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TOP FLORIDA BUILDING CODE VIOLATIONS

Florida International University

Table of Contents

Cover Page————————————————————————————-P.1

Table of Contents—————————————————————————–P.2

Abstract —————————————————————————————–P.3

Building Permits —————————————————————————–P.4

Maintenance of Structures—————————————————————–P.5

Renovations————————————————————————————P.6

Inspections————————————————————————————-P.7

Accessibility————————————————————————————P.8

Conclusion————————————————————————————–P.9

References————————————————————————————-P.10

ABSTRACT

The Florida Building Code was created with purpose, and this includes building codes from all over the world. Building codes are constantly changing in order to adapt to new guidelines and this is so that we can adjust the way we conduct our work in hopes or bettering our buildings, structures, etc. The Florida Building Codes are a way to enhance the quality of work which includes the design, construction, erection, alteration, demolition and repair of public and private buildings, structures, etc. within the state. These are codes with which we must comply with in order to facilitate the way we work.

The purpose of this research is to introduce the most common building code violations in the state of Florida and evaluate and analyze what factors led to these violations and how we can use the information that was given or events that took place and dissect these situations in order to look for root causes so that things of similar nature do not occur again. Ultimately, these codes are a way for better integrity of buildings, facilities and structures and to avoid tragedies from occurring. As we analyze the most common violations, we are including all possible factors and in this way we can make better suggestions for future practices and hope to lessen the majority of these violations from taking place.

Building Permits

Under Section 105.1 (PERMITS), it is stated that, “any owner or owner’s authorized agent who intends to construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, demolish or change the occupancy of a building of structure, or to erect, install, enlarge, alter, repair, remove, convert or replace any impact-resistant coverings, electrical, gas or mechanical or plumbing system, the installation of which is regulated by this code, or to cause any such work to be performed, shall first make application to the building official and obtain the required permit.” It can be easy for one to keep up with permits and making sure it is following the new permit codes and regulations, but it is something that must take place. It is essential that before beginning any type of work, to have a permit. Ultimately, one should be able to recognize that it is one’s own responsibility to obtain this permit, and if one does have a permit but it is expired; one shall take the proper actions in order to have this fixed. Code enforcement personnel will give one adequate time in order to get situated but it is crucial to take immediate action to avoid any further issues or escalations. With these code violations of course comes consequences and fines. The fees are stated in Section 109 of the Florida Building Code, and usually the fee imposed is double the amount of the normal fee. One who is in violation of the permit requirement for a second or third time will have a fee imposed that is triple or quadruple the normal fee amount. If one has several violations, it is possible that the state or local government will be closely examining the construction project and would want to investigate it. Possible litigation can take place and also this can delay the project and one would not want that. Although some people might get away with not obtaining a permit, it is eventually going to come back and fall on the project and cause many other issues.

Maintenance of Structures

It is evident that this is something that is heavily overlooked and a violation that can cause many issues, one of them resulting in fatalities. One recent and unfortunate example is the Surfside building collapse in Miami, Florida. This building had not undergone inspections and there was evidence of fractures, cracks, etc. all over the building but it was never addressed or resolved. There was an abundance of cracking on the columns, beams and walls in the underground parking garage. The ceiling of the parking garage had very obvious and noticeable water damage. These are all issues that contribute for a structure to fail. The violations that occur when it comes to maintenance may not seem like something that is deemed important to many and that is why situations like the surfside collapse occur. Maintenance is an integral part of the integrity of any building, structure, facility, home, etc. Maintenance allows for things to be caught early on and take immediate and proper action to get situation resolved and prevent tragedies from occurring. Something as simple or minor as a crack can be just a small percentage of what’s really going on inside of the structure. Under the Florida Building Code, it is said that all areas of a building and premises that are exposed to the public shall be maintained in a condition where these is no evidence of deterioration or cracking. These signs are also things that cause panic to the people surrounding the area and living in the area. The exterior wall surfaces should be kept free of faded or chipped paint and has to be painted, recovered or cleaned when 25% or more of any exposed surface becomes discolored or starts to peel. Not only is it based on visual aesthetics but is has a lot to due with the safety of the structure and the safety of the residents.

KITCHEN RENOVATIONS

It is not uncommon that people want to remodel or renovate their homes. In South Florida, kitchen renovations are one of the top code violations. As previously mentioned, it is important to obtain permits because if one does not, there will be consequences and that includes fines. Permits exist for a reason, and essentially it is for own safety and the safety of the people and other structures surrounding us. When someone is going through the permit application process, it is allowing the authorized people to review your plans but also they will have inspectors to make sure everything is done right and in a safe and proper manner. An inspector will review this construction project for its safety and ultimately puts you first. This helps to ensure that everything is in compliance and to forbid for anything to go wrong in the process of the construction project and even later on in the future. Permits may seem like a nuisance, but it is better go not cut corners and do things the right way, just in case there are any issues in the future which results in lost of time and money. If there are small kitchen renovations, that is fine. But if one is moving or adding plumbing, electrical, mechanical, or walls within the home then yes, it is required to get a permit to do such renovations.

INSPECTIONS

Regular inspections are essential in every construction project. Inspections/inspectors ensure that workflows within a project are going according to the stated requirements, guidelines and regulations. Inspections are needed in order to meet the industry standards for quality, accuracy and to keep construction work within the budget and so a project does not fall behind schedule. Contractors may sometimes schedule inspections that they are not ready for because of the fact that they might not know what will be inspected. It is crucial to be aware of these situations but essentially it is to inspect the integrity of the building, structure, facility, home, etc. There are fees/penalties implemented so that these lessons the amount of times that there are inspections and so that these contractors know how to be ready for an inspection. For instance, I am working on the Miami Signature Bridge project, and we have inspectors on sight a majority of the times, usually when we are about to hit another milestone in a project. Ultimately, it is to make sure that the project is coming along as planned and to make sure there isn’t any issues that might occur later on; it is to make sure we are building the arches, bridges in accordance with the plans, FDOT, etc. Without inspections, it compromises the integrity of the project and could potentially put many people and structures surrounding it at risk. With a project of this complexity, it is important to conduct inspections, but this applies to any construction project.

ACCESSIBILITY

This codes purpose is to put in place accessibility to places and for public accommodation and commercial facilities by individuals with disabilities. This code applies to state local facilities, and residential buildings. It is to be applied during the design, construction, and alteration of such buildings and facilities as required by Section 553.501 through 553.512, Florida Statutes. This is important as I feel that many forget that things aren’t so easily accessible for some individuals. People forget that that there are people with disabilities and that is why accessibility is important. There should always be a means of accessibility and this isn’t always just because of those who have a disability. Accessibility is crucial to a safe environment. For instance, a fire could occur in a building so there should always be access routes and access alternatives in order to evacuate the building immediately. If anything was to cave in, there should be accessibility in place. People tend to forget that accessibility is a big part of construction parts, because it is also how workers are allowed on parts of the jobsite. For instance, as previously stated, I work at the Miami Signature Bridge and the access I am referring to in this case is having access when coming out of the “footer.” We are currently working with backfilling the enclosed area surrounding the footer and it is crucial to have accessibility to get in and out, especially with the equipment being used. Epoxy injections are occurring around the footer so it is about 12 feet in depth and anything can happen. When working on the arch 2 pedestal at this project, we find ways for a means of access and egress because the workers have to work in between rebar, rebar cages, etc. Having no means of accessibility on a project puts at risk for accidents and even unfortunate fatalities.

Conclusion

To conclude, Florida Building Codes were established as a way to have rules and regulations set into place and to make sure we are in accordance with everything that the project needs to be. These building codes provide a sense of security and works as a guideline to maintain order. They serve as a way of ensuring security and making sure everyone and everything surrounding a project is safe. We learn as we discover the flaws we find on structures and this way the codes aren’t ever necessarily “permanent.” Codes are always periodically changing and accommodating to issues within the state. Each state may have similar codes, but every state has their own way of conducting things. A lot of factors are taken into account when developing codes for each state and its mainly because no state is exactly the same as another one. For Florida, codes can depend and adjust due to climate change, weather, the soil, and just anything that is observed from the past. If we do not have codes in place, then anyone can do what they want, and a lot of disasters can happen this way. It is important to analyze and evaluate codes as this is a way how we conduct further research and figure out what works and what doesn’t. In this Industry, we carry a lot of responsibility and risk so it is very important that we are inspecting and redefining and readjusting our codes, standards and regulations to accommodate to what we as a state experience. Florida Building Codes serve a purpose to make sure a project is in accordance with all the regulations and standards it should be following, so that no ones safety is compromised and neither is the structures integrity.

 

Bibliography

“Keep an Eye out: Top 10 Building Code Violations.” TampaHomesSold.com, 9 Sept. 2018, https://www.tampahomessold.com/top-10-building-code-violations/.

By, & Hockin, L. &. (n.d.). Building code violations and contractor liability: Florida Construction Defect Lawyers. Linkhorst & Hockin, P.A. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://www.floridahardhatlaw.com/building-code-violations-and-contractor-liability/.

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.hg.org/legal-articles/common-building-code-violations-in-florida-58423

https://codes.iccsafe.org/codes/florida

Abortion Is The Most Controversial Social Issue

Abstract

This paper will look at one social issue and use two theories to explain it. The theories in question here are structural functionalism, and symbolic interaction. These two theories are going to be used in the paper to explain abortion as one of the most controversial social issue. More specifically, they are going to be used to explain the abortion pill as one of the current social issue.

Introduction

The issue of abortion has resulted to some of the most significant and controversial debates on morals and social issues in most countries today. The issue begun in 1973 with the ruling of the Supreme Court that it is within the constitutional rights of a woman to secure an abortion especially if it is during her first trimester. Several interest groups have remained opposed to the issue arguing that abortion is equivalent to murder of an unborn baby. Most recently, the FDA has approved the utilization of the abortion pill as an alternative to other abortion remedies such as surgical surgery.

Symbolic Interaction

To effectively use this theory in explaining the abortion pill as a social issue, it is essential to use the three core principles of this theory. These include meaning, language and thought. In most cases, women who secure abortion using the pill usually create a meaning of what all this. For example, they create the meaning that they can use this option to terminate their pregnancy because it is less complicated and more private. As a result of this meaning, the women decide to secure an abortion using the abortion pill. On the other hand, other interest groups also create a meaning about the use of this pill. Regardless of the fact that they think that this pill could open better chances and opportunities for women who decide to have an abortion, they create the meaning that the abortion pill is a setback in medicine since it will cause the loss of numerous lives of unborn babies.

The language used to explain this issue is also complex, especially when it comes to the language used to explain where life begins. One of the reasons why this issue has been controversial is because of the fact that the two opposing groups differ on the issue of where life begins, whether at conception or after a few months of pregnancy. The language used to explain ‘the start of life’ can mean different things to different people. The interest groups take any kind of abortion as a termination of life, whether that abortion was done after 1 week of conception or after 2 months. Other people understand that aborting an embryo does not amount to killing an unborn child. Thought is the final facet of this theory. The thoughts that abortions are immoral, antisocial and against religious beliefs are some of the reasons why most anti- abortion campaigns think that abortion should be eliminated. The thought that abortion is the constitutional right of the woman is what drives the legalization and acceptance of abortion by many.

Structural Functionalism

This theory explains a social phenomenon by use of both the negative and positive facets of structures in the society. For example, the abortion pill has numerous positive functions. It is a private way to secure an abortion, it does not involve surgery, and another advantage is that it leads to lesser psychological complications since it takes in young pregnancies. This abortion option, however, also has a number of negative functions. For example, it makes it easier for women to choose abortion over childbirth, the recovery process is slower, it can lead to complications and more lives are lost.

Conclusion

Abortion is an extremely controversial issue that has existed for a long time in many countries. There are numerous opinions upon which the two opposing sides base their arguments as indicated in the above analysis.

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Abortion Should Be Illegalized

The termination of pregnancy which happens intentionally is referred to as conducting an abortion. This practice consents women to put their pregnancies to an end, but typically it implicates killing the immature embryo or fetus. Therefore, for this reason, abortion has led to several controversial debates in the world and primarily in American politics. There are individuals as well as some groups who support abortion and others who are against it. The supporters of abortion rights claim that the fetus or embryo which is terminated during an abortion is not a person, and hence the government lacks sufficient proper proof that the fetus or an embryo is a person and thus has no right to ban it. The supporters of abortion maintain that if there exists a no legal option for conducting abortions, pregnant women will resort to the risky illegal abortions.

Contrary on the other side the opponents of abortion rights contend that the fetus or embryo is a person and therefore the government has the accountability of banning it (Francome and Colin, p.28). According to them, life is lost when an abortion occurs. In the most developed nations, abortion is legally endorsed for the women looking for the safe end of pregnancies. However, there are several valid reasons why abortion should be illegal. This is mainly due to the health threat that abortion exposes the mother after going through this procedure and the long-lasting health risks that remains typically, and also the emotional damage that transpires. This paper discusses and analyzes abortion presenting some reasons and arguments why this practice should be made illegal.

In every state in the United States, abortion has been considered legal since 1973, when the Supreme Court made a ruling that women possessed the right to make medical decisions concerning their bodies (McBride et al. p.24) Abortion is something which is not disregarded, and however, it seems to not exactly being given the proper attention it should be provided. Nowadays abortion has been attributed to causing a lot of turmoil as it is termed as a practice whereby the mother murders the fetus. Regarding making abortion illegal, there are several questions which the women who commit abortion need to ask themselves; if abortion was not an alternative, then what would they do? In which ways could they dispose of the baby? What if their mothers decided to do the same and abort, could they have a chance to experience life? Consequently, abortion should be made illegal since if there existed no other means of pregnancy termination, women would have carried the burden and finally deliver. Therefore the resulting points and discussion also explain why abortion should be discouraged and more precisely be made illegal.

Abortion Is Murder

The murder of a human being who is innocent is evil whether the human being is alive or yet to be born. Abortion tends to terminate a life which has already been started inside the woman womb. The United States government considers the unborn babies human beings, and as the law states, it is illegal to end the life of another human being. In support of this claim, the federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act which was legislated to safeguard the unborn kids from battering as well as murder law states that any individual who is deliberately murdering or attempting to kill a child who is unborn ought to be disciplined under the federal law (Segers et al. p.116). The Act further states that the unborn child is an associate of the Homo sapiens species. Consequently, at least thirty-eight states have enacted related fetal homicidal laws. These laws plus Acts tends to recognize the unborn child as a human being, and therefore abortion should be considered as murder since it inclines to violate these laws.

Life Starts at Conception

The fact that life starts at conception put it into straightforward that the unborn offspring are human creatures who possess a right and privilege to live. After fertilization, an alive human being is formed with a typical genetic individuality which rests unaffected through his or her entire life (Finer et al., p.849). According to a French geneticist Jerome Lejeune, who revealed the chromosome aberration which brings about Down syndrome, it is substantial to consent to the datum that after conception has occurred, there is a new human being who has come into existence. Furthermore, the human nature immediately from conception towards becoming old is not a theoretical argument as it is clear experimental evidence. The fact that life starts after conception supports the argument why abortion should be made illegal.

Medical Problems

Abortion may result in future medical problems for the mother who have done abortion either once or severally. Following is a description of the immediate abortion risks:

Pelvic Infection

During the abortion, the germs in the vagina or the cervix might enter the uterus and result to pelvic area infection. Some antibiotics can be used to treat these infections, but sometimes a repeat of a suction abortion, surgery as well as hospitalization might be prerequisite (McBride et al., p.15). The pelvic infection sometimes is fatal as it may result in the woman develop other complications in the body.

The Dangers of An Incomplete Abortion

A partial abortion affects the part surrounding the fetus or any other pregnancy products which might not drain entirely from the uterus. This may thus require further therapeutic procedures which might lead in infection as well as flow.

Clots of Blood In The Uterus

Through abortion, blood clots which lead to severe cramping can also ensue. Typically the clots are detached through a recurrence surgical abortion process.

Heavy Bleeding

After an abortion some bleeding is typical. However, in some instances, heavy bleeding might occur which can result in fatal problems like even death if it is not controlled.

The Uterine Wall May Develop Some Scar Tissue

A medical abortion can lead to the growth of a scarring material inside the uterus, a disorder recognized as Aherman’s syndrome. The result of this disorder is adverse as it leads to the woman experiencing irregular, lacking or painful menstrual periods. Moreover, there is an excellent prospect of future miscarriages plus infertility.

Therefore abortion exposes the woman to some risks some of which are fatal and permanent. The complications which are characterized by abortion or having numerous abortions may create it hard to have kids in the prospect. Therefore due to the above medical risks which are as a result of abortion, making abortion illegal will reduce some of these risks which are adversely affecting the women.

Abortion Endorses A Culture Whereby Human Life Is Disposable

Abortion makes human life seem to have less value and to be disposable. In 2014 Pope Francis disputed the disposable culture by arguing that in the contemporary world it is not only food which is disposable but human beings are being discarded as unnecessary. In his discussion what he was trying to mean is that abortion contributes to a bad culture where the human life will be seen of having no great value. Hence this notion should be discouraged by making abortion to be illegal.

Pregnant Women Have To Accept the Responsibility That Arises With Producing Children

Individuals are required to be accountable for their actions as well as accept the consequences. They may tend to have sexual intercourse anyhow without looking at the prospect consequences like pregnancies, and this shows how irresponsible they are. Moreover having sexual intercourse where contraceptive methods are used is not a guarantee of not getting pregnant as it carries with it some risks of getting pregnant (Jones et al., p.11) Therefore, the irresponsibility of the adults should not lead to the punishment of the unborn baby. Making abortion legal encourages this vice as there are no rules and penalties involved in aborting and hence the individuals can become irresponsible as they may wish.

Abortions Can Lead To Emotional and Psychological Damage

After an abortion, the emotional, as well as special psychological effects, are more prevalent compared to the physical side effects and they can scope from some slight regret to other severe impediments for example depression. Recent studies suggest that undeveloped women who experience abortion may be considered a more significant risk for consequent misery. In peer-reviewed research which was published in BMC Medicine disclosed that the females who undertook an abortion exhibited considerably greater anxiety scores which were experienced for up to five years after the end of the pregnancy. Another study conducted by the Southern Medical Journal which comprised of more than one hundred and seventy-three women from America revealed that the women who aborted were a hundred and fifty-four percent more likely to commit suicide compared to the women who carried their pregnancies up to delivery (Calvi et al., p.36).

A significant aspect related to the vulnerability of adverse emotional or psychological effects depends on an individual’s belief concerning the unborn baby inside them. The ones who believe that it is not a baby until it is delivered exhibits fewer chances of experiencing undesirable emotional consequences. However, those who believe to the fact that it is a baby have higher chances of suffering emotional side effects. Some of these emotional plus psychological potential side effects characterized with abortion include shame, regret, loss of self-esteem, guilt, sense of isolation or loneliness, anger, insomnia or nightmares, suicidal thoughts as well as feelings, eating disorders among many other related issues.

Women who are more likely of experiencing an adverse emotional plus psychological side effect comprises of; the individuals with former emotional or psychosomatic distresses, those who get an abortion in the late phases of pregnancy and those individuals who have conflicting beliefs with the issue of abortion (Jatlaoui and Tara, p.66). Also, the ones who have been pressured, forced or influenced to get an abortion and finally the women getting an abortion due to genetic or fetal deformities. All these are adverse effects which are a result of abortion. Emotional as well as psychological suffering usually leads to depression which can eventually lead to the death of the individual as they may even contemplate suicide. Therefore to avoid all these perils, it is better to make abortion illegal.

Abortions Should Not Be Used As a Method of Contraception

Killing an unborn child for convenience is wrong. Using abortion as birth control mechanism tends to lower the value of human life. Contraception simplifies the type of relationships as well as the kind of approaches plus moral character which are prospective to result to abortion. Contraceptive mentality treats sexual intercourse as if it had some connection with the unborn babies. It perceives the unborn babies as a mishap of sexual intercourse and also as an undesirable interference into a sexual affiliation as a problem. There exist several methods of contraception, and therefore abortion should not be used as one of them since it involves killing a life which has already started (Manninen et al., p.17). Making abortion as a form of contraception will only lead to increased immorality since individuals will not care more about the survival of fetus since they can eliminate it anyhow and as they wish. Hence abortion should be declared illegal since most individuals might incline to use it as a form of contraception.

Unwanted Children Can Indeed Be Adopted

In some incidences, some mothers may not wish to continue with the pregnancy. This can be a result, for example, the woman got pregnant as a result of rape, and it was not her intention to have a child. Many women have used this method to get rid of the unwanted pregnancies. To solve this problem, in the society there are several families without children who may be in a great need to have children, but due to various reasons, all they can do is adopt children (Finer et al., p.844). Rather than aborting it is better to give birth and later adopt the baby if the mother does not need the child. Adoption is legally accepted, and hence women should not have this excuse of unwanted children.

In conclusion, abortion should be discouraged by making it illegal due to the adverse effects it has the individual as well as the society at large. The individuals undergoing abortions have been characterized by many side effects after the abortion some of which can result in death. As there exists several options of abortion like adoption there exist that great need to discourage making it illegal. Making abortion illegal will, therefore, lead to human value as the unborn babies will be given much respect they deserve. Moreover, individuals will become responsible as once they get pregnant there will be no other option other than retaining the pregnancy up to delivery. Therefore according to the above discussion as well as evaluation, abortion should be made illegal.

Works Cited

Calvi, James V., and Susan Coleman. American law and legal systems. Routledge, 2016.

Finer, Lawrence B., and Mia R. Zolna. “Declines in unintended pregnancy in the United States, 2008–2011.” New England Journal of Medicine 374.9 (2016): 843-852.

Francome, Colin. Abortion in the USA and the UK. Routledge, 2017.

Jatlaoui, Tara C. “Abortion surveillance—United States, 2014.” MMWR. Surveillance Summaries 66 (2017).

Jones, Rachel K., and Jenna Jerman. “Abortion incidence and service availability in the United States, 2011.” Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health 46.1 (2014): 3-14.

Manninen, Bertha Alvarez, and Jack Mulder Jr. “Introduction.” Civil Dialogue on Abortion. Routledge, 2018. 11-20.

McBride, Dorothy E., and Jennifer L. Keys. Abortion in the United States: A reference handbook. ABC-CLIO, 2018.

Segers, Mary C., and Timothy A. Byrnes. Abortion politics in American states. Routledge, 2016.

Entry Modes into China

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Introduction

Research studies explain that China has steadily risen to become one of the major contributors of the global economy in the last few years. With a gross domestic product growth of an estimated 10%, the country is ranked position three with relation to the world’s largest economies. Economic forecasts predict that by the year 2050, China would have surpassed all industrialized nations with relation to purchasing power parity, and for that reason, will be the leader of the global economy (Fishman, 2005). Evidently, the country has been subject to a considerable amount of economic growth, and more companies are looking into the ways through which they can tap the Chinese market. Accordingly, China’s astounding economic renaissance has encouraged business organizations and investors to examine the different ways through which they can enter the Chinese market.

As researchers explain, it is crucial the organizations device new approaches regarding the entry and retention of the business into the Chinese market. Further research on the issue explains that by the year 2005, China had reached a economic high, as the country attracted a revenue of about $1 billion per week (Naughton, 2007). This goes to show how good of a market that China has become over the years. For that reason, business organizations have considered various modes of entry into the country so as to assure their companies of the best possible success in the international market. Most of the firms that have made it in China have looked into business strategy options such as the acquisition of resources and supplies, the diversification of the different sources of supply and low-cost business strategies for the Chinese Market (Fishman, 2005). An examination of the performance of these businesses and firms in the Chinese market, as well as, the market entry modes and the different factors for success is necessary to understand how firms can best survive doing business in China. Though most organizations are reluctant in revealing company information regarding this issue, various successful entry modes have been identified to help in understanding of the Chinese market and its significance to businesses and organizations.

This paper examines the different types of entry modes available for companies wishing to expand their business to the Chinese market. Fundamentally, the paper identifies home production, contractual market entry, and foreign production as the three key entry modes into China. The advantages and disadvantages of each mode will also be examined, and a discussion of the various ways in which the modes have changed overtime provided.

Entry Modes into China

The mode of entry into a new market is one of the most fundamental decisions that business organizations have to make at one point in their business cycle. As research studies explain, a company’s choice of entry into a new market influences the organization in various ways including an organization’s production and marketing strategies. Fundamentally, the choice of a business’s entry mode into a new market determines the how the company faces the various challenges it faces in the new market (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). There are as many as fifteen different modes of market entry options for firms wishing to enter a new market. However, these modes of entry vary according to the market, which the company aims to expand its business. More specifically, researchers and economists have identified three chief entry modes into China including, home production, contractual market entry and foreign production (Li, 1995). These three key modes of entry have been subdivided into other options, which companies have employed to ensure their success in the Chinese market.

Home production

Also referred to as the export strategy, the home production entry mode into China defines a market entry point whereby an organization produces goods and services at their respective home countries, and sells to China as their host nation. With an estimate 200 million consumers, China has paved the way for companies to export products and services to their market, thus making it a preferred entry strategy for most businesses and organizations (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). This entry mode has been identified as one of the best business strategies for entry into the Chinese market, especially since it avoids the costs related to setting up shop in China. This entry mode, however, cannot work without the use of private entities that help the business organization in selling their products or services in China (Li, 1995). Accordingly, home production, as a mode of entry into China can occur in two main ways including direct and indirect exporting.

Direct exporting

Direct exporting is a form of home production that companies entering China export directly to Chinese customers interested in the purchase of the company’s products and services (Li, 1995). With such an entry mode approach, the business organization handles all market research activities, as well as, the distribution methods that the company will take on for success in the Chinese market. However, the organization will be required to have a connection to the Chinese market, which may be in the form of foreign sales representatives or foreign distributors. If a company opts for the use of foreign sales representatives, they will be required to assign representatives in China to sell their products and services (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). The use of foreign distributors demands that companies assign distributors in China whose responsibility will be the distribution of company products and services to the Chinese market. Some of the advantages of this market entry approach is the potentiality to increase profit owing to the elimination of intermediaries, as well as, having full control over the company’s activities. The main disadvantage of this strategy is that it demands a considerable amount of people power, so as to, ensure that the business is successful in China.

Indirect exporting

Indirect exporting is the second approach when considering the option of home production as a market entry strategy into China. As research studies illustrate, companies that have used this entry mode as a strategy have been successful in acquiring Chinese customers especially since it demands the use of Chinese intermediaries to facilitate business activities. This market entry approach requires a company to sell their products and services to an intermediary, who in turn sells these products and services to Chinese consumers (Li, 1995). Accordingly, this market entry approach can be conducted in two main ways including the use of local agents and trading companies in the home country, which in this case is China. The main advantage of this market entry mode is the fact that it is a risk free strategy, that assures the company of almost immediate acceptance of their products and services into the market (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). It also frees the organization from various responsibilities, thus allowing the organization to focus on other important business activities.

Contractual Market Entry

Researchers have also identified contractual market entry as the second mode of entry for business organizations wishing to gain a market share in China. In definition, contractual market entry defines the use of contracts as a way of penetrating into a new market. Contractual trade in business involves two or more companies entering into a contract and agreeing to do business with each other. Research studies explain that contractual market entry has long been favored by companies when entering foreign markets (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). In most cases, the contractual agreements involve the main company contracting other local companies for the sale of their product and services. In essence, the entry mode requires that a formal permission be granted to local companies in a host nation for the use of the foreign company’s resources for payment. This can occur in two main ways including licensing and franchising.

Licensing

Licensing is a form of contractual market entry strategy whereby local companies are provided with licenses to operate with the main company’s resources and facilities (Li, 1995). Most companies that have succeeded in their market entry into China grant Chinese local companies the permission to conduct business activities using the various brands that the company has. The main advantage of franchising as a market entry mode is that it helps in building a company’s corporate image, and facilitates the development of marketable products and services (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). However, this strategy provides a lot of restriction for the companies being licensed, and if not, the licenser will not have control over the sale of the products or services.

Franchising

Franchising is another form of contractual market entry strategy, and it has also been widely used by companies entering into the Chinese market. It is a mode of entry that defines the use of a firm’s name or business model so as to conduct business operations in a particular place (Li, 1995). Franchising in China is commonly used as a business strategy for international companies in the food and beverage industry. Just like licensing, the main advantage of this entry mode is that it helps build a company’s corporate image. This entry mode also benefits companies in terms of staff training and development, as the local franchise companies are provided the opportunity to train their staff members to the standards of the franchising company.

Foreign Production

Also referred to as the equity strategy, foreign production refers to the a mode of entry, whereby a company carries out both production and sale activities in their local home, as well as, the host nation (Gielens & Dekimpe, 2007). Research studies illustrate that out of the three entry mode strategies into China, foreign production is the most widely used entry mode strategy by big companies such as Coca Cola.

Strategic Alliance

A strategic alliance refers to a hompe production approach to market entry whereby a business organization enters into an agreement or collaboration with another firm in the host nation. With this entry mode, the companies that are in alliance share responsibilities of the production and sale of goods and services (Li, 1995). This strategy is advantageous to companies wishing to gain a market share in China because it assures the foreign company of an already existing market. By obtaining an alliance with a company in the host nation, foreign companies benefit from the host company’s market share. However, this strategy can be disadvantageous because of the sharing of profit between companies.

Joint Ventures

The last identified mode of entry for organizations into china, joint ventures are an approach to foreign production whereby instead of sharing company duties and responsibilities, they share ownership of the company (Li, 1995). Accordingly, joint ventures allow shared ownership between the foreign company and a company in the host nation. The advantages and disadvantages of joint ventures are similar to those of strategic alliances.

References

Fishman, T. (2005). China*Inc., How The Rise of The Next Superpower Challenges America

and the World. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Gielens, K. & Dekimpe, M. G. (2007). The Entry Strategy of Retail Firms into Transition

Economies. Journal of Marketing, 71(2): 196-212.

Li, J. (1995). Foreign Entry and Survival: Effects of Strategic Choices on Performance In

International Markets. Strategic Management Journal, 16(1): 333-351.

Lou, Y. (2000). Multinational Corporations in China. Hendon, VA 20172-0605: Copenhagen

Business School Press.

Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth. Cambridge

Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

Management Development Techniques

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142959” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc380142959 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142960” Literature review PAGEREF _Toc380142960 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142961” Management Development Techniques PAGEREF _Toc380142961 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142962” Mentoring vs. coaching PAGEREF _Toc380142962 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142963” Action Learning PAGEREF _Toc380142963 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142964” Job Rotation Technique PAGEREF _Toc380142964 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380142965” Implications of the literature PAGEREF _Toc380142965 h 7

Introduction

The importance of management cannot be gainsaid as far as the profitability and sustainability of the organization in the long-term and short-term is concerned. This is especially considering that management has a bearing on the priorities that a particular organization has, as well as the resources that are allocated to those activities, both in terms of financial resources and human resources. While there are varied definitions of management, the term may simply be defined as the art of getting certain activities accomplished through people in the same manner that an individual would have accomplished them using the available resources. Scholars have noted that optimum use of resources is the underlying or fundamental rule as far as management is concerned. This underlines the fact that optimization of the use of the available resources comprises a management art. This art revolves around four key functions including staffing, organizing, planning, as well as coordinating/controlling. However, it goes without saying that no single individual can undertake these functions forever. Indeed, business entities are always in a state of constant motion, with every stage necessitating different set of skills for the entity to be sustainable and competitive. This is all in line with elasticity or adaptability, and it underlines the importance or nurturing new individuals to take the mantle in the management of the affairs of the business entity. In this case, management development revolves around the conscious effort that is planned in nature, where an individual gains and continuously improves or increases his or her capacity to manage the financial and human resources and activities in an organization, as well as their own selves. This may also be defined as the process by which a manager discovers and enhances his skills, knowledge and capacity, which would essentially be beneficial to them as well as the organization or business entity for which the individual works. Different management development techniques have different strengths and limitations in which case only a combination of them would be bound to bring the best results.

Literature reviewNeedless to say, the management of resources, both financial and human, requires that the individual has various common traits. These include good communication skills, problem identification and solving skills, leadership qualities, as well as the powers of persuasion, motivation and encouragement of one’s subjects to make their best effort (Hamel, 2007). In some instances, these traits may be dormant or even absent in an individual, in which case it would be imperative that they are developed, identified and nurtured over some time via the appropriate programs of management development. Scholars note that the techniques of leadership and management development revolves around the activities that assist the future, as well as current crop of leaders to undertake a honest evaluation of their current level of skills and knowledge and take on new skills (Griffin, 2011). A large number of businesses are so entangled in the day-to-day running of their operations that the managers do not take some time off to undertake a careful evaluation of their skills or even to systematically prepare the next crop of leaders or managers (Daft, 2010). Nevertheless, it is imperative that employees and other stakeholders in the business who would essentially make leaders or managers in the future are allowed to work in, as well as learn from the varied aspects of the business as this would assist them in gaining a broader perspective not to mention that it would ensure that they have enhanced their skills, knowledge and confidence in the operations of the business entity.

There are varied reasons as to why management development is required in an organization. Scholars have noted that management development comes as one of the key determinants of the success of the organization as it has a direct impact on the economic benefits of the organization. This would also assist organizations in retaining their prized employees, as well as enhancing their customer service (Hamel, 2007). In addition, it enhances the productivity of both the employees and managers, not to mention that the risk-taking and leadership capacities of the manager would be enhanced thereby eliminating the varied challenges that are prevalent in the work environment (Hamel, 2007). On the same note, it comes in handy in the exploration of the skills of the employees, as well as the managers especially those skills that have remained dormant or unresponsive.

Management Development Techniques

Varied management development techniques have been identified and applied in a large number of organizations with different outcomes. These are discussed below.

Mentoring vs. coaching

This comes as one of the most commonly used management development technique, where a senior and experienced worker or employee passes on his or her expertise and knowledge to the less experienced workers in the business entity. In this case, they would be teaching the less-experienced workers based on their experiences (Drucker, 2007). Mentorship may be assigned formally by the management or the relationship may take place in an informal manner. This technique comes in handy in enhancing the manager’s confidence through asking questions and coming up with challenges while also offering the necessary encouragement and assistance. On the same note, it gives the manager an opportunity to have a close examination of himself or herself and the issues or things that they crave for in life (Griffin, 2011).

There are varied advantages to mentorship as a management development technique. First, it allows for the acclimation of a new employee to the organization and job. Mentees would become productive members at a much faster pace as they have a person they can talk to, ask questions or even discus scenarios and learn the varied aspects of the organization. In addition, mentoring allows the mentee to obtain a sense of achievement that emanates from the assessment and feedback of the mentor to the mentee’s progress (Drucker, 2007). Indeed, scholars have noted that the quest of the mentee to gain the approval of the mentor would motivate the mentee to persist in the enhancement of his performance.

However, mentorship always comes with the risk that the mentee and the mentor are mismatched. This is especially in cases where the mentorship program is formal in nature, where the management assigns particular mentors to the employees (Daft, 2010). Indeed, the mentor may find it hard to juggle between his normal duties and the roles that come with mentorship. This strained relationship would be counterproductive and may result in a reduction in the mentee’s job satisfaction (Daft, 2010). In addition, mentorship may result in feelings of frustrations on the side of the mentor especially when he or she does not think that the mentee is progressing at a sufficiently fast pace, or where the mentee seems unwilling and unable to follow the mentee’s instructions. Mentees may also be frustrated in instances where they feel that they are not being granted the necessary guidance (Daft, 2010).

Coaches, on the other hand, are primarily concerned with assisting the individuals who have shown exemplary performance how they can even improve their performance. Effective coaches have the skills, knowledge and technique to assist the performer in achieving without any direction. Scholars note that it is more difficult for mentors to become coaches than the converse to occur (Drucker, 2007). This is especially considering that mentors usually take on a disengaged stance while coaches are usually at the front line with the employees helping in the making of an effective organizational change. However, scholars have noted that mentors offer better guidance and human support than coaches who simply offer inspiration and motivation (Daft, 2010). Nevertheless, the best practice technique does not necessarily result in successful management development rather, it has to be complemented by a consistent implementation of whichever technique is chosen.

Action LearningThis management development revolves around giving employees the freedom to solve problems in line with their comprehension as well as the techniques that they see as most appropriate. This technique allows the future managers to try using varied techniques in solving varied problems and issues. It is based on the recognition of the fact that individuals learn the best from their own experiences as the process would be structured.

Action learning comes with the advantage of providing a creative and intelligent way of learning and acting at the same time, which comes in handy in the rapidly-changing environment and largely unpredictable challenges. In addition, it is extremely instrumental in modifying the corporate culture and creating learning organizations (Hamel, 2007). This is especially considering that different individuals would have different techniques for solving similar problems, in which case the organization would have a large pool of skills to choose from, thereby allowing for the inculcation of the most appropriate culture into the organizational culture (Hamel, 2007). On the same note, action learning comes as one of the most effective way for producing tangible results on the return on any investment that was made in education.

However, action learning necessitates the organization of numerous action learning events so as to ensure its effectiveness (Drucker, 2007). In addition, scholars have noted that in teams where one functional perspective or one individual is dominant, the group would eventually produce outcomes that are far from insightful or innovative.

Job Rotation Technique

This technique revolves around moving the employee between varied jobs at regular intervals and in a planned way thereby allowing the manager to learn the different roles, responsibilities and aspects pertaining to the jobs, and consequently about the employees that would be working under him or her in the future (Hamel, 2007). This technique, therefore, provides hands-on knowledge on the dynamics of the varied jobs thereby allowing the current and future managers to make sound and relevant decisions pertaining to the same. Indeed, positional rotation has been widely used to prepare or groom promising employees for management positions in the future through increasing their perspective, skills and knowledge. In addition, the technique comes in handy in assisting the organization to create members who have a broad base of knowledge about the organization (Drucker, 2007). Of particular importance is the fact that such rotation would also come in handy in the facilitation of new interpersonal relationships and the skills that come with them throughout the organization, which comes in handy in the development of loyalty and cohesion.

However, job rotation technique comes with immense financial cost on the organization (Hamel, 2007). This is especially considering that the individuals would have to undergo some form of training when moving the employees through varied positions, something that would require money and time. Of particular concern is the fact that the employees would not fit appropriately in certain positions or jobs in the company irrespective of the effectiveness of the training program, which essentially underlines the fact that there would be a reduction in the return on investment in the same.

Implications of the literatureThe literature underlines the fact that there are numerous techniques that may be used in developing the capacity of current and future crop of managers to effectively run the organizations. However, these techniques have different results and implications on the performance of the organization (Drucker, 2007). As much as some techniques may have relatively more advantage than others, their applicability in different fields is undoubtedly bound to result in different results. In most cases, management development would necessitate that the different techniques are combined so as to allow for the exploitation of the desirable aspects of each of them while eliminating the undesirable ones.

In conclusion, the management of an organization comes as one of its fundamental pillars as it has a bearing on its sustainability and profitability both in the short-term and long-term. However, organizations are dynamic in which case the current leaders would have to leave the leadership to younger generation. It is imperative that the new crop of leaders is privy to the varied aspects of the management, which underlines the importance of management development techniques. Different management development techniques have been identified, each of which come with different implications, strengths and limitations. This underlines the fact that no single technique would essentially meet the requirements. In essence, it is imperative that a combination of techniques is used so that the organization can reap from the strengths of the techniques used while cancelling out the limitations.

References

Griffin, R. W. (2011). Management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Drucker, P. F. (2007). Management: Tasks, responsibilities, practices. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers.

Daft, R. L. (2011). Understanding management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Daft, R. L. (2010). Management. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Hamel, G. (2007). The future of management. Boston, Mass: Harvard Business School Press.

Mid-term Exam

This exam has three parts: identification questions, short essay questions, and long essay question. It’s supposed to keep you writing, to make you think and help you learn by asking questions about things you’ve read as well as things we’ve reviewed in class. Write what you know and time yourself carefully. You want to be finished with the first two parts within 45 minutes of our 80 total.

Please type all responses within this document and upload to eCampus>Assessments>Assignments before the end of class. Good luck!

Part I: Identification (2 points per questions, 10 points total)

Is Shipwrecks a stable or unstable text and why?

This is a stable text because talks of how a family is trying to find food to eat at a time when it is very difficult. Therefore it focuses on the theme of hunger which is a thing which affects everyone and therefore the text remains relevant and stable.

Is “Bermudas” a stable or unstable text and why?

This is a stable text because it talks of how the adventures of the European people as well as the reasons for adventures. This is a common thing among people and therefore it follows that this will not change and this text remains relevant thus stable.

Are the various sea shanties stable or unstable texts and why?

These texts are unstable because in most of the times they talk of the experiences and the social life of the time they were written in and therefore are unstable to the current society.

Is The Female Marine a stable or unstable text and why?

This text is a stable text as it talks about a lady who had to pretend to be a man for around 3 years and she successfully did that. This is also a reflection of the current time when most individuals have to fake their identity to fit into the society.

How would you class each of the four texts mentioned within a cultural hierarchy (or ladder) that goes from lowbrow, to middlebrow, to highbrow literature?

Female marine is a middle bow literature because it talks of women and it is associated with middle class. It is also easily available in most book clubs.

The ‘shipwrecks’ is a lowbrow literature because it only talks of the experiences of the people and explains the story as the reader expects it.

‘Bermudas’ is a highbrow literature. This is because the culture expressed therein is a lot and it also portrays a lot of intellectual knowledge as of that time.

The sea shanties are lowbrow literature because they talk about the journey of the people of that time and they engage in songs and this therefore is what is expected by the reader.

Part II: Short essay questions on methods of analysis that we’ve studied. Write 2-3 sentences in response to each question (10 points per essay, for 60 points total).

Write a brief summary of Shipwrecks.

The shipwrecks which is a medieval novel talks of a young boy by the name Isaku who is from a family which is financially unstable and therefore he has to learn the skills of a grown man to support his mother to avoid death by starvation. His father already sold himself to debt bondage. The villagers hope and expect a ship to come their way by luring it when they light fires which burn and attract the ships. Even though they do not know what to expect they aleays expect something good. The first time for this to happen when Isaku was among them brought them rice since it carried rice while the next one brings destruction to the island since it is a plague ship. The novel describes through Isaku the ways a person fishes, how to collect barks, the process of making salt. It also teaches the rituals of festivals, ceremonies, funerals and everyday life.

Interpret this passage from Shipwrecks. You want to hone in on particular words and phrases to tell me what is going on in the passage. Relate it to what comes before and after the passage (i.e. locate it within your summary).

Rare though it might be, the coming of O-fune-sama was looked upon in the same light as unexpected schools of fish appearing near the shore, or unusually large quantities of mushrooms or mountain vegetables found in the forest. O-fune-sama was part of the bounty offered by the sea, and its deliverance just barely saved the people in the village from starvation. For Isaku’s village the shipwrecking of O-fune-sama was the happiest event imaginable, but for those in other places, such as the next village, it was an evil deed worthy of the supreme penalty. But if O-fune-sama had never graced their shores, the village would have long ceased to exist, and the bay would have been nothing more than an expanse of sea girded by a stretch of rocks. Their ancestors had lived there, and they themselves were able to continue on thanks only to O-fune-sama. (111)

This passage talks of the ship which came and this is the joy of Isaku because as he says if it had not brought them food to eat the island would have stopped to exist which means that they would have stopped living on the island due to death by starvation. Therefore this is a kind of appreciation to the ship (O-fune-sama) which came to bring them food to eat.

Write a brief summary of Andrew Marvell’s poem “Bermudas.”

This poems talk of the way the English colonists are happy that they arrived at the islands of Bermuda and this makes them happy. They start by first thanking God that they made it to the island as he is the one who directed and guided them through it all. One they get to the island they discover how the island provides an endless spring of natural abundance and this is one of their joys as they settle down in the island. They praise the fruits and they understand the island as a perfect place where God wanted them to be. Also in this place they keep time by the stroke of their oars.

Interpret this passage from “Bermudas.” You want to hone in on particular words and phrases to tell me what is going on in the passage. Relate it to what comes before and after the passage (i.e. locate it within your summary).

What should we do but sing his praise

That led us through the wat’ry maze

Unto an isle so long unknown,

And yet far kinder than our own?

Where he the huge sea-monsters wracks,

That lift the deep upon their backs,

He lands us on a grassy stage,

Safe from the storm’s and prelates’ rage

This passage is part of the song of praise sung by the colonist sailors who come to the island of Bermuda and they are praising God for bringing them this far. They exclaim him for leading them through the maze and they describe the place they were then as much kinder than the place they had been before. Therefore this is a song of praise thanking God for bringing them to the island of Bermuda.

Write a brief summary of The Female Marine.

The female marine discusses of a lady who had to impersonate a man for a period of three years. This lady is the story of Louisa Baker who travels from Massachusetts to urban degradation in Boston. The woman character in the novel dresses like a man and goes to war for the purpose of revenging the death of her lover and partner. Therefore this is a story whereby of a woman trying to live her life in the best manner possible probably because the society does not allow her or because the environment is not friendly to her and she decides to change the environment for her total productivity.

Interpret this passage from The Female Marine. You want to hone in on particular words and phrases to tell me what is going on in the passage. Relate it to what comes before and after the passage (i.e. locate it within your summary).

From the ship’s top I discharged my piece nineteen times, which, as I had not learnt to take pretty exact aim, must, I think, have done some execution. An accident soon after the conclusion of the engagement occurred, which was near betraying my sex to the whole crew of the ship: attempting to go below, I made a misstep, and fell from the shrouds overboard; not knowing how to swim, I sunk immediately; a boat was sent to my relief, but before they could recover me and get me on board, life had become nearly extinct. As soon as they succeeded in getting me on deck, (as I had not strength to do it myself) some of my shipmates were ordered to strip off my clothes and to furnish me with a dry suit, and they had nearly divested me of my out dress, when I mustered sufficient strength to beg of them to desist. (75)

This is a portion which talks of her desire and wish to protect her identity even though it is very difficult and she does not know herself anymore as she had drowned. In this part as she states she was about to reveal her identity but she found out that it was not possible and almost when the other crew members were almost removing her clothes she got the courage to talk to them. This is indicative of the society whereby we want to hide ourselves but there are so many challenges and struggles in doing this.

Part III: Longer essay on theoretical question. Please answer all parts of the prompt in 3 paragraphs minimum. Make specific references to plot, character, setting, etc. of the works you’ve read for the course (30 points total).

Based on what we’ve read so far this semester, what qualities define literature of the sea? How does this literature relate to your experiences near or on the sea? Describe your rationale, why you say what you say.

Literature of the sea is a type of literature which is based literally on the sea and there are sea features in the study of the sea of literature. Some of these sea features include ships, sea water, islands, drowning among many others which make it possible for a person to understand this literature of the sea. However these examples given above do not exist alone but exist together within the novels and other forms of literature like songs, poems and plays which talk about the sea, its features and components. Therefore the qualities which define the literature of the sea are the presence of sea features within a novel and the action of what is being written taking place next or in the sea.

This type of literature relates to me in a great manner. This is because I have had several good and bad experiences at the sea and therefore this makes the literature even more interesting as I try to compare the characters in the different texts with my experiences and what they could have done if they were in my shoes. First of all I once almost drowned in the water and this clearly relates with the female marine protagonist. I drank salty eater of the beach and therefore this novel reminds of those experiences. I have also visited an island and therefore when Bermudas and the shipwreck that applies to me. I also learnt how to avoid waves and swim in the sea at one point and it was a nice experience. Therefore it is a course which has a lot of connection with my personal life.

The reason as to why I have given the above is the fact that this course relates to me at a personal level and therefore this makes it interesting to learn and not just to stay in class and do normal assignments and exams like the other classes. This course therefore focuses on a very special and important part of most people’s lives and it opens a person’s eyes to see the sea, marine life and generally life around the ocean in a different way.

Extra Credit (2 points possible):

To what extent does cross-dressing define female vice and masculine virtue in The Female Marine?

In the female marine the protagonist dresses like a man and this makes her to be viewed as an intruder by the reader or the audience. This can depict the manner in which the females can be manipulative and coercive when they want something which is not freely available for them. This to some people is seen as a vice, however to others it is a lack of opportunity for equity and equality for women to work hand in hand with them.

Midterm-Intro to PHL

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Date

Question One

Should Socrates have accepted Crito’s offer of escape? Focus on the pros and cons in the Crito. Explain Socrates’ reasons and why you believe he was either right or wrong in his views.

Response

Introduction

In this paper, I seek to answer whether Socrates should have accepted Crito’s offer to escape. I focus on the pros and cons given on the Crito, elucidating Socrates reasons and why I believe he was either right or wrong in his views. Socrates and Crito’s discourse occurred in Socrates’ prison cell, where he awaited his execution. Crito has planned to smuggle him out of prison to the safety of banishment. Socrates does not believe that an individual should save his life at any cost. He maintains that it is not life but a good life that is to be treasured above everything else. His reasons for not escaping is that he speaks on behalf of the laws and claims that he ought to obey, even though obeying means he will be executed, and even though he was unfairly sentenced in the first place. According to him, without the laws, he would not even exist. He argues that to arm the state would be a greater crime compared to harming one’s parents (Melchert, 2007). On the other hand, Crito’s arguments in favor of his escape are that Socrates would be supporting the wrongdoing of his enemies by not escaping in sticking to their wishes. Crito asserts that Socrates would be acting unjustly by remaining in prison. According to Crito, denying to run away, Socrates treats himself as his opponents want to treat him, and that is offending himself.

Whether Socrates could have Accepted to Escape or not

Socrates’s case on whether he should escape from prison or not is a puzzling instance that most individuals attempt to solve. Crito believes that it would be right for Socrates to escape since he has been confined unfairly. Conversely, Socrates does not come to an agreement with him whereby he argues that one is obliged to give in to the punishment enacted on him even though he might be an unfairly one (Wood, 2019). In my opinion, it was right for Socrates not to escape from prison even though he was sentenced unfairly. Despite the pros and cons given by Crito, Socrates was right. It is significant to recognize that our thoughts are our principle and universe and sharper of our soul and if it breaks by ourselves, it is similar was as we murder ourselves. Socrates had his own beliefs and principles that he had to act on them. Escaping from prison would disconnect him from his self. In this instance, the laws are ordering him to die; he is obliged to obey the order and die. I admire his courage, integrity, and commitment to reason in acting on his principles.

Crito’s cons of Socrates not escaping was that he was innocent, and injustice was being committed to him. Crito went to an extent to bribe the guards for Socrates to escape. Socrates uses the Socratic Method and moral reasoning for not escaping. According to him, by escaping, he would be violating his moral principles. Socrates was just right for not escaping because according to the Socratic Method, which is deontologist, it was not right to escape (Melchert, 2007). The procedural justice justifies this action that it was a correct and ethical decision. Socrates makes a paternalistic statement that because the laws allowed his mother to marry his father, consequently laws are as significant as his parents, and he respects it.

Conclusion

In conclusion, I believe that Socrates was right for not escaping. Being a spiritual leader, his belief was one of the major factors that impacted him not to escape. He did not fear death. The rightness of his beliefs and principles was more important than being free. The sentence said by him admires, “there is hope in death and that I will enter into it with no fear.” In answer to the question of whether he was right or wrong for not escaping, Socrates was right for not escaping.

Reference

Wood, P. (2019). Books, Articles, and Items of Academic Interest. Academic Questions, 32(3), 446-460.

Melchert, N. (2007). The great conversation: A historical introduction to philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mid-term exams

Student Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Title

Professor’s Name

Date

Question 2

The Supreme Court in the U.S has nine justices, one chief justice, plus eight assistant justices. Circuit courts comprise three justices, while courts in federal district contain just one judge in each (Katz, 2017). The president appoints a nominee to a justice or judgeship post at the federal level. The candidate must be approved by a majority vote in the United States Senate–checks and balances, a role of the Senate’s “consent and advice” duty. All justices and judges in the national courts work for life terms.

Yes, I think in the USA, the Supreme Court is too powerful. It contains two substantial purposes, which are constitutional interpretation and legal interpretation. A key source of its supremacy is the fact that it is the last resort court for those seeking justice. It guards liberties and civil rights by striking down rules that encroach upon the Constitution. The Supreme Court was permitted to enjoy its control legally by the (1964) Civil Rights Act (Katz, 2017). Transformation is necessarily needed within the Supreme Court. Political power hinders the Supreme Courts’ nine judicial committees. Often a lot of authority is utilized by the state government and federal governments to repress opposition speech, property confiscation, and take legal action on those not forming judicial decisions.

The Supreme Court authority upset the Balance of Powers built into the Constitution because the judicial process is manipulated by the power of the request. Hence, to enable them to operate better, there is a need for change. To exclude any form of federal and political intrusion in the judicial process, a judicial audit ought to be conducted (Dietrich, 2019). Separately from the judicial check, fresh judicial actions ought to be taken after the ruling to decrease the Supreme Court’s undisputed power. I like better originalism to an existing constitution, and it urges that the original meaning of the Constitution’s remain fixed; in the meantime, fresh applications of that meaning might emerge with new technologies and new inventions – General public will require another principle to comprehend the text with no originalism, and natural law will not suffice. Pretty much everyone approves with the law of nature- It convinces rigidity. If judges have to interpret the legislation founded on the Living Constitution approach, depending on the case, then the Constitution may continually contain various understandings, which can ultimately form rigidity since any repercussion in the Constitution may not “read the Constitution.”

The government validity hangs on the governed consent, so what the populaces agreed to when they amended or adopted the Constitution is what should govern us. Originalism discourages judges from unlimited decision to insert their individual values into the interpretation of the constitution; it offers a modest legislation definition. The Constitution would signify what the individuals who composed it and whom it is anticipated to represent have always meant. The Constitution’s original public sense is significant not because obeying it hinders judicial discretion but because it is the law. The Constitutional scope is set lest constitutionally revised; consequently, though the new majority preference is left out, the court needs to obey the novel public meaning of the Constitution.

Question 3

The Electoral College is a procedure that comprises 538 general electors. The least Electoral votes required to choose a President is 270. In the House of Representatives Every State has a voter for every member comprising of two Senators. Electoral College procedure was formed by the founding fathers as a trade-off between the Congressional delegation vote and the President selection by the qualified citizens’ popular vote (Siderius, 2020). The Electoral College has been there for a long period now. It’s beginning to make persons wonder if we ought to choose our presidents via the Electoral College or the popular vote should have more weight than the Electoral vote? It is time to debate the advantages and disadvantages of the Electoral College to agree on if it’s for sure the finest choice for our nation.

 There are several arguments against and for the Electoral College procedure, and it’s a period to go over the debate for the Electoral College, also known as the pros. A great reason for putting up with the Electoral College process could be to assist the public out by ensuring they do not make a bad decision in the presidential election and mess up the country. Secondly, the Electoral College forces presidential contenders into full swing national drives, whereas also making presidential contenders form national appeal by moving into closely challenged states and full campaigns in those locations. Third, the Electoral College is utilized to provide voting systems that are steady and may assist in averting recounts and avoid any voting debacles that the popular vote may bring about. Additionally, it averts the opportunity of any third-party possibilities from self-presentation on the electoral board from popular votes. Another reason is that it upholds the notion of American federalism. A diverse claim for why the Electoral College system is preferred is that it ensures that there is no ignorance of rural zones and that it is supportive in ensuring candidates don’t only campaigning in big urban areas most of the time. Finally, a claim for the Electoral College is that it offers a better appearance on elections to make most elections look like landslides giving the contender that victory is a much stronger obligation to pursue their objectives (Shkara, 2021).

Despite the arguments to retain the Electoral College, there are likewise a few supposed cons that go against the notion of it and favors popular vote more as a substitute. These will also be my two major reasons why I don’t support the Electoral College. Firstly, the Electoral College doesn’t essentially support the publics’ opinions for the reason that electors aren’t independent persons or state legislature agents but in its place are chosen for their conventions or party leaders’ loyalty. To back up this claim, it’s indicated that from 1992 to 2012 elections, more than 98 percent of voters kept promises to a presidential contender and that there were just two electors that weren’t picking based off of a party.

Moreover, there exist a few electors that weren’t affiliated with a party, but they’ve never influenced the election result enough to alter anything. Actually, since winner-take-all rules were put up in the 1820s, it’s stated that members of the electorate never perform on their own accord or contrary to the party of choice and in its place align their choices on contenders with their political parties. Another one that goes contrary to the utilization of the Electoral College could be the assertion that the Electoral College is useless in some ways and hence its major utilization is to improperly allocate political power and that it most yields negative repercussion. What’s more, the assertion states that it’s difficult to comprehend that a contender with less popular voters is all the same chosen because of the electoral voters since Americans are voting for the president and not the electors. I think Electoral College is an ancient and whacked system to utilize in the modern community, and I strongly think it ought to be eliminated and replaced with the popular vote.

References

.Siderius, J. (2020). Polarization and the US Electoral College. Available at SSRN 3564820. : https://ssrn.com/abstract=3564820 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3564820Dietrich, B. J., Enos, R. D., & Sen, M. (2019). Emotional arousal predicts voting on the US supreme court. Political Analysis, 27(2), 237-243.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2018.47Katz, D. M., Bommarito, M. J., & Blackman, J. (2017). A general approach for predicting the behavior of the Supreme Court of the United States. PloS one, 12(4), e0174698.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174698Shkara, N. D. (2021). The Impact of the Electoral College on the US Presidential Elections. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 12(02), 21759-21769. doi:10.15520/ijcrr.v12i02.887

Name

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Tutor’s Name

Date

Management Concept

The management of every sector and business are usually faced with numerous challenges that do affect their businesses in different ways. The managers always try to overcome some of these challenges and turning them into success whilst employing different models, theories, and techniques to improve on their firms’ performance. Effective management depends on understanding many significant concepts that greatly help in accomplishing and coordinating the organization. This article tends to explain some of the key concepts of management applied by Richard Branson.

The management style of Richard Branson has been one of the unique ones and has been seen as defying the usual rules of business management. Branson has had a very wonderful way of planning that ensures business continuity in every situation even in his absence by creating an autonomous company under the Virgin umbrella. This is actually the best way of management since the organization will always continue to exist due to the policies set for the other employees in absence of the top manager.

Managers are encouraged to spot opportunities especially in IT and create an environment to leverage the opportunity and ensure it takes place for the betterment of the business. Richard has actually created more than 200 companies by using this concept by utilizing every opportunity that comes across. With the ever increasing competition in the market, the managers are usually expected to focus on issues that can ensure value addition to the already identified business in order to increase sales of the company. The managers should ensure that they create value for customers’ money as well as making better customer experience by focusing only on issues that are relevant to the organization (Ahmed Web).

Manager should ensure that the employees are encouraged to work and given room to make decisions on their own by trusting the staffs in getting the job done and believing in their abilities. Every employee’s decision should be respected and given chance to encourage innovation and innovativeness among employees. The management should posses a good problem solving skills that would help them in tackling barriers and roadblocks in the businesses processes by being able to take account of the current situation or changing direction and further creating challenges to the employees (Ahmed Web).

Management should always encourage competitive advantage for their businesses by creating differentiation on both the products and the company. This is possible when the management expresses courage without fear of failures. The management should also encourage innovation by involving all the staffs in innovations and implementation of the policies. The managers need to care about their employees by keenly listening to their problems and improving on them since caring managers are likely to deliver very positive results. Managers should also encourage learning by interacting with his employees and asking for their suggestions (Ahmed Web).

Managers should usually consider improving firm’s brand name by investing in social issues such as improving the echo system and sponsoring sporting activities. Managers should also develop a clear vision, goal and correct culture that is aimed at advancing the company even in future. This article is very educative and is helpful to managers of all kinds of businesses since the concepts explained in this article are practical to all the businesses. The Brandson’s way of management is very unique and has led to his success in the current competitive business world.

Works Cited

Ahmed. “Change Management,Contemporary Strategic Management Concepts.” 24 Dec. 2012: Web. 15 Apr. 2013. <http://debashishbramha.blogspot.com/>.

‘Build A Bear’ CEO Spokesmanship

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Institution

‘Build A Bear’ CEO Spokesmanship

An organization’s spokesperson needs to answer required questions entirely, provide the crisis information clearly, and handle difficult questions proficiently. Build the bear CEO, Sharon Price John spoke about a crisis that occurred after failing to offer services to all the customers who attended the pay your age event. The CEO well performs the roles of a spokesperson by answering the questions required and explaining the cause of the problem, and the solutions put in place to avoid such challenges in the future.

According to Coombs (1996), a good spokesperson should have characteristics, including the ability to convey that the organization can control the situation and demonstrate compassion to the crisis victims. Sharon Price was well equipped with the two features. She explained the problem effectively and offered possible solutions to the public. Also, she put herself in the parents’ shoes and felt the hurt they had after the failed event. This led her to apologize to the parents and promise better services in the future.

Also, a spokesperson’s traits could be depicted through her facial and bodily expressions (Coombs, 1996). She was empathetic throughout the interview and could persuade the stakeholders of better days in the future. This was due to her calmness and ensuring the credibility of the information.

I found Sharon Price’s interview more informative and clearer than the Facebook Sheryl Sandberg spokesmanship. In her interview, she seemed nervous, and she seemed to lack answers to some of the questions. Even though she was empathetic, the crisis explanation could not be well understood, and her words and actions could not be connected.

Reference

Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (1996). Communication and attributions in a crisis: Anexperimental study of crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8(4), 279–295.