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Model, hypothesis, and Criteria for causality

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C; Model and hypothesis

In the schematic diagram, it is clear that the debate about the presence of mental health issues experienced later in life might be a close relationship to a person’s past. This was especially their childhood experiences, trauma, and issues when they were children and were not pleasant (Nemeroff, 2004). It is therefore upon this that we can develop the various hypotheses; some of the hypotheses for this paper include;

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a sign that a person did not heal completely from the traumatic disorder which they experienced before

Childhood trauma experience has a very close and straightforward relation to a person’s mental issues, which they face once they are grown up.

Schizophrenia is a sign of the different ways the pain and the emotional torture a child experiences when they are young is expressed through their behavior.

Bipolar disorder is very clearly related to the childhood of a person.

This means that if a person gets good treatment when they are young and provided with the necessary love and support they majorly need at this point, they are unable to develop bipolar issues since they can only display what a person lacked.

The first hypothesis talks of how post-traumatic disorder indicates a need for continued care and love, which has to be given to those suffering from this kind of issue. Once there is enough love, then most of the time, the feeling of being un-important fades away. The feeling of having lost everything is worked in so that it does not affect a person’s entire life and the generalizations they make about their lives and generally life. Childhood trauma is stated to be a clear and direct factor towards the quality of a person’s mental health issues, the intensity, and their ability to control what happens to them. Another way childhood trauma expresses itself clearly from the time a person reaches the adolescent years is through schizophrenia. This makes a person restless and unable to sleep, and this is a problem that needs to be looked into urgently once the hypothesis is confirmed as true or not true and what remedies to be availed to make sure that schizophrenia does not adversely affect a person (Lubin, et, al., 2003).

Therefore the assertion that a childhood’s early years can affect how the child, when grown up, indicates through social life that they had at some point a disturbing experience. The group question, which states that a person’s later life is mainly based on how the child’s upbringing takes a central place in the work, especially in the worlds and the lives of the child’s parents, is confirmed never leaves a family. Therefore, most of the time, the parents never wish to hurt their children, but rather through disciplining, it later becomes a psychological issue and torture. Therefore basically, the research question is justifiable through the discussion of the major tenets which affect them.

How this portion of the research is understood is a critical and important aspect of the whole general way of understanding and building upon the issue. That is mental health and what it means for a person to be mentally unwell and sometimes unaware but still express themselves through behaviors and how they deal with issues. According to Freud (Barnes, 1952), the stages in which a child develops from the time they are born and if they receive what their bodies need both physically and emotionally determines the different ways in which to heal and deal with what happened to the person in question.

D. Criteria for causality

Even though it is true that a person needs to have emotional balance, this does not always happen and for every person. Therefore, when this does not happen, different people have different ways of dealing with their trauma in their lives at different stages. How the variables and the tenets of this paper are related is a very good one as it creates trust, love, peace, and harmony. For example, if a person did not get emotional stability when they were young, however with growing up they come to live with a very good family which provides emotional support, then it becomes very easy to blend. However, this does not always happen automatically and, therefore, the need to take care of one another.

The correlation between emotional stability and family is a good example. Most of the families do not experience harmony and total peace. However, a person has to be able to move on and live a good life. The desires for these wishes and needs at that particular time, even though great and important, might not always be possible. However, if possible, and I create time with the person, there will be ease. This leads to understanding how the different aspects of society view and manage their lives and how they can manage to fulfill the innate desires of their bodies of being loved and accepted. When a person gets these experiences and visible to the outside world, the time is taken between when a person gets these experiences is also of great significance. This is because what a person experiences can show up so much later in life or show very early in their lives when they are kids. Therefore, when a person experiences the effects of their childhood, they are important and trust the other party. Therefore, proper guidance, love, and compassion for their lives become important instruments (El‐Sheikh, 2007).

The intensity of trauma when a person is a child may be taken as the independent variables. Therefore, the other variables are also of great importance, like the time taken to show up, the ability for a person to trust, among other factors that are of great significance to the individual’s life. The relationship between these variables leads us to the conclusions and discussion. If the intensity of trauma a child experienced is increased, then it means that the child will experience more trauma later in life. However, if the intensity of trauma is low, it means that a person’s experiences later in life are not very complex, like having had a lot of trauma when the child was young.

ReferencesBarnes, C. A. (1952). A statistical study of the Freudian theory of levels of psychosexual development. Genetic Psychology Monographs.

Cherry, Kendra. “Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development.” Verywell Mind, Verywellmind, 12 Jan. 2006, www.verywellmind.com/freuds-stages-of-psychosexual-development-2795962.

El‐Sheikh, M., Buckhalt, J. A., Mark Cummings, E., & Keller, P. (2007). Sleep disruptions and emotional insecurity are pathways of risk for children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(1), 88-96.

Lubit, R., Rovine, D., Defrancisci, L., & Eth, S. (2003). Impact of trauma on children. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 9(2), 128-138.

Nemeroff, C. B. (2004). Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

 Milestones

Thank you for setting aside time to meet with me and discuss Timothy’s development. I will therefore get right into it; Timothy encompasses most of the development skills just like his peers. In class Timothy is quite active and he has fine cognitive skills. During lessons he is able to distinguish and count more than ten things. He also possesses great skills when it comes to writing down letters and numbers. I am also amazed that he can be able to tell apart the letters and the numbers, which is great. Timothy is also familiar with the things he uses on a daily basis, he can be able to identify things such as his back pack and food. This shows that his aware of things he is interacting with. Timothy is cooperative, he listens and adheres to the set rules. He also interacts very well with his fellow children in and out of class. At his age it’s quite good that he can distinguish between real and make belief, this shows his making progress both emotionally and socially. In regards to communication Timothy can speak very clearly. He is able to incorporate tenses such as the future tense, say names as well as use full sentences while narrating simple stories. Overall a charming young boy.

However, during my observations, I have noticed that Timothy struggles when it comes to movement. Timothy mostly lags behind when it comes to physical activities such as standing on one foot. Physical movement is critical in the child’s development, that’s why Timothy’s struggle to swing and climb should be addressed swiftly to improve his motor skills. To help Timothy adopt better physical movement I would recommend various physical activities as recommended by Gerber; you can engage in fun activities such as scavenger hunts, that will entail taking walks. Also you can help Timothy climb the monkey bars and also teach him how to pump his legs (2010).

As Timothy’s teacher I suggest that we should coordinate and assess Timothy’s solution in order to establish a positive outcome. Timothy is a very determined young boy and he exudes great enthusiasm, therefore it our responsibility to ensure that he fully encompasses all the necessary developmental skills. By collaborating will be able to create safe spaces both at school and at home. Timothy is determined and he is a fast learner and generally a great boy. Finally, I would like to thank you for coming, and I hope will be able to work together.

Reference.

Gerber, R. J., Wilks, T., & Erdie-Lalena, C. (2010). Developmental milestones: motor development. Pediatrics in Review, 31(7), 267-277.

Business

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The Indian women cosmetic market is one of the emerging markets that is deemed to have high growth potential (Aaker & McLoughlin, 2010). Several factors can be attributed to the high growth of the cosmetic market in India that includes the continuous improvements of the cosmetic products as well as the introduction of new products as well as the raising cosmetic awareness among the women. Besides, the rising western influence, as well as the product promotional activities that feature female celebrities, have played a significant role in the increasing market of cosmetics in India. The cosmetic products are no longer restricted to use during special occasions, and therefore they have gained prominence as part of the women daily regimen. The women cosmetic products have been highly adopted in India, and this has contributed to the product to emerge as a high utility product within the past few years. The demand for the cosmetics among the women has dramatically increased mainly among the women who spend most of their time outdoors. The rise can be attributed to the increasing desire for the women to look more physically appealing as well as the rising number of women who are working in the Indian nation. Mary Kay being a potential investor in India and specializing in cosmetics is required to consider several factors to which are core to the success of her business.

Cultural Environment

The Indians are incredibly interested in personal care and beauty that can be attributed to the combination of the Indian culture and the influence of Bollywood in the making of the Indian cosmetic market both exciting and unique (Majumdar, 2010). The fact that the Indian culture allows for the women to use cosmetics to make themselves appealing gives a higher advantage to Mary Kay in her venture to the cosmetic business in India. Bollywood has played a significant role in exposing the women to the use of cosmetics due to the constant use of the females in the advertisement of products and therefore has contributed to the increased awareness of the use of the beauty products.

Economic Environment

There is a higher growth of the middle class women in India who possesses a higher purchasing power and as well who have developed a strong sense of fashion. The purchase of the beauty products in India has become more universal and not limited to the upper class alone , and this has seen the sales of the cosmetic products rise 4.75 billion US dollars in the year 2011 and expected to have a double-digit percentage growth in the next decade. The inflation rate of the country is not high and therefore the value of the Indian rupee against the US dollar that 71.85 Rupees is equivalent to 1 dollar. The value of the rupee indicates that the country’s economy is not expected to fall as the value has remained constant over time and this gives a Mary Kay a reason to set her investment into the region.

Technological Environment

The Indian technology has been on the rise making the country a potential techno hub in the future. The presence of technology companies in India have led to the growth, creation of jobs, increase in the access to resources, healthcare, and education (Barringer, 2015). The rise in technology has resulted in the decrease of poverty levels and as well led to the improvement of the people’s lifestyle. The presence of technology has led to the increased connectivity as well as the purchasing power of the potential customers leading to higher sales of products and services. Mary Kay, therefore, is favored by the technology to do her business as a majority of the prospective consumers of the cosmetic products are connected through technology, and this may lead to more sales.

Political and Legal Environment

The Indian government has been at the forefront of encouraging business investments within their country. The Indian government undertakes various political and legal reforms to make sure that the foreign investors are attracted to put their investments in the promising nation (Perry-Kessaris, 2016). The political environment of India has also improved post-liberalization, and therefore the inflow of foreign direct investments and political environment is expected to have a positive relationship.

The population of women who uses cosmetics is on the rise considering that the increased awareness across the media and the advertising agencies such as the Bollywood. Women between the ages of 15 to 45 are among those recognized as the largest consumer of the cosmetic products, and they contribute a significant proportion of the population. Religion, on the other hand, does not hinder the women from using cosmetics and the overall attitude of women on the use of cosmetics is on the rise as the usage of beauty products are becoming widely accepted globally and in the Indian cation.

Considering the favorable factors that favor the growth in the cosmetic industry in India, there is a need for choosing the right marketing approach for Mary Kay. In my opinion, the right strategy would be the adaptation of promotional messages as India’s technology has been amongst the fast growing and this has enabled the connection of thousands of potential consumers of beauty products to get connected. With a higher technological connection, the purchasing power of the consumers is increased making the demand of the cosmetic product be on the rise.

References

Aaker, D. A., & McLoughlin, D. (2010). Strategic market management: global perspectives. John Wiley & Sons.

Barringer, B. R. (2015). Entrepreneurship: Successfully launching new ventures. Pearson Education India.

Majumdar, R. (2010). Consumer behaviour: Insights from Indian market. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.Perry-Kessaris, A. (2016). Global Business, Local Law: the Indian legal system as a communal resource in foreign investment relations. Routledge.

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Acceptance Speech

All protocols observed greetings. First of all, I would like to thank every one of you for making it for today. I am grateful for everyone at TCC whom I have interacted with and shared different moments to go with me every place I go.

While at TCC, I learned so much not only in my academics but also in other fields, which helped me grow into a holistic person. I studied business management and administration since it was the course I always wanted to do during my high school years. However, during the study period, I encountered different challenges, but I overcame them. The three straps that were an issue to me were lack of sleep, inability to eat properly, which is at least three meals per day, and time to complete assignments was never enough. With time I realized where my time was going, and therefore I was able to regain my time to do what I wanted through, avoiding sports to sleep. I also got into meal prep service, and I became even more committed to finishing my assignments in time.

After TCC, I continued with my studies, and now I have three more degrees: billing and coding, associate business administration and management, and AAS. I joined TCC, UTA, and Kaplan colleges. I am a member of the French club, trailblazer society, and American chemical society. Currently, I am executive assistance, and I earn 20 dollars per hour; however, I am hoping and expecting to improve on this, and I hope in 5 years I will be able to earn 50 dollars per hour.

While I was at TCC, I discovered multimodal learning. This has been one of my most incredible ways to get things done because I find it fun. I do not push myself too hard, and I try to keep everything at a particular pace. It helps me understand better and faster. Therefore after applying multimodal learning in college and it was successful, I also use it in my job, whereby there is something new I have to learn and work on.

Lastly, I want to thank each one of you, especially those close friends whom we discovered multimodal learning together and whom we used to discuss different complex topics together till we made it. Thank you so much for your bravery and your presence in my life. I also wish to thank you for making the learning environment suitable and participating in your endeavours in the best way possible for those who were not very close.

Business StructuresFIN/571Business StructuresThe organizational forms or business structures are used depending on the type of business that is being formed. Business structures can broadly categories into three types; sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. “Types of corporate business structures include General corporations, Subchapter S corporations, and Limited Liability corporations” (University of Phoenix- ER Videos, 2014). According to Small Business Administration (SBA), there are six types of business forms; Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Cooperative, Limited Liability Company (LLC), S Corporation, and Corporation. Each type of structure has pros and cons to it whether it is cost, liability, operating and reporting requirements, set up process or taxation.

A sole proprietorship offers the easiest form of business structure. It can be established easily, inexpensively and instantly. It gives the owner total control over the business decisions and entitles him/her to all profits made by the organization. But on the downside, the owner is solely responsible for the debts, liability or losses of the business. As sole proprietorship is not a separate legal entity, it dissolves due to the owners’ death or incapacity.

Partnership offers business partners a way to split the liability that goes along with owning and operating a business. However, a negative aspect of this would be requirement to share a predetermined percentage of the profits that are made by the business. There is also the chance of having disagreement when it comes to business decisions as there are multiples parties involved in the organization. In-order to avoid sharing unlimited liabilities, a partner needs to qualify for the status of limited partner wherein he/she cannot actively participate in managing the business (Parrino, 2012).

Cooperatives are formed based on the needs of the business members. Profits are distributed to the owners who are also the users of the services that are being provided. The work that goes into the business is divided between the members. The downside of this can be the potential of lesser numbers of people wanting to contribute because their investments would depend on how often they would be using the services that are being provided.

A limited liability company, or LLC, offers business owners the ability to own and operate their own business without having to be personally responsible for the debts of the organization. One of the downsides of operating as an LLC is that if one or more of the established owners decides to leave the organization, the entire LLC must be dissolved and the remaining owners would have to re-establish the business or decide to part ways and “fulfill all remaining legal and business obligations to close the business” (sba.gov, 2014).

The business structure known as S Corporation enables the profits from the business to only be taxed once instead of being taxed on a business and individual level. This can equate to a large amount in tax savings for business owners. One of the negatives of this business structure is that “it requires stricter operational processes. As a separate structure, S corps require scheduled director and shareholder meetings, minutes from those meetings, adoption and updates to by-laws, stock transfers and records maintenance” (sba.gov, 2014).

Corporations are reserved for larger business organizations and removes liability from its shareholders. This means that the organization itself is responsible for its actions and debts that are incurred by the company. While the size and safety of a corporation is a sought after benefit of potential employees, there is a larger legal responsibility that comes along with it in the form of record keeping and the money that is initially needed to start the corporation.

Businesses must decide what type of business structure is going to make the most sense for them in the long run and weigh both the pros and cons that go along with the each type. It is important for current and potential business owners to remember that starting any type of business brings endless possibilities both good and bad.

ReferencesParrino, R., Kidwell, D. S, & Bates, T. W. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance (2nd Ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.SBA.gov. (2014, May 11). Choose Your Business Structure. Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/category/navigation-structure/starting-managing-business/starting-business/choose-your-business-struUniversity of Phoenix. (2014). Week 1 Electronic Reserve Videos. Retrieved from https://newclassroom3.phoenix.edu/Classroom/#/contextid/OSIRIS:47763238/context/co/view/activityDetails/activity/bb15e3dd-cc99-4ae2-85e3-db01fdf4e790/expanded/False/tab/Instructions

Access to information technology:

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Introduction

Information technology is defined by the use of computers to access internet services for various purposes. For a long time, the society has relied on books for the acquisition of knowledge of various factors. This has been essential for the education of the general masses as a whole. Despite this, the use of books and the traditional forms of literature has not been able to serve majority of the population. The introduction of information technology changed the dynamics in that it enabled efficient and reliable access to information from all over the globe (Grossberg, Wartella & Whitney, 2006).

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of access to information technology. This is done by the analysis of an article written on digital divide in the country. The paper will thus discuss whether the government needs to emphasize on funding schools in terms of the provision of internet access.

The government has invested a sufficient amount of funds on the provision of internet access in schools and public institutions. This was brought about by the recognition of the importance of the internet in the transfer of information. Records show that 54% of the country’s population has access to the internet. This simply means that half of the population are internet enabled their households. Having reliable internet access is essential in present day in that all the industries are have made the switch to going digital. One of the reasons that the government has placed emphasis on the funding on the schools is the change of the educational curriculum to suit the e- learning standards. If 54% of the population has access to the internet, 46% do not have the same privilege. Another important factor to note is that majority of the population who do not have access to internet come from low income communities. Most of these communities comprise of immigrants and minorities who rely on the government for most of their basic needs (Dickard & Schneider, 2002).

The governments funding of the internet services have been met with a lot of critics from some conservatives who do not believe that the digital divide still exists. This has led to the denouncement of the funds so that they can be relocated to other sectors of the economy. After the careful analysis of the statistics, it is my opinion that the government needs to continue to fund the public. They should however change their strategy by targeting the population that needs it the most. This involves placing more emphasis on the low income houses that do not have complete access to internet (Dickard & Schneider, 2002).

The question on whether the there is a digital divide in the country continues to take centre stage with the society taking different sides of the matter. The ideal factor to note is that the internet dictates on the growth and development of the nation as a whole. It is thus essential to recognize the need to provide internet access in all parts of the country. This will further reduce the digital divide in the society (Grossberg, Wartella & Whitney, 2006).

Conclusion

The digital divide is one of the factors that bring out the difference in the division of resources. It indicates the situation of the population with recourses and the population without. The only way to reduce this gap is by supporting the continued funding of the less fortune areas. This will in turn give them the same opportunities as their counterparts so that they can maximize on them to elevate their status in the society.

References

Dickard, Norris., Schneider, Diana. (2002 September 27 )The digital divide: where are we?Retrieved from<http://www.edutopia.org/digital-divide-where-we-are-today>

Grossberg, Lawrence. ,Wartella, Ellen. ,Whitney, Charles. (2006). Media Making: Mass media in popular culture (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.

Morality

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc378090093” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378090093 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378090094” Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals Perspective PAGEREF _Toc378090094 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378090095” John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarian Perspective PAGEREF _Toc378090095 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378090096” Mills and Nietzsche take on Ethics and Morality PAGEREF _Toc378090096 h 6

Introduction

Morality definitions of good and its practicality in improvement of the quality of human life touch on a number of contested areas such as happiness, ethics and consequences. Philosophical deliberations of the moral value attached to the intentions of conduct within the confinements of definitions of goodness and happiness remain elusive and an open approach must inform a middle ground position on morality as a topic. Making comparisons of two of the most vocal morality philosophers to illustrate the need of a broader perspective in definition of other deeper concepts of morality such as righteousness and virtue underscores the sensitivity of the debate. On one hand, the position adopted by Nietzsche through the famous dichotomies defining the genesis of good, bad and evil formulate the essence of morality from the basics. Apparently, it would be difficult to discuss that whose origin or genesis cannot support its existence. On the other hand, the opinion of John Stuart Mill concerning morality raises the higher bar of morality through definition of virtue and its importance in life, for instance in religion (Smith 27).

Despite the fact that the approaches taken by the two philosophers distinguish their philosophical orientation through different concepts on the central theme, two concepts remain throughout their debate as demonstrated in this discourse. Both philosophers independently made astounding interpretations to morality, almost certainly taking a similar opinion on several elements than conflicting opinion. The centrality of morality in the work by Nietzsche and Mill illustrates the diversity of definition of the underlying interpretations such as through genealogy of morals, utilitarianism, egoism, righteousness and consequentialism.

Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals PerspectiveTracing the origin of the general meaning of good and bad from class differentiation between the powerful and the weak eventually leading to a systemic unquestionable belief of correct and wrong judgments presents Nietzsche’s opinion in a sharp reflection on morality. The First Essay depicts Nietzsche as a simplistic morality thinker in the way he relates the topic with the human society. Perhaps getting the basics rights in the definition of what morality entails gives Nietzsche the edge in laying the foundations of the debate. Morality interpretation of good through attaching benefit to the recipient of actions of others illustrates the perspective taken by Nietzsche, though he makes the observation to the effect that the terminology ‘good’ came later. Such an explanation adopts the utilitarian concept where the tag of benefit drives the definition of actions as good or bad (Geddes para.9).

For a clearer understanding of the origin of the concept of good in the society, Nietzsche takes the historical appearance of the expression ‘good’. Assigning the origin of good and bad as exclusively independent actions facilitates the drawing of the conclusion of morality, within the limitation of master and slave interpretation. Critics of this definition of origin of morality parameters would find fault in the practicality of the definitions before organized society where slave-master arrangement would be too complex and entirely inconceivable. Associating badness with excesses of power alone selectively brands higher classes as the vulnerable species in the relationship, whereas the opposite falls within logical transposition in a normal setting. As an illustration, the low classes are generally vulnerable to devise ways of defying class misfortunes such as hunger through seemingly bad interventions such as theft.

The construction of the ‘pathos of distance’ in the characterization of the spread of good and bad attributes among the classes facilitates the establishment of social balance. Exclusion of classes from a particular attribute would otherwise render the argument rather illogical since good and bad exists across the classes, at least from antiquity projections. The onus of illustrating the practicality of the genesis of good and bad satisfactorily demonstrates the reflective quality of the Nietzsche’s essay. Illustration of how the spread of bad among the traditionally good lower classes as the essay points out relies on radicalism that led to the transvaluation of perceived ideals and social morals. Rising against apparent marginalization by the power class bred evil among the low class that originally took the goodness tag. Justification of bad ‘values’ among the poor only implies that pulling the moral fiber too tight for it withstand leads to destruction of the morality perception (Lewis 458). The immoral content in the justification context cannot qualify badness to goodness under morality considerations. Nietzsche notes this concept by tagging the seemingly acceptable struggle as slave morality that is largely fueled by the survival instinct embraced to eliminate the marginalization. Opposition of the acceptable ‘morality’ forces among the two sides results in the entrenchment of the culture of good and bad. How discrete the powerful and powerless classes interact with the two values depends on the dominant mentality. Whereas the survival mentality among the lower classes triggers slave mentality and survival tactics thereon, the point of overlapping attributes of goodness and badness does not emerge clearly.

In view of the magnitude of levels of acceptance of the class perceptions, the analogy of powerful eagle class against the relatively weaker lambs within the inherent conflict identification demonstrates natural enmity that adds meaning to the characterization (Negri 12). Power as a fountain of goodness in the illustration adopted by Nietzsche’s first essay appears to form the standardization yardstick. The branding of the powerful as systemically bad and that they are only good if they exercise freedom of choice to decide to cross over the slave and master morality gap is debatable among the morality philosophers. In addition, attaching the origin of slave morality to religious class may indicate the apparent pursuit of solace in ‘purity’ of the class (Mwhalin para.9).

John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarian PerspectiveMill’s discussion on morality captures appropriateness of actions for the definition of morality, which is largely a utilitarian perspective as opposed to the egoistic approach adopted by Nietzsche. Righteousness attributes of the actor facilitates the determination of Mill’s c of morality. The valuation of utility in actions according to the postulations by Mill perhaps obtains credit from satisfaction and happiness. Intrinsic motivation towards pleasure and satisfaction as the center of valuation allows the opinion by Mills to attain definition aspects as those taken by Nietzsche. Explaining the role of goodness from the perceived benefits to reflect on morality demonstrates the philosopher’s connection with social perceptions where morality definitions take shape. Pleasure in terms of the mental satisfaction takes precedence over physical pleasure. Perception of pleasure makes importance to Mill if first accepted in the minds of the beneficiaries of the good thereon (Mill 11).

The importance of moral instincts in the determination of morality by an individual and the society forms the foundations of Mill’s postulates on goodness. Inherent tags of right or wrong do not form part of the postulates forwarded by Mills and he argues that only morality instincts assist the valuation of goodness in actions. The application of certain general rules established by instincts determines the perception of morality in the society. Existence of instincts in the minds of people deliberating on morality simplifies a rather complicated debate where opinions on the appropriate determination of morality clash. It therefore implies that the lack of written rules and regulations for the determination of morality leaves the opinion diversity as confusing as it is. Generally, accepted moral values compel the society to hold certain incidental principles of good and bad as the foundations of morality.

Mill’s attempts to demystify incorrect reception of utilitarianism as certain isolated critical views elaborates pleasure as the central motivation to acting as desired under morality principles. Just as Nietzsche approaches his essay by definition of the morality defining concepts of good and bad, Mills considers utility attachments of actions as the driving factors in his enumeration of morality. Pleasure and utility appear to represent closely related concepts from which the human race finds solutions to morality. Classification of pleasures based on their importance may prove determinant to the overall utility and value. According to the postulates forwarded by Mills, pleasures that take higher ranking from the beneficiaries have a higher utility and may compel decision making towards uptake of more pleasurable actions. It implies that the most dominant determinant in choosing pleasure considers quality over quantity. Mills explains that the most preferable pleasure in a smaller quantity would not ordinarily be traded for a higher amount of a lower ranking pleasure.

Utilitarianism perhaps confuses people who fail to distinguish true happiness from contentment that represents a lower quality of pleasure from a morality perspective (Mill 25). Contentment would overrule the value of morality lessons captures in Mills illustrations of the better version of pleasure. Mill reckons that being a dissatisfied human, scores highly in terms of value of pleasure when compared to being a satisfied animal. Alternatively, a wise person in spells of dissatisfactions ranks higher when compared to a fool with a feeling of satisfaction. Mills therefore considers the overall quality of pleasure as a determinant of the moral motivation that humans should have towards attaining a particular pleasure. Higher and lower levels of pleasure form the threshold of judgment that an individual must always contemplate on in order to discern how utility ranking elevates the motivation thereon. The concept of life and its dignity allow Mill’s arguments to expel lower forms of pleasure in qualification of the correct and appropriate pleasures under morality consideration. Morality and motivations of taking the most appropriate decision must be informed by the apparent quality of pleasure as opposed to the quantity. Happiness as an attainable human life motivation forms a central concept taken by Mill in explaining the role of pleasure informing moral decisions.

Virtue as a conglomerate of choosing proper decisions with an aim of attaining higher pleasures and happiness also stands out as an argument in Mill’s postulates. The importance of education towards attaining better responses in handling happiness and motivations thereon emerges in the considerations of utility as the driving motivation. Social arrangement also influences the nature of perceived pleasures in the society. It is important for Mill to illustrate the impact of selfishness in alienation of pleasure to other people and as a cause of unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Pain withstood as a motivation for greater benefit of the community receives a mention by Mill and martyrdom is employed in the illustration (Mill 36). A martyr seemingly sacrifices a single life for the satisfaction of the large group of people professing the cause of the martyr. Maintaining the attitude of happiness in pursuit of all activities undertaken forms the basis of morality under the utilitarian perspective.

Mills and Nietzsche take on Ethics and MoralityMills and Nietzsche have a number of opinions that nearly coincide with regard to the nature of ethical considerations that a society attaches to morality. The foundations and origins of morality perceptions form an important start for the discussion and the two philosophers make a deliberate dedication of basic definitions of goodness, badness, pleasure and happiness. In generating the background interaction of the society with the specified elements under morality concepts facilitates the establishment of a common ground for their arguments. The use of basic life settings in the development of the explanations shows that the two have a deeper understanding of ethical concepts in the society from the most basic perspectives. Nietzsche employs ancient slave-master setting while Mill adopts several animal and human relationships in understanding the motivation of actions towards definition of morality. Apparently, both employ qualitative distinction of actions in attaching morality and value of right judgment. Whereas Mill’s concepts on morality preceded Nietzsche in historic considerations, it is interesting to realize the similarity of the approach taken. Mill’s observation that the social arrangement elevates persons to make pleasure accessible to many more other people coincides with the concept that Nietzsche holds about those in power.

However, in order for the persons in power to make such an important beneficial impact in the lives of the majority, a significant descent from the master morality seemingly oppressing the powerless must prevail. Both positions taken by the philosophers illustrate the importance of social order and power stratification that is presented in the arguments propagated but in a different way. In view of the role of morality as a value as opposed to vices on the lower side of rating, the two philosophers hold the opinion that the quality of life of human beings depends on the quality of perceived satisfaction. Nietzsche defines the context of the powerful class as a higher and pleasurable position that the powerless would easily fight to attain. Mill on the other hand illustrates the better position from a more complicated qualitative analysis that raises the standards set by Nietzsche. As an illustration, Mill explains the superiority of suffering persons bearing wisdom when compared to contented fools without particular urgency of leaving the comfort zone. Although both perspectives employ different happiness qualification standards, it is clear that the issue of morality and ethics originates from the social interpretation of the actions taken. Extrapolation of the struggles by the powerless class in the Nietzsche essay and effective transposition onto the position taken by Mill coincides with the motivation to attain higher pleasures.

Nietzsche takes an egoistic deliberation of moral values and employs the theme of class superiority to define the origin of morality perceptions among the classes. By depicting the class tag as a determinant of the quality of morality, Nietzsche takes a different perspective from Mills in enumeration of morality. Nietzsche’s essays consider the quality of morality from an apparent dichotomy of considerations of good and bad from the genesis perspective whereas Mill employs a generally open approach without dichotomy restrictions. Mill delivers happiness and pleasure analysis from a position that avoids egoism but a comprehensive characterization of the state of reasoning behind the valuation of pleasure as either higher or lower status (Mill 42). Depicting the attainment of pleasure as well as actions targeting attainment of freedom from pain as most powerful drive towards making life meaningful establishes Mill’s approach.

Comparing Nietzsche and Mill in explanation of the quality of goodness attained in the end of actions, both highlight the valuation in a different attempt. Nietzsche brands the powerless as the origin of bad and evil and illustrates contentment between the classes as illustrated in the acceptance in the analogy of the eagles and lambs. The apparent acceptance by the classes that the tag of either bad or good exists creates a scrappy concept of individual role of embracing ethics in the society. Perhaps due to the restriction of the dichotomous design of the classes, Nietzsche fails to forge a convincing argument to support the unfair branding of power as a determinant of origin of immorality. In terms of the level of influence, that each of the philosophers has on the other, it is clear that the two employ independent conceptualization of morality and no clear relationship is witnessed. Apparently, there is a huge difference in the root argument adopted where one employs egoistic argument while the other employs a different approach.

Works Cited

Geddes, Dan. “Towards an Evaluation of Nietzsche Genealogy of Morals,” 2012, Web. (4 August, 2012) HYPERLINK “http://www.thesatirist.com/books/GenealogyofMorals.html” http://www.thesatirist.com/books/GenealogyofMorals.html

HYPERLINK “http://chasingsophia.wordpress.com/2008/02/26/lewis-david-k-counterfactual-dependence-and-times-arrow-nous-vol-13-no-4-special-issue-on-counterfactuals-and-laws-nov-1979-pp-455-476/” Lewis, K. David. “Counterfactual Dependence and Time’s Arrow.” Nous, 13.4(1979):455-476.

Mill, J. Stuart. Utilitarianism, New York, NY: Barnes and Noble, 2007. Print

Mwhalin, Christopher. “Nietzsche, F. “First Essay: ‘Good and Bad,’ ‘Good and Evil’” in On the Genealogy of Morals,” 2008. Web. (4 August, 2012) HYPERLINK “http://chasingsophia.wordpress.com/2008/03/” http://chasingsophia.wordpress.com/2008/03/

Negri, Paul. The Genealogy of Morals, New York, NY: Dover Publications, 2003. Print

Smith, Douglas. On the Genealogy of Morals, On the Genealogy of Morals, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1996. Print

Modeling and Social Skills

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Modeling and Social Skills

Introduction

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a therapeutic technique that helps modify the behavior of an individual with autism disorder. The ABA can manage behaviour based on changing the environment to impact an individual behavior that leads to the production of positive actions and eradication of the negative moves. Notably, ABA analyzes the order of occurrence of the behavior of an individual with autism for the identification of the antidescent that comes before the behavior, the consequence, and the behavior itself. Behaviour is reinforced or discouraged by the aftermath action. Applying behaviour analysis is used to treat autism as a developmental disability that arises due to differences in the brain. An individual suffering from autism is often associated with difficulties in social interaction and communication through repetitive and restricted behaviors. As such, there is a need to ABA analysis as a practical therapeutic approach to improve the social behavior of an individual suffering from autism. This paper explains the critical elements involved in the overview of autism and ABA, the scientific field of ABA and its relationship to autism, the roles of behaviorally based interventions, and the principles or values guiding the decision-making processes of the interventions.

Critical Elements involved in Overviewing Autism and ABA

Task Analysis

Task analysis involves helping individuals with the autism spectrum disorder understand and modify their behaviors. It also entails assessing individuals’ and family members’ skills, preferences, and goals. The skill evaluation helps in the initial assessments, which are the foundation of the specific treatment goals. The skills include language, communication, social interactions, academic, and hygiene skills (Felzer-Kim et al., 2021). An individual with the audism understands basic skills by focusing on mastering individual steps in a complex process. After identifying steps and creating directions, an instructor devises a learning plan customized to the goals and needs of the student. Consequently, task annalist improves the quality of life for all the family members by inculcating strong communication skills, social interaction, and interpersonal relations, giving people with autism a chance to survive an independent life.

Scientific Field Of Task Analysis as ABA and its Relationship to Autism

Consistency

As a teaching method, task analysis is characterized by consistency where the reinforcement and presentations of a single learning approach get presented in every learning situation. Consistency relates to intervening in autism conditions by creating an environment of reinforcing the positive behavior in the learning approach for quick mastery of content (Felzer-Kim et al., 2021). Also, an autistic individual relives the negative thoughts through consistent provision of tasks.

Individualization

The task analysis bases its facts on individualization, where the tasks are varied as per the ability of an individual (Felzer-Kim et al., 2021). Treating an individual with autism as an individual enhances emotional wellbeing. It also helps in the progression of targets and easy preparation for transitions and changes.

Systematic Instruction

Most importantly, systematic instruction characterizes the task analysis, where the activities are divided into small steps to culminate the end goals. Scientific instruction is also a scientific process that involves experimentation until achieving success through setting the criteria for mastery (Baker et al., 2019). It improves the quality and quantity of understanding of an individual with autism.

Modelling and Discrete Trial Approaches

Moreover, there exist the modelling and discrete trial approaches, which the instructor used as a task analysis framework. The discrete trial instructions provide short, clear, and prompt instructions that help an individual complete the task through guidance on their response (Baker et al., 2019). The instructor removes the prompts and progresses gradually by offering immediate positive feedback on accurate responses and providing recommended guidance on incorrect responses. Modelling involves showing the individual target behavior and giving instruction for the behavior imitation. Through modelling, individuals with autism have exhibited self-help and social skills.

Chaining

Chaining as an instructional strategy in the applied behavior analysis theory involves recognizing an individual with autism as a requirement of task mastery. It also involves breaking the tasks into small steps and teaching the steps in sequences. Once an individual learns the initial skill, the next step involves showing an action (Radley & Dart, 2022). The technique is profitable in assisting children with autism in learning repetitive routine tasks like a bathroom, wearing clothes, and shoes. Notably, chaining helps the instructor and the family members teach the kids to perform complex, multi-step tasks by breaking them down into essential components.

Scientific Field of Chaining as an ABA and its relationship to autism

Total Task Chaining

The total task chaining approach involves working together with an individual with autism. The work should be step by step to break and prompt tasks as necessary (Radley & Dart, 2022). It also occurs where the instructor teaches the fundamental skill by giving the learner the support for the challenges.

Forward Chaining

Forward chaining involves showing an individual the criteria for doing the first step of the task independently. The instructor, therefore, prompts the child for the consequent task (Choi, 2019). After an individual child with autism has completed the first step independently without the prompt, he or she can independently complete the significant steps.

Backward Chaining

It involves the completion of all the steps with prompting. An instructor needs to save the individual child from completing the task. Backward chaining is advantageous depending on the taught skills. It links the independent task completion for immediate reinforcement and reward. In backward chaining, the child with autism is given the opportunity to complete the last step independently and the next to last step independently (Choi, 2019). As evidence-based ABA, the backward chaining enables an individual to reach their full potential by overcoming the autism challenges.

Roles of Behaviorally-Based Interventions and the Principles Guiding the Decision Making

The Roles of Task Analysis and its Principles Guiding the Decision making

Task analysis induces the new skills to replace the problem behaviors, making an individual with autism learn what to do rather than what not to do. Also, the task analysis improves cognitive skills by making an individual quickly learn academically. It continues to enable an individual child with autism to generalize skills and apply them in the classroom and outside environment (Felzer-Kim et al., 2021). Moreover, it teaches self-control and task monitoring for job-related and social capabilities. Through positive responses to individual behavior, the task analysis prevents unintentional rewards for the problematic behaviors. As such, an individual can comply with the specific task, acting as a motivation paradigm.

Role of Chaining and its Principles in Guiding the Decision Making

Chaining breaks the task into steps and teaches an individual with autism the steps and the sequences of undertaking the instructions. It is also essential in enabling the child with autism to learn routine and repetitive tasks (Radley & Dart, 2022). The principle of repetition enables the individual child with autism to correctly complete all the behaviors in sequence. Notably, through the predetermined accuracy standard, an individual can be taught the next step using reinforcement depending on the ability to finish the previous steps.

Conclusion

Overall, the applied behavior analysis approach enables the instructor to effectively give the therapeutic intervention to an individual suffering from autism. The intervention involves changing the behavior through reward and reinforcement. Chaining and task analysis are the primary applied behavior analysis that enables the instructor to extensively use the behavioral mechanism to mitigate the positive behavior exhibited by an individual with autism. The elements are characterized by the scientific approaches, which play an amicable role in moulding and enhancing the positive behavioral changes of an individual with autism.

References

Baker, J. N., Rivera, C., Devine, S. M., & Mason, L. (2019). Creating a Task-Analysis for Teaching Emergent Literacy Skills to Students with Autism. Intervention in School Clinic, 54(3), 166. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/teach-elementary-facpubs/42/Choi, J. (2019). A Comparison of forwarding and Backward Chaining on the Acquisition of Solitary Play Skills (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology). https://search.proquest.com/openview/1e5d22e0ae61cbb1eaaf2ba36786bb52/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=yFelzer-Kim, I. T., Campbell, H., Vallabheneni, N., Peterson, A., & Hauck, J. L. (2021). Working With Children With Autism in General Physical Education: Useful Applied Behavior Analysis Concepts. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 92(9), 50-55. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07303084.2021.1977741Fisher, W. W., Piazza, C. C., & Roane, H. S. (Eds.). (2021). Handbook of applied behavior analysis. Guilford Publications. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Xbb2DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Applied+Behavior+therapy+and+autism+management&ots=DV4eyYRhVe&sig=sj8R46I-HWC5D4MaiYQQ2Tih9PwRadley, K. C., & Dart, E. H. (2022). Other Behavior Analytic Strategies. Social Skills Teaching for Individuals with Autism (pp. 127-140). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-91665-7_11

Moderator Tom Miller:

Good Evening. National attention has been focused on the problems of the American Negro for the past several weeks. Major civil rights legislation from President Kennedy is now before Congress; huge demonstrations have been held across the country. Violence has erupted in many places. Last week on Florida forum we discussed the racial situation with Governor George Wallace of Alabama who tried unsuccessfully to bar the entrance of two Negro students to the University of Alabama. This week, we have invited author and playwright, James Baldwin, to express his views in this growing controversy. Mr. Baldwin is the best-selling author of several books that reflect on racial conflict. He is offered his intellectual and moral support to the cause of the American Negro and, tonight, he has interrupted his schedule in Puerto Rico, where he is writing a play, to answer questions from our panel and studio audience. Questioning Mr. Baldwin tonight will be WCKT newsman Al Dempsey and Dr. Charlton Tebeau, chairman of the history department of the University of Miami. There will also be questions from our studio audience, after this message.

To begin tonight’s program, we will ask Mr. Baldwin to state briefly if he feels the racial conflict in Alabama and Mississippi could happen here in Florida.

James Baldwin:

“Well, in my view, which I think is the view, I think, of most  American Negroes or the experience of most American Negroes, the situation in Alabama and Mississippi, which is spectacular and surprises the country, is nationwide. Not only could it happen in Florida, it could happen in New York or Chicago, Detroit or anywhere there is a significant Negro population. Because, until the day all the Negroes in this country, in one way or another, in different fashions, North or South, are kept in what is, in effect, prison. In the North, one lives in ghettos and, in the South, the situation is so intolerable as to become sinister not knowing for Mississippi or for Alabama, or for Florida,but for the whole future of this country. White people are surprised, I think, at the vehemence of the Negro feeling and the depth of the danger, but I don’t think it has caught any Negro by surprise. One has been in a terrible, terrible situation for a very, very long time.”

MODERATOR:

“Now, to our panel, Mr. Dempsey.”

Al Dempsey:

“Well, why could it happen? Why does it have to be violence? Why can’t it be something other than violence?

James Baldwin:

“Well, part of the reason is one is doing one’s best to avoid violence. One of the reasons it could happen that way is because for so long, four hundred years, the American republic, in general, has ignored and denied the whole situation that Negroes have operated within – to be a source of cheap labor, for example, north or south, is to be, in effect, oppressed. Now, the oppression is bad enough. But the myth that the country’s created about the object of the oppression: the myth about the negro being happy in his place, is something the republic has managed to believe and, so that in addition to the fact of the oppression, one has also the fact that within the country for one hundred years there’s been a way of life occurring in the country, which most of the country knows nothing about. And it’s reflected, for example, in the way Negroes talk to each other. It’s a kind of language which does not really exist on what we like to think of as a major level of the American culture.”

Al Dempsey:

“But hasn’t there been a lethargy on the part of the American negro for that 100 year period too, along with the white supremacy added to it?”

James Baldwin:

“Um, I don’t think so. No. I think that’s, again, part of the myth. One has to remember, after all – I may sound very rude – but you have to remember who writes the history books and toward what end? I have never known a lethargic Negro. I’ve known demoralized Negroes. But that is not the same thing. The truth is that the Negroes have been fighting for this hundred years to obtain their rights and the country has ignored it. And the technique of the country has been mainly to accommodate it or to contain it, but never really to change the situation. And what has happened in our time, in these last few years, is that it’s no longer possible to contain it and the technique of accommodation has broken down. For the first time, really, the situation is now in the open. No American can ignore it, as has been true, let us say up until 1954.

Al Dempsey:

“All right. Why did it happen? Why do you think it happened? In 1954.”

James Baldwin:

“Well, the one thing, what happened in the South is that when the Supreme Court desegregated schools, or tried to desegregate schools, the South, which until that time had really ignored pleas, on the part the NAACP or responsible Negro leaders, to do something about creating a situation in the South…they were not asking for desegregation but to honor the separate but equal clause. And, the schools of the South were not equal.

Now, this meant, after ’54, the South which had ignored the necessities on the part of Negroes to be educated suddenly what leaped into that breach is now building schools for Negroes to keep the schools segregated. And this meant, in effect, that if I were a college president in the Deep South at a state college, that I had lost my position. I could no longer bargain. I couldn’t…I no longer had to go to the governor to get a new dormitory or a new chemistry lab. The governor was all too anxious to give me a new chemistry lab. That meant that I no longer had any effect, no power whatever. I couldn’t guarantee the facility of my students. The bargaining table had suddenly disappeared. This is what really happened, I think.”

Al Dempsey:

“Well, that was 1954. This is 1963. All of a sudden we have violence. That’s what we’re talking about here. Are you Negro leaders, and let’s consider you one of the Negro leaders…Are Negro leaders encouraging conditions of violence?”

James Baldwin:

“No. No responsible Negro leader can possibly – all the people I work with I know, are working as hard as they know how to channelize an energy which they know is there in order for it not to become violence. But, to be candid, there is something amazing, really, in the fact that the Negro has not been violent sooner, you know? There is something very impressive, in my view, in the ways which Negroes have managed to deal with this situation. And, the kind of discipline, the kind of interior discipline demanded of an adolescent to sit-in and to boycott and to undergo all the things one has to undergo is an extraordinary thing. And, if it were true that was a new Negro, that he’d never been seen before, that would be a miracle.

What has really happened is these people have been coming a long, long time. In the 30’s, for example, people like Roy Wilkins in the South, as hobos tried to organize unions and being beaten, and clubbed, and murdered. The Republic ignored all this. But every Negro child growing up knew something about it. It is the Republic, I repeat, that has been captured by its own myth of the subservient Negro and now is surprised to discover that the myth was never true.”

Dr. Charlton W. Tebeau:

“Mr. Baldwin, are you saying possibly that if “separate but equal” facilities had been provided for Negroes, that none of this might have happened?”

James Baldwin:

“No, I am not saying that at all. I didn’t mean to suggest that. But I did mean to suggest that the NAACP at that point, was not at that point trying to change the law, really, but doing, again, what Negroes are always trying to do, which is try and save the children. To try to get, to invest the children in the morale, and you can’t teach a child if the situation in which he is studying is intolerable. We all know that. Now, it is also true that you cannot really – no Negro child who is going to a segregated school, which costs millions of dollars, is fooled about why he’s there. He’s there because white people want him there and no place else. And you cannot educate a child in that context, either. You see?”

Dr. Tebeau:

“It seems to me also that while you are asking white people to change their estimate of the Negro – raise their estimate of the Negro – you are also saying to the Negro he ought to do something to raise his estimate of himself. Isn’t that true?

James Baldwin:

“It’s one of the great problems, let me put it this way, of being an American Negro in the first place; that you are taught, really, the entire weight of the republic teaches you to despise yourself. All the standards, when you open your eyes and look at the world, you look out at it, there is nothing reflecting you. As far as we can tell, for example, from television programs, there are no Negroes at all, or most Hollywood productions. The country has arbitrarily declared that kinky hair, dark skin, wide nose, and big lips is a hideous thing to be afflicted with. Now, the Negro parent, in this case, let’s say I am a Negro parent, has to use everything he can find to counteract the republic’s attempt to diminish this child. It is inevitable then, that when a boy becomes 20 or a girl becomes 20, they are in great battle inside to release themselves from what the country calls them. Do you see? Now, this estimate of oneself is a very difficult thing to change, but this is a part of the battle one has got to do that and, incidentally, by no means incidentally, I think that white Americans, themselves, assume something else. They assume that I live in a segregated society and they don’t realize that they live in a segregated society – that we do – and that the white child is really just as victimized by this peculiar medieval system as any Negro child. And what is worse for the Black child, the white child doesn’t know it and his whole attitude towards the world and toward reality is romantic.”

Dr. Tebeau:

“If I may have one more question… Why are you as doubtful as you are about what liberals are going to do for the cause of the Negro?”

James Baldwin:

“Because I’ve – I don’t mean to sound cruel – there are exceptions, but in general, my experience with liberals, they have attitudes, and they have all the proper attitudes. But they have no real convictions, and when the chips are down and you expect them to deliver and what you thought they felt they somehow are not there.”

Dr. Tebeau:

“Is that your estimate of the Kennedy administration to an extent?”

James Baldwin:

“My estimate of the Kennedy administration, part of my estimate of the Kennedy administration, is that, first of all, the Kennedy brothers, like almost all the white Americans, even with the best will in the world, know very little – in fact, I would hazard, until recently, virtually nothing about what we like to call the Negro problem. You know, most of the white Americans I’ve ever encountered – really, you know – had a Negro friend or a Negro maid or somebody in high school, but they never, you know, or rarely, after school was over or whatever, came to my kitchen. You know, we were segregated from the schoolhouse door. Therefore, he doesn’t know – he really does not know – what it was like for me to leave my house, leave school, and go back to Harlem. He doesn’t know how Negroes live and it comes as a great surprise to the Kennedy brothers and everybody else in the country, I’m certain, again, you know, that like most white Americans I’ve encountered, I am sure they have nothing against Negroes. That’s really not the question. The question really is a kind of apathy and ignorance, which is the price we pay for segregation. That’s what segregation means. You don’t know what is happening on the other side of the wall because you don’t want to know.”

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Introduction

Ethics has been a fundamental aspect of the contemporary human society. Indeed, they have been considered as some of the most crucial aspects that should guide the human relations in almost every aspect of their lives. This should explain the immense incorporation of the same in almost every aspect of the society, with almost every institution coming up with a code of ethics aimed at guiding human relations. Needless to say, a wide range of ethical issues come with considerable controversy revolving around their ethical nature. Indeed, there are differing views on how these behaviors or aspects of the society may be. Nevertheless, the ethical and unethical nature will always be determined by the goal the particular issue is about to serve.

Abortion

Abortion comes as one of the most controversial issues as far as ethics are concerned. Like any other modern issue, abortion comes with an ethical, as well as unethical side. One of the ethical aspects pertaining to abortion revolves around the rights of an individual to make choices pertaining to their bodies and what happens to them. It is worth noting that women are require to carry the baby to full term, an aspect that is not only tedious but which also weighs heavily on them. Indeed, pregnancies weigh don heavily on their health, shapes of their bodies, as well as their capacities to undertake certain activities (Kaczor 28). The constitution guarantees that human beings have certain fundamental and inalienable rights, one of which revolves around determining what happens to them or their bodies. In this case, the ethical debate pertaining to abortion revolves around guaranteeing or safeguarding an individual’s capacity to make decisions pertaining to her body and what he or she does with it (Kaczor 33). In addition, it is evident that there are some instances where such pregnancies would be detrimental to the health of the psychological health of the mother (Kaczor 33). For instance, in instances where the pregnancy has resulted from rape, there is high likelihood that the mother will never be at ease with the child and may even end up tormenting him or her upon giving birth.

However, abortion comes as unethical especially considering the fact that it touches on the life of another human being. Indeed, abortion, irrespective of the logic and reason behind it, involves the termination of the life of a human being (Watkins 26). This, undoubtedly, touches on the inalienable or fundamental rights of human beings. Just as the mother may have the right to make her choices pertaining to her body, the kid has the right to live to full term, a right that is inalienable and guaranteed right from the time that he or she is conceived (Watkins 29).

Capital Punishment

Capital punishment also draws considerable controversy especially with regard to the ethics and unethical sides. One of the ethical aspects pertaining to death penalty is based on the utilitarian argument. Indeed, the society is morally obligated to safeguard the welfare of its citizens. Criminals threaten the welfare and safety of the citizens, in which case only by eliminating them would society ensure that they do not trouble the society again (Mandery and Evan 13). In addition, capital punishment comes as one of those things that bring the greatest balance of good over evil. This is especially considering its capacity to deter violent crime. Indeed, common sense dictates that individuals that know the consequences of certain courses of actions will be unwilling to undertake them (Mandery and Evan 15).

However, capital punishment also has an unethical side. This is especially considering that the society is morally obligated to protect human life. Indeed, taking human life would only be permissible in instances where it is a necessary condition to the achievement of the greatest balance of good over evil for all concerned parties (Jacquette 27). Considering the value that he society has placed on life, as well as its obligation to minimize pain and suffering in all possible cases, human beings are duty-bound to look for a less severe alternative to death penalty that would achieve the same goal. In addition, there has been controversy over the criteria used in sentencing people to death (Jacquette 34). Scholars have outlined the fact that capital punishment is not necessarily given to individuals that commit the most heinous crimes rather, in most cases, it is awarded to people that commit crimes against white people. This introduces the aspect of racial discrimination, which brings into question the fairness of the system. Moreover, questions have been raised on the use of a criminal act to punish another criminal act.

Euthanasia

Euthanasia, like other issues touching on human life comes may be considered ethical or unethical depending on the side of the debate. Euthanasia refers to a legal term that underlines medically assisted mercy killing, usually for individuals that hate terminal illnesses that bring immense pain to them. This is, essentially, one of the ways of preventing an individual from suffering unnecessarily (Paterson 32). One of the ethical aspects pertaining to euthanasia revolves around the right of an individual to make decisions pertaining to their lives. Indeed, a large number of people that undergo euthanasia already indicate or give their consent to the termination of their life in order to end their suffering (Paterson 34). In addition, one would examine the quality of life that an individual leads. Life would only be preferable in instances where pain does not supersede or is not more than the happiness that the individuals have. Unfortunately, most patients with terminal illnesses have immense pain that supersedes their happiness. On the same note, these individuals would undoubtedly be dying within a short time, with the remaining time only being filled with suffering and pain (Paterson 37).

However, euthanasia also comes as unethical especially considering the sanctity of human life. Indeed, opponents of euthanasia state that the society has the duty of preserving human life and only having it terminated by natural causes. In any case, if the individuals are terminally ill, it only means that they would not have to suffer for a long time, in which case their lives should be preserved so they can die naturally (Keown 22). In addition, there have been instances where the terminally ill individuals do not have the capacity to make such decisions or even give their consent for the performance of such actions. This is even in instances where they may have insinuated in the past that they would not want to undergo the suffering (Keown 28). Of course, the question remains as to how the doctors would know the point where such pain is unbearable as to necessitate euthanasia.

Human beings and free will

Free will has been one of the most fundamental rights or rather inalienable rights in the contemporary human society. Of particular note are the nature of decisions that they are required to make and the limited nature of their capacity to make them. Free will, as a term, is taken as underlining the fact that human beings have the capacity and freedom to do, fee and think whatever they want irrespective of their age, experience, place of birth, race, creed, religion, personality or other aspects (Wundt 58). On the ethical side, individuals have the freedom to determine the course of their lives and the actions that they take as guaranteed in the constitution. Indeed, human beings have certain fundamental and inalienable rights even in instances where they may be incarcerated (Wundt 60). They should be allowed to make fundamental decisions as to what happens to their bodies, an aspect that underlines full control for everything that happens to them.

On the unethical side, free will is not so free after all. Free will is a creation by man rather than a donation (Markovits 70). It is not something that human beings were born with rather it is their most crucial and deepest task in the middle of the world, as well as the social structure within which man is implicated to attain self-guidance, self-direction and self-independence for himself (Markovits 72). In addition, it is worth noting that there are limits to freewill especially considering the interconnectivity of human actions, in which case, an individual would only be free to undertake certain decisions or activities to the extent that they do not cause harm to other human beings.

Ethics in gay rights

Homosexuality has drawn considerable controversy from numerous quarters. The ethical basis of gay rights revolves around human needs. Human beings have certain needs that must be met prior to other needs (Murphy 32). If heterosexuals meet these needs through meeting the opposite sex, it is hypocritical to deny homosexuals of the opportunity to meet the basic need pertaining to love and a sense of belonging through meeting a person of the same sex that they can marry (Murphy 32). In addition, it gay rights touch on the fundamental human rights pertaining to the capacity of individuals to make decisions on how they should lead their lives.

However, gay rights are unethical especially with regard to their effect on the continuity and sustainability of the society. First, it is noteworthy that homosexuality is in all respects unnatural especially considering that the union of individuals is primarily aimed at forming families, after which those families would interact and make a contribution to the society within which they live (Corvino 44). Indeed, gay rights would not naturally make this contribution to the society. In addition, same sex marriages are primarily against the biblical or religious teachings as to the intentions of God for humanity.

In conclusion, Ethics has been a fundamental aspect of the contemporary human society. Indeed, they have been considered as some of the most crucial aspects that should guide the human relations in almost every aspect of their lives. A wide range of ethical issues come with considerable controversy revolving around their ethical nature. Nevertheless, the ethical and unethical nature will always be determined by the goal the particular issue is about to serve. Indeed, the ethical and unethical nature of gay rights, euthanasia, capital punishment and abortion is subjective as it depends on the goals that they serve.

Works cited

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