Category: Uncategorized

ABORTION LAWS IN THE US

Student’s name

Professor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Abortion laws in the US

Women’s rights have, most of the time, not been upheld. However, it becomes essential to look at this whole phenomenon from a different perspective with individuals like Blackmun. Since it informs us of how important women’s rights are and how they should always be upheld, and that women should not be looked down upon when expressing such desires and wishes like planning an abortion. According to Blackmun, their lives are theirs to manage, and they can do whatever they want with them. Blackmun was the judge during the case of roe V wade, and he was one of the judges who were involved in making a conclusive judgment about this case which was about abortion and if it was illegal or legal (Levine, 1999).

Therefore, the court ruled that it was upon the women to determine their extent of what they wanted to do and that the states and the federal government were not to impose their desires and their restrictions on women and what they were able to do. In planned parenthood, V Casey supreme court also upheld the decision made for Roe V Wade (Devins, 2008)). This was that the abortion laws were upheld, and a woman could procure an abortion in certain circumstances and a general manner without government restrictions. Justice Blackmun is one of the major forces within the American court system. Therefore, he provides the American culture with a lot of case judgments full of wisdom, which causes him problems as after Roe V Wade’s case, he finds himself being attacked and even being given death warnings by different people.

In becoming a justice Blackmun, we see how it is a complex situation to be working with the judicial system. This is because even legal cases could lead to personal setbacks and the creation of distant friends or even enemies. For example, justice Blackmun’s friend justice warren becomes almost a stranger due to the stand of justice Blackmun about the different cases he listens to and decides (Greenhouse, 2007). References

Devins, N. (2008). How Planned Parenthood v. Casey (pretty much) settled the abortion wars. Yale LJ, 118, 1318.

Greenhouse, L. (2007). Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmun’s Supreme Court Journey. Macmillan.

Levine, P. B., Staiger, D., Kane, T. J., & Zimmerman, D. J. (1999). Roe v Wade and American fertility. American Journal of Public Health, 89(2), 199-203.

Building on prior success

Name

Institution

The network operating software refers to software that runs on a server. It enables the server effectively manage data, groups, users, security applications and a number of networking tasks. The main reasons for using networks is enabling the clients communicate and share available resources effectively. The majority of the servers rely on a server that is far from the minimum hardware consideration as suggested by the vendor of the software. In order to determine the optimum hardware for the server, one should put in mind some questions. Such include; the number of clients connecting to the server, applications running on the server, storage space and even what the organization or business can afford (Ciccarelli, 2013). 

The questions have varying intensity in terms of their importance in application. The most important consideration in this case is the number of applications running on the server (Ciccarelli, 2013).For instance; one can make a purchase of a cheap low-end server that Linux runs on adequately. This calls for sufficing of resource sharing and the existing simple application services. However, in order to perform advanced tasks and run resource intensive applications on a network, it requires heavy investment. This is for the purchase of servers having very high processing power and storage memory. All applications manufactured come with different processors storage requirements and RAM.

Question 1

The best operating system is The Window Server 2008. It is among the latest severs and the most current version from Microsoft. The server entered the market in February 2008. It is an improvement on the earlier version, Windows Server 2003. However, majority of the features in the older version are still visible in the new version. The windows based network operating systems are famous for their instinctive (GUI) graphical user interface. This also includes the capability of multitasking and the compatibility with a huge number of existing applications. The graphical user is a pictorial representation of the computer functions. In the case like that of network operating system, it enables administrators manage files, groups, users, printers and provision of security. The server has comes up to use with numerous editions in place. The most commonly installed editions include the standard edition, enterprise edition, web edition and the datacenter edition (Ciccarelli, 2013). 

Question 2

I would make use of the initial server as a file server. This is because there is the use of client or rather server architecture. The sharing applications are many a time shareable on a on a file server specially designed for running of applications. The sharing gives a person the ability to share resources thus reducing costs and time taken to manage resources. Preferably, using another server for security purposes is a good option. The network administrators should understand well the resources on the servers that the users have to access. These may include the privileges of viewing and executing programs from the server. They also perform a number of functions such as reading, creating, deleting, and executing files shared in data directories (Kolesnikov, & Hatch, 2002). 

In addition, the network administrators have to group the users according to the security levels and the assigned additional rights that most likely meet the needs of the groups. The server gives on the ability to establish who or what accesses what information. The individuals or workstations on new networks may access information that is available to the president, management and the team leader. The third server will best be in use as a printer server. This can increase efficiency of managing resources and ultimately reduce the operation costs of the organization. The server would take care of the print services in the work area. A printer directly can be directly having attachment to the print server or network in a location that is convenient users. Lastly, it will be worth using the last server as a remote access server (Ciccarelli, 2013). 

Question 3

The VPN (Virtual Private Network) is very advantageous for the purposes of remote access implementation. This is because it is inexpensive for a company to afford. The VPN has unique features that make it much compatible with majority of other software’s such as window server 2008 and 2003. The VPN enables the remote users to make use of a special key exchange that should certainly have authentication by the VPN. After the authentication confirmation, there is immediate authorization of a network connection. The VPN will thus allow the person to back up the important files on a regular basis. This may take place on a daily basis, weekly or even monthly depending on various circumstances playing a key role in determination. This protects in event of power failure or occurrence of catastrophic events (Kolesnikov, & Hatch, 2002). 

The other function of the VPN is the provision of additional security such as the point-to-point tunneling protocol. This encapsulates raw data and thus traversing the internet that is masked as the IP transmission. The other significant feature is the Layer 2 tunneling protocol. In this, the ends do not have to be on the same packet network switch to have the traffic flowing. L2TP hast tactics on how to correctly avoid the interpretation of frames it trying to isolate itself from traffic. In conclusion, the two fundamental designs of VPN are security and interoperability (Kolesnikov, & Hatch, 2002). 

References

Ciccarelli, P. (2013). Networking basics. New York: Wiley.

Kolesnikov, O., & Hatch, B. (2002). Building Linux Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Indianapolis, Ind: New Riders.

Abortion remains a controversial topic that has drawn significant attention from politicians, academics, and the public. Throughout the years, this act was illegal; however, it is not until the 1973 landmark supreme court ruling that abortion was made legal.

The abortion supreme court ruling of 1973 is popularly known as the Roe vs Wade case. Jane Roe, a fictitious name given to the plaintiff, instituted a lawsuit against the district attorney of Dallas, Henry Wade. At the time, Jane Roe lived in Dallas, and the lawsuit challenged the Texas law that made abortion unless given by a doctor’s order illegal. This legal lawsuit argued that the state laws were vague and infringed on the plaintiff’s right to privacy.

During this ruling, the supreme court opposed the state’s move to regulate abortion as it infringed on women’s privacy rights. The supreme court also noted that only a compelling state interest justified state regulations that limit fundamental rights like privacy. The court pointed out that a fetus can only have meaningful life outside its mother’s womb after twenty-four weeks of pregnancy. Therefore, state laws can only regulate abortion after a fetus is twenty-four weeks old (Ginsburg, 1984). This ruling created a balance between the state interest in regulating abortion and individual right to privacy.

This case recognized a woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy through abortion as it falls under the right to privacy as mandated in the fourteenth amendment. The ruling also recognized the government’s interest in protecting potential life. Overall, this historical ruling s directed that only the pregnant woman and the attending physician can make decisions about abortion within the first trimester of pregnancy. In the second trimester of pregnancy, the state can only implement abortion regulations in instances related to maternal health. In the third trimester, the fetus reaches a point of viability; hence, the state has full rights to regulate or completely prohibit abortion unless the woman’s life is at risk.

Reference

Ginsburg, R. B. (1984). Some thoughts on autonomy and equality in relation to Roe v. Wade. NCL Rev., 63, 375.

Management consulting

Management consulting represents a faction of the organization dedicated to provision of autonomous advisory services independent from other organization bodies essentially facilitating managers and the comprehensive organization with solutions to problems in the business, identifying and analyzing business opportunities, educating organization personnel and direct involvement with organizational changes. Management consultants contracted by an organization have the responsibility of ensuring that they provide objective resolutions and independent insight into matters of interest. They simply define analyses and present a scope to a subject of interest to the organization. With an ever growing economy, the need for management consultancy grows with the same intensity but through the years of its existence it has managed to accrue a number of criticisms from clients and management scholars.

Management consulting has exponentially grown since its inception in the 1980s and only experienced a fluctuation to the growth in 2009 due to the economic unrest of the period. The present economy has diversified into articulation of management consulting into broader subsections that include large consultancies that deal with broader problems, medium sized consultancies and boutique firms that focus on a predefined industry. However the increased reliance of management consultancy has led to the emergence of aspects conflicting with the purpose and scope of the profession. Research shows that management consultants has the tendency of using colloquial management perspectives when pertaining to their duties where they a lesser intent to primarily serve their client needs or develop an analogy that the client can easily implement. Management consultancy in more than one case operates in deliverance of management façade that translates to the inability of a business implement comprehensively changes suggested through the consultancy. According to Schaffer, despite management consultancy actually deriving objectives that will facilitate the business growth and provide resolution to certain problems, the reality of most analogies provided through consultancies do not have a true picture of their revelation in application hence gaps and inconsistencies that arise negatively impact the business (Schaffer, 1997).

Reference

Schaffer, R. H. (1997). Time to reengineer management consulting! Consultants News, 27(1), 45

Zikmund,W.G. (2013)., Chapter 6 The Seven Steps of the Research Process

MID-TERM PAPER

The State of Historical Artifacts in the Middle East

By [Student’s Name]

Course and Code:

Institution Affiliated:

According to Raphael Lemkin, genocide does not only mean physical destruction of life but a broad term including culture, religion, language, political structure, economics, and feeling of a group of individuals, and such has been the case of Iraq, Syria, and other countries of the middle east. War involving ISIS has led to the genocide of the people in all aspects of life. What makes us human is being chipped away at with every mosque or church that is demolished, every relic broke, every archaeological site that is razed. Ancient Mesopotamia, the region of the two rivers, was a key part of many faiths and beliefs across the globe.

Opponent groups with conflicting ideologies strive to push their own values system and ideas at the expense of all others because of the cultural heritage’s importance to one group. Daesh’s destruction of Iraq’s cultural history has two purposes: first, to demonstrate to its adherents their commitment to their own belief system, and second, to draw attention from the rest of the world. Iraq is historically a nation with a large and varied population. The outrage of the world is necessary to drive political response, but concurrently it plays into Daesh’s interests by attracting the attention of potential members to its cause and generating more motivation to destroy the culture and history of others.

Antiquities theft is also linked to the issue of cultural terrorism since it is a source of funding for terrorist organizations and has the same impact as destroying artifacts, as once an object is sold on the black market, it can never be retrieved and is effectively gone to the world. Terrorism of culture illustrates the interconnection of social rights since it not only harms the participation rights in the cultural scene, but additionally feeds extremist organizations both economically and immaterially, supporting violence and terror, and its accompanying breaches of, in addition to other things, the rights to life.

In addition, the right to religious freedom is directly infringed when cultural heritages that are religiously significant, such as churches and mosques, and religious items, is vandalized. In Syria and Iraq, Daesh has concentrated its efforts on these groups. Cultural heritage sites and museums may be essential economic drivers, particularly in less developed areas where they can provide jobs directly and indirectly via tourists during more tranquil periods, guaranteeing the right to a decent quality of life for the local population.

Consequently, Daesh’s methodical destruction of Mosul’s cultural treasures is planned and deliberate. Daesh released a list of more than 38 monuments in Nineveh province on social networks before its attack on northern Iraq and stated its intention to obliterate them. This ‘purification’ has a remarkable breadth of application. The destruction of Mosul’s Islamic period architecture has grave and unrecoverable ramifications for both the city’s cultural legacy and the world’s. Almost all of the city’s architectural features have been demolished, leaving behind a distorted view of the landscape. Furthermore, nearly all of the shrines and mosques raised during the time of Badr al-Din Lu’lu’ have been destroyed in this devastation. This school was one of the few in the Islamic world to combine Christian and Shi’ite architectural styles, and experts have done a very little study into it. Several notable Early Ottoman mosques have also been lost. The city, which once was among the most beautiful historical centers in the Near East, has shed many of its genuine aspects. Graveyards and religious sites that have been revered for centuries are exploited to humiliate and disintegrate communities and the broader globe in the continuous ideological conflict.

Iraq’s cultural heritage issues must be addressed by all interested parties, including Iraqi and Kurdish government agencies, like the State Board for Antiquities and Heritage, working together. This coordination’s primary goal would include bringing foreign resources and expertise to Iraq in close collaboration with government agencies and other relevant parties. Duplication of money and effort will be avoided, and the ability to respond quickly to immediate, medium-term, and lengthy cultural heritage challenges will be maximized. If a national workforce of paid site guards is employed, they cannot also provide security. However, there are concerns that they may not be able to stand up to the terrorists’ troops (Harmanşah, 2015).

It is therefore possible to interpret the Islamic State’s demolition of archaeological areas, museums, and historical monuments as a sort of place-based terrorism that seeks to obliterate the local community’s feeling of belonging and its collective memories. On top of everything else, the Islamic State uses its own image-making apparatus, which includes advanced visualization and communication technologies, to orchestrate and choreograph these devastations as a third estates’ spectacles of terror directed at objects and sites of cultural heritage, which take place as reenactments or historical performances. As a consequence, not only are tangible objects destroyed, but also the memories of people’s way of life, which is a terrible loss. The monetary worth of these items has been completely lost to the rest of the world and the political system. This defines modern genocide that must end at all costs.

References

Harmanşah, Ö. (2015). ISIS, Heritage, and the Spectacles of Destruction in the Global Media. Near Eastern Archaeology, 78(3), 170–177. https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.78.3.0170

Midterm

Morgan Holland

5/22/2020

Instructions

You will need alcohol. RData dataset to complete the Midterm.

The dataset includes data on 9,822 individuals. Each individual report various demographic and health characteristics, as well as a variable that equals 1 if the person reports abusing alcohol.

Question 1.

Load the alcohol.RData dataset. Convert it to a table named “alcohol.” Use print(head(alcohol)) to show me the first six rows of the dataset. Copy and paste your code and output into the answer box.

Print(head(alcohol))

Question 2

unemrate is the unemployment rate in a respondent’s State. At what level of measurement is this variable? (Nominal Scale, Ordinal Scale, Interval Scale, or Ratio Scale)?

Ratio scale since it has a defined zero point.

Question 3-6

The famsize variable measures how many people are in the respondent’s family. Fill in the missing values in the following relative frequency table:

Family Size Number of Respondents Relative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

1 2595 0.264 0.264

2 2311 0.235 0.499

3 1766 0.180 0.679

4 2000 0.204 0.883

5 740 0.075 0.958

6 257 0.026 0.984

7 99 0.010 0.995

8 32 0.003 0.998

9 9 0.001 0.999

10 6 0.001 0.999

11 5 0.001 1.000

12 1 0.000 1.000

13 1 0.000 1.000

Total number of respondents = 9822

Family size 2: 2311/9822 = 0.235

Family size 4: 2000/9822 = 0.204

Cumulative Relative Frequency Family size 3: 0.499+0.180 = 0.679

Cumulative Relative Frequency Family size 3: 0.679+0.204 = 0.883

Question 7-8f

Create a barplot of the famsize variable Copy and paste your code in the answer box. In the next question, upload your barplot.

# Simple Bar Plotcounts <- table(mtfamily$size)barplot (counts, main=”Number of Respondents”,   xlab=”Family Size”

Question 9

Does family size appear to be right-skewed, left-skewed, or not skewed at all?

Family size appears to be left-skewed

Question 10-11

educ is the respondent’s level of education, in years. Calculate the sample mean and sample standard deviation of educ.

Sample mean = average (E2:E9823) = 13.30961

Sample standard deviation =std. s (E2:E9823) = 2.898751

Question 12

Suppose we assume that unemrate is normally distributed with mean 5.57% and standard deviation 1.51%. What is the probability of picking a person at random who faces an unemployment rate less than 4%?

µ = 0.0557 and σ = 0.0151

P(x<0.04) = P(x-µ<0.04-0.0557) = P (x-µσ<0.04-0.05570.0151)0.04-0.05570.0151= -1.04P(z<-1.04) = 0.1492

Question 13

What is the probability of picking a person who faces an unemployment rate greater than 7%, assuming the unemployment rate is normally distributed as in question 12?

µ = 0.0557 and σ = 0.0151

P(x>0.07) = P(x-µ>0.07-0.0557) = P (x-µσ>0.07-0.05570.0151)0.07-0.05570.0151= 0.95P(z>0.95) = 0.1711

Question 14

What is the 98th percentile of unemrate, assuming it is normally distributed as in question 8?

0.98 to z score

Percentile to z score

P(z<?) = 0.98

Z = 2.05

2.05=x-0.05570.0151X = 2.05(0.0151) + 0.0557

X = 0.0867 = 8.67%

Question 15-16

Now let’s informally test our assumption that the unemployment rate is normally distributed.

plot a histogram of unemrate, using a binwidth of 0.1. Copy and paste the code you used in the answer box. In the next question, upload your histogram as a .png or .jpeg

Question 17

Based on your histogram, do you think the unemployment rate is normally distributed? Justify your reasoning in 2-3 sentences.

The graph is not normally distributed.

The graph is nowhere close to the bell shape. It peaks at somewhere in the middle of the histogram and also further to the right.

Question 18

Suppose you are rolling a six-sided die. Let event A= {2,4,6} and B = {1,3,5}. True or False, these events are mutually exclusive.

False. The two events can happen at the same time.

Question 19

Suppose you are rolling a six-sided die. Let event A= {2,3,4} and event B= {1,2,3}. What is the intersection of these two events? That is, what is A∩B?

A∩B = {2,3}

Question 20

Suppose you are rolling a six-sided die. Let event A= {2,3,4} and event B= {1,2,3}. What is the union of these two events? That is, what is A∪B?

A∪B = {1,2,3,4}

Question 21

Suppose you flip a biased coin two times. The probability of getting heads in this coin is p = 0.2. What is the probability of getting two heads in the two flips?

Hint: There are two ways to solve this. You can use R’s built-in Binomial distribution (type help(dbinom)) for more information) or you can write out each event and calculate the probability using the probability rules.

Since the probability of getting heads in one toss/flip = 0.2

The probability of getting two heads on two-coin tosses/flips = 0.2 x 0.2 (because these are independent events) = 0.04

Thus, the answer is: 0.04

Question 22

Suppose X is Bernoulli distributed with parameter p=0.8. What is the mean of X?

Bernoulli distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution which have two possible outcomes where probability of x = 0(failure) is 1-p and probability of x = 1(success) is p.

Mean = Summation xp(x) = 0 * (1-p) + 1 * (p) = p = 0.8

Therefore, mean(x) = 0.8

Question 23

Suppose you know that the number of customers that arrive at a grocery store in an hour is a Poisson random variable with λ=200 That is, you know that on average 200 customers enter the store every hour. On average, how many customers can you expect to arrive in the next ten minutes?

Here λ = 200/hr

Or, λ = 2003 min=103Expected number of customers in the next minute = λt

= 10310=1003=33 customers

Management Controls

Task 1

The main advantage of a fixed budget is cutting down the cost of doing business. It is well known that a fixed budget aids the management of a business in terms of maintain strict controls on the developed budget. This implies that the management does not have to worry about the outlook of the company in future. It has become problematic for many businesses to get their act together in terms of maintaining a specified budget.

The disadvantage of fixed budgets is that the business cannot make adjustments when the market changes. The problem with a fixed budget is that no adjustments can be made until the end objective has been attained. This means that a business with a fixed budget system cannot make good progress in terms of dealing with market changes. The business has to be in a good position in terms of countering changes in the market.

The first merit of a variable budget is that the business can effect changes within the course of doing business. It is evident that the modern business platform keeps on changing. The changes seen in the market system are reflective of choices made by stakeholders in the market. The good aspect with a variable budget is that changes can be made from time to time when there is need.

The main disadvantage of a variable budget is execution of policies. When it comes to the variable budget, the mode of implementation is considered challenging. This is because various issues have to be integrated in terms of making the latter work. For example, the management of the business ought to understand how to use all controls in implementation.

Task 2

City On time Deliver Performance

Quarter 1 (Ending march 31st) Quarter 2 (Ending June 30th) Quarter 3 (Ending September 30th) Quarter 4 (Ending December 31st)

Luton 10,000 10,000 0 0

Glassgow 0 0 0 10,000

Table 2.1

Legends:

Bonus of 10,000/quarter will only be paid to employees if and only if the Deliver Performance will be 98% or more then that

City Profitability Bonus Per Month

Bonus for Moths of Jan, Feb and March Bonus for Month of April, May and June Bonus for Month of July, Aug and Sep Bonus for Month of Oct, Nov and Dec

Luton 5333.33/ Month 5,666.66/Month 4,666.66/Month 6,000/Month

Glassgow 10,666.66/Month 10,000/Month 12,000/Month 12,666.66/Month

Table 2.2

Legend

The formula for calculating month bonus is [(quarterly profit * 0.02) / 3] Where 3 represent number of months in one quarter.

City Total Deduction from Bonus per Quarter

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

Luton 9,000/Quarter 13,000/Quarter 5,000/Quarter 12,500/Quarter

Glasgow 17,500/Quarter 17,000/Quarter 14,000/Quarter 11,000/Quarter

Table 2.3

Legend

The formula for the deduction is [(total cost of return from sales * 0.5)]

City Bonus after Deduction

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

Luton 2,333.33/Month 1,333.33/Month 3,000/Month 1,833.33/Month

Glasgow 4,833.33/Month 4,333.33/Month 7,333.33/Month 9,000/Month

Table 2.4

Legend

The formula for total bonus per month after deduction is {[(Total Bonus per Month before Deduction * 3) – (Total Deduction per Quarter)] / 3} Where 3 represent number of months in one Quarter.

Description

As seen from the above calculations, the need for subtracting total bonus from the quarterly income is to gain a net value of total business. This is normally done in order to get an overview of the financial system of the business. The financial system ought to be in a good position in terms of indicating all calculations.

The bonus scheme operated by Quality Tyres has been instrumental in terms of affecting the behavior of managers positively. A bonus scheme improves the output of the manager by motivating the manager to work hard in terms of meeting objectives. Every company has its own mechanism of motivating managers. Despite of the approach used in terms of motivating employees, the objective of a bonus scheme should be improving the output of employees. The percentage bonus scheme aids managers in terms of getting focused about reaching the required targets. The other positive aspect associated with the bonus scheme approach is the idea of making management effective and easy. As long employees are treated well, they tend to respond by being part of running the organization. This provides an ample time for the management in terms of rolling out management policies. A good bonus scheme ensures that employees are rewarded on the basis of their hard work. This implies that a situation where some employees who underperform gain more than others. In other words, the bonus scheme strategy creates a level playing field for all stakeholders in the organization.

Task 3

The best strategy of improving traditional budgeting is through incorporating the latest trends in terms of budgeting and cost controls. It is evident that businesses are skeptical about the relevance of traditional budgeting mechanism in terms of implementing their cost control objectives. This is an indication that traditional budgeting requires further additions in relation to making it better. The approach of using traditional budgeting hit a snag after it became apparent those poor and outdated budgeting tools cannot counter changes experienced in the market system. The current challenges facing the industry are a manifestation of the need to incorporate new measures in terms of budgeting and cost controls.

The first benefit of using return on capital employed as a performance measure is to understand the growth path of the business. Return on capital employed aids the business in quantifying various components of the business such as revenues and cost components. The use of return on capital employed in terms of tracking the movement of the business has become instrumental in terms of bolstering the efforts of the business in terms of understanding the dynamics of the business. Return on capital employed plays a role in relation to guiding the management of the business in terms of making good decisions. Prudent decision-making is an aspect of building a good business and should not be underestimated.

The first non-financial measure that can be taken by the company is changing the budgeting approach in the long term. In a bid to make the right projection, the company has to keep on introducing the new principles of budgeting in phases. This ensures that the right transition is made in terms of having good cost control measures. The second non-financial measure that can be used in terms of budgeting is to understand short and long-term market needs.

Building paragraphs for paper 1

Thesis paragraph—will work on in conference

Paragraph 1

Summary of article

Paragraph 2

Rhetorical paragraph—this paragraph does not need to be in this order but have as much information as possible to show how effective it was Rhetorically.

Writer

What do they use to help construct the argument to show Ethos—types of examples and evidence

Audience

Purpose—overall intention of the article

Exigence

Pathos—how does the author(s) get an emotional response from the audience

Logos—body of paper

Paragraph 3

logical steps and how they construct the article.

Evidence that is most important to you

How does this evidence relate to the larger argument

Paragraphs 4-7/8

Start making connections of your small piece of evidence to the larger article

Abortion and Why it should not be Illegal.

Student’s Name:

Course:

Date:

The concept of abortion has been one of the primary and controversial matters as it has been the leading cause of substantial debates for a long time. It is with no doubt that people have distinct points of view on whether abortion should be illegal or not. These distinct perspectives have further complicated the topic of abortion, given the fact that those who are against legalizing abortion are more concerned about the new life. On the other hand, individuals who support legalizing abortion are more concerned about the welfare of the woman who is pregnant, and under different circumstances, she is not mentally, physically, or emotionally ready to care for a baby. There are different perspectives on why abortion should not be illegal. The primary central populations of concerns are rape victims and individuals who are victims of unplanned pregnancies. These two populations are more likely to be affected by different angles if abortion is illegal. Abortion should be legal to rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies to ensure their mental well-being, minimize the number of unsafe abortions, and reduce the likelihood of these women falling under the poverty line and becoming drug addicts.

Abortion should be made legal for rape victims and individuals with unwanted pregnancies to ensure their mental well-being. Firstly, it is highly critical to acknowledge the fact that women who get raped are victims in their circumstance. Rape is not only physical abuse but also a mental abuse situation. A majority of rape victims frequently undergo psychological issues such as depression. Therefore, it would be morally wrong to force a rape victim to keep a pregnancy that resulted from her rape. Pregnancy will only elevate their anxiety and depression since it will be a burden that reminds them of the sexual assault that they went through. In some cases, pregnant rape victims end up committing suicide if denied the chance to have an abortion. Therefore, it is only reasonable that rape victims are allowed to have an abortion as this would ensure that they recover both physically, and mentally.

Secondly, in most cases, unplanned pregnancies are a result of failed pregnancy prevention methods such as condoms which are not 100% effective. When women state that she has an unplanned pregnancy, it does not necessarily mean that she simply does not want the baby. These women might not be ready emotionally, mentally, or financially to take care of a baby. Forcing these women to keep their pregnancies to term will only assert pressure on their mental health, and this might result in depression. Henceforth, to ensure a healthy mental well being for rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies, abortion should not be illegal (Bridges, 2013).

Illegalizing abortion does not stop abortion, and it only forces rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies to resort to unsafe abortions from unqualified medical personnel. Unsafe abortion is dangerous as it has adverse effects. A majority of rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies will go out of their way to ensure that they have an unsafe abortion. Unfortunately, there are some unqualified medical personnel who will take advantage of these women’s vulnerability by promising them that they will take them through the process if they get paid. The dire need for unsafe abortion of these rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies eventually forces them to procure an unsafe abortion regardless of the safety and consequences.

Unsafe abortions have a wide range of adverse effects as they reduce the life quality, well-being of those affected, and in some cases, these women might experience life-threatening complications. The difficulties could be infections, hemorrhage, and injuries to internal body organs. Other critical complications include incomplete abortions that require further treatment, uterine perforation. These complications could lead to disabilities and even deaths (Shahbazi, 2012). As a result, the affected women, families, and health system spend a lot of finances to treat the complications that result from unsafe abortions. The government spends millions of dollars on treating complications that arise from unsafe abortions (Vlassoff, Shearer, Walker & Lucas, 2008). Therefore, making abortion illegal will socially and economically affect this population.

Denying abortion to rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies results increases poverty levels as these women are more likely to fall under the poverty line. Unintended pregnancies are known to prevent these women from completing their education and building successful careers, given the fact that denial to abortion results in psychological conditions such as depression. These mental conditions prevent these women from securing stable employment opportunities, and most of them live from paycheck to paycheck as they are unemployed (Foster et al., 2018).

The poverty levels and depression potentially force these women to seek solace elsewhere by becoming drug users. Drug addiction and poverty are yet other critical issues that result when rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies are denied abortions. As a result, the unwanted children become victims as they end up lacking a stable support family system, a good education, and generally a successful future. These children are more likely to become drug addicts and criminals in the future based on the kind of environment that they are raised in (Roberts, Rocca & Foster, 2014). Denying these women abortions prevents them from completing their education or build their careers; henceforth a majority of them end up below the poverty line, and this forces them to become drug addicts. It is therefore evident that making abortion illegal not only affects rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies but also the society as a whole.

Individuals who oppose the legalization of abortion have presented some alternatives to help minimize abortion and unwanted pregnancies. Based on their arguments, abortions could be reduced by minimizing the rates at which women get unwanted pregnancies. It is with no doubt that approximately half of all pregnancies are usually unintended and half of these unintended pregnancies result into abortion. The first way that could reduce abortions by preventing unwanted pregnancies is through the introduction of comprehensive sexual education in schools and to the community. This comprehensive sexual education is meant to provide individuals with critical information regarding the use of contraception and abstinence. With regards to the use of contraception, these opponents claim that easy access to contraceptives and pregnancy prevention procedures will reduce unwanted pregnancies, and this will minimize the need for abortions.

Abortion

Student`s name

Professor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

Abortion

Introduction

Abortion is described as a deliberate termination of a human pregnancy before its eventual maturity to term. A greater debate has arisen on what the moral standpoint on abortion should be with a divide on one side to make it pro-choice for only the mother to decide and another side greatly determined on a pro-life kind of situation that advocates that life should never be another human beings option to take regardless of the circumstances the mother got pregnant through.

Balkin, J. M. (2007). Abortion and original meaning. Const. Comment., 24, 291.

According to this article, the author gives us a brief example of John hart Ely’s remark that stated that if a principle that is used to justify a constitutional right lacks a connection with any constitutional value then it, in turn, is not a principle and thus the court has no right imposing it. The argument imposed here is that the founding father`s document in no way meant to protect any form of abortion rights or right of privacy and thus any supporters of abortion rights have set themselves apart from the constitution and the governing document of the country.

The document in question strikes a portrayal in that abortion is immoral and a un unjustifiable act in which no moral equivalence for its justification exists. It uses a preexisting argument to show us this by justifying that no law at all supports the termination of a child.

Sheldon, S. (1997). Beyond control: Medical power and abortion law.

This law takes into account that society as a whole has recognized abortion as a primarily medical issue and thus the author looks into the historical cause and effect of the medicalization of abortion with a key focus on how the law has played in this process. By setting his sight in past British law that pertains to abortion the author looks for any resemblance of past laws to current laws of abortion in the 21st century.

The concluding remark is how the advancement in medical technology in the 21st century has created a good enough atmosphere to easily allow for practices such as abortion to occur. This rise in technology begs an idea on how we should look at abortion today as compared to abortion in the past century in which such advancements were nonexistent.

Boonin, D. (2003). A defense of abortion. Cambridge University Press.

In this book, the author acknowledges just how hard the conversation of abortion is. The key reason as to why this conversation is hard is because of just how difficult it is to understand the various relationships in place, case in point is the one between the fetus and the mother and one between the fetus and normal individuals. This is considered an avoidable debate on who in general is right and who is more logically moral but the author sees this as a false way to look at the situation.

In the author’s frame, it is not possible to debate this issue rationally since they all share a given view from their perspective on the issue, their opposite viewpoint of the world will in no way allow them to see the issue from one point view.

Marquis, D. (1989). Why abortion is immoral. The Journal of Philosophy, 86(4), 183-202.

This essay in general calls into question the morality associated with letting the act of abortion continue by undermining the belief anti-abortion position is an irrational religious dogma or conclusion of an otherwise confused philosophical argument. The author`s argument centers on the fact that the act of abortion is equal to killing a human being based on logical arguments drawn not from his point of view but also from other authors’ points of view such as Joel Feinberg and Mary Anne Warren. The essay in detail does not in any way look into the various cases that may lead to the pregnancy of an individual such as rape or in incidences in which the life of the mother might be threatened its main goal was to develop an argument for the claim that the overwhelming majority of deliberate abortions are seriously immoral.

The author concludes that there is no moral reasoning for the taking of life even if it’s a fetus and that morality and life should be held above all else.

Luker, K. (1985). Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. University of California Press.

The author here draws on past data from more than twenty or so years of public documents and newspaper accounts as well as interviews with people from both parts of the aisle on the pro-life side and pro-choice side. Her final concluding remarks is that the moral position on abortion is tied to views on care of children, technology, family, and sexual behavior.

Drawing on the author’s conclusion we finally see that abortion is s debate that draws its conclusion from different fields. By gathering different groups to contest their opinion we see that the issue is not clearly understood and that different people draw a different viewpoint on abortion based on the various moral positions they wish to protect.

Warren, M. A. (1973). On the moral and legal status of abortion. The Monist, 57(1), 43-61.

The author of this book generally concerns herself with the moral status of abortion which she describes as pregnancy termination and the legal status that is appropriate to allow for such an act. The author argues that there is not any satisfactory defense for a woman`s right to obtain an abortion without showing that the fetus is not a human being and thus concludes that the difficulties involved in determining whether or not a fetus is human to make it impossible to produce a satisfactory solution to the problem of morality. Taking into account the logic in place that ascertains that the fetus is not a person the author implies that it is thus not an entity that can be granted full moral rights.

Although the author draws a moral status to abortion a legal definition is not implied because in her opinion the logic standpoint is only understood if everyone can agree that a fetus is not necessarily a human being.

Sanger, C. (2018). About abortion. Harvard University Press.

Understanding fully well that abortion is a contentious issue in America the author laments on just how politicized that something so private to an individual could be seen as an act of selfishness in which a woman puts their self-interest above those of the fetus. The author highlights the difference between abortion privacy and abortion secrecy to greatly show the level of hostility and stigma that has silenced other women`s ability to talk about abortion in an otherwise distorted political setting that in no way benefits the woman. By uncovering new connections between abortion law and American culture and politics the author takes the prejudicial view of women`s abortion decisions into a new light about current times.

The book shows that only by talking and discussing the topic of abortion especially amongst women can there be greater transparency and acceptance to ensure that prospective mothers will be treated more like adults making their own significant personal life choices as it relates to them as individuals.

Brodie, J. M., Gavigan, S. A., & Jenson, J. (1992). The politics of abortion. Oxford University Press.

This work looks through the integration of new political, constitutional, and legislative viewpoints on the abortion issue by clearly looking into the evolution of abortion policy in Canada. The book analyzes the abortion saga in Canada to debate new legislation in 1990.

By taking into account Canada as a case study we see how a country like America or Ireland may be affected greatly by their abortion laws. A clear means of understanding how to go about abortion laws is required by any major country and only by acquiring data a looking into the political laws can we at least achieve this.

Adler, N. E., David, H. P., Major, B. N., Roth, S. H., Russo, N. F., & Wyatt, G. E. (1992). Psychological factors in abortion: A review. American Psychologist, 47(10), 1194.

This article notes down the involvement of various organizations such as the APA and thus gives us a panel conclusion of evidence that abortion is not likely to be followed by severe psychological responses and that psychological aspects are best understood within a framework of stress and coping rather than a model of psychology. It implies that there are more negative responses following abortion than previously known.

Although abortion is a hot topic issue that may generally be frond upon the article in question looked at just how massively a key this overlooked just like the status of the woman getting the abortion. The end concluding remark was that although there is no psychological factor that happens to the mother after abortion, there are other factors to be considered that greatly affected those who have had abortions.

References

Adler, N. E., David, H. P., Major, B. N., Roth, S. H., Russo, N. F., & Wyatt, G. E. (1992). Psychological factors in abortion: A review. American Psychologist, 47(10), 1194.

Balkin, J. M. (2007). Abortion and original meaning. Const. Comment., 24, 291

Boonin, D. (2003). A defense of abortion. Cambridge University Press.

Brodie, J. M., Gavigan, S. A., & Jenson, J. (1992). The politics of abortion. Oxford University Press.

Luker, K. (1985). Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. University of California Press.

Marquis, D. (1989). Why abortion is immoral. The Journal of Philosophy, 86(4), 183-202.

Sanger, C. (2018). About abortion. Harvard University Press.

Sheldon, S. (1997). Beyond control: Medical power and abortion law.

Warren, M. A. (1973). On the moral and legal status of abortion. The Monist, 57(1), 43-61.