Category: Uncategorized

According to Boffey (2015), there were more than a million prescriptions of Ritalin in 2014. This was more than double the rate of prescription of the same drug that was experienced a decade ago. This significant increase has led to an increase in concern among professionals in the fields of behavioral and mental health. These figures are considered to be an indication of a system that has been run down, leading to a massive increase in the number of cases of misdiagnosis and unnecessary prescription of stimulants such as Ritalin. The guideline given by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence suggests that prescription of stimulants such as Ritalin should be a last resort (Artkinson & Hollis, 2010). This is based on the fact that there are safer alternatives. However, the high rate which Ritalin is prescribed is an implication that the guide line by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence is not being followed diligently. Therefore, it can be said that over prescription Ritalin is a serious problem in the field of mental health.

There are systems that are supposed to offer support for children with ADHD. However Johnston, O’Malley, Miech, Bachman, & Schulenberg (2017) assert that such systems have insufficient funding and resources, thus leading to a high rate in which is UK-based, it is easier for children suffering from ADHD to end up taking Ritalin. Therefore, it can be said that over prescription of Ritalin is a problem that results from the real or perceived inability of preferable alternatives to serve all the children who are suffering from ADHD.

Jaber, Rigler, Shuper & Diamond (2017) are of the opinion that when it comes to the treatment of ADHD and other mental disorders, many professionals opt for what is the easiest prescription to give. As far as the use of Ritalin is concerned, all the professionals have to do is give the prescription. After the prescription, it becomes the responsibility of the patients and their loved ones to make sure that the prescription are followed. Despite the fact that programs such as parent training programs have provided to be effective in the treatment of ADHD, (Mills 2014) asserts that such programs are barely being offered. Therefore, Ritalin often turns out to be a reasonable option. In the spirit of patient centered care, there has also been an increase in the extent to which parents and guardian choose Ritalin over the other option. The most commonly given reason for the choice of Ritalin over the available alternatives is the reduction of the time and engagement needed to make most of the alternatives successful. Even with such reasons, it is still clear that the use of Ritalin should be a last resort for the treatment of ADHD.

Garasic & Lavazza (2016) assert that ADHD, which can be considered an essentially typical behavior among children, has been highly medicalized. Tantrums, naughtiness, and the inability to keep calm are common problems with children. Therefore, the high rate which medicinal solution such as the prescription of Ritalin should be a cause of concern. The rate in which prescription of Ritalin is increasing is a result of the choice of medication instead of the available alternatives. Garasic & Lavazza (2016) argue that while medication might have some positive results such as the improvement of the cognitive functions and calmness, the results are often not sustainable. Continued medications denies children the chance of developing specific strategies that might help them cope with ADHD. A study undertaken at Colorado University in 2010 revealed that when children with ADHD were given a sugar pill and told they were taking Ritalin, their symptoms disappeared in the same rate in which they did when the were given real Ritalin(Warner,2010). This is an implication that there are many situations in which Ritalin was unnecessarily prescribed.

Pereanez (2017) argues that the over prescription of Ritalin takes place because the loved ones of people who have ADHD often overlook the importance of finding an explanation for the symptoms before opting for medication. There are some cases that some of the symptoms associated with ADHD might have other causes. For instance, family stress, skills deficit, anxiety, and poor nutrition might sometimes lead to symptoms that can be misdiagnosed as ADHD. In such cases, the child or adult taking the drug will have been subjected to a scenario of misdiagnosis. This is the main reason as to why drugs such as Ritalin should always be limited. Such limitations can be effective in making sure that there is a reduction of cases where by family members jump to the conclusion that child has ADHD.

A study by Chang, Lichtenstein , Halldner , D’Onitrio, Serlachius, faze & Larsson (2014) shows that children who are medicated for ADHD are six times less likely to have drug abuse problems are compared to those who use alternatives remedies for ADHD. This is an implication that medication for ADHD can be a way through drug abuse among children and adults with ADHD can be limited. A study by Ashok, Mizuno, Volkow & Howes (2017) also reveals that there is no relationship between the use of Ritalin in the treatment of ADHD during childhood and the engagement in drug abuse in adulthood. When an individual has ADHD they always suffer from low levels of dopamine in the brain (Tarver, Daley, & Sayal, 2014). The role played by Ritalin is to raise the level of dopamine in the brain to the appropriate levels. This is a capability that none of existing alternatives have, and thus the reason as to why failure to use Ritalin might increase chances of drug abuse. When people with ADHD are not medicated, might end up seeking replacement of dopamine from other substances, thus leading to drug abuse.

Tarver, J., Daley, D., & Sayal, K (2014). Attention -deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD): an updated review of the essential facts. Child: care. Health and development, 40(6), 762-774.

Ashok, A.H., Mizuno.Y, Volkow, N.D, & Howes, O.D. (2017). Association of stimulant use with dopaminergic alterations in uses of cocaine, amphetamine, or methamphetamine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 74(5), 511-519.

Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Halldner, L., D’Onofrio, B., Serlachius, E., Fazel, S., & Larsson, H. (2014). Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55 (8), 878-885.

Boffey, D. (2015). Prescriptions for Ritalin and other ADHD drugs double in a decade. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/15/ritalin-prescriptions-double-decade-adhd-mental-health

Garasic, M.D., & Lavazza, A. (2016). Moral and social reasons to acknowledge the use of cognitive enhancers in competitive -selective contexts. BMC medical ethics, 17(1), 18.

Pereanez, J.A.G.(2017). Arguments for Discussion in Bioethics, on the medication of Children with a Diagnosis of Hyperactivity (ADHD). DEStech Transaction on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences, (eesd).

Warner, J. (2010). We’ve got issues: Children and parents in the age of medication. Penguin.

Johnston, L.D., O’Malley, P, M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenburg, J. E (2017). Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescents Drug Use. Institute for social research.

Atkinson, M., & Hollis, C. (2010). NICE guideline: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Education and Practice, 95(1), 24-27.

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

By way of introduction, I am XX, an Xx-year-old young and ambitious individual with interests in mental health studies and psychoanalysis in particular. I am applying for the Master’s Program at BGSP Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis. My interest in pursuing this course stems from my negative life experiences throughout my life. I want to pursue a Master’s in Psychoanalysis, seeing that I have been in individual and group therapy for fourteen years. Growing up, I did not buy into the idea of therapy. This changed when I had an accident and had to go through life-changing surgery. After the incident, my parents thought it would be good if I talked to a professional. Although it took time, the therapy played a significant role in my recovery. After seeing how much therapy helped me deal with the trauma of the accident, I became drawn to the field. Therapy helped me accept my scars and helped me heal from the emotional damage that I was going through. I was embarrassed by the scars that I acquired from the accident, but now I wear them proudly; they are reminders of my triumph. Specifically, I want to pursue a Master’s in psychoanalysis because I would like to contribute to positive change in society by helping other people deal with issues that they go through.

Besides going through therapy for many years, I have worked as an assistant at a wellness Centre near me. I had volunteered for the position as I wanted to acquire first-hand experience in Psychoanalysis. The wellness center deals with recovering drug addicts. I gained relevant skills that prepared me for advanced studies in this field during my time there. I mastered skills that include empathy, patience, being non-judgmental, and coping with emotional situations. Enrolling in a course in Psychoanalysis is the perfect way to put my skills to use. Because I have related to individuals in need of the treatment, I will be better placed to relate to the studies and research in the course. Upon completing and graduating from the course, I intend to start my private practice and provide psychoanalysis services to people who need it the most.

Accomplishments in the Classroom and their Positive Impacts

Institution:

Name of Student:

Accomplishments in the Classroom and their Positive Impacts

When I was first introduced to the classroom, I noticed that most students came late to school, some didn’t do their assignments and those that did presented a shoddy job. There was an overall lack of concentration especially with the students who sat at the back with most of them whispering during classes. I turned all this around. It was sheer hard work but soon the mood in the classroom was good during classes marked by high concentration levels. Assignments were done on time and class attendance was good too.

I promoted happiness, warmth and safety during the classes. I set rolling team building activities that helped students be comfortable with each other and help debunk me as a god of some sort. Lessons encouraging friendship, support and openness were enhanced to create a good attitude towards the classes. I also talked to the parents during our meetings to help the students come early to school by waking them up early and ensuring that they don’t stay up late. The parents were also advised to remind the students to do their homework.

My progress was tracked through observation. I observed the behavior of the students in the classroom focusing on their punctuality to class, delivery of assignments and level of concentration during classes.

The issue of student’s concentration needs to be addressed. The quality of engagement needs to be one that is active, inclusive and respectful so as to create an active class. An inclusive warm up activity will help improve the concentration and thus make the students active during the class and it can be made inclusive by involving all the students through questions and rewarding those who are active. The promise of a test also helps improve the student’s concentration. In addition, the warm up activity should be made simple and should not surpass the understanding of the students to enhance comprehension.

`The students were whispering in the back due to distractions or because they were bored with what they were being taught. They could also be whispering because they had something to say but did not have the guts to do so. Openness should therefore be encouraged to build confidence in the student to speak freely during class and not whisper between them. The class should also be made fun so as to reduce boredom. The number of distractions should be kept at a minimum e.g. getting rid of unnecessary objects in class. Reshuffling could also help minimize the whispering in case close friends sat together in class.

Modernization theory

The Washington Consensus drafted by Williamson in the late 1980s was aimed at improving the economic conditions in developing countries. (Williamson, 2004) claimed that its initial intention was not to prescribe the development but rather, to reveal policies that made Washington desirable to the Southern American countries economically. Later on, the policies were termed as, Williamson, (2004), “… set of economic policies advocated for developing countries in general by official Washington.” This further evolved the concept of neoliberal policies that had began discussions earlier in the decade which according to Alam, (2003), “the neoliberal, open door economic regimes imposed on the periphery by core capital … have produced no economic miracles.” Economics critics have given different opinions on neoliberal policies and concepts such as open trade towards development of third world countries. This paper gives the views of economists Bhagwati, (2002) and Chang, (2008) towards the free trade as a rescuer for developing countries.

Basically, (Bhagwati, 2002) states that with the practice of trade, countries experience positive growth which in turn decreases poverty. The author also argues against the controversy of trade as a promoter of poverty rather than reducer. From his research, there is adequate evidence of the reduced poverty that many developing countries such as India have been able to achieve within a short period of time. There is also a mention of China as a country that experienced wide growth and poverty reduction through trade, thus reports by the World Bank and IMF of the 10% and 6% GDP increment in China and India respectively (Bhagwati, 2002). Static argument relates poverty in developing countries to the low wages earned by workers without professional skills. The dynamic argument on the other hand focuses on the trade as a variable of growth and a necessity toward improvement on economy and reduction of poverty (Bhagwati, 2002). The trade argument here approves the interpretation of the neoliberal policies as economic policies which were formulated by Williamson, 2004.

The argument regarding trade as mentioned above contrasts with Chang, (2008) argument. Though both authors agree on the importance of free trade, (Chang, 2008) agues that trade cannot work independently and should be supported by other variables such as privatization of some ventures owned by the government and deregulation of foreign direct investment (FDI). The author demonstrates the concept based on the developed countries before they had their economic breakthrough. Counties like he USA and Japan took full advantage of free trade introduced when they were developing to interact economically with other sates. However, they limited the invasion to their market by foreign traders through regulating FDIs. Chang, (2008) states that, “In the 19th century, the US banned or heavily regulated FDI in natural resource exploitation.” Further, the author elaborates how the countries like Netherlands self exploited their resources and marketed the unique ones, thus taking advantage of the open market. Thus, though free trade is commendable for the reduction of poverty, it is not independent and has certain determinants as mentioned above.

In conclusion, the contrast in the view of the two authors is clearly evident. They both approve the context of the neoliberal policies and the Washington consensus as interpreted by economists, thus elaborate on importance of free trade. However, the many considerations made are worth noting. Basically, (Chang, 2008) criticizes the exploitation of developing countries by the already developed by FDIs when they minimized their foreign investment during the development process. The two arguments generally contradict in the variables of the poverty elimination using free trade. As (Bhagwati, 2002) strongly believes in free trade despite foreign intervention in the market, (Chang, 2008) is for the idea of self exploitation and regulating foreign forces for beneficial use of free trade.

Works Cited:

Alam, Shahid. Two Decades of Neoliberal Policies. Pauperizing the Periphery. 2003. Web. 9 August, 2010.

Bhagwati, Jagdish., & Srinivasan T. N. Trade and Poverty in the Poor Countries. 2002. Web. 19 August, 2010.

Chang, Ha-Joon. Under-explored Treasure Troves of Development Lessons. Lessons from the Histories of Small Rich European Countries. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, November, 2008. Web. 19 August, 2010.

Williamson, John. The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development. Practitioners of Development. 13 January, 2004. Web. 19 August, 2010.

Modern Media Anthropology

Student’s Name

Date

Institutional Affiliation

Introduction

Modern media encompasses digital media, print media, and broadcast media formats. Over the years, media technologies have significantly evolved. Currently, it is possible to connect and share content with billions of people across the globe. As media has evolved, anthropologists have explored how content produced is interpreted and adapted by people from different groups. Modern media has significantly changed how healthcare professionals and patients interact and share information in the healthcare profession. In the nursing profession, modern media has had positive and negative impacts on the professional lives of nurses. Modern media involves technologies that have helped spread information and connect people. Therefore, media anthropology is an important aspect of healthcare as it helps nurses understand how their patients consume and interact with their content.

How Anthropologists Study Modern Media

Anthropologists have long studied mass communication and a wide range of digital media. Media is technology that connects people through shared content and is a central part of everyday life. Anthropologists explore the ways media is designed and adopted by communities and cultural groups. The information shown is interpreted differently depending on the audiences’ culture, history, and identity (Peake, 2018). Anthropologists also explore the ways media enable people to create and maintain ties and their sense of identity. Overall, media anthropologists question universal beliefs around various forms of media and highlight how an individual’s culture, history and beliefs influence the interpretation of media content.

Ways Nurses Could Use Modern Media Professionally

The internet is the most popular form of modern media currently. The latter half of the 1900s saw the creation of the internet; however, it was not until the rise and popularity of social media platforms that its influence reached the masses. Different individuals created various social media platforms between the late 1990s and early 2000. These platforms made it easy for people to connect. Social networking sites are part of everyday life and can be used for professional and personal reasons. Social media platforms are characterized by openness, community, connectedness, and participation. These features aid in the efficient transfer of information and enable nurses to connect and engage with other healthcare workers or potential clients. For instance, openness is evident when nurses share healthcare information with other healthcare professionals. On platforms such as Twitter, nurses can use hashtags to receive real-time information on topics they find interesting. They can also use these hashtags to participate in conversations. Nurses can use social media sites to access and connect with experts in their profession. This ease in accessing and connecting with experts enables the creation of online communities dedicated to nursing. Also, nurses can use social media platforms such as LinkedIn to build their professional image by sharing their skills, accomplishments, and qualifications.

Social media is an internet-based tool that meets the different needs of users. As a nurse, I could use this powerful tool for collaboration. Healthcare is constantly evolving as technology and science advance. As healthcare advances, there is a need for healthcare professionals from all parts of the globe to connect and collaborate. I could use social media to create a platform that connects specialists with nursing students and young nursing professionals starting their careers. People can engage in online discussions, share health information, and discuss career opportunities through this platform regardless of their geographical locations. Lastly, I could use this platform to champion a supportive environment that enables all participants to acquire real-time information on best practices, further contributing to the field of nursing.

Benefits Of Using Modern Media in Nursing

Efficient communication is an aspect of modern media that enables nurses to provide and receive professional training. Since the covid-19 pandemic broke out, various learning institutions have relied on the internet to offer online classes to their students. For instance, in Australia, nurses must receive annual professional development points. During the pandemic, nurses used the internet to access online classes and obtain their professional development points (Hao & Gao, 2017). Also, modern media, such as various social media platforms, have made it easy for nurses to connect with their patients. This ease in connection has made it possible for nurses to frequently check up on their patients and share crucial healthcare information without necessarily meeting in person. Another advantage of modern media is the ease with which nurses can create a supportive network of individuals. On social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, nurses can connect with other like-minded individuals who can help them improve and navigate their professional life. Lastly, social media platforms such as LinkedIn enable nurses to get jobs more quickly as they are more visible to potential employers and recruiters.

Drawbacks Of Using Modern Media in Nursing

Though modern media, such as the internet and social media, provides distinct advantages, it also has disadvantages. One of the biggest challenges in the nursing field is the lack of reliable healthcare information. The ease of sharing information through modern media has made it easier for people to share accurate and fake information. Moreover, some professionals have been found guilty of magnifying health information to get more clicks, a factor that has further discredited existing healthcare information found online (Hao & Gao, 2017). Another significant drawback is the violation of patients’ privacy. Some nurses post videos and pictures of patients without consent. It results in a breach of trust as it denies them dignity. Moreover, ignoring individuals’ anonymity and privacy causes them harm (Nelson, 2018). Patient privacy violations destroy the relationship nurses have with their patients. Patient privacy violations can also harm a nurse’s career as they can result in job termination and the withdrawal of their registration.

Conclusion

Media anthropology enables professionals to understand different aspects of modern media and how people interact and interpret their content. As media technology advances, nurses must know how to use this tool to promote healthcare and grow professionally. Also, nurses must understand media anthropology as it can help them have better media interactions with their audience, further promoting health and professional excellence.

References

Hao, J., & Gao, B. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages for nurses of using social media. Journal of Primary Health Care and General Practice, 3, 2.

Nelson, K. (2020). Doing fieldwork: Methods in cultural anthropology. Perspectives: An open invitation to cultural anthropology.

Peake, B. (2018). Media Anthropology: Meaning, Embodiment, Infrastructure, and Activism. UMBC Faculty Collection.

Modern Period

Modern period came in the early 20th century and was primarily distinguishable by rebellious mood. The approaches anticipated to revitalize how modern civilization viewed issues like politics, science and life. Between 1900 and 1930, the rebellious mood became somewhat familiar to society as a way to reject the European culture, which was corrupt, complacent, and passive. It ailed since it was bound by society artificialities that put much emphasis on public image and at the same time too scared of change. The moral bankruptcy dissatisfaction on or about everything influenced some great European thinkers of modern history to figure out about other alternatives, more primarily, primitive cultures. As such, they had already predicted that the new emerging culture would be subject to undermining culture and authority in the name of enlightening the contemporary society (Murphy, 2002). This paper aims to critically analyze the modern period based on three theories of the truth, that is, correspondence theory, coherence theory, and other ethical arguments.

The correspondence theory points out that the truth or falsity of utterance is predetermined how it associates to the world and whether it describes the universe accurately (David, 2002). Russel and Moore developed the theory at the beginning of the twentieth century. Thomas Aquinas interpreted the theory as “truth is the equation of thing and intellect (David, 2002). In other words, perception is presumed to be truthful if only it conforms to the external reality. According to the coherence theory of truth, any correct postulation entails in its soundness with part of a particular set of hypotheses (Davidson, 2000). This theory goes contrary to the correspondence theory based on two on two primal respects. The two theories conflict on the issue that propositions bear to their truth conditions as one insist that relation is coherence while the other is correspondence. Secondly, they also conflict on the matter of truth conditions. Coherence theory cites that the truth contexts of postulations entail in the other hypothesis. At the same time, correspondence theory indicates that truth conditions are world objectives features as opposed to being in a general proposition.

Nihilism is one of the characteristics that defined the modern period. Nihilism opposes the existence of God or rather the religion, not to mention the moral principles as the only simple way of obtaining social progress. It means that the modern societies repudiated the societal, ethical codes in which they were living in. It, however, does not mean that some of the greatest philosophers in the modern period did not believe in God or that they came up against the meaninglessness of life, although, a significant number of them were atheists. A German philosopher, Emmanuel Kant, analyzed on the critique of pure reasons and the categorical imperatives. All discussions about ethics mostly bring the issue about God. According to the divine command theory, a deity predetermines what is good or bad. Thomas Aquinas, in his theory of natural law, affirms that morality comes from us because God made us.

Immanuel Kant viewed religion and morality as a terrible pairing, insisting that what is good or right is subject to the application of pure reasons, and a sense of consideration for other individuals (Kant, 1785). Perhaps, Kant understood the fact that if all the people were to use religion as the basis for their morality, they all could not find the same answers. It is pretty much confident that morality is constant. For example, one plus one equals two, whether you are atheist, Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, etc. Kant pointed out that in most scenarios, it not a moral choice on whether or not people ought to do something, but rather a contingent in their desires (Kant, 1785). Kant regarded these commands that one should always adhere to when they need something specific as hypothetical imperatives. For example, if one wants to get rich, you ought to work hard towards making money. Hypothetical imperatives are somewhat inclined to prudence as opposed to morality.

According to Kant, morality is all about categorical imperatives (CI). Categorical imperatives are commands that one must adhere to irrespective of one’s desires, and that moral duties come from pure reasons (Williams, 1968). Moreover, it does not matter whether or not one wants to be moral as the moral law binds all the people. As such, no religion is required to predetermines such a law since what is a virtue or vice is knowable by applying one’s intellect. Categorical imperatives follow two fundamental principles, that is, the universalizability principle and the formula of humanity. The universalizability principle demand people to act in adherence to the maxim in which one can and at the same time will without any contradiction to the universal law. As such, the maxim is more of a general rule, while the universal law is something that needs to be done is the same scenarios. If one steals, it means that you approve to the maxim of stealing and other people should always steal and of course it brings about contradiction. The universal law does not make exceptions to one’s self as that is unfair.

In the second principle, the formula of humanity, it reprimands people for acting so that they treat humanity as an end and not as a mere means (Kant, 1785). Using one as a mere means is to use that person for your gain without considering the interests of the person or thing you are using. Humans are rational and autonomous; thus, they can set their objectives and work towards achieving them (Williams, 1968). As such, humans are imbued with an absolute moral worth, and that translates to, they should not be manipulated or manipulate other autonomous agents.

References

Murphy, M. (2002). The natural law tradition in ethics.

David, M. (2002). The correspondence theory of truth.

Davidson, D. (2000). A coherence theory of truth and knowledge. Epistemology: an anthology, 154-163.

Kant, I. (1785). The categorical imperative.

Williams, T. C. (1968). The concept of the categorical imperative: a study of the place of the categorical imperative in Kant’s ethical theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Modifications to Our Aviation Maintenance Complex

Student’s Name

Institution

Modifications to Our Aviation Maintenance Complex

Problem 1

Aviation maintenance complex is an area in the airline industry that is used for different operations such as administration and aircraft maintenance hangar. Slight changes would need critical decisions to be made and with the introduction of additional storage by constructing a mezzanine level above the original shop. The mezzanine will be a semi-permanent floor system that protrudes from the walls. It will be accessed through a ladder to minimize wastage of space in the area. The ladder will be movable to make work easier for anyone to access the storage room. The storage facility will have a 2 feet guardrail all around it for human safety (Chisholm, 2010).

Problem 2

A portable dock board is one way through which goods are moved from one area to another in most warehouses. However, there are some regulations that govern the use of portable dock board, which is known as the loading dock safety. The regulations require that all the employees should have knowledge or be trained on how the system works. In addition, there should be inspection programs that ensure that safety is guaranteed to the employees (U.S Department of Labour, n.d.).

Problem 3

The oxygen and fuel-gas cylinders at the site of operation fire can easily start because these are highly inflammable substances. The oxygen creates a condition necessary for fire to exist while the fuel-gas cylinders can explode or even catch fire, and it is for these reasons that there is safety regulations related to the storage of theses cylinders. According to the regulations, all employees shall be trained and judged capable by their managers for this delicate work of taking care of the cylinders. The compressed gas containers should all be marked, for categorizing the gas content, with either a symbol or the chemical name of the gas (U.S Department of Labor, n.d.).

The movements of these cylinders are also required to be done in an orderly manner as the regulations states that all cylinders in a workstation shall be separated from each other in order to avoid combustion. The oxygen and fuel-gas cylinders are supposed to be stored on different areas, or moved separately to ensure safety of the workmanship and the area.

The cutting torch is one of the most dangerous equipment that is available in the workstation, and it should be handled with care to avert disaster. The regulations require that the torch be off when not in use and should be checked on a daily basis to detect any leak from its pipes (U.S Department of Labor, n.d.).

There are regulations that address the storage and condition of hoses used in cutting operations, which state that the storage facilities should be double-checked for safety and the hoses inspected for damage or leaks to improve the safety of the warehouse or workstation.

Problem 4

According to the occupational safety and health standards set by the United States government, all electrode cable of a welding rig should be in a good condition that guarantees the safety of the public and the workers at the station. Exposed wires are highly dangerous and can ignite fire that might lead to loss of life and destruction of property and it is for that reason that any tool that is worn out should be replaced immediately (Chisholm, 2010).

Problem 5

There should be great concern about the exposure to methyl ethyl ketone. These dangerous chemical can affect the nervous system when a person is exposed to it for a long period. Some of its long-term effects include irritation of the skin, throat, and damage to the eye. The organization should therefore look for ways to minimize its effects through having proper ventilations and having people working in-shifts to avoid long-term exposure (U.S Department of Labor, n.d.).

References

Chisholm, H., (2010). Ensuring Safety in the Aviation Maintenance Complex. (11th Ed.). Cambridge University Press

U.S Department of Labor. (n.d.). Occupational Safety & Health Administration. . Retrieved June 10, 2014, from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9854

By way of introduction, my name is XX. I am a XX- year old young individual seeking admission into the University of Michigan and, particularly, in the School of Dentistry to pursue the two-year Bachelor’s Degree of Science in Dental Hygiene. I have been studying the same course, and I am transferring to complete my degree, graduate successfully, and become a qualified dental hygienist. Worth noting, I have had a passion for oral health since a tender age. I come from a humble background, and growing up, my parents always instilled in me values of hard work, resilience, and integrity, which I believe will help me in attaining y dream. Additionally, I am a first-generation student, and I hope to use this opportunity to encourage my siblings and peers who look up to me to continue resiliently working towards their goals. My parents discovered my interests in dentistry while I was still young, and ever since, they have always encouraged me to keep working towards my goal. My interests lie in innovation, medicine, dentistry, and clinical matters. I hope that one day, after completing my studies, I will set up a dental clinic in my home area. This is my way of giving back to society because I will use the knowledge I will gain to treat the most vulnerable members of society who cannot afford insurance to take care of their dental hygiene. I feel that women and children particularly need to be trained on the best practices they can employ in taking good care of their health. Thus far, my biggest accomplishment was the time I was working hand-in-hand with a dental hygienist at a dental office within my location. It was a defining moment for me because I got to interact and network with qualified practitioners and experts in my field of interest. I got to learn so much as it relates to oral hygiene. I exchanged information with experts and honed my skills as a future dental hygienist. Working there gave me a lot of fulfillment, and I got an assurance of the professional I want to take in Life. Conclusively, I hope this application appeals to the selection committee, and I get selected for this program.

Access to quality healthcare and improving community well-being

Presented by

Institution

Introduction

Access to quality health in a community creates many benefits such as longer life span, more developments, excellent growth, and living a stress-free lifestyle. The role of public healthcare providers and partners in health initiative is to take care of the general health status of the community. Mortality rates, life expectancy, years of potential life lost, and the population statistics forms the common health assessment tools used in evaluating the state of health of the community are (Lewenson & Truglio-Londrigan, 2010, pp. 43-47). Delivery of quality health care services and well-being of people acts as a major challenge for many nations across the world, United States being the most affected. Despite the efforts by the health care sector to increase the quality of healthcare and improve patient outcome, most communities have never seen improvement in the health care sector. According to Winkfield (2014), the condition of healthcare facilities plays a significant role in determining the quality of health care services offered. In addition, the performance of the government in collaboration with the department of health plays a major role in influencing the quality of health of the U.S. people. Further, Healthy People 2020 have a list of health issues that affect people in U.S. (Healthy People 2020, 2014).

Key Factors Associated with Health

The Bradenton community in Florida faces many health care issues accelerated by many factors associated to society, ethics, politics, and economy. Access to quality health care services and patients well-being is the main issue affecting people from this community. The problem affects a large number of people in the community, calling upon health care experts’ intervention improve the health status of Bradenton community. Healthy People 2020 focus on ensuring every person in the United States has access to quality health care services and enjoys a healthy lifestyle by introducing many beneficial innovations to the health care sector (Healthy People 2020, 2014).

The background of Bradenton

Bradenton is a city found in Manatee County, Florida. It stands as the largest city in Florida with an approximate population of 50,000 people according to 2012 statistics. The people of Bradenton demonstrate the modern lifestyle living model because of the presence of a comfortable and civilized environment.

Social factors

The Bradenton community upholds unique social and cultural practices distancing them from other communities in the Florida. The community is governed by a democratic mode of governance where they democratically elect their leaders. Most people in the area speak English language, although some speak Spanish, and French. The community values education and most of its members have attained higher levels of learning.

Health consideration

The community promotes a healthy lifestyle by pursuing health and life fulfilment activities that promote the quality of life and well-being of every person. Moreover, the community has a number of economic activities that give them revenues and help them acquire their basic and secondary needs. The city has numerous health care centres and hospitals where people receive treatments depending on their location. The high standards of living experienced by the people of Bradenton contribute to the high spread of chronic kidney disease because they lack proper nutrition education programs. The rate of employment is moderate with 30 percent of the adult population working in formal sectors. U.S. financing has a strong relationship with the current economy. The high growth rate of health care spending in U.S. exceeds the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the population, and inflation rates. Lack of adequate financing because of the current economic status affects the provision of healthcare services in major cities like Florida. The health care cost has raised because of the dramatic increase in health care spending bearing in mind only a small amount of GDP share is devoted to health care. Lack of adequate health care facilities and workforce in some communities like the Bradenton community in Florida promotes increase in chronic disease prevalence (Florida Health, 2014HealthH).

Relationship to Florida as a Whole as well as the USA

Florida Department of health puts all the necessary efforts in ensuring every person has access to improved healthcare services. The Healthy People 2020 objective aids in achieving the goal and objectives for the health sector. They involve in communities in healthy practices and push the government into making health available to people in rural areas. Survey from Florida health charts on the quality of health care and well-being reveal the following. Firstly, the sector identified strategic health as the priority area of concern for the 67 county-level community health assessment and health improvement planning processes. Secondly, chronic diseases are very common in the area. The most common health issues affecting people from the community include diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, and overweight. Another issue that emerged as a concern to the Florida Department of health is dental problem. Finally, poor public health infrastructure and policies hinder achievement of quality health care services. The city has been on the move to introduce health policies and laws governing health care providers in the area. Florida Department of health has introduced many solutions to health problems facing communities in the city. One of the most significant solutions is the introduction of local networks that promote easier communication between people in the rural areas and urban areas (Florida Health, 2014).

On the other hand, the issue not only affects Florida community but also the whole of United States. The 2010 National healthcare Quality and Disparities report evaluates the quality of healthcare in United States by the year 2010. The major areas studied are; patient-centeredness, timeliness of services, patient safety, and effectiveness of care. The NIMHD and the Department of Health Human Services (HHS) helped generate the report. The nation plays a significant role in ensuring progress and change in the healthcare industry because they are responsible for providing the needed infrastructure and financial support. The report developed many alternatives to resolving the issue of healthcare disparities in the United States. The most recommended areas that needed more support included patient and family engagement, safety, care coordination, palliative care, and population health (U.S. Department of Health & Human Service, 2011).

Access to Health Care

Access to quality health care services plays a major role in improving the outcomes of a community. The Bradenton community should live a happy lifestyle free from health problems such as cases of chronic kidney diseases. Community assessment process helps in identifying and determining solutions to problems affecting a population in the community. The health care sector has a duty of ensuring health-related quality of life and well-being of every person in the world regardless of their age, gender, race, ethnicity, financial status, or political affiliates. Government initiatives like the Affordable Care Act aimed at improving quality of health in the community and ensuring people stay a healthy lifestyle. The Affordable Care Act helps in reducing health costs.

The community complains of dissatisfaction with the current health care policies. The cost of health care in U.S. averages 175 percent and most of the population lack health care insurance while other developed countries offer quality healthcare services. The Affordable Care Act helps reduce the rising costs of healthcare; improve the quality of healthcare services and effectiveness, and cover more of its people with insurance would help reduce the number of complaints from citizens (Menzel, 2012). The relationship between the Affordable Care Act and the Brisbane community in Florida continues to grow as more people enrol in Health Insurance Marketplace. The health care act demonstrated justice and fairness for all people representing one nation.

Drivers and roadblocks

The creation of reforms in the health sector requires a combined effort from the various stakeholders. Individuals can aid in promoting health reforms through having group meetings. During such meetings, they can discuss the challenges they face in acquiring health services and how to solve these challenges. They can even make individual contributions to raise funds for purchase of certain medical equipment that are unavailable at the area medical centre. Furthermore, individuals ought to make their voices heard by the government in situations whereby a health care facility is non-existent. It is their right to demand for such facilities without fear of reappraisal.

The government plays a crucial role in health reforms. Any changes that occur in health reforms usually go through a vigorous scrutiny by the parliament. This body comprises of representatives of the people who discuss on development matters. The government, through this body can ensure adequate allocation of funds to each constitution to ensure development of health facilities in each constituency. Furthermore, it should ensure adequate control of these funds by ensuring auditing of the use of the funds and physical checks on the existence of supposedly complete projects. The government, as a major employer of health workers, should ensure adequate compensation for their effort. They should ensure that they train them well on new programs that are due for implementation.

Health care providers and the community play a major role in promoting health reforms by ensuring they educate their employees on possible benefits of enrolling for new health reforms. In some instances, such reforms are compulsory and it is the onus of the employers to make the necessary deductions from employees’ salaries for purposes of subscription to medical cover. Health care providers ought to work hand in hand with the government in the implementation of new reforms. They should also implement utmost professionalism in their delivery of services and compliance with new standards that are by the reforms.

Communication

The Medicare policies do not address costs in policy decisions. The room for ambiguity occurs. Medicare does not consider costs in coverage determinations. In practice, the costly new technologies undergo much scrutiny than other devices and services. Conditions of coverage involve sifting through the complicated evidence base, evaluating the benefits and risks. Moreover, the coverage depends on the determination of the right time for implementation and under what conditions favourable.

Three areas that present challenges include achieving the aims of making healthcare effective, timely, and efficient. These challenges are more evident in the way information and communications are managed in nursing (ANA, 2010). Failure to manage information and communications appropriately may result in unnecessary costs, reduced quality of healthcare and inefficiencies. These challenges may be overcome by using nursing informatics. This is the specialty which integrates computer science, information science and nursing science to manage and transmit communication data, knowledge and information in nursing practice. This is useful because it supports nurses, patients and other healthcare providers. Documentation is a major aspect in nursing informatics. This is because quality care is dependent on effective communication. Nursing informatics can improve the accuracy and timeliness of patient charting. Nurses can be involved in the process of improvement by ensuring that patient notes are taken and recorded in the relevant systems in a manner that improves the timeliness and effectiveness of healthcare delivery.

Alternatives

Communities like Brisbane experiencing the problem of quality healthcare should consider promoting wellness and introducing a healthy lifestyle especially for racial and ethnic groups. The federal government should be on the first lane in promoting the public to preventing disparities in healthcare. Many researchers have developed many mitigation measures to the problem as discussed below. According to Baldwin (2003), healthcare providers are the most influential people in preventing the problem. The issue raises a bigger concern considering that such professionals would help eliminate the problem. The future of nation healthcare needs is at risk because presence of minorities in the healthcare sector would help them offer effective services to other racial and ethnic minorities. Increasing the number of professional doctors and implementation of health informatics would increase access to health for the people in the community. Technology helps bring reliable and effective clinical practical guidelines that help improve the health of a community (Savel and Foldy, 2014).

Recommendations

Application of health care innovation in Bradenton Florida helps in increasing the quality of life and well-being among people in the community. The availability of resources such as money and skilled work force would help the community implements all the program strategies and promotes quality patient outcome. Moreover, the programs will create an enormous impact in the health care industry by reducing mortality and morbidity cases through decreased cases of chronic kidney disease. As healthcare sector continuous growing in Florida, healthcare experts introduce new implementing health care informatics.

Nurses help in implementing healthcare reforms introduced by the healthcare sector and the government. Healthcare providers require frequent problem-based education in order to increase the quality of patient care and provide services to all citizens. Such programs should not only focus on physicians but also nurses because of their role in improving the healthcare sector. Nurses easily interact with patients, and they are responsible for most home-based and bed-manner services. The seminar given by White on NIH Health Disparities in October 2011 focused only on physicians. White ought to have included nurses and healthcare providers in the seminar because they too interact with patients and are more likely to improve patient outcome. Some of the issues and strategies proposed by White such as developing programs for evaluating the relationship between patients and healthcare providers would also work with nurses (White III, 2011).

Conclusion

The Brisbane community and health care officials should focus on implementing health care reforms capable of improving the quality of health care and well-being of the community. The government and health policy makers must take part in generating rules and regulations guiding the implementation of the program in all healthcare institutions across the country.

References

ANA. (2010). Health System Reform: Nursing’s Goal of High Quality, Affordable Care for All. ANA Issue Brief, 9(6), 1-10. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/Policy-Advocacy/Positions-and-Resolutions/Issue-Briefs/Health-System-Reform.pdf

Florida Health. (2014). Florida Vital Statistics Annual Report 2013. Florida: State of Florida

Department of Health. Retrieved from http://www.flpublichealth.com/VSBOOK/pdf/2013/Intro.pdf

Healthy People 2020. (2014). About Healthy People. Foundation Health Measures. Health-

Related Quality of Life and Well-Being. Retrieved from http://healthypeople.gov/2020/about/QoLWBabout.aspx.Lewenson, S. & Truglio-Londrigan, M. (2010). Public health nursing assessment tool.”

Nursing Outlook 58. 2: 1-57.

Menzel, T. P. (2012). Justice and Fairness: A critical element in U.S. health system reform.

Journal of Law medicine and Ethic, 1. 1: 589-597

Savel, T. G. and Foldy, S. (2014). The Role of Public Health Informatics in Enhancing Public

Health Surveillance.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 61. 3, 20-24

U.S. Department of Health & Human Service. (2011). National Healthcare Quality Report,

2010. Retrieved from

http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/qrdr10.htm

White III, A. (2011, October 13). NIH VideoCast – What Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Would

Want Us to Know About Health Care Disparities. NIH VideoCast – What Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Would Want Us to Know About Health Care Disparities. Retrieved September 11, 2014, from

http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?Live=10685&bhcp=1

Winkfield, E. (September 2014). LAmerica’s Healthcare Crisis: Is There a Solution?

Retrieved from

http://realtruth.org/articles/090203-005-health.html

Business Systems Management Assessment No 2 – 2021

Monday May 24, 2021

Assessment 2 – Business Analysis

1. Create a hierarchy chart/organisational chart of the roles from the information provided.

2. What information does the chart created in item 1 provide to understanding the case study?

To understand the case study, the information on the above chart helps to understand the case study by showing the internal structure of the organization, the employees and their positions, and the reporting structure. This is important because it will show the decision-making framework and the reporting structure. Apart from the reporting relations and the chain of command, the chart allows a better understanding of how information and communications moves, either following a bottom up or top down structure depending on the type of information. For example, the need to start making products for sale and to increase profits include information flowing from the executive board through the president to the rest of the employees under the CIO. Similarly, the issues within the organization and the solutions suggested are some of the critical information moving from the different directors below the CIO all the way up to the president in a bottom up approach. Therefore, the chart has a number of roles including the stipulation of reporting relationships, the display of the chain of command, and the understanding of roles at different managerial levels.

3. How was IT perceived in the originating organisation and how does this contribute to the current position in the new company?

In the case, IT had not performed particularly well in the previous organization and the way the division was taken over meant that the conventional IT practices and tools, including information and technology, were retained to provide a smoother takeover. In the originating organization, IT was perceived as a non-priority both in making it an independent department and in ensuring that its role remained aligned to the business strategy. There was little investment in IT, poor leadership, a lacking strategy, and no portfolio management. The severity of the IT department from the previous organization impacted the troubled new division. First, there was an information dump from the old to the new organization, required for a transfer of information and other important technological support. However, some of the tools transferred were useless for the organization. Secondly, the new organization still regarded IT as a non-priority division, giving more focus to other business units. The new organization inherited a poorly aligned IT department to the business strategy, and sadly continued in the same approach and perception. The IT department was demoralized and felt constrained by the many reactive issues that emerged just to keep the business afloat.

4. The following is an excerpt from the information provided. Explain the implication and significance of each issue both from a business and IT perspective.

“The business unit managers were lobbying against change and prioritised their own interests above all. The systems were not designed for the specific industry sector and therefore weren’t easily usable.IT costs were high and unpredictable across all areas. In separation 500 core apps had been inherited when only 150 were relevant to the new company.”

The first issue is that “the business unit managers were lobbying against change and prioritised their own interests above all”. The implication and significance of this issue from the business perspective is that it created a divide amongst the different business units. There lacked a harmonious structure that ensured that while every department remained true to its purpose, it also ensured that the overall business strategy and objectives were adhered to. From an IT perspective, this issue meant that other business units did not consider the role of IT and how it contributed to the welfare of their own individual units. Again, the issue of aligned goals and strategies, between the units and the IT department emerge. The consequence is that the departments were in competition for the resources provided by the firm, creating a toxic work environment, especially for the IT staff.

In the second issue, the systems were not designed for the specific industry sector and therefore weren’t easily usable. From a business perspective, the implications are that the organization experienced operational inefficiency, increased costs of operating the systems, poor supply of information to the different decision makers, and reduced growth of the communication capabilities in the organization. From an IT perspective, the consequences were that the role of the IT division were limited. It also meant that IT infrastructure was used mainly to troubleshoot emergencies and to respond to different issues sue to poor applicability of the systems.

The third problem was that IT costs were high and unpredictable across all areas. From a business perspective, this led to an increase in operating costs, and thereby a reduction in overall profits. It also meant that the costs risks were high for the IT department, creating a high likelihood for failed projects due to these risks. From an IT perspective, high and unpredictable costs meant that effectiveness of roles and projects was severely compromised. The budgeting and cost functions were difficult to implement due to the complexities of an unpredictable cost structure.

Lastly, another issue was that in separation, 500 core apps had been inherited when only 150 were relevant to the new company. From a business perspective, the organization faced a challenge of integrating the different technologies and applications to the demands of the new organization. Another major implication is that the organization incurred considerable costs relating to the maintenance, staffing needs, and hardware requirements of the more than 300 useless core apps. From an IT perspective, the issue’s main implication include a cybersecurity risk posed by less frequently used apps and emerging issues in compliance and usage. Additionally, the existence of the many unused apps also meant that the operating costs were high, reducing the budget that could be used elsewhere to improve services.

5. Explain the impact of the following issues from both the business and IT perspective.

a. There was no alignment between business strategy and IT

The main implication from a business perspective is that there were no responses and solutions to maintain or support enterprise momentum. The business needs, those relating to the IT framework, were not adequately addressed. For the IT department, the lack of alignment meant that the solutions availed for the business were inefficient and only added to the cost of running the organization.

b. Process development and understanding was poor

For both the business and IT, poor process development and understanding meant that there were no continuous development of both the business and its offerings. It also meant that communication was hampered. Employee development was ineffective and the products and services offered could not be enhanced. Particularly for IT, this issue implied poor definition of roles up to the basic level.

c. Portfolio management and prioritization was non-existent

For the business, the implication was that the value of every program or project in their portfolio was poorly understood and linked to the overall business strategy. For the IT department and the business, a lack of portfolio management and prioritization meant that resources were deployed without effectiveness and the different projects were based on relationships rather than the value to the organization. Overall, bottlenecks and overheads increased creating a culture of reduced business growth and minimal collaboration.

d. IT investment was ad-hoc and lacked measure

From an IT perspective, ad hoc investment decisions meant that the management failed to consider the wider applications of every decision. From a business perspective, ad hoc decision making for IT investments meant that the business was only responding to emerging issues without planning ahead. Combined, the business and the IT issues created a culture of ineffective decision making, leading to a loss of market share

e. There was no accountability

A lack of accountability meant that the number of distracting activities in the business was high. Unproductive behaviour and culture also emerged due to the increase in the time and effort spent on tasks. The confidence and skills of different staff members were deteriorating instead of improving. Overall, the business and the IT department lacked a structure to ensure consequences for every action.

f. IT strategy and governance were non-existent.

A non-existent IT strategy and governance meant that the CIO was unable to align the department and all efforts to support the overall busies strategy. For the business, it meant a reduction and failure to generate shareholder value. The lack of governance reduced the role played by IT in aligning operations and management with the requirements and needs of the organization.

6. Create a list of ALL issues which are described within the case study. Assign to each of the directors shown (in your organisational chart developed in Item 1) accountability for the various issues. Obviously the governance issues fall under the Director of IT Strategy & Planning, the Project Office and Governance.

Issue Directors Responsible

The business unit managers were lobbying against change and prioritised their own interests above all. President and Director of Relationship Management

The systems were not designed for the specific industry sector and therefore weren’t easily usable. Director of Enterprise Architecture

IT costs were high and unpredictable across all areas. Director of Operations

In separation 500 core apps had been inherited when only 150 were relevant to the new company Director of Application Management

No alignment between business strategy and IT Director of Relationship Management

Process development and understanding was poor Director of IT Strategy & Planning, the Project Office and Governance

Portfolio management and prioritization was non-existent Director of Operations

IT investment was ad-hoc and lacked measure CFO and the Director of IT Strategy & Planning, the Project Office and Governance

There was no accountability CIO and the President

IT strategy and governance were non-existent Director of IT Strategy & Planning, the Project Office and Governance

6. Explain the importance of an IT Governance Framework and associated mechanisms for success. For each of the specific governance issues indicated below and described in text, describe a response that the director might offer to Vlad and the fellow directors.

An IT governance framework describes the structure for organizational, business processes and leadership regarding information technology (Gregory, Kaganer, Henfridsson, & Ruch, 2018). The importance to success of an organization is that the structure helps to ensure that standards within the IT department support and enable the attainment of overall business objectives and strategies. A governance framework in the IT division is important because it creates a chart that is vital in assigning responsibility, workflow organization, and ensuring that every critical task is completed on time. It facilitates the accountability of workers to their assigned roles and ensures a proper reporting structure for easier and faster decision making process (Gregory et al., 2018). The relationship that governance provides creates stability in the workplace.

What processes should be followed to identify key initiatives?

The first step would be to identify strategic initiatives, determine their scope, create alignment to the business goals and strategies, identify milestones and supporting activities, ensure measurable outcomes, establish a working timeline, and define accountabilities.

How should they be evaluated?

To evaluate the initiatives, satisfaction surveys amongst key stakeholders can be undertaken including staff members, managers, and product consumers. Additionally, goal attainment reports, behavioural observations, and self-reporting records can be used to measure effectiveness.

What criteria should be key?

Establishing a reporting structure and ensuring that information flows both ways from top to bottom and vice versa.

Who should prioritize initiatives?

The Director of Operations

How will they measure success?

To measure success, the director will consider the satisfaction levels of staff members and users of IT in the firm, check the schedule, quality of new structure, performance in relation to the business strategy, and stakeholder satisfaction

7. Why was governance selected as the most critical issue by Vlad and how does it impact the other director’s areas of control?

Every successful governance is founded on the basis of good governance. Governance does not only apply to the entire organization but also to the smaller pieces, such as departments and divisions, that make up the cogs and gears of the leadership structure. Governance is a critical issue for a number of reasons. First, Filatotchev, Poulsen, & Bell (2019) found that good governance ensures that there is a culture of integrity and accountability. With a notable governance structure, the IT function would show positive performance and sustainable progress. Good governance also means that the interests of the department are aligned to those of the organization (Filatotchev et al., 2019). Vlad identified it as an important issue because it impacts every other aspect of the IT function. It impacts other director’s areas of control by streamlining roles, defining responsibilities, and creating accountabilities. Governance is also critical to the structure that defines how employees relate to the overall organization. For example, it provides clarity, enables better management of expectations, enables better decision and policy formulation, and offers consistency in all of these factors. Employees are clear on their role and the reporting structure where governance is present. Vlad, selected governance as the most important issue because without it the entire firm would eventually collapse based on failures of the operating structure.

References

Filatotchev, I., Poulsen, A., & Bell, R. G. (2019). Corporate governance of a multinational enterprise: Firm, industry and institutional perspectives. Journal of Corporate Finance, 57, 1-8.

Gregory, R. W., Kaganer, E., Henfridsson, O., & Ruch, T. J. (2018). IT Consumerization and the Transformation of IT Governance. Mis Quarterly, 42(4), 1225-1253.