Category: Uncategorized

Abortion Dilemma

Name

Institution

Abortion Dilemma

The abortion dilemma is one of the most sensitive and contentious issues in the moral, political, religious and cultural frameworks (West, 1999). The debate has dates has a very long history, and to-date, is still heavily debated across the globe; both in legality and morality terms. Some of the never ending questions include: Are there any legal and/or moral rights for the foetus? Is the justification of abortion morally? Is the foetus a human being, and therefore, need protection? What does it take to be a human being?

This debate is dominated by two camps with opposing views concerning abortion. They include the pro-life activists and the pro-choice with extreme conservative and extreme liberal views on abortion, respectively. The pro-life activists believe that the development of a unicellular zygote marks the beginning of a personhood of a human being. Therefore, as per the religion stand, abortion should remain illegal by virtue of the “imago dei” of human being; otherwise, it would be a homicide. On the other hand, the pro-choice activists through McDonagh argue abortion is a right for women so as to defend themselves “against the non-consensual invasion, appropriation, and use of her physical body by an unwelcomed foetus” (West, 1999).

The pro-life activists seem advantaged by defining human personhood from the very start of life. However, it may sound insane to refer a zygote as a human being. The abortionists view maybe also right because their major claim is reinforced by a popular philosophical usage of concept “personhood.” Yes, the offspring is more developed than the unicellular zygote. However, this does not imply that the pro-choice definition faces no hurdles. There is no morally relevant difference between a just-born baby and a foetus ten minutes prior to birth. This article will attempt to analyse the controversy surrounding abortion in utilitarian terms, and then contrast utilitarian against deontologists view on abortion (Ngwenya, 2013).

The utilitarianism can be an efficient way of handling the abortion controversy in the current world. Utilitarian believe that humans’ major aim is to achieve the greatest possible pleasure. Utility evades the aforementioned problems since it does not share the hypotheses. Utilitarianism argues that the abortion rights should be measured by their usefulness to the society. Therefore, this article presents analysis based on the pain and pleasure amount in cases where abortion is legal and illegal.

Many individuals would expect the argument to centre on foetus’ interest since it may be destined for a happy future life, and also abortion itself is agonizing, especially if carried-out in late-stages of the pregnancy. However, these are shoddy considerations because: any pain that can arise in the process of abortion can be prevented through a timely abortion or the use of painless approaches. Hence, the overall pain experienced by the foetus cannot offer a solid reason against abortion; only the ugly exercise of it. If one assumes the foetus’ future life comprises of a feasible balance of happiness over pain, then a crucial consideration arises against abortion (Ngwenya, 2013).

Secondly, this paper considers parents and family members if adoption exists as an alternative to abortion. Some researchers claim that having a baby, even in instances where pregnancy is intentional, might reduce the happiness in a relationship. Once again, this claim is insignificant; hence, no need to consider it. According to utilitarian theory, the wrongness or rightness of abortion do not depend either on the effects of abortion on the agent or the victims but lies on the less direct consequences of the overall society. The abortion controversy, assuming the existence “rights” and guilty conscience of “baby murders,” becomes desirability of either decreasing or increasing population (Utilitarian.org, 2000).

If there is a population size that is below the optimal number, it is obvious that the utility will advocates for new birth above this number. In this instance, utility provides positive duties. If the utilitarian agree that the baby’s future happiness, coupled with a calculated value of the consequences on others is in such way that utility opposes abortion, directly s/he implies that utility advocates for population increase. In utility terms, the authentic act of abortion is not a principally important one (Utilitarian.org, 2000).

In this analysis, the dominant issue is the comparative consequences on the overall society. First, nurturing a child in a contemporary developed country is very expensive in monetary terms. Secondly, the world faces an increasing pressure on the environment and other terrible inequalities; and hence people should not focus on the growing population (Poglitsh, 2012).

In case a utilitarian finds out that she is unexpectedly pregnant, then she has to abort because the utility opposes her reproduction. While if the utility is in favour of her pregnancy, means that should have been attempting to get pregnant; hence, it should not be a surprise (Utilitarian.org, 2000).

Deontology theory, on the other hand, claims that every human being has certain duties. While utilitarian is much concerned with the consequences, deontology focuses on ethical truths and norms that are universally acceptable by everyone. In other words, certain actions are immoral irrespective of their consequences. Consider, for example, a pregnant lady who in the course of her pregnancy develops health complications and the only way-out is either to abort, or she dies. Automatically, a utilitarian will advise the lady to abortion since it produces the highest happiness; however, a deontologist will advise her not to have an abortion because murdering an innocent foetus is wrong as per the universal moral truth.

According to utilitarian, existence of a “universal moral truth” is not logic: it is difficult, if not impossible, to establish. To them, the happiness and suffering of any doings are easily determined. Hence, people should stop basing on such unstructured and ambiguous moral truth, and instead embrace more concrete ways of ascertaining ethics of a given action (Physicsisphirst, 2004).

On the other hand, Deontologists view outcomes as illusory i.e. it is impossible foretell the consequences of an individual’s acts with total certainty. The only way for assurance is for one to gauge whether his/her actions are ethical or do not base on the categorical imperative. Deontologists also believe that each human being is individually responsible for his/her own actions and not actions of others. Therefore, the pregnant lady is responsible to either her decision to have an abortion or not. Lastly, deontologists accuse the utilitarian of entrusting perilous moral relativisms by allowing individuals to validate dreadful deeds in the name that its effects are beneficial (Physicsisphirst, 2004).

In conclusion, for one to think that the wrongness or the rightness of abortion is an issue that can be ascertained by considering the consequences on the parties, i.e. parents, foetus and doctors, who get directly involved in the action can be such a precarious short-sighted and naïve move.

Reference

Ngwenya, Z. (2013). Abortion is Intrinsically Evil. Times of Swaziland, November, 9. Retrieved from http://www.times.co.sz/letters/93067-abortion-is-intrinsically-evil.html.Physicsisphirst. (2004). Utilitarianism vs. Deontology. Physics forum, March, 3. Retrieved from http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=15622.Poglitsh, R. (2012).Letters to the Times of Swaziland. Times of Swaziland, November, 25. Retrieved from http://letterstothetos.blogspot.com/.Utilitarian.org. (2000). Abortion. Retrieved from http://www.utilitarian.org/abortion.html.West, R. (1999). Liberalism and abortion. Georgetown Law Journal, 87(6), 2117-2147. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/231486885?accountid=87314.

Management at WorldCom

Introduction:

World com is one of the world leading public relations management companies. It’s an independent partnership of firms that seek to manage the aspects of public relations for their clients that constitutes both national and international companies. WorldCom was established in 1988 and has been able to succeed in its pursuits to offer quality services in the area of public relations management and counseling by developing networks for assisting companies to venture into global businesses without any challenges. On the basis of the above information, this paper will address the following questions with regards to WorldCom case.

Evaluate the planning function of management.

Planning is one of the critical functions that the management of any firm is expected to undertake. This is due to the fact that organizations exist for a specific purpose and hence the people responsible for realization of such purposes must put up structures to achieve. Planning basically entails providing details of the future course of action within an organization so that set objectives can be achieved. Planning therefore describes how all the available resources in the organization will be combined to achieve specific goals. In the planning process the managers also consider all factors that may affect the realization of the organization goals and crafts corrective measures. WorldCom is one of the major providers of intelligence information to enable organizations come up with accurate plans and assess the situations that may affect the business operations. Planning may follow the following processes: The organization will first set the objectives and the key issues to be achieved. The second step will be gathering the information and all resources that will be required in the achievements of the set goals. The third stage normally involves the identification of different objectives that matches the current resources with a view of formulating alternative courses of action. The last stage in planning is the creation of derivative plans that are used in the achievement of the objectives. WorldCom as a company will be vital in the information gathering and setting of the alternatives. This is due to the huge network that enables it to gather valuable information for any organization. It also has experts who are able to assist businesses make the right choices in business strategies.

Influence that legal issues, ethics and corporate social responsibility have had on the company.

Legal, ethical and social responsibility is issues that any company has to contend with in its operations. Legal issues relates to factors that affect the company and the internal and external stakeholders as well as the structure of the business in operations. As mentioned earlier, WorldCom is a partnership kind of business and hence all the members that make up the business have to establish rules and regulations affect their relationships. These laws must be constituted according to partnership laws. One of the key issues that could affect world com is the issue of sharing profits and liabilities. This could be a major challenge for the business especially as more and more member firms joins the partnership’s accounting procedures and processes to record the financial operations of the company can be a major challenge since World com draws its membership from different countries with different accounting policies and procedures. This makes it difficult to consolidate the financial accounting and may lead to legal problems within the company.

Ethical issues in business relates to the ability of all stakeholders to operate within the acceptable standards and remain honest in its dealings with other stakeholders. Ethical issues may include relationship with competitiors, the general public shareholders and the government. Businesses are under obligation to honor and accurately report accurate issues to the above stakeholders. WorldCom was affected by the issues of corporate governance and violation of the rules governing business and poor implementation of accounting policies that led to huge losses of the company. The firm also suffered from managers who lacked integrity and could steal from the shareholders through unjustified loans. All these are ethical issues that can bring down a company. Social responsibility is also another key component of connecting with the community where the company operates and hence businesses are compelled to participate in community activities and also assist in solving community problems. The social responsibility activities must however be done within the management capability and each activity must be properly accounted for. In the case of WorldCom, the management concentrated too much on social responsibility to acquire the sympathy of the public despite the concerns by the accounting department on the impact of such expenditures. This clearly demonstrates that organization must clearly balance social responsibility with their economic strategies in the planning process.(Moberg,2010).

Factors that influence the company’s strategic, tactical, operational and contingency planning.

Planning in organizations may take different forms like strategic or long term plans, tactical plans, operational and contingency plans. Strategic plans are long term organizational plans that seeks to achieve great benefits to the organisatiion.Tactical plans are strategic plans that have been broken down to achieve specific areas within the wider strategy. Operational plans are short term plans by middle level managers to achieve daily objectives of the business and contingency plans are alternative plans that can be adopted in case of adverse results of other plans. Although these plans differ the factors that influence them are similar. The following factors will influence all these types of plans within an organization.

Budget/available financial resources:

The execution of any plans will mostly depend on the organizations financial capability hence its important to consider the available funds. This will allow organizations to fully implement plans derive the maximum benefits from such plans. Strategic plans may lead to heavy losses if the organization lacks the necessary funds to complete them. Operational plans will normally require constant cash flows within an organization.

Ethical issues:

All plans within the organization must be guided by acceptable ethical practices. Its however worth noting that managers decisions will always make part of the plans and hence they need to exhibit high levels of ethics so that they make correct decisions.unthical decisions by the management leads to poor planning and could put organizations into problems with stakeholders. WorldCom management decided to award themselves unjustified loans which really affected the financial position of the company and led to heavy losses (Olsen,2006)

Role of management:

The other factor that affects these plans is the role and responsibility that is put of the management of the company. Managers are essentially the responsibility of creating value for the shareholders and other stakeholders of the business and hence all the plans must be aligned towards the achievement of their responsibilities as indicated in the company mission and vision (Olsen,2006)

References:

Moberg,D. (2010). “WorldCom” scu.edu.Retrieved May 23,2011.From

HYPERLINK “http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcom.html” http://www.scu.edu/ethics/dialogue/candc/cases/worldcom.html

Olsen, E. (2006). Strategic Planning for Dummies. Hoboken, NJ. : Wiley.

Midterm Assignment For HRM

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course

Instructor’s Name

Due Date

Midterm Assignment For HRM

Introduction

Every person requires a coach, whether a bridge player, a tennis player, an employee or even a leader, to ensure feedback. Coaching in the organization is a successful way of setting the existing employees for success; this is due to coaching primarily aimed at providing employees with the tools they require to improve their skills and increase their knowledge. Organizational coaching aims at systematic change in the company (Bozer & Jones, 2018). However, change can result in several problems where people are required to develop and achieve goals; simultaneously, they must handle issues caused by change. Coaching in an organization is crucial and can be a stepping-stone for corporate change, even at the gaping level. Hence, with coaching being an essential element in all organizations, it can shift the company’s cultural tendency for change and direction.

Question 1

As the human resource (HR) manager, I would conduct a qualitative research approach to determining how to talk to Jane concerning her coaching. A research approach refers to a procedure and a plan for research that involves the steps from a broad assumption to comprehensive methods of interpretation, analysis, and data collection. Hence, the plan to approach Jane will involve several decisions that do not necessarily need to be obtained in the manner in which they are sensible to me. The qualitative research will best suit the research concerning how to approach Jane successfully because it is an approach for understanding and exploring the meaning groups or people ascribe to a human or a social problem (de Haan, 2019). The qualitative research process involves emerging procedures and questions, data analysis practically established to general themes from particulars. The research process for determining how to talk to Jane will also include data typically gathered in the participant’s setting, that is, the executive level, as she is the organization’s vice president.

Question 2

Moreover, after conducting the qualitative research, I will approach Jane concerning her coaching; this is because it is essential to inform her about the coaching to avoid any conflict that may arise while sending staff to coach her. Also, informing Jane on the coaching, specifically at the executive (executive coaching), will be significant in preparing her for her development as an individual. It will also be essential to approach Jane on the coaching concern to explain the benefits she will acquire from being coached.

Question 3

Nevertheless, having jane coach will result in several pros and cons. The pros or benefits include increased employee engagement, where having Jane coach will make employees truly engaged. The coaching will ensure her individual development; hence she will no longer ignore problems or mismanage them or talk down to the staff (Bonneywell & Gannon 2021). Thus, with Jane valuing the opinions of the employees, there will be increased employee engagement. Also, having Jane coached will result in increased accountability. Coaching at the organization involves creating accountabilities and driving actions allowing the appropriate empowerment to ensure work completion. Hence, having Jane coached will make actions increasingly visible and drive accountability. In addition, having Jane coached will develop a spotlight through identifying weaknesses in the corporate system, such as lack of management engagement; this will assist in establishing core competencies and promote maximum benefit and productivity. However, there are several cons of having Jane coached. For example, there is a need to make coaching a priority in the company. Establishing a coaching culture at the company will need prioritization, intentionality, attention, accountability, and time which may lack in the company. Also, coaching needs considerable time and patience to ensure its success. Jane may also experience fear of change may be a distractor to having her coach.

Question 4

In introducing the coaching idea to Jane, I would start with communication to encourage her. Also, communication with her would get her to understand the importance of developing a coaching culture. Hence, I would provide her with a clear description of coaching benefits, such as increasing accountability and employee engagement; this would be essential to get her on board. I would also ensure “walking the talk” in introducing the coaching idea to Jane. I would also highlight positive coaching examples and results to provide a significant way of getting Jane to accept coaching. Also, when starting to discuss the coaching idea with Jane, I would establish what she wants to achieve; this is beyond her role in the organization- her goals. I would also pose her the reality to ensure focus on particular facts in the organization. I would then introduce the coaching option.

Question 5

In case Jane accepts coaching, I would ensure to use an external coach. An external coach refers to a certified professional coach hired and outsourced from the coachee company outside. Many leaders prefer an external coach, so it would be best for me to use an external coach for Jane as a leader (Taylor et al., 2019). The external coach has fewer drawbacks compared to an internal coach, who may be perceived as less confidential and less credible. The external coach has numerous benefits, such as higher credibility through staying updated with alterations in coaching, being transparent, and growing professionally. The external coach also has greater objectivity and experience in multiple organizations, businesses, and industries’ environments. Also, an external coach would bring a fresh perspective to the organization and have a significant confidentiality level. In addition, an external coach has considerable exposure and recency concerning best practices in coaching and other coaches. Also, coaching is their primary profession; an external coach is dependent on being effective at each coaching assignment.

Question 6

I would utilize Jane as an advocate for assisting in leading a coaching culture in the organization after her coaching success. Using Jane to spearhead coaching as a champion would give the entire organizational team opportunities to excel even outside their organization and become the best. It would also give the organization’s employees opportunities to develop themselves professionally and personally. Also, Jane is spearheading a coaching culture that would not only contribute to professional development. Still, it would also establish strong communication skills with the staff who directly report to her and increase their confidence. Using Jane as a coach to lead the coaching culture in the organization would make her focus on assisting her team in gaining both long-term and long-term wins (Dennison, 2021). In addition, Jane as a coach, would help with employee retention. When staff view the executive as a team that recognizes their doings and is considering investing in their workers and staff, similarly as staff are investing in organizational values and goals, this will lead to employee retention.

Question 7

However, if I do not coach Jane, I would ensure several alternative means of assisting her in becoming effective in the organization. These include empowering Jane to make decisions to avoid her failing in different ways. Many things can become problematic when a leader such as Jane fails to make decisions, such as failing to manage problems. Hence, empowering Jane to make informed decisions would make her effective in the organization. Also, I would communicate with Jane. Organizational communication is essential, especially in achieving an organizational initiative or strategy (Ocasio et al., 2018). Hence, communicating with Jane would help her become more effective by providing insights on business strategy and over-arching goals to ensure the successful execution of the strategy; this would make Jane effective in the organization. I would also establish a closer look at skills that Jane requires to be successful in the organization, such as being a leader and engaging her staff. I would then offer the development of these skills to her to ensure she becomes successful.

In conclusion, coaching is essential in an organization to ensure professional development and a culture change. As a result, it increases accountability and employee retention and develops a spotlight. It also promotes individual development, especially executive coaching. Qualitative research would be essential in determining how to approach Jane concerning her coaching. I would also use an external coach to coach her. In introducing the coaching idea to Jane, I would start with communication to encourage her and be an example. I would also use Jane to spearhead coaching as a champion would give the entire organizational team opportunities to excel even outside their organization and become the best. In addition, other alternatives apart from coaching include communicating with Jane and empowering her to make decisions. However, coaching has become prevalent in many organizations. Therefore, coaching should be utilized in all organizations as it can alter the direction of the organization and shift the organization’s cultural tendency for change.

References

Bonneywell, S., & Gannon, J. (2021). Maximising female leader development through simultaneous individual and group coaching. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 1-17.

Bozer, G., & Jones, R. J. (2018). Understanding the factors that determine workplace coaching effectiveness: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(3), 342-361.

de Haan, E. (2019). A systematic review of qualitative studies in workplace and executive coaching: The emergence of a body of research. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 71(4), 227.

Dennison, K. (2021). Why Leaders Should Consider Shifting To A Coaching Leadership Style Now More Than Ever. Retrieved September 4, 2022, from Forbes website: https://www.forbes.com/sites/karadennison/2021/09/20/why-leaders-should-consider-shifting-to-a-coaching-leadership-style-now-more-than-ever/?sh=5ed0fa742f81

Ocasio, W., Laamanen, T., & Vaara, E. (2018). Communication and attention dynamics: An attention‐based view of strategic change. Strategic Management Journal, 39(1), 155-167.

Taylor, S. N., Passarelli, A. M., & Van Oosten, E. B. (2019). Leadership coach effectiveness as fostering self-determined, sustained change. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(6), 101313.

Middle School Architectural Design Discussion – Due 4/7/22

In the contemporary world, architectural designs have really changed, and this is both for institutional building as well as business and personal living. In the same concept, the designs that had previously been used in the construction schools can be said to be outdated, and there is need to change the designs to match the modern architectural designs. Building a middle school in the present times requires a solid design that will benefit current and future students, teachers and staff as well as the community. Given my knowledge of middle school and middle school students, there are various designs that I can recommend for the construction of an ultra-modern middle school.

https://youtu.be/EMDMMzLh2Dkhttps://youtu.be/-G4JFcAN3lchttps://youtu.be/Vw4K__9l1a4The reason why I would consider implementing one of the designs is because they are modern architectural designs; they make the institution look beautiful which is appealing to the students, teachers as well as the community at large. I addition, these designs provide all the essentials required for middle school including spacious classes, assembly area, an ultra-modern administration block, parking, as well as sporting amenities such as basketball and football fields in addition to a swimming pool. An implementation of one of the designs will not only provide students with a conductive learning environment, but it will also act as a major aesthetic in the region.

References

Modern School Building Architecture Design and School Layout Plan in Raipur India. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/EMDMMzLh2DkProposed School at Dehu Rd. Cantt. – Concept Video – Architectural Design. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/Vw4K__9l1a4School Design and Planning. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/-G4JFcAN3lc

Midterm Essay

Student’s Name

Institution

Course

Instructor

Date

Midterm Essay

7. Considering all those who could be affected, is it an overall benefit or detriment for the rights of everyone in the country if a court is able to use a) the ‘exclusionary rule’ and the b) ‘fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine’ to exclude illegally obtained evidence?

Introduction

The exclusionary rule is a legal rule that bars the use of evidence that was obtained in violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights. The rule is based on the principle that the ends do not justify the means; even if the evidence obtained would be reliable and probative, it cannot be used if it was obtained in a manner that violated the defendant’s constitutional rights. On the other hand, the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine is a legal doctrine that bars the use of evidence that was obtained as a result of evidence that was obtained in violation of the defendant’s constitutional rights. The doctrine is based on the principle that the fruit of the poisonous tree is tainted and cannot be used. In light of this, the purpose of this essay is to show that, putting in mind all those who could be affected, it is an overall benefit for the rights of everyone in the country for the court to use both the ‘exclusionary rule’ and the ‘fruits of the Poisonous Tree’ doctrine.

The Exclusionary Rule

The exclusionary rule is a legal rule that prohibits the use of evidence that was obtained in violation of a person’s constitutional rights. The rule is based on the principle that the government should not be allowed to benefit from its own illegal actions. The exclusionary rule is a vital part of the American constitutional system of justice. It ensures that the government is held accountable for its actions, and it protects the rights of individuals. Without the exclusionary rule, the government would be able to violate people’s constitutional rights with impunity.

The exclusionary rule has a number of important benefits. First, it deters the police from violating people’s constitutional rights. If the police know that the evidence they obtain will not be admissible in court, they are less likely to engage in illegal searches and seizures. Second, the exclusionary rule ensures that the government is held accountable for its actions. When the government is forced to exclude evidence that it has obtained illegally, it is less likely to engage in illegal conduct in the future. Third, the exclusionary rule protects the rights of individuals. By excluding evidence that was obtained in violation of our constitutional rights, the rule ensures that our rights are not violated with impunity.

It would be good to note that, the exclusionary rule is not without its critics. Some argue that the rule protects the rights of criminals, rather than the rights of innocent citizens. Others argue that the rule is unnecessary, because the police will not engage in illegal conduct if they know that the evidence will not be admissible in court. However, these arguments fail to take into account the important benefits of the exclusionary rule. The exclusionary rule is a vital part of our constitutional system of justice. It ensures that the government is held accountable for its actions, and it protects the rights of individuals. Without the exclusionary rule, the government would be able to violate our constitutional rights with impunity.

Should the Courts be Allowed to Use the Exclusionary Rule to Exclude Illegally Obtained Evidence?

Overall, the exclusionary rule is a legal principle that prohibits the use of evidence that has been obtained in violation of a person’s constitutional rights. The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter law enforcement officials from violating a person’s constitutional rights and to protect the integrity of the judicial system. The exclusionary rule is not a constitutional provision, but rather a rule of evidence that is applied by courts. There are several exceptions to the exclusionary rule, including the good faith exception and the inevitable discovery exception. The good faith exception allows evidence to be admitted even if it was obtained in violation of a person’s constitutional rights, if the law enforcement officials who obtained the evidence acted in good faith. The inevitable discovery exception allows evidence to be admitted even if it was obtained in violation of a person’s constitutional rights, if the evidence would have been discovered even if the constitutional violation had not occurred.

In light of the above, the exclusionary rule is a controversial legal principle, and there is much debate over whether or not it should be used to exclude evidence that has been obtained illegally. Some people argue that the exclusionary rule is necessary to protect the constitutional rights of defendants, and to deter law enforcement officials from violating those rights. Others argue that the exclusionary rule is an unnecessary burden on the judicial system, and that it prevents prosecutors from presenting evidence that is necessary to convict criminals. There is no easy answer to the question of whether or not the exclusionary rule should be used to exclude evidence that has been obtained illegally. However, it would be prudent to note that the rule is an important legal principle, and it should be used to protect the constitutional rights of defendants and to deter law enforcement officials from violating those rights. For this, among other reasons, courts should be allowed to the rule to exclude illegally obtained evidence.

The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine is a legal principle that holds that evidence that is obtained from an illegal or improper source is not admissible in court. The rationale behind this doctrine is that if the evidence is obtained through illegal or improper means, then it is not reliable and should not be used to convict a person of a crime. There are two types of evidence that can be affected by the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine: real evidence and testimonial evidence. Real evidence is physical evidence, such as a weapon or a piece of clothing. Testimonial evidence is evidence that is given by a witness, such as testimony given in court or a statement given to the police. The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine can apply to both direct and indirect evidence. Direct evidence is evidence that directly proves a fact, such as a witness who saw the defendant commit a crime. Indirect evidence is evidence that does not directly prove a fact, but can be used to infer a fact, such as a witness who saw the defendant with a gun shortly before the crime was committed.

The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine is not a blanket rule that automatically excludes all evidence that is obtained through illegal or improper means. Rather, it is a rule of thumb that is used by courts to determine whether or not evidence should be admitted. There are several factors that courts will consider when determining whether or not to apply the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine, including the seriousness of the illegality or impropriety, the closeness of the connection between the illegality or impropriety and the evidence, and the probative value of the evidence. In some cases, the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine may be overcome by the doctrine of inevitable discovery. The doctrine of inevitable discovery holds that evidence that would have been discovered even if the illegal or improper conduct had not occurred is admissible in court. This doctrine is based on the idea that the evidence would have been discovered eventually, even if the illegal or improper conduct had not occurred. The Fruits of the Poisonous Tree doctrine is a legal principle that is designed to protect the rights of the accused. The doctrine ensures that evidence that is obtained through illegal or improper means is not used to convict a person of a crime. The doctrine is not a blanket rule, but is a rule of thumb that is used by courts to determine whether or not evidence should be admitted. The doctrine may be overcome by the doctrine of inevitable discovery in some cases.

Should the Courts be Allowed to Use the Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine to Exclude Illegally Obtained Evidence?

Overall, the “fruits of the poisonous tree” doctrine is a legal rule that says evidence that is obtained from illegal or improper police conduct is not admissible in court. The doctrine is based on the idea that if the police obtain evidence through illegal or improper conduct, then that evidence is “tainted” and should not be used to convict a person of a crime. The doctrine is based on the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fourth Amendment requires that searches and seizures be conducted in a manner that is reasonable and that they be supported by a warrant.

If the police conduct a search or seizure in an unreasonable manner, or without a warrant, then the evidence that is obtained from that search or seizure may be “tainted” and not admissible in court. The “fruits of the poisonous tree” doctrine is an important rule that helps to protect against illegal or improper police conduct. The rule ensures that evidence that is obtained through illegal or improper police conduct is not used to convict a person of a crime. The rule is based on the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Bearing the above reasons in mind, then the courts should use the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine to exclude any illegally obtained evidence.

Conclusion

This paper has argued that the exclusionary rule and the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine are two important tools that courts should use to exclude evidence that was illegally obtained. Both of these doctrines serve to protect the rights of individuals and to ensure that the government does not abuse its power. The exclusionary rule prevents the government from using evidence that was obtained illegally. This rule is important because it deters the government from engaging in illegal activities and ensures that individuals are not convicted based on evidence that was obtained unlawfully. The fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine prevents the government from using evidence that was obtained as a result of illegal activity. This doctrine is important because it ensures that the government cannot benefit from its own illegal actions. Overall, the exclusionary rule and the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine are beneficial for the rights of everyone in the country. These doctrines protect individuals from government abuse and ensure that the government is held accountable for its actions, and, therefore, the courts should use them accordingly.

References

Gan, Yuting, Discussion on Regulation of Illegal Evidence Exclusion, 2017 International Conference on Economics and Management, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences (EMEHSS 2017), Atlantis Press, (2nd edn, 2017), 43.

Gless, Sabine, and Laura Macula, Exclusionary Rules—Is It Time for Change? Do Exclusionary Rules Ensure a Fair Trial? (3rd edn, 2019), 349.

Gless, Sabine, Protecting human rights through exclusionary rules? Highlights on a conflict in criminal proceedings from a comparative perspective, Justice Without Borders, Brill Nijhoff, (2018), 159-179.

Turner, Jenia Iontcheva, and Thomas Weigend, the purposes and functions of exclusionary rules: a comparative overview, Do Exclusionary Rules Ensure a Fair Trial? (2019), 255-282.

Management and Leadership

Your name

School Affiliation

Management and Leadership

Introduction

In a software project, management and leadership must be applied effectively. The two aspects are relatively different but they complement each other. As such, separating the two aspects would lead to more problems in the project than solutions (Fairley & IEEE Computer Society, 2009). Managing and leading differ in different ways relating to roles, systems and the teams. Comparatively, this work categorizes some of the major ways in which management differs from leadership.

Administration and innovation

Leaders focus on innovation within the project whereas managers focus on administration. Administration in a software project involves the allocation of duties among the team members to ensure smooth running. Managers are expected to manage the project in terms of the risks, team, budget and conflicts.

Managers are focused on structure and systems; leaders are focused on the team

Managers are responsible for ensuring that all elements of the system function properly and that effective structures are in place to ensure that all activities are carried out as required. Contrary to this, leaders focus on the people in a team rather than the structure. Understanding the functionality of the system helps managers to organize their teams as they have a better comprehension of the system’s weaknesses and strengths.

Managers depend on control; leaders focus more on trust

Managers require controlling all aspects of the project as they are the answerable party in relation to its success or failure. However, leaders place more emphasis on building trust among their team members and exploiting this trust to improve productivity. Incorporation of control and trust at standardized levels would be significant in ensuring that the team is governed accordingly.

Managers’ actions in maintaining team’s morale

In a software project, it is impossible to differentiate between leadership and management. Both concepts are important in a supervisor as they help to ensure a positive attitude within the team while guaranteeing that the systems and structures function appropriately. Supervisors with both leadership and management skills prove to be effective as they not only assign tasks to team members, but they also define each member’s purpose in the project. Organization of team members is also important as it maximizes the team’s efficiency, develops talent, nurtures different skills and also inspires positive results (Fairley & IEEE Computer Society, 2009). These help to guarantee job satisfaction in the workplace and consequently a positive attitude towards the task.

Conclusion

It is important for project supervisors to focus on implementing both managerial and leadership roles in the project to ensure positive results. Managers ensure that all rules are followed and that all the necessary tools for the project’s success are implemented. Contrary, leaders help to motivate the team and guarantee that all needs of the members are met to increase productivity.

References

Fairley, R. E., & IEEE Computer Society. (2009). Managing and Leading Software Projects. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.

Case Study:

Cindi Bigelow and the R.C. Bigelow tea company

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Case Study Questions

What are the issues and problems that the company faces?

How do these issues and problems affect the company’s overall performance?

What are the possible solutions and alternatives for these problems?

Who will be responsible for implementing these solutions?

What are the consequences of implementing these solutions and alternative strategies for the company?

Summary

The R.C Bigelow Tea Company is a company located in Kentucky that specializes in the production and sale of tea products. Specifically, the company specializes in the blending and sales of both traditional black tea and herbal tea for its consumers. Accordingly, the company is well known in the food service industry, and for that reason, has a great market share, with most of its products being readily available in the market. As a family-owned business, the company has been and still is being run by the Bigelow family with Cindi Bigelow as the current chief operating officer. R.C Bigelow’s Tea Company’s operations are guided by four main principles including establishing strong relationships with both suppliers and consumers, employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, as well as, ensuring the practice of corporate social responsibility. Evidently, these principles have successfully assisted the company in building and maintaining itself as a great brand in the market. These principles have also assured the company of competitive advantage in its industry, hence the success of the company.

Because of the changing trends in the industry, the company identified the need for new product development so as to keep up with the competition. Accordingly, based on an examination of the company’s customer base, the chief operating officer considered the introduction of new tea flavors as a way of attracting the younger customers. Accordingly, the older customer base is important to the company, and for that reason, still needs to be maintained even with the company’s entry into the younger customer base. However, a problem arises when the company discovers that the greatest majority of its home country’s population prefers ice tea to hot tea. Additionally, the younger customers that the company intends to attract will also take time to convince and influence into drinking hot tea, as opposed to, iced tea. This is because, the company had previously made wrong decisions regarding the production of ice teas, which in turn caused their iced tea products to fail in the market. Fundamentally, the company seeks to expand its market share to include the younger customers, as they believe that this will assure market growth for the company. This decision has come about because the company feels like the company is not experiencing growth with the current customer base, which is the older customers.

Issues and Problems

Upon a closer examination of the case study presented it is evident that the R.C Bigelow Tea Company faces two main problems. The first problem is the expansion of its market share in a bid to embrace the younger customer base, while still maintaining the older customer base. The second problem revolves around the introduction of new products, as well as, the need for product specification as a marketing strategy. At the outset, the company needs to maintain itself as a preferred brand in the market, as well as, promote the sale of its teas to consumers. In essence, the company has a superb customer base, which has been loyal to the company thus assuring its existence in the market. The older customer base, which is holds majority of the company’s market share, has allowed the company to grow and develop into what it is at the moment. For that reason, the company, even when developing new strategies for business, needs to ensure that they do not lose this customer base at all costs.

Because the company is aware of the needs of its older customer base, it has been able to provide these customers with the services they require accordingly. Evidently, the older customer base is more inclined to the hot teas, products that the company is comfortable and willing to provide to these customers at any time. This, has, in turn, compelled the company into providing hot teas as their key products. Accordingly, a problem arises when the company wishes to expand its customer base and bring in younger customers. This is because these two customer bases have different needs and requirements, and for that reason, the company will need to rethink their product strategy. As previously mentioned expanding the customer base causes a problem to the company, as it will force the company to rethink its strategies.

The company needs to devise products that are attractive to the younger customer base, which may be a difficult task, especially since the company deals with the production of tea. Fundamentally, the company wishes to attract customers between the ages 18 and 34, which is one of the most difficult customer bases to attract. The company deals with tea products, something that the younger customer base may not be willing to spend their money on. Accordingly, attracting the younger customer base may be tasking to the company, and for that reason, the company needs to invest heavily for the attainment of this. The second problem identified regards product specification. This problem is related to the first problem, as it revolves around the younger customer base that the company wishes to attain as a way of expanding their market share. As explained in the article, R.C Bigelow Tea Company is distinctively concentrated on the production of hot teas. The company also wishes to expand its customer base to encompass the younger customer base.

However, the younger customer base has been identified as preferring iced teas and other beverages, thus causing a problem for the company. Evidently, the company was slow in the diversification of their products to the production of ice teas. This implies that the company’s ice teas do not do well in the market as expected. This, in turn, causes problems to the company, as it cannot offer its potential younger market products that they inherently, prefer.

Alternative Courses of Action

Having established some of the problems faced by R.C. Tea Bigelow Tea Company, it is crucial that the company develop at least three alternatives and courses of action to help deal with these problems. These strategies will assist the company in achieving its goals and objectives regarding market growth, as well as, increasing its sales. Three main alternative courses of action have been identified including disregarding the younger customer base, changing the younger customer base’s perception of tea, and changing the company image.

Disregarding the Younger Customer Base

This alternative implies that the company will need to forgo their need for market share expansion. Instead, the company will focus its marketing and operational activities on the maintenance of the current customer base, which is women above 45. By disregarding the younger customer base, the company will escape the pressure and possible failure of expanding its market share. This will allow the company to specialize their products based on the needs of its current customer base, which is the older customer. The company will shape their products and services in such a way that they meet the needs of this group of people. The company will also discount the younger market as part of their market share, and will, therefore, not produce teas that are suitable for the younger market.

Changing the Younger Customer’s Perception Regarding Tea Consumption

The second alternative that the company may consider for their problems is changing the perception of tea consumption for the younger customers. This is directly aimed at the younger customers because they are the customer base that the company wishes to attain for the expansion of its market share. Changing the younger customer’s perception on tea consumption will allow the company to attain the market share that it requires for its growth and development. Changing the younger customer’s perception regarding tea consumption will demand that the company develop strategies to persuade the younger clients into taking hot tea, as opposed, to the iced teas and sodas. This will require a marketing campaign that is specifically fashioned for the younger generation to encourage this group to purchase the company’s hot tea products.

Changing the Company Image

Changing the company image is the last alternative to the problems faced by the company, and it is a business strategy that demands the company to change its representation in the market. This change of image may come in many forms including product diversification, and market stratification among other things. The company may also need to restructure its customer base as a strategy for changing its image in the industry. The decision, in such a case, will be that of the company, and it will be dependent on what the company feels will be most advantageous to it. Changing the company image will demand that the company also changes some of its business and operational strategies, and for that reason, demands a lot of investments from the company.

Advantages and Disadvantages

The three alternatives presented above will have a great impact on the company, as well as, its activities in the industry. The impacts of these alternatives are both positive and negative and for that reason, need a careful analysis so as to determine which alternative is the best choice in such a case. In relation to the alternative of disregarding the younger customer base as part of the company’s market share, the advantages and disadvantages are largely related to its effects on the company’s market growth. As an advantage to the company, disregarding the younger customer base will not assure the company of growth and development in the industry. This implies stagnant movement in market growth as the company will be solely focused on sustaining its current market customer base. This alternative may also be advantageous o the company because, it allows the company to focus on one particular customer base, and establish this customer base as a stronghold for the company’s business operations. Focusing on one particular customer base will fortify the company’s strength with the existing customer base, thus assuring the company of a strong market share with this customer base.

In relation to changing the younger customer’s perception regarding the consumption of tea, the advantages are more than the disadvantages. Accordingly, this strategy allows the company to expand its market share, hence growth in its respective industry. This is because this strategy compels the customers into purchasing and consuming the company’s products and services. This, in turn, implies an expansion in the customer base, thus an increase of the market share in the industry. This further assures the company of an increase in business activities, hence more sales for the company and an increase in profit for the company. The only disadvantage of this alternative is that it requires a lot of investment by the company. The company will need to invest almost all its resources, so as to, assure the company of the achievement of the intended goal of the alternative. For that reason, if the company suffers from a financial deficit, then there is a possibility that this alternative will not achieve its intended purposes. In addition to this, this alternative risks the possibility of failure, especially of the company fails to persuade the younger consumers into tea consumption. Failing to convince the younger customer base will not assure the company of attaining the large market share that it intends to attain.

The last alternative identified is the change of company image, so as to suit the changing trends in the industry and market. This alternative will also allow the company to reestablish itself in the market, as a way of increasing its market share and reaching out to the younger customer base. The advantage of this alternative is that it allows the company to look into strategies that it would not implement on a normal basis, thus allowing the company to exercise new strategies for its business operations. Further, this alternative allows the company to keep up with the changing trends in the industry, hence the possibility of success. This alternative may pose a disadvantage to the company owing to the possibility of failure and the dilution of the company’s brand. For this alternative to succeed, there is need for the company to invest heavily, which may be complicated if the company does not have the necessary resources to achieve this. This alternative may also be disadvantageous to the company, as it will force the company into dilution. This is because the company will be forced into changing some of its activities and strategies, most of which constitute the company’s brand image. Branding is important for companies, and losing one’s brand may also imply the loss of its market share in the industry.

Solution

On a closer examination of the alternatives presented, as well as, their specific advantages and disadvantages, it is clear that some solutions are far much better than others. Evidently, the decision to change the younger customers’ perspectives regarding the consumption of tea would be the most applicable solution to the problem faced by R.C Bigelow Tea Company. This is because the company wishes to expand its market share so as to cover the younger customer base that the company is currently lacking. The other two alternatives do not match up with the company’s overall goals and objectives regarding the attainment of a larger market share for the company. Changing the customers’ perception regarding tea consumption demands a number of activities by the company. These activities include marketing activities for the company, as well as, the products and services it offers, and the benefits of these to the company. As mentioned in the case study, the younger customer base are not much of tea drinkers, and for that reason, may require an immense amount of persuasion regarding the consumption of tea. If R.C Bigelow Tea Company manages to persuade the younger customers into consuming tea, especially tea products from the company, then there is the possibility of the company increasing its customer base accordingly.

Rationale

Apart from the obvious advantages of this alternative for the company, changing the younger customers’ perception regarding tea consumption allows the company to rebrand itself in the market. Branding is a key ingredient for the success of business organizations, and for that reason, needs to be considered accordingly when developing business strategies. Changing people’s perception on tea consumption will assure the company of the opportunity to rebrand itself in its respective industry. This is because the processes involved in changing customer perception require that the company come into contact with the customers with which it wishes to attain. As previously mentioned, changing customer perception demands increased marketing activities, which may creating awareness on the importance of tea consumption, as opposed to, other drinking items. This alternative will also allow the company to expand its market share as is wishes to, and this will increase its sales, as well as, increase its profits. Changing the perception of younger customers on the consumption of tea will also help in gaining a larger customer base for the tea industry as a whole. This is because more consumers will be encouraged into tea consumption, which would in turn increase the sales of tea products in the industry. Persuading the younger consumers into tea consumption will assure vigor and vitality of the industry, thus keeping companies such as the R.C Bigelow Tea Company in business.

Lessons Learnt

The case study on R.C. Bigelow Tea Company exposes individuals to some of the problems that businesses face during their business life cycle. This case study also presents the solutions to these problems, as well as, their advantages and disadvantages. The case study allows individuals to understand some business principles and their application and practicability. At the outset, the case study allows students to understand the amount of work that goes into decision making in businesses and organizations. Through this case study, individuals are exposed to some of the problems that face decision makers in the business organization. Additionally, the case study also allows students to comprehend some of the negative impacts of making wrong decisions regarding the organization and its activities. This is clearly indicated in R.C Bigelow Tea Company’s decision regarding ice teas. On top of creating awareness on the importance of decision making on the organizational setting, the case study also exposes students to the significance of developing proper business strategies. With this, students have the ability to comprehend some of the strategies that a business can opt for in relation to expanding their market share, as well as, product specification. Information provided in the case study, as well as, some of the solutions suggested allows students to, deeply, understand the management process and the key concepts involved in this.

BSN355 Capstone Project Proposal Plan

What is the project question (PICOT)? In other words what are you ultimately trying to figure out? Address in P-I-C-O-T format first; then a narrative description.

My target group are patient with COPD. Prevent being hospitalized by managing their COPD at home, through clinic visit and frequent assessment if their medications are being effective.

I will compare my project from the previous (last quarter) hospital admission for patient with COPD.

My expectation from this project is to prevent or lower the readmission rate of patient with chronic COPD in the hospital.

My time frame is withing 90 days of the implementation. And see the readmission rate will go down with COPDs

What is the title of your project? Be specific and concise.

How to prevent hospital readmissions with COPD patient

Who will benefit from your project?

Chronic COPD patient

Where are the people located that will benefit from your project?

Marin county in California.

What date do you plan on implementing your project? If you plan to implement this in BSN485, please specify that here.

I am planning to start this project within 30 days of the proposal.

How long will your project take? Clarify the difference as compared to the project timeframe in your PICOT question.

My timeframe for this project is 90 days.

Budget requirements of your project (how much money will it take to implement your project)? Please note that this is a proposal; you will not fund this project.

Projected budget is around $10,000 to buy teaching supplies such as Nebulizer machine, Aerobika, Icentive spirometer. Sample inhalers to teach how to properly use a inhalers.

Why did you decide to do this project?

I currently work in Pulmonary clinic in San Rafael, Ca. Most of are patient has COPD. And currently the admission rate for COPD patient in our hospital is high

What do you hope to achieve by doing this project?

Our patient can able to manage their COPD at home and through clinic visit. Less hospitalization and admission in the hospital.

What do you need to help you complete this project? Examples may include supplies, Facility/Administration support, etc.

I need admin support, probably one nurse to teach patient how to properly use their inhalers, a respiratory therapist to help teach pulmonary hygiene and perform pulmonary function test. A nebulizer machine to show the patient how to use it, a Aerobika, and Incentive spirometer and sample inhalers for teaching.

Will your project have long-term effects? If so, what are they? If none. Why not?

It will have a long-term effect. By managing their symptoms at home, it will help them to be hospitalize and admission rate will go down.

Will the project be sustainable? If so, how will you sustain the project?

How will your project be evaluated?

My project can be sustainable if patient is being cooperative about their treatment plan.

My project can be evaluated by checking the hospital admission rate for patient with COPD.

Are there any risks associated with the project?

Yes. Patient may not be compliant with their treatment plan given by our Pulmonologist.

Is there anything that may prevent your project from succeeding? If so, what?

Yes. If management cannot grant the teaching equipment that are needed. If patient will not be compliant with their treatment.

Budget Transparency

Student’s Name

Department of affiliation

Course

Professor

Date

Budget Transparency

Budget transparency is one of the financial processes where the government or private bodies disclose all the necessary financial information in a systematic and timely manner. Budget transparency requires that all the stakeholders are involved during the budgeting process to foster transparency and eliminate the issues of corruption and improve on accountability. It also allows the stakeholders to contribute their views on how the money can be used. One of the issues that is clearly evident in the case of American Library Association is the lack of budget transparency in the body. The leadership of the organization made decisions that impacted the financial status of the organization thus creating enormous deficit. When members of the ALA met during their Midwinter meeting, the primary objective was to discuss issues of governance within the body. However, this did not happen because of financial issues that came up during the meeting.

The American Library Association was operating on a deficit of two million dollars and this came as a surprise to the stakeholders. What is clear from this meeting is that most of the stakeholders were not aware that the ALA was operating on a deficit. This shows the inadequacies from the management who were not transparent on the budgeting process of the organization’s funds. Another effect of budget transparency that came out during the meeting is the sale of the organization’s headquarters. The members from various divisions were surprised to learn that the proceeds of the sale of the organization’s headquarters had been placed into the endowment despite the shortfall on the operating funds in the organization. This is another case of lack of transparency from the organization’s management. According to Schwartz (2020), “Brown acknowledged “significant unplanned deficits” and “significant missteps,” and committed to “better communication” and “repairing trust.” Brown’s admission of significant unplanned deficits demonstrates a lack of budget transparency in the American Library Association and this is the major cause of the deficits experienced in the organization.

Budget transparency is one of the leading causes of better budgetary outcomes. Budget transparency is often facilitated by the people in leadership positions in organizations. These are the people who determine the outcome of a budget. Poor leadership during the budgetary process affects the financial status of organizations and can lead to financial deficit as depicted by the financial crisis in the American Library Association. As noted by American Library Association leadership in their response to the Midwinter meeting that ended with frustration from members, “ALA policy, divisions and other units are expected to be strong, strategic stewards of their funds and provide fiduciary oversight” (ALA, 2020). ALA leadership acknowledged in their response that Divisions and other stakeholders should play an oversight role in ensuring that there is transparency on how finances in the organization are utilized. However, it is clear from the Midwinter meeting that there is a lot of financial information that was not shared by the management of the ALA and this resulted in a deficit that affected the operations of the organization. Therefore, leaders play a critical role in ensuring that there is transparency during the budgeting process in organizations.

References

American Library Association. (2020, February 14). ALA responds to financial situation [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2020/02/ala-responds-financial-situation

Schwartz, M. (2020, February 7). American Library Association’s $2 million shortfall prompts demands for transparency, reform. Retrieved February 13, 2020, from Library Journal website:

https://www.libraryjournal.com?detailStory=American-Library-Associations-2-Million-Shortfall-Prompts-Demands-for-Transparency-Reform-ALA-Midwinter-2020

Abortion and Why it should not be Illegal.

Student’s Name:

Course:

Date:

The concept of abortion has been one of the primary and controversial matters as it has been the leading cause of substantial debates for a long time. It is with no doubt that people have distinct points of view on whether abortion should be illegal or not. These distinct perspectives have further complicated the topic of abortion, given the fact that those who are against legalizing abortion are more concerned about the new life. On the other hand, individuals who support legalizing abortion are more concerned about the welfare of the woman who is pregnant, and under different circumstances, she is not mentally, physically, or emotionally ready to care for a baby. There are different perspectives on why abortion should not be illegal. The primary central populations of concerns are rape victims and individuals who are victims of unplanned pregnancies. These two populations are more likely to be affected by different angles if abortion is illegal. Abortion should be legal to rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies to ensure their mental well-being, minimize the number of unsafe abortions, and reduce the likelihood of these women falling under the poverty line and becoming drug addicts.

Abortion should be made legal for rape victims and individuals with unwanted pregnancies to ensure their mental well-being. Firstly, it is highly critical to acknowledge the fact that women who get raped are victims in their circumstance. Rape is not only physical abuse but also a mental abuse situation. A majority of rape victims frequently undergo psychological issues such as depression. Therefore, it would be morally wrong to force a rape victim to keep a pregnancy that resulted from her rape. Pregnancy will only elevate their anxiety and depression since it will be a burden that reminds them of the sexual assault that they went through. In some cases, pregnant rape victims end up committing suicide if denied the chance to have an abortion. Therefore, it is only reasonable that rape victims are allowed to have an abortion as this would ensure that they recover both physically, and mentally.

Secondly, in most cases, unplanned pregnancies are a result of failed pregnancy prevention methods such as condoms which are not 100% effective. When women state that she has an unplanned pregnancy, it does not necessarily mean that she simply does not want the baby. These women might not be ready emotionally, mentally, or financially to take care of a baby. Forcing these women to keep their pregnancies to term will only assert pressure on their mental health, and this might result in depression. Henceforth, to ensure a healthy mental well being for rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies, abortion should not be illegal (Bridges, 2013).

Illegalizing abortion does not stop abortion, and it only forces rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies to resort to unsafe abortions from unqualified medical personnel. Unsafe abortion is dangerous as it has adverse effects. A majority of rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies will go out of their way to ensure that they have an unsafe abortion. Unfortunately, there are some unqualified medical personnel who will take advantage of these women’s vulnerability by promising them that they will take them through the process if they get paid. The dire need for unsafe abortion of these rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies eventually forces them to procure an unsafe abortion regardless of the safety and consequences.

Unsafe abortions have a wide range of adverse effects as they reduce the life quality, well-being of those affected, and in some cases, these women might experience life-threatening complications. The difficulties could be infections, hemorrhage, and injuries to internal body organs. Other critical complications include incomplete abortions that require further treatment, uterine perforation. These complications could lead to disabilities and even deaths (Shahbazi, 2012). As a result, the affected women, families, and health system spend a lot of finances to treat the complications that result from unsafe abortions. The government spends millions of dollars on treating complications that arise from unsafe abortions (Vlassoff, Shearer, Walker & Lucas, 2008). Therefore, making abortion illegal will socially and economically affect this population.

Denying abortion to rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies results increases poverty levels as these women are more likely to fall under the poverty line. Unintended pregnancies are known to prevent these women from completing their education and building successful careers, given the fact that denial to abortion results in psychological conditions such as depression. These mental conditions prevent these women from securing stable employment opportunities, and most of them live from paycheck to paycheck as they are unemployed (Foster et al., 2018).

The poverty levels and depression potentially force these women to seek solace elsewhere by becoming drug users. Drug addiction and poverty are yet other critical issues that result when rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies are denied abortions. As a result, the unwanted children become victims as they end up lacking a stable support family system, a good education, and generally a successful future. These children are more likely to become drug addicts and criminals in the future based on the kind of environment that they are raised in (Roberts, Rocca & Foster, 2014). Denying these women abortions prevents them from completing their education or build their careers; henceforth a majority of them end up below the poverty line, and this forces them to become drug addicts. It is therefore evident that making abortion illegal not only affects rape victims and women with unwanted pregnancies but also the society as a whole.

Individuals who oppose the legalization of abortion have presented some alternatives to help minimize abortion and unwanted pregnancies. Based on their arguments, abortions could be reduced by minimizing the rates at which women get unwanted pregnancies. It is with no doubt that approximately half of all pregnancies are usually unintended and half of these unintended pregnancies result into abortion. The first way that could reduce abortions by preventing unwanted pregnancies is through the introduction of comprehensive sexual education in schools and to the community. This comprehensive sexual education is meant to provide individuals with critical information regarding the use of contraception and abstinence. With regards to the use of contraception, these opponents claim that easy access to contraceptives and pregnancy prevention procedures will reduce unwanted pregnancies, and this will minimize the need for abortions.