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Microsoft

 

Background

 Microsoft is an organization that was found in 1975, and one year later, it was registered in Mexico. Its headquarter is located in Redmond, found in Washington. Microsoft deals with computer-related licensing services, manufacturing, and the invention of new products that belong in the same category (SVetlik, 2019). The organization was founded by two people who were friends in their childhood moments: Bill Gates and Paul Allen. These two individuals were among the best proficient computer experts when they came up with innovative ideas that led to Microsoft’s rise. During the 1970s, access to computers was one of the biggest challenges that faced computer experts during those moments.

In 1977, under the leadership of Bill Gates and Paul Allen, Microsoft opened the first branch of the organization. The branch was located in Japan, and the two founding fathers named it ASCII Microsoft. In 1979, after the launch of ASCII Microsoft, the organization changed its headquarters to Bellevue, located in Washington. In 1981, the organization was incorporated under Microsoft Inc (Reed, 2019). In 1980, the organization introduced its first operating system under the name Xenix. One year later, after the introduction of Xenix, the company came up with Microsoft Dos. It is an operating system that was specifically designed to work for IDM. In 1983, Microsoft introduced its first mouse to the market, and the same year, Windows was also manufactured and availed for Microsoft users.

Services

 Microsoft offers an enormous variety of products to its customers. The organizations deal in operating systems for computers, mobile phones, and other devices that require an operating system to function. The company also offers server services to its customers. Since it is a computing organization, Microsoft has several applications that carry out distinct functions to the Microsoft operating system (Business Description, 2019). There are several software that are generated by Microsoft and tools for developing various software. In situations where other organizations have computer issues, Microsoft offers various consultation services to its clients and different solutions.

        The organization offers online advertising platforms for its customers. There are several cloud computing operations which the company has for the clients who prefer their services. The typical cloud computing services by Microsoft are Microsoft Office 365. It is an online tool that enables various users to carry out distinct tasks online whenever they want, and it has a user-friendly interface (Business Description, 2019). Xbox Live is a platform where clients gain access to gaming platforms from Microsoft and social networking activities. Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online is a platform offered by Microsoft so that clients can carry out their marketing activities. The organization also has communication tools such as Skype, used for connection services in different devices.

Senior Leadership

 Just like other organizations, Microsoft has its format of leadership. The leaders carry out different duties within the organization. Currently, there are 17 different senior leadership positions fulfilled but I will go over a couple of the Executive Vice Presidents and the President. The chief executive officer of Microsoft is Satya Nadela. He became the CEO of the organization in 2014 after Steve Ballmer. Nadela is in charge of the artificial intelligence unit. Before he became the CEO of Microsoft, Nadella was the vice president of Microsoft in cloud computing. He is knowledgeable in this field to the extent that he wants to take the organization to the next level of the artificial intelligence field. The CEO has an affinity for a cloud computing platform, one of his visions for the company (Ward, 2019). Nadela has two master’s certificates, one in computer science and another one in business administration. At the same time, he has a degree in electrical engineering. 

After Nadela, Judson Athloff is the Executive Vice President and is in charge of all the sales within Microsoft. He controls the public enterprise of the organization. Athloff joined the organization in 2013 as president of Microsoft North America. Under his leadership, Microsoft North America achieved double-digit revenue growth in a $30 billion business and triple-digit cloud growth. Chris Capossela is Microsoft’s chief marketing officer and executive vice president of the worldwide Consumer Business. As the chief marketing officer, he runs marketing across both the consumer and commercial businesses, which includes product marketing for all Microsoft services and products, brand, advertising, communications and research. As leader of the Consumer Business, he oversees the Consumer and Device Sales team, Microsoft Advertising sales and Microsoft Stores. These teams are collectively responsible for driving revenue, growth and share across the consumer businesses. Capossela has been working for Microsoft for twenty-five years. One of Capossela’s primary drives is the organizations’ mission: to empower everyone who uses their products (Ward, 2019). Before he became the chief marketing officer, he was in charge of the organizations’ Microsoft office division. The CMO has a bachelor in the field of computer science and economics. The president of Microsoft is Brad Smith. As the president, he leads a team of more than 1,500 business, legal and corporate affairs professionals located in 54 countries and operating in more than 120 nations. He joined Microsoft in 1993 and now plays a key role in spearheading the company’s work on critical issues involving the intersection of technology and society, including cybersecurity, privacy, artificial intelligence, etc. He spent many years leading work to resolve the company’s antitrust controversies with governments around the world and companies. Recently, Smith has done work to advance privacy protection for Microsoft customers and immigrants and has brought multiple lawsuits against the U.S. on these issues.

There is a lot of senior leadership which can be seen in the current organizational chart below: 

Competition

        Nadela is the CEO of the organization, and his primary drive is the fact that he wants to transform Microsoft’s bureaucratic culture. His transformational leader style sets them apart from their competitors. Microsoft’s management style starts by understating the current culture and trying to realign their new vision, values, norms, and shared assumption to form some kind of a new culture. He poses a good leader’s characteristics, such as encouraging other employees within the organization to develop a growth mindset (Novet, 2020). With a growth mindset, employees within Microsoft can develop skills in carrying out their respective tasks. 

Capossela, the chief marketing officer in Microsoft, is unique from other leaders within the same organization. He tends to understand the organization’s flow within the organization than any other leader (Novet, 2020). Athloff is credited for the essential sales made by the organization in 2017. In this same year, he led the company to the health industry.   

Mission, Values, Vision Statement

 Every organization has its mission, which its members work on daily to achieve. Microsoft is an organization that is depended upon by several clients globally. The organization’s primary mission is to offer empowerment to all the clients so that they can achieve their core objectives (Mission Statement Academy, 2019). The organization intends to generate opportunities for its local clients and the ones from the rest of the world.

        Technology keeps changing daily, and the clients who interact with the changing technology also change their mode of interactions. Last year, the organizations’ motto was to generate the best services and equipment for its clients (Mission Statement Academy, 2019). This is because cloud technology changes how clients use distinct technologies.

Management and discrimination revised

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Abstract

This paper will assess case studies of unprofessional behaviors and discrimination by professionals and business people. In so doing, it aims at bringing to attention of the reader that such behaviors are unethical and should be avoided for the sake of a harmonious society.

Introduction

Bahrain, a country in the Middle East, is well known for collectivist culture. Based on collectivist theory, collectivist cultures tend to have strong and deep relationships. Under collectivism, people have a tendency of favoring similar groups that share same values and have a common background as them. Besides, there are also other subgroups within the main culture. These affiliations are sect based since Bahrain is predominantly Islam. The major sectarian subgroups are the Sunni and Shiite. Each one of them has its own values and norms, and their members have strong interpersonal relationships.

The sects openly favor and prefer one of their own whenever a choice involving different sects has to be made. To put it in black and white, they discriminate against each other along sectarian lines and racial divide. In the mentioned cases, it was obvious how that concept was applied. In the first case, the manager of the saloon preferred Noor to Eman because she was Sunni. This was despite the fact that she was less qualified.

In the second case, the doctors showed a discriminative behavior toward the injured Sunni students and refused to treat them, just because they were not Shiite as they are. In this case, doctors were sent on an emergency mission, a case in which violence had erupted in Bahrain University. There were casualty cases and doctors were ready to attend to their call and duty as usual. However, it was not business as usual when upon arriving, it turned out that the injured were Sunni. Only one doctor responded to the emergency as others declined to cooperate. Discriminating against the Sunni students was not ethical (Gabriel, 2010) since all doctors are under the Hippocratic Oath to keep patients away from harm.

An overall analysis shows that in Bahrain, sectarianism has been in existence in the society from long time. Sunni and Shiite have lived in separate settlements. Discrimination is not limited to the governmental policies in work place, but also among people in Bahrain community. Shi’ites have for a long time complained of discrimination in Bahrain. They claim that the government distributes jobs and housing along a pro-Sunni sectarian basis. This has risen to the extent that the government grants nationality to Sunnis from other countries to offset Shi’ite numbers.

As can be seen, the first mentioned case was influenced from these circumstances. Although the saloon was not a governmental organization, and has no laws that prohibit hiring Shiites, the manager declined to hire the Shiite Eman since she was not of the same sect as the manager. After the recent crisis between Shiite and Sunni, social discrimination upraised between the two sectarians. In the second case when the Shiite doctors refused to cooperate with the witness doctor, and left him to deal with the situation by himself, they practiced a type of professional bullying and misconduct. They refused to co-operate with him in the emergency, leaving the witness doctor shocked and disappointed.

To summarize, loyalty and commitment are essential values for any job, especially for doctors who oath to exploit their abilities to treat needed people no matter what are the circumstances. In the second case, when the doctors refused to treat the injured student because they do not belong to their sectarian was breaking the nobility of doctor’s job. They showed immoral behavior, and they did not have loyalty to their organization, which can affect organization’s performance (Player, 2010).

References

Player, M. A., (2009). Federal Law of Employment Discrimination. New York: West Publishing.

Gabriel P., (2010). How to Be a Great Leader and a Great Manager Both At The Work Place and At Home. New York: Blue Sky

Brown V. Board Of Education (1954) Simulation

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Brown V. Board Of Education (1954) Simulation

Introduction

Justice, equity and equality are all very important elements of a state or a nation. About the United States of America, this brings even more concern when people of colour are denied their rights and privileges. Herein the case of brown versus education board is discussed in a simulation form, which reveals the nature of the American system and how this system affects people of colour. This is brought out in the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). In the case, Oliver Brown accused the district education board of segregation of the white students from the black students because he was denied admission into a white school. He came up with a class-action suit against the board of education and stated that the segregation laws violated the 14th Amendment to the constitution. Herein the party and the case are discussed, the argument presented by the accuser, the counter-argument is also considered and finally, the conclusion. This paper discusses this case in a simulation format.

The Party & Case

The case is mainly about the violation of the constitution and the effects of the violation of the constitution towards Oliver Brown, who was denied admission to a white school. Representing Oliver Brown in the case, the client will provide the evidence and the information needed. Oliver Brown was the father of to girl who was denied admission. He went forward and accused the district board of education of denying the student equality since according to the 14th Amendment, the blacks and the whites were supposed to interact freely and learn together. However, in cases that were difficult to be together, the resources and amenities present in the schools had to be the same for both the whites and the blacks, and this was one thing that was warring. This is because segregation not only considered the resources available but also the social effect on black students was too much to be just left alone.

The social effect the segregation had on the black students was very bad in that when the students saw that they were supposed to go to a certain school because of their skin colour, the one thing that came to their mind was the fact that they were less superior. The quality of education they were going to get from that school was very poor, and they were not going to benefit (Brown v. Board of Education (1954), n.d.). The good thing about observing the 14th Amendment and making sure that both whites and blacks were equal is social justice and an equal share of the resources available.

The fact that the party discriminated against was a black person also made the case very ambiguous. It was easy for most people within the justice system to do away with the case and decide against brown. This shows the continuous systemic racism which has always existed within the American system, with its roots in the slavery form ingrained into the minds of the whites about the blacks. Oliver Brown and her daughter were black made him lose the case in the district court and failed admission into the white school, respectively. The failure to be admitted into the white school was a big issue since it was not just denial and being given a better or equally good chance (Ethridge, 1979). Oliver’s daughter was denied a chance at the white school, which was the closest school to their home, and given a chance in another school that was far away and inconvenient to the girl. This brought out a very large desire to know more about the 14th Amendment and if it provided for this kind of treatment towards the daughter of Oliver brown.

After detailed research and reflection, Oliver brown decided to sue the board of education, and he failed. However, he appealed his case at the united states supreme court, and this was when his intentions were discovered to be very serious since he never gave up. He wanted to fully make sure that he got to all places possible to see her daughter get a quality education without having to go through a hell of experiences in order just to fit into the white led society. He wanted her daughter to get the best education possible, and that would give her everything she needed to become who she wanted to become in her life.

The Argument

The possible arguments range from law to common basic human logic. The major way to convince the judges that the point is valid is to make sure that the facts being talked about are very well documented and connected from law, logic and basic human emotions.

The first and the most important thing is the clear analysis of the 14th Amendment concerning racial relations in schools and how this has affected the American educational system. The 14th Amendment is about the equal application of the law. This Amendment states that the same laws will bind every person within a state, and they are not supposed by any chance to be treated better or in a bad way than the others since this will result in the faulty application of the law, and it is illegal. When a state allows a certain group of people to engage in a certain activity and at the same time denies another group the same right, then it becomes evident that the equal application of the law is not being observed.

When cases about the 14th Amendment are brought before the judges and the jury, there is a very clear consideration of the situation at hand. The two major ways of the court system to look into the issues are rational basis and legitimate state purpose (14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | United States law, 2020). For example, suppose a state imposes a certain law and a person who feels offended by the same law. In that case, they are allowed to present the issue in a court of law and based on rationality, and the judges decide if the issue is based on ration or legitimate purpose or something else. For example, some police officers getting loans, and others are not being given loans. This can be a valid argument, and it can raise a lot of questions.

There is also suspect classification whereby the state views that a person is a suspect. They are being placed in a situation of segregation or just any situation whereby they cannot get away with their suspected crimes. When a jury realizes that a case involves a case of suspect segregation, it is even looked into deeply. The jury looks at all the factors and decides upon the best interpretation of the law and the case at hand.

In the case of brown versus education board, there is a suspect classification whereby the supreme court had to review the while issue and later came up with their decision, favoured brown due to discrimination he faced because of his daughter wishing to join a white school.

The number one argument is that the 14th Amendment was violated because even though the resources might be the same for the white and the black school, the quality of education and teachers were not the same. The other thing is that the 14th Amendment never mentions it is good to separate blacks and whites (Lutz, 2005). The other argument is that it was not logical for students to be denied access to a nearby school just to be given a chance in a school far away from their home. The other argument was that in the development of the constitution and its amendments, there was a lot that was not yet present. There were new developments that were not foreseen by those who amended the constitution. Therefore we have to be logical and only remain fixed onto a rule that was made when almost no black person attended school.

The Counter Argument

Even though the accuser presents the 14th Amendment as the best weapon, the accused can do the same. The major counter-arguments of the other party would be that the 14th Amendment was not violated in that both schools had the same kind of educational system and that the quality of education was the same (Brown v. Board of Education (1954). From this perspective, therefore, the accused can state that the kind of life that the child chooses to live, whether they feel discriminated against or not, is theirs since they have provided the same resources and everything for both schools. This can add to the accuser’s statement that even though all the material resources are available, how can the teachers be motivated, and how can the black people be helped to deal with their many psychological issues without affecting the performance and success of both schools.

Another counter-argument that the accused can bring up is the case of Plessy v. Ferguson of 1896, which stated that racial segregation did not violate the 14th Amendment. In this case, it is possible that the accused can state that there is no problem with the district board of education practising segregation since the same Supreme Court stated that it was not illegal. The Supreme Court was not supposed to contradict itself by judging otherwise. In the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court argued that it was not wrong for racial segregation as long as the issues at hand were the same. In this case, the accuser can get information from the accused in that the facilities were the same, but the situations were not the same. In this, therefore, the accuser wins.

The accused’s other argument could be that the accuser was not denied basic rights like the right to education. The accused can state that the accuser was given all the rights only just the inability to choose where to study from the in the real sense when this was denied, it was for the good of the accused since going to a far school enabled her to interact with new people (14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | United States law, 2020)

. The accuser can learn from this that even though everything can be provided, sometimes the intention matters a lot and not the amount, quantity, and quality of actions taken.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the case of brown versus the board of education does not go through an easy route, but justice is served because brown wins over the board of education. This is justice, and it was what was most needed. There is also a mention of contemporary interpretations of the constitution, which was very important because issues keep coming up and building up, leaving no law to deal with the issue.

References

14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause | United States law. (2020). Www.getlegal.com. https://www.getlegal.com/legal-info-center/14th-amendment-equal-protection-clause/#:~:text=14th%20Amendment%20Equal%20Protection%20Clause%20The%20Equal%20ProtectionBrown v. Board of Education (1954). (n.d.). LII / Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/brown_v_board_of_education_(1954)Ethridge, S. B. (1979). 5.2 Impact of the 1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education decision on Black educators. Handbook of Research on Teacher Education, 30(4), 650.

Lutz, B. F. (2005). Post Brown vs. the Board of Education: The effects of the end of court-ordered desegregation.

Abolitionists: John Brown and Nat Turner

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Slavery has always hit the headlines whenever we talk of the colonial period. This was a very difficult time for Africans since at the time they were primitive and powerless since they did not possess the weapons the whites had. They were captured and taken to the United States as slaves (Ranganathan & Bratman, 2021). Different people, leaders included, attempted to free the Africans from slavery but bore no fruits. Therefore, the heroes of the time resorted to violence as the best way of being free people and slaves to no one. However, even after the abolition of slavery in most parts of the American states, black Americans were considered inferior to white people (Ranganathan & Bratman, 2021). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the heroism of Nat Turner and John Brown. It will also discuss the similarities and differences between the two and the events that surrounded the decision they made toward fighting slavery.

My interpretation of Turner is that he is a hero. He had been a slave since he was born and he did not have hope that freedom was coming soon. However, his belief and religion pushed him to believe that he was the chosen one to free the black people from slavery. There was no possibility that if he could sit down with the whites, they could agree on freeing the slaves. Therefore, his decision to use violence to fight for the freedom of his people was the best at the moment under the circumstances (Greenberg, 2021). Whether this violence bore fruit or not, Nat Turner could still be a hero.

John brown was a white man of Puritan heritage. He is famously known for fighting against injustices toward the black slaves yet he is a white man. This was considered a crime because he turned against his people to fight along with a different race. His belief in God is superior to human beings made him fight for the rights of the slaves because he believed all human beings were equal (Greenberg, 2021).

Brown grew up among abolitionists and had a strong belief in the golden rule and human rights. Nat Turner had been a slave since he was born but he strongly believed he was the chosen one to save his people from slavery. The two were driven by the desire to seek justice for the black people and despite being religious they resorted to violence (Greenberg, 2021). Their rebellions were a success because in the end slavery was abolished and the black people got their freedom despite the attitude of the whites that they were inferior.

John Brown was a middle-class white man who went against his people to fight for the rights of the black people while Nat Turner was a black man fighting for the freedom of his people. John Brown was born a free man into a free state while Nat Turner was born a slave (Cash, 2019). They were both religious and had strong beliefs on human rights and aimed at freeing the blacks from slavery. They both believed that they had been chosen to deliver the blacks from slavery.

Nat Turner and John Brown should both be remembered as heroes who brought freedom upon the black people who had been oppressed for a long time as slaves. There should be historical books written about their struggle and beliefs that led to the abolition of slavery and portraits of the two so that people can see them and always remember where their freedom comes from. The two are like links between the blacks and the whites, they, therefore, deserve to be remembered by everyone in all generations.

Nat Turner and John Brown seem to be God-sent or the chosen ones just as they believed they were. There is no other way we can have two very different people fighting for the same course as if they were born for it (Cash, 2019). They should both be considered great heroes who fought for human rights and freed blacks from slavery.

References

Cash, J. W. (2019). Nat Turner: Misguided,” fragmented, disjointed” Images. Mississippi Quarterly, 72(1), 117-145. http://doi.org/10.1353/mss.2019.0004Greenberg, K. S. (2021). In the Matter of Nat Turner: A Speculative History by Christopher Tomlins. Journal of the Early Republic, 41(3), 507-510. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/803795Ranganathan, M., & Bratman, E. (2021). From urban resilience to abolitionist climate justice in Washington, DC. Antipode, 53(1), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12555

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Brutus’ Character

Brutus is one of the main characters in the play ‘Julius Caesar’ by Shakespeare. Throughout the play, Brutus aims to uphold his loyalty to Rome over all else, including his friendship with Caesar and his love for Portia. His loyalty and honor are the most important qualities that Brutus possesses. For any human being, these would be desirable qualities, and the people of Rome respect Brutus for this. However, Brutus faces a challenge in balancing his private and public life because of conflicts between his love for his friends and loyalty to Rome, and this conflict ultimately becomes his greatest undoing.

Brutus agrees with Cassius that Caesar has become a threat to Rome; he has become too ambitious. Cassius lets Brutus in on a plan to assassinate Caesar and redeem Rome. Many people look up to Brutus for his honor and loyalty, and this convinces them to get behind the assassination plot. One of the most critical decisions that Brutus makes in the play is to support the assassination of Caesar. Brutus tells Cassius that although he loves Caesar like a brother, he is willing to put the good of Rome before his friendship with Caesar (1.2.84-91). Brutus says that he loved Rome more than he did Caesar, and that is why he decided to take part in the assassination (Wiseman). After an argument with Cassius, Brutus exclaims that he would never wrong his enemies, let alone harm a brother (4.2.39-40). However, this statement shows that Brutus in inconsistent in his words and actions; he took part in killing Caesar, although he loved him like a brother. Brutus’ inconsistency and idealism led him to make the wrong decisions in both his private and public life and led to his death (Peters). He committed suicide in the battle of Philippi when they faced defeat.

Works Cited

Peters, Cameron Luke, and Peter Anderson. “‘The Tragedy of Marcus Brutus?’: An Inquiry into the Intrigues of William Shakespeare’s adaptation of Plutarch’s Lives into Julius Caesar.” (2015).

Wiseman, Timothy Peter. Julius Caesar: Roman General. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC, 2017.

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Abortion

Abortion is one of the leading controversial subjects in the United States. Different political figures have had different views on the issue of abortion. Statistics show that Americans are paradoxically more likely to be against abortion than are people in other wealthy countries like Germany and France. As much as this is true the reality is the rate of pregnancy termination in America is higher than those in other wealthy countries.

Researchers from Guttmacher Institute sited two major reasons for this outcome. For many women, abortion is the only way out because to them having a baby will sort of interfere with their freedom. A baby needs a lot of care and attention. Many women in America prioritise their education and work. This makes it impossible for them to include a baby in such an equation. The issue of limited resources also makes abortion favourable to many Americans. Taking care of a pregnancy to giving birth and raising up a baby is very expensive. The issue of limited resources and additional responsibilities leaves women with no other choice than to abort.

I identify as a pro-life because I believe that every life is sacred regardless of whether it is a foetus or a born baby. In my opinion I think it is very essential to come up with neutral laws and policies that merge these two different schools of thought. The government should legislate laws and policies that clearly state what is legal and illegal as it relates to abortion. The set laws should outline limited circumstances under which a pregnant woman is allowed to have an abortion. To avoid all these controversies, extensive research in the area of abortion should be conducted which will enable policy and law makers end this controversy by stating clearly the dos and don’ts as it relates to abortion

Management and Discrimination

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Abstract

This paper will assess case studies of unprofessional behaviors and discrimination by professionals and business people. In so doing, it aims at bringing to attention of the reader that such behaviors are unethical and should be avoided for the sake of a harmonious society.

Introduction

Racial /sectarian discrimination is whereby people in authority make decisions favoring one race or sect of people or people of a particular origin. It also occurs where biased decisions are made relying ethnic or sectarian groups in an organization (Akcam, 2009).

Case 1: The Root Causes or Sources of Conflict

One of the causes of discrimination may be because an individual belongs to a certain group (Callahan & Anderson, 2001). The manager wrongly perceived Eman’s application as undeserving based on their racial and sect differences, and discriminated against her. Although Noor had fewer qualifications than Eman, the manager hired her instead of Eman who was more qualified and more experienced. Consequences of such cases like Eman’s, if left to go unaddressed, may make people give up in life not because they are not qualified, but because they been victims of discrimination. As a solution, people’s rights should be respected and protected. Discriminating against people on any basis is responsible for the increasing cases of conflicts (Chiplin & Sloane, 2001). Sectarian discrimination has caused many problems and its practice should not be entertained at all. Denying Eman a chance was the cause of conflict (protest over the manager) as a way of seeking justice for Eman (Repa 2010).

Balance of Bargaining Power

In this first case study, we find that the bargaining power of the employer seems to be more than that of employees. This is seen in the case study where the saloon manager has the final say on whom to employ. The manger therefore denied Eman a chance although Eman was more qualifications than Noor. This is evidence that the employees have little bargaining power. For principles of justice and fairness to prevail, employees should form an association so that they have bargaining power and for protection of their basic rights including not to be discriminated against on any basis.

Case 2: The Root Causes or Sources of Conflict

In this case, we find the height of discrimination where even doctors discriminate against helpless Sunni casualties. Sectarianism prevailed over the doctors’ moral and noble obligation to act professionally. Except for one doctor, other doctors refused to cooperate in treating the victims who were not their sect members. The victims had a right to be treated even if they were of a different sect. This kind of discrimination also causes conflicts as people may rise to push or lobby for their rights. Discriminating against the Sunni students was unethical (Gabriel, 2010) since all doctors are under the Hippocratic Oath to keep patients away from harm.The Bargaining Power Balance

Doctors have a bigger bargaining power over patients since their specialty is a rare skill, which, only them have. By default, patients are at a disadvantaged position to bargain with doctors. They can only hope that the doctors will act professionally or that the law will prevail in case of any unethical behavior from the doctors. It means that the bargaining power of the leaders in the medical field is higher because they decide whom to favor. The doctor who volunteered had little bargaining power to convince the other doctors to help him. Bargaining power of the victims was low since they were not professionals and had to rely entirely on the doctors.

References

Akcam, T. (2009). A shameful act: The Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books.

Callahan, G. & Anderson, W. (2001). The roots of racial profiling: Reason online reason foundation. New York, NY: Cengage Leanings.

Chiplin, P. & Sloane, P. J. (2001). Tackling discrimination at the workplace: An analysis of sex discrimination in Britain. London: CUP Archive.

Repa, K. B. (2010). Your rights in the workplace. Michigan, MI: Nolo.

Gabriel P., (2010). How to Be a Great Leader and a Great Manager both At the Work Place and At Home. New York: Blue Sky

Mid-Autumn Festival

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Mid-Autumn Festival

China is a famous country with a rich culture and popular tradition of folk art as well as traditional festivals. The Chinese culture is full of a variety of distinctive symbols that are commonly relished by the Chinese locals and other individuals mainly in the Asian countries who have cultural exchange with China. There are also several festivals that are commemorated and of vital importance to the people of China (Zhang, 2013). Key concepts in Chinese philosophy. One of the most important events is known as the Mid-Autumn Festival. It is also known as the Moon Festival and it is a harvest event that is commonly feted in China as well as in other Asian countries like Singapore and Vietnam. This festival is the second biggest and celebrated festival in China after the famous Chinese New Year. The event typically happens during the eighth month on the 15th day of the Chinese lunar calendar although it lacks a fixed day in the calendar during the full moon period (Xu et al. 2018). In this year, celebrations have been set to start on 24th September. Its name originates as a result of being celebrated during the middle period of the autumn season.

Moreover, the day is also regarded as the Moon Festival because when it occurs, the moon is usually in its well-formed state. Consequently, it is reflected as a harvest fete as, by the time it happens, the fruits, grain, and vegetables are already harvested, and individuals are in happy moods. The event celebration occurs typically in the evening where families come together and light lanterns, eat the moon cakes they have prepared while appreciating the moon.

The Origin of the Mid-Autumn Festival

Over time, worshipping the moon has been an essential aspect of the Chinese culture. The festival is dated to have started for more than 2000 years ago. However, the event is surrounded by many myths that suggest its establishment. For example, there is a story that says that Chinese rulers in the Zhou dynasty used to worship the moon during autumn for a plentiful harvest in the subsequent year. The day was officially celebrated as a customary festival during the timely (618-907) in Tang reign (Lin, 2012). Since then the following dynasties continued to commemorate it, and it continued to become more popular whereby new customs for celebrations have been established. The festival was recognized in 2006 by the Chinese government as a cultural heritage, and more so it was made a national public holiday in 2008. Since then the event is celebrated annually during the autumn season.

Legends of the Mid-Autumn Festival

For a long time, China was an agricultural society. This notion helped the country in the creation of various kinds of legends as well as public celebrations, for instance, the Mid-Autumn Festival. According to the Chinese agricultural culture, seeds are typically planted, and crops are afterward harvested according to the moon cycles. During the harvest time, the moon that shines is known as the harvest moon. The geneses of the moon are further explained by many legends that comprise of different variations (Asif et al, 2019). Many stories are surrounding the Moon Festival, for example, most stories suggest that an individual is evacuated to the moon for either doing good or bad things and more so the person can be seen again during the Mid-Autumn festival. The following are some of the legends surrounding the Mid-Autumn Festival.

A Lady in the Moon Festival Legend

In the past, the earth was encompassed with ten suns, and each of them was illuminating the earth for a specific time. On a particular day, all the stars decided to come together and burn the ground using the heat. On seeing this, a certainly experienced archer known as Hou Yi protected the land by shooting down nine suns and there was only left only one. Hou Yi was also a dictatorial ruler at one time he stole a bottle from a goddess that contained a magical mixture of immorality. On realizing the act performed by her husband Change saw the portion and decided to drink it to save the citizens from her husband oppressive rule. Immediately after taking part, Change saw herself floating to the moon, and she was stranded there. Due to the love that Hou Yi had towards his wife, he could not shoot down the moon. Consequently, when the moon shines through the skies brightly, Change is still being seen dancing away.

The Man in the Moon Legend

This is another legend whereby a man is expatriated to the moon. The story is about a middle-aged man known as Wu Kang who was an impatient individual and lacked interest for anything. He could not tolerate or keep up with what he was learning, and therefore he used to change traineeships programs as he became bored in doing the same thing over and over. Kang wanted to become immortal, and hence one day he went to the mountains where an immortal man taught him (Bredon & Mitrophanow, 2005). Some of the teachings he received were about herbs for curing illnesses, but after some time he got bored with the instructions. The immortal tried everything to teach Kang, but again, it did not last for long. The mentor became so angry by Kang that he decided to send him to the moon and given some things to meet before being returned to the earth. The task was difficult, and Kang could not reach them, and he remained to the Moon Palace. Therefore in the Moon Festival, Kang is still seen trying to accomplish the assignment that he was given of cutting down the tree.

The Mooncake Legend

During the early periods of the Yuan Dynasty, China was controlled by the Mongolian rule. The majority of the locals did not cherish the rue and therefore and their leaders decided that it was time to take back control of the territory. Since the Moon Festival was near, the leaders decided to use baked cakes that were containing some messages of the plan of an attack (Yuan, 2016). This was meant to hide their plans from the outsiders. On the eve of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the rebels succeeded in attacking the government where they eventually overthrew it. Later on, they established the Ming dynasty to commemorate this legend; mooncakes are still being eaten up to now.

How the Mid-Autumn Festival Is Celebrated

Generally, the Festival presents a chance for individuals to have a good time together, though there exist some traditions that have to be followed. During the evening of the festival, families usually gather together and have dinner with their extended families at the grandparent’s home. Different foods are taken for dinner, for example, taro, duck as well as other local foods. The foods are prepared mainly in the afternoon and eaten in the evening. The most common method in which individuals celebrate is through eating mooncakes (Xu et al.2018). Most of the mooncakes are baked and filled with lotus paste and salty egg York while there are others that contain fruits, seeds, and red beans. In the festival, people tend to share the mooncakes among the family members and their friends.

Today, mooncakes are presented to friends as well as relatives to show love and that they wish each other a happy and long life. However, traditional foods seem to be changing. Currently, the younger generation have the foods that they prefer over the traditional foods, and the majority of them do not like eating the mooncakes, and they prefer to eat whatever they feel like. There are other celebration undertakings like lantern displays and playing lantern riddles. All these celebration activities are fascinating to watch and also to participate in.

Moreover other than the local individuals, Mid-Autumn Festival attracts several individuals especially tourists from other countries who are interested in the festival. The cities that have access to rivers, as well as other water bodies, attract many individuals. They practice the traditions of lighting lanterns and then watches them as they float downstream during the middle of the night (Siu, 1999). The spectacle is so beautiful that it attracts many individuals who come to view the scenery.

Immediately after dinner, traditionally the families are required to present sacrifices to the moon. The sacrifice aims to strengthen their beliefs that the moon will give them good luck. Symbolic fruits and mooncakes are the common types of foods used for the offerings. The event happens during the night, and when the weather is favorable, they tend to go out to a park and eat the mooncakes while gazing at the charming look of the full moon.

Mid-Autumn Festival in Shanghai

Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China. Therefore it holds a very massive number of the Chinese population, and more so it has a rich culture of Chinese traditions. The town has many beautiful and historical sites which makes it an excellent destination for tourists around the world. Moreover, the city’s customs and traditions are widespread and famous around China. As one visits this city during the Mid-Autumn Festival celebrations, the way the event is celebrated will have to be amazing, and this starts with the people’s customs and traditions. One of the most notable customs that is still being celebrated in Shanghai is moon worship (Chen, 2015). There are other customs like reunion dinners as well as moonwalking that are also there. The following are the top Mid-Autumn Customs in Shanghai:

The Moon Offering

In prehistoric times, it was believed that the moon was in. Yin is the female portion of the yin-yang philosophy. Therefore during the full moon celebration, women used to worship the moon first then followed by men. It was also alleged that there was no need for men to celebrate the full moon. The event is celebrated by individuals putting tables in the open air when the moon rises. Afterward, they offer some food like mooncakes, melons, taro, and fruits among other foods. Offering to the moon is a custom that is being practiced by the majority of Chinese locals, and it started a long time ago (Lin, 2012). Although several traditions seem to have been forgotten, offering to the moon is widely recognized, and it appears that it will continue.

Shanghai Moon Alters

In Shanghai, there is a custom known as the burning incense cups also referred to as mini moon altars and is practiced during Mid-Autumn. Traditionally, the moon alters are typically created by offering shops. The platforms are then decorated and placed with colorful banners as well as flags. The Muslin is then placed around the altar, and beautiful pictures of the pavilions and also the Moon Palace are introduced. The most splendid incense scene on Mid-Autumn Festival usually is in Nanyuan, also known as “South Garden.”

The Family Reunion Dinner

This is a custom that is celebrated by family members. It occurs immediately after the moon celebration whereby the family members usually come together and drink the reunion wine while having an appreciation of the moon dinner. The custom is celebrated in most regions of Shanghai, and it is considered as one of the best ways to bring families together.

Walking under the Moonlight

Conventionally, a Chinese woman staying at her parent’s home was required to travel to the family of her husband during the Moon Festival evening to go “moonwalking” according to the customs. Shanghainese people recognize this event. The women take a walk while appreciating the full moon. One of the typical moon walking endpoints is Lujia Stone Bridge that is located outside Xiaodongmen. The place is well known for attracting many local individuals as well as foreigners (Bredon & Mitrophanow, 2005). The reflection of the bright full moon bobbling in the water while contrasting delightfully with the bright moon brings a fantastic view to all the visiting individuals. The bridge is not the only spot with pleasant Mid-Autumn atmosphere as there are other iconic spots in Shanghai.

Best Places to Visit in Shanghai during the Mid-Autumn Festival

Shanghai is rich in several areas to visit during the Mid-Autumn Festivals. However, these places differ in terms of the features that they offer visitors. The following are some of the famous and best places to visit during the Mid-Autumn Festival period:

Jin Mao Tower

The Jin Mao Tower is among the highest buildings in Shanghai, and it is about 1380 ft. above the ground. Therefore when people want to experience a clear view of the moon at the time of the festival, the building stands out as the right choice. It has 88 floors, and the last top floor exists as an excellent observation platform for the full view of the moon. Also one can gain a dramatic panoramic sight of town’s skyline when the outstanding lights of its massive towers rotate harmoniously. Consequently, this is an excellent platform to view the city’s skyline not only in Mid-Autumn Festival but also in other days as it offers a spectacular view of the horizon.

The Oriental Pearl TV Tower

The tower is 468 meters upward, and it is was once the highest in Asia as well as the third tallest globally. Inside this tower, several places are right for enjoying the moon view as well as Mid-Autumn. For example, the tower houses a hotel that is situated near the top, shops and also cafes. Due to its tallness, most of the floors provide a beautiful view of the whole city, and thus it rests as a perfect place for holding some of the Mid-Autumn events. The revolving restaurant at the tower offers couples and families an exclusive Mid-Autumn dinner. They can also take an elevator up to the top of the building where they can experience a closer view of the moon.

The Bund

This is possibly the popular site to hold the Mid-Autumn Festival. The reason is that the place provides a moderately tranquil atmosphere and also due to the presence of various restaurants and tea rooms that are lined along with it. There is also the waterfront part that gives individuals visiting the site a leisure walk while enjoying the nightly scenery on River Huangpu every year in the Mid-Autumn Festival. There are several bars and restaurants especially along the South Binjiang Road where the locals and tourists can have some drinks or a family dinner while celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival (Wei, 2011). The availability of a cruise boat on Huangpu River makes the place enjoyable as one can board a cruise boat and have beautiful scenery of the wonderful lights bopping in the sky together with the view of the moon.

Sheshan

This is a popular resort used by families especially the local Shanghai families to spend time together during Mid-Autumn Festival. The locals typically visit the Happy Valley for fun day time and then proceed to a hotel near the site where they observe the moon by the lakeside mainly during the night (Martínez, 2017). Those who love astronomy are not left behind since there is a viewpoint at the mountain top whey they experience a perfect and a closer look at the full moon.

Shanghai Disney Resort

The park started its operation in 2016, and it is considered as the leading one in mainland China. The place is well equipped with several things like having movie characters with Chinese culture. An excellent example is the Chinese Zodiac Murals that are found in the Gardens of Imagination. It is also cheaper in pricing compared to other parks like Hong Kong Disneyland, and therefore this enables it to receive many customers.

Zhujiajiao Water Town

The place is located 50 kilometers from the Bund. It is an ancient town that is characterized by magnificent old buildings. It has several waterways, traditional Chinese-style houses as well as 36 antediluvian bridges. The place is mostly lit by lanterns that are usually placed hanging by the old buildings particularly during the night of Mid-Autumn Festival. While at this place, one can spend time at one of the riverside hotels with friends and familiesn (Wang, 2018). It corresponds to Venice city in Italy in that the area has several well-preserved bridges as well as the availability of boat rides.

North Street is seen as the well maintained old street between the nine famous old streets in Zhujiajiao. The street has some ancient buildings that date back in the Qing Dynasty period. In contemporary times, numerous businesses are located along the street for example bars, restaurants and more so some coffee shops. There are other things to do while in Zhujiajiao Water Town, for example, visiting the Kezhi Yuan, going at Qing Dynasty Post Office, visiting the Fangshen Bridge and most importantly having a ride on the Zhujiajiao cruise.

Lingshan Park

The park is well known for bubble runs. At the time of Mid-Autumn Festival, the place receives several visitors who are fascinated by the things found at this place, for example, the fashionable colored foam bogs. The bubble runs are common to individuals of all age, and they attract thousands of people both the locals and tourists.

Marketers Preparation for the Mid-Autumn Festival

The Mid-Autumn festival means business for several retailers. During this time goods associated with the event are on high demand due to the high number of individuals both locals and foreigners. It occurs only once per year, and during this time, retailers try as much as possible to market their goods. For example, there is always some sampling of free mooncakes everywhere whereby each business is trying to woo the customers to try their products. The festival, for example, the 2019 event offers an excellent opportunity for advertisers and other stakeholders in marketing to launch campaigns as well as display their products. The event attracts both the local and international retailers and hence competition level is always high. The target audience for the festival is mainly the traditional Chinese as well as the mooncake lovers. Apart from free sampling, there is another standard method for retailers to advertise in the festive season (Zhang, 2013). Over the years, outdoor advertising has played a significant role in marketing the event, and this is due to the increase in digital advertising. Moreover, the existence of big physical billboards has also proved to work out well during these festivals. The following are some of the best ways to advertise during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Picking the Right Location

During the Mid-Autumn Festival, many people usually flock the major Chinese cities for mooncake roadshows to look for the finest and cheapest mooncakes. Other famous events include night performances, street light-ups as well as mass lantern walks. Chinatown together with other significant towns like Shanghai are the main highlights of the game due to the number of individuals they usually attract. Therefore these are good advertising location for marketers and they should put a lot of emphasis on these places.

Knowing Your Audience

For effective advertising, it is always good for businesses to advertise to the right audience. Most of the individuals celebrating this event are the Chinese who are appreciative of their traditions, or they love the lantern experience and eating mooncakes. Therefore for a company that is engaging in these products, it is suitable for these companies to engage their audience through proper planning out of the mid-Autumn Festival.

Conclusion

The Mid-Autumn Festival is among the popular most significant events in China. Many myths and legends surround the festival. It is the second biggest lunar festival not only in China but in most Asian countries. Being among the major festival in China, there is an official holiday designated for the event, and as a result, many individuals come together to celebrate the day at different places around China. China is full of various travel destinations that are attractive to both local and foreign visitors. The primary method of celebrating the day is worshipping the moon while enjoying the mooncakes under the full moonlight. The Mid-Autumn Festival offers an excellent platform for retailers and marketers to sell and advertise their goods. Therefore the Mid-Autumn event has significant advantages for the people of China at large.

References

Asif, M., & Ali, M. (2019). Chinese Traditions Folk Art, Festivals and Symbolism.

Bredon, J., & Mitrophanow, I. (2005). The Moon year: A record of Chinese customs and festivals. Routledge.

Chen, X. (2015). China’s Key Cities: From Local Places to Global Players.

Kuo, J. M., Coakley, J., & Wood, A. (2010). The lunar moon festival and the dark side of the moon. Applied Financial Economics, 20(20), 1565-1575.

Lin, G. (2012). Thanking the moon: celebrating the mid-autumn moon festival. Knopf Books for Young Readers.

Ma, G. (2015). Food, eating behavior, and culture in Chinese society. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 2(4), 195-199.

Martínez, P. G. (2017). Urban authenticity at stake: A new framework for its definition from the perspective of heritage at the Shanghai Music Valley. Cities, 70, 55-64.

Siu, K. W. M. (1999). Lanterns of the mid-autumn festival: A reflection of Hong Kong cultural change. Journal of popular culture, 33(2), 67.

Wang, H. (2018). A beautiful scene at Lu Gou bridge on the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival day, named “Lu Gou Xiao Yue”.

Wasserstrom, J. N. (2008). Global Shanghai, 1850–2010: a history in fragments. Routledge.

Wei, L. (2011). Chinese festivals. Cambridge University Press.

Xu, G., Chen, Y., & Xu, L. (2018). Traditional Festivals. In Introduction to Chinese Culture (pp. 229-251). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore.

Yuan, H. (2016). The Moon Festival and the Stories Behind.

Zhang, D. (2013). Key concepts in Chinese philosophy.

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Middle Archaic period

The Middle Archaic period was a drier and warmer time in various parts of eastern North America and it coincided with the Middle Holocene geological era. Some scholars believe that this time was when humans were adapting to the climate interval, there were early middle archaic where they were smaller sites that were similar and while they were found in the different settings of the environment they only had few artifacts. Also, there was the late middle archaic period that was often found in wet areas that had diverse and rich foods which ensured that all year round they were resources to be used. During this period a lot of changes were witnessed; the paper will focus on the archaeological evidence that depicted these changes and the factors that explained the changes.

Firstly, the major change that was experienced was technological innovation. The evidence that depicted this was very clear evidence of the change in the tools where they adopted new ground tools example the plummets and they used antler artifacts example the fish hooks. Additionally, they developed various tools for processing food example the manos and grinding stones that they used for grinding corn foods. The trade pattern also changed from barter trade that had been common to long-distance trade, this change was evidenced by some exotic artifacts, this change also depicted the social networks developed. Also, there was a drastic change in mobility with few people being mobile with the few not involved in residential mobility but logical mobility and they adopted to year-round occupations minimizing the past moving occupations. Also, there were some changes in social organization and settlement where tribes emerged that were not in the earlier period, this can be evidenced by the open mating networks that were seen.

The archaeologists relied on various factors to try to explain the changes that took place during this period they included, the increase in the population where most people occupied the base camps that had various features example, the processing and storage pits. Also, there was the emergence of the making of ceramic pots, people adopted various plant exploitation strategies while they used more riverine resources. The increased strategies employed to fight the post-glacial warming that was being experienced too played a role in the changes and the change from the occasional large killings to regular small killings. These changes were also brought by the decreased use of high-quality materials since the people lacked the opportunity to go too far areas to fetch the products. The decreased mobility is believed to have been caused by the various where rarely people moved during winter since the food reduced and they always settled near the water areas because of lack of surface water. Lastly, their reliance on the local food sources encouraged the change to trading with other people from far areas

From this period, it is evident that the people during this period despite the advancements they experienced where they had better tools that made their work easier they also experienced various problems. During the early middle archaic period, they experienced the lack of eligible mates because of their low population which facilitated that they had to be in keen contact and the constant mobility in search of better resources decreased their population. While it is evident that this period experienced various changes we can say it was the beginning of a cycle that exists even today.

Works Cited

G. Anderson, David, and Kenneth E. Sassaman. Early And Middle Holocene Periods, 9500–3750 BC. 2004, pp. 3-14, http://pidba.org/anderson/cv/Anderson%202004%20Smithsonain%20Handbookpdf.pdf. Accessed 7 Mar 2020.

Management And Leadership Application Papers

Introduction

The terms “leaders” and “managers” have for a long time been some of the most commonly used in the business world. This should, of course, underline the importance or fundamental nature of individuals that hold these titles as far as the success and sustainability of the business entities is concerned (Goldsmith et al, 2003). While these terms are often used synonymously, leaders and managers are two distinctive individuals for whom there is no overlap.

First, managers rule while leaders are simply followed. Managers have to obtain their positions of authority through loyalty and time dedicated to the success of the business entity rather than as a result of their leadership qualities whereas may, in fact, incorporate no organizational skills but uses his vision to unite the people behind him. Leaders are people who naturally follow or go through with their choices whereas managers have to be obeyed.

In addition, there are variations in perspectives between the two individuals. While managers have incremental thinking, leaders often have radical thoughts. Scholars note that managers do things in the right manner whereas leaders strive to do the right thing (Goldsmith et al, 2003). This statement underlines the fact that managers strive to do things in line with the rules and the policies of the business entity whereas leaders often have to follow their own intuition, which, in fact, may be more beneficial to the business entity. Leaders are more emotional than managers, which explains why individuals are more inclined to follow leaders than managers especially considering that people, more often than not, follow their emotions than intelligence (Goldsmith et al, 2003). More often than not, leaders stand out by exhibiting differences between them and others. They would question known conventions, as well as assumptions usually made while seeking truth and making decisions on the basis of fact rather than prejudice. In most cases, they have an incredible preference for creativity and innovation.

In addition, management is usually made up of individuals that have particular experience in the field in question and who, more often than note, have worked through the various stages in the business entity to get to those positions of authority (Goldsmith et al, 2003). Managers usually have perfect knowledge as to the operations and functioning of each layer in the system, not to mention that they may possess incredible technical knowledge pertaining to the same (Goldsmith et al, 2003). This is different from leaders who, while they may possess knowledge about the operations and functionality of the various layers, may be new arrivals in the business entity who have bold, creative and fresh ideas even though they may not be incredibly experienced.

Characteristics of Future Leaders

The importance of leaders in organizations can never be gainsaid. They are usually responsible for the execution of specific tasks in organizations or entities. It goes without saying that leaders must possess certain characteristics in order to lead (Marquis & Huston, 2009). However, changing times call for a change in the traits so that leaders can adjust or adapt to the new requirements. This underlines the fact that future leaders will need to have particular traits.

First, future leaders will need to be incredibly visionary. Studies by the Harvard Business Review over the past several years show that almost half of the individuals in management have no trust in the senior leadership (Goldsmith et al, 2003). They do not believe that the leaders have credible plans nor do they have confidence in the ability of the leaders to carry out these plans. However, leaders of the future will need to come up with ways in which they can articulate their visions so as to gain support from the followers.

In addition, leaders of the future will need to be adaptable to changes. Business environments are changing at a more rapid pace than in the past (Armstrong & Stephens, 2005). This is especially with regard to innovation, technology and the opportunities that are coming up every now and then. Leaders of the future will need strategic flexibility to adapt, as well as change mid-course (Armstrong & Stephens, 2005). They will need to persistently monitor and review programs, products, markets and new technologies and adapt accordingly so as to remain relevant in the market.

In addition, future leaders will need to have high levels of integrity. Recent times have seen some undesirable events in the business arena involving business entities such as WorldCom and Enron. These have demonstrated how lapses in integrity may result in the bankruptcy of benchmark companies. This has, therefore, forced followers to demand integrity so that they can believe in their visions.

Moreover, it is imperative that future leaders possess preparation and risk management traits. In some cases, employees do not outline potential risks fearing the disruption of business. However, future leaders will need to be open and implement risk management to prepare everyone for unforeseen crisis (Armstrong & Stephens, 2005).

Lastly, future leaders will need communication and networking skills (Marquis & Huston, 2009). Creation of formal and informal networks would assist future leaders comprehend the true perceptions of their followers, which would then boost their performance, as well as reduce inefficiencies. Industry is developed through developing informal social circles, networking groups and customer relationships (Marquis & Huston, 2009).

References

Goldsmith, M., Greenberg, C., Robertson, A & Hu-Chan, M (2003). Global Leadership: The Next Generation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2009). Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Armstrong, M., & Stephens, T. (2005). A handbook of management and leadership: A guide to managing for results. London: Kogan Page.

Beerel, A. C. (2009). Leadership and change management. Los Angeles: SAGE.