuss career opportunities through this platform regardless of their geographical locations. Lastly, I could use this platform to champion a supportive environment that enables all participants to acquire real-time information on best practices, further contributing to the field of nursing.

Benefits Of Using Modern Media in Nursing

Efficient communication is an aspect of modern media that enables nurses to provide and receive professional training. Since the covid-19 pandemic broke out, various learning institutions have relied on the internet to offer online classes to their students. For instance, in Australia, nurses must receive annual professional development points. During the pandemic, nurses used the internet to access online classes and obtain their professional development points (Hao & Gao, 2017). Also, modern media, such as various social media platforms, have made it easy for nurses to connect with their patients. This ease in connection has made it possible for nurses to frequently check up on their patients and share crucial healthcare information without necessarily meeting in person. Another advantage of modern media is the ease with which nurses can create a supportive network of individuals. On social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, nurses can connect with other like-minded individuals who can help them improve and navigate their professional life. Lastly, social media platforms such as LinkedIn enable nurses to get jobs more quickly as they are more visible to potential employers and recruiters.

Drawbacks Of Using Modern Media in Nursing

Though modern media, such as the internet and social media, provides distinct advantages, it also has disadvantages. One of the biggest challenges in the nursing field is the lack of reliable healthcare information. The ease of sharing information through modern media has made it easier for people to share accurate and fake information. Moreover, some professionals have been found guilty of magnifying health information to get more clicks, a factor that has further discredited existing healthcare information found online (Hao & Gao, 2017). Another significant drawback is the violation of patients’ privacy. Some nurses post videos and pictures of patients without consent. It results in a breach of trust as it denies them dignity. Moreover, ignoring individuals’ anonymity and privacy causes them harm (Nelson, 2018). Patient privacy violations destroy the relationship nurses have with their patients. Patient privacy violations can also harm a nurse’s career as they can result in job termination and the withdrawal of their registration.

Conclusion

Media anthropology enables professionals to understand different aspects of modern media and how people interact and interpret their content. As media technology advances, nurses must know how to use this tool to promote healthcare and grow professionally. Also, nurses must understand media anthropology as it can help them have better media interactions with their audience, further promoting health and professional excellence.

References

Hao, J., & Gao, B. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages for nurses of using social media. Journal of Primary Health Care and General Practice, 3, 2.

Nelson, K. (2020). Doing fieldwork: Methods in cultural anthropology. Perspectives: An open invitation to cultural anthropology.

Peake, B. (2018). Media Anthropology: Meaning, Embodiment, Infrastructure, and Activism. UMBC Faculty Collection.

Modern Period

Modern period came in the early 20th century and was primarily distinguishable by rebellious mood. The approaches anticipated to revitalize how modern civilization viewed issues like politics, science and life. Between 1900 and 1930, the rebellious mood became somewhat familiar to society as a way to reject the European culture, which was corrupt, complacent, and passive. It ailed since it was bound by society artificialities that put much emphasis on public image and at the same time too scared of change. The moral bankruptcy dissatisfaction on or about everything influenced some great European thinkers of modern history to figure out about other alternatives, more primarily, primitive cultures. As such, they had already predicted that the new emerging culture would be subject to undermining culture and authority in the name of enlightening the contemporary society (Murphy, 2002). This paper aims to critically analyze the modern period based on three theories of the truth, that is, correspondence theory, coherence theory, and other ethical arguments.

The correspondence theory points out that the truth or falsity of utterance is predetermined how it associates to the world and whether it describes the universe accurately (David, 2002). Russel and Moore developed the theory at the beginning of the twentieth century. Thomas Aquinas interpreted the theory as “truth is the equation of thing and intellect (David, 2002). In other words, perception is presumed to be truthful if only it conforms to the external reality. According to the coherence theory of truth, any correct postulation entails in its soundness with part of a particular set of hypotheses (Davidson, 2000). This theory goes contrary to the correspondence theory based on two on two primal respects. The two theories conflict on the issue that propositions bear to their truth conditions as one insist that relation is coherence while the other is correspondence. Secondly, they also conflict on the matter of truth conditions. Coherence theory cites that the truth contexts of postulations entail in the other hypothesis. At the same time, correspondence theory indicates that truth conditions are world objectives features as opposed to being in a general proposition.

Nihilism is one of the characteristics that defined the modern period. Nihilism opposes the existence of God or rather the religion, not to mention the moral principles as the only simple way of obtaining social progress. It means that the modern societies repudiated the societal, ethical codes in which they were living in. It, however, does not mean that some of the greatest philosophers in the modern period did not believe in God or that they came up against the meaninglessness of life, although, a significant number of them were atheists. A German philosopher, Emmanuel Kant, analyzed on the critique of pure reasons and the categorical imperatives. All discussions about ethics mostly bring the issue about God. According to the divine command theory, a deity predetermines what is good or bad. Thomas Aquinas, in his theory of natural law, affirms that morality comes from us because God made us.

Immanuel Kant viewed religion and morality as a terrible pairing, insisting that what is good or right is subject to the application of pure reasons, and a sense of consideration for other individuals (Kant, 1785). Perhaps, Kant understood the fact that if all the people were to use religion as the basis for their morality, they all could not find the same answers. It is pretty much confident that morality is constant. For example, one plus one equals two, whether you are atheist, Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, etc. Kant pointed out that in most scenarios, it not a moral choice on whether or not people ought to do something, but rather a contingent in their desires (Kant, 1785). Kant regarded these commands that one should always adhere to when they need something specific as hypothetical imperatives. For example, if one wants to get rich, you ought to work hard towards making money. Hypothetical imperatives are somewhat inclined to prudence as opposed to morality.

According to Kant, morality is all about categorical imperatives (CI). Categorical imperatives are commands that one must adhere to irrespective of one’s desires, and that moral duties come from pure reasons (Williams, 1968). Moreover, it does not matter whether or not one wants to be moral as the moral law binds all the people. As such, no religion is required to predetermines such a law since what is a virtue or vice is knowable by applying one’s intellect. Categorical imperatives follow two fundamental principles, that is, the universalizability principle and the formula of humanity. The universalizability principle demand people to act in adherence to the maxim in which one can and at the same time will without any contradiction to the universal law. As such, the maxim is more of a general rule, while the universal law is something that needs to be done is the same scenarios. If one steals, it means that you approve to the maxim of stealing and other people should always steal and of course it brings about contradiction. The universal law does not make exceptions to one’s self as that is unfair.

In the second principle, the formula of humanity, it reprimands people for acting so that they treat humanity as an end and not as a mere means (Kant, 1785). Using one as a mere means is to use that person for your gain without considering the interests of the person or thing you are using. Humans are rational and autonomous; thus, they can set their objectives and work towards achieving them (Williams, 1968). As such, humans are imbued with an absolute moral worth, and that translates to, they should not be manipulated or manipulate other autonomous agents.

References

Murphy, M. (2002). The natural law tradition in ethics.

David, M. (2002). The correspondence theory of truth.

Davidson, D. (2000). A coherence theory of truth and knowledge. Epistemology: an anthology, 154-163.

Kant, I. (1785). The categorical imperative.

Williams, T. C. (1968). The concept of the categorical imperative: a study of the place of the categorical imperative in Kant’s ethical theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.