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Bridgeport City

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Bridgeport City

Bridgeport is a seaport city in the state of Connecticut. It is located in Fair County and bordered by other towns which are Fairfield, Trumbull, and Stratford. It is the largest city in the state with a population of roughly 146000 people. The city has a rich history dating back to before colonization by the English. The earliest inhabitants of the town were a native tribe called the Paugusett. The tribe had several scared sites one of which was the Golden Hill which was the source of water for their planting fields. The natives were mainly fishermen and farmers, growing crops such as squash, com and beans. When the colonialists arrived, they set up camp in Stratfield district. They began to take part in activities such as farming and the town began to grow as a trading center. The shipbuilding and whaling industries were also established at the time (Forrant). The Housatonic Railway boosted the economy of the town especially after it was connected to the rails of New York and new haven. Manufacturing became the backbone of the city’s economy until the 1970s.

Before and during the First World War, the city continued to expand mainly due to industrial growth. Heavy industry restructuring in the 1970s saw the decline of the city’s economy. Many people lost their jobs and many more moved out of the city into the rapidly developing suburban neighborhoods. The city was further mismanaged and several officials were convicted of this. The city filed for bankruptcy but was declared solvent by a federal court in 1991. In recent years the city has revamped itself by coming up with mixed development projects and proposed shopping areas that will create jobs for its economy.

The city has a population of about 146000 people making it a small city with a relatively low population. It is mainly suburban as most people live outside the city itself. This is because of the collapse of heavy industries in the 1980s that led to the economic and social decline of the city. The city is divided into five geographic neighborhoods which are Downtown, East Side, North End, South End and the West Side. These neighborhoods are mostly middle class and upper middle-class. The city can this be termed as being middle class although there are a few poor neighborhoods in the geographic areas around. The median income per person in the city is about $43000 which is lower than other cities in the state.

The main economic activities of the town are centered on the service industry. The main employers are the fields of education, health and finance. The major employer is the health sector with the largest hospitals being St. Vincent’s medical centre, Bridgeport Hospital and Bridgeport Healthcare Centre. These hospitals combined employ about 6000 people. Other employers are the People’s United Bank, the University of Bridgeport and Housatonic Community College. The rate of unemployment is relatively low with some people being employed and others running small scale businesses within the city. The city has one of the most unequal income distributions in the city with fifty seven percent of going to the wealthiest people.

The governance structure of the city is the mayor-council system. Each district in the county elects two members into the city council. The mayor is elected by all the residents of the city at large. The public schools system takes up most of the budget of the city, about half of the total budget amounting to nearly $260 million. The Property taxes in the city are quite high, about 4.2%. The mill rate reached an all time high in 2017 at 54.37.

Some of the major problems that the city of Bridgeport faces include the high rate of taxes. One resident of the city even proposed that the city be given the Guinness world record for highest raise in property taxes in a year in 2017. Aside from this, the other major challenge is how the city spends its revenues. A lot of it goes into retirement benefits that have escalated in the recent past. The medical covers of the retired people also weigh heavily on the city’s budget. Other concerns include employment levels and poverty levels. During the economic crunch faced by the city, many people lost their jobs and this has affected the quality of services available. The city has also faced crimes common in others pats other country. To combat these crimes and other concerns of residents, the mayor launched a platform for them to report any issues (Barraza). A major challenge in the city is that there may not be enough resources to address them because of the fiscal inflexibility that is part of cities in Connecticut.

I would say that my city is a good place to live. There is a vibrant entertainment scene, waterfront park and beaches. For theater and music, there are several venues for events. These venues include Cabaret Downtown Theatre, Playhouse on the Green, Webster Bank Arena nod Playhouse on the Green (Hersh 103). These arenas can host both large and small events such as children’s plays and concerts, sports events and theaters. One of the most famous events that are hosted by the city is the Gathering of the Vibes. The event takes place every year and showcases music, arts and camping events through an entire weekend. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the country. The Greater Bridgeport Symphony is one of Bridgeport’ prestigious orchestras that has been existence since 1945.

For history and nature lovers, the city is home to museums, parks and zoos. The Discovery Museum and Planetarium shows science-focused exhibits. The Housatonic museum of Art has an impressive art collection of art considering it is only two years old. The Barnum museum concentrates more on the history of the city while the Beardsley Zoo is the only zoo in the wider Connecticut region. The city is also home to a number of parks, earning it the nickname ‘the Park City’. The first park was created in 1806 and as the population of the city grew, residents recognized the need for public spaces. This led to the creation of Seaside Park, Beardsley Park, Beechword Park, and Pleasure Beach (Olmsted).

In conclusion the city of Bridgeport has a rich history that spans through many decades. The city has grown through times of social and economic decline due to bad leadership but in recent times it has risen again. It is now home to tens of thousands of residents and the current leadership has come up with plans to earn the city even more revenue by creating employment and attracting tourists. The city is home to people of diverse backgrounds making it cosmopolitan and welcoming to visitors. Its public parks are also a major attraction and source of pleasure for its residents. The vibrant music and art scene provides entertainment for the residents by hosting sporting events, concerts, plays and camping activities. Living in the city gives a person many options to choose from in terms of entertainment and exploration. Challenges are an inevitable part of growth but Bridgeport City is a wonderful place to live in.

Works Cited

Forrant, Robert. “The Rise and Demise of the Connecticut River Valley’s Industrial Economy.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 46.1 (2018).

Olmsted, Frederick Law. Frederick Law Olmsted: Plans and Views of Public Parks. Vol. 2. JHU Press, 2015.

Hersh, Barry. “Parks, open space, arts and culture.” Urban Redevelopment. Routledge, 2017. 101-108.

Barraza, Brisa, et al. “Design Thinking for Better Community in the City of Bridgeport.” (2018).

AA Meetings for Alcoholics and Families

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AA Meetings for Alcoholics and Families

One of the challenges many people struggle with is alcoholism and misuse of substances of abuse. The struggles such people go through make it mandatory for organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous to exist to deal with people facing problems stopping to abuse alcohol. There are different kinds of alcoholism meetings that can be found everywhere ranging from families for alcoholics to meetings for families of the alcoholic to closed meetings to open meetings. Individuals affected by alcoholism in one way or the other are free to choose which meeting or organization meets their needs the best. This paper will analyze two kinds of meetings, which include the meetings for alcoholics and the meetings for the family members of the alcoholic. The paper will highlight what happens in both these meetings and pinpoint some of the differences between the two meetings.

The first meeting I attended was an AA meeting, which was being held at a community centre in Brooklyn. The name of the group was Alcoholics Anonymous Band it consisted of a number of members. It was on a Tuesday afternoon and I was surprised at the number because I did not expect so many people would attend. It was my assumption that AA meetings are not usually well attended because of the stigma the society associates them with, so it was difficult for me not to be caught off guard by the number. I was a bit hesitant at attending the meeting because I was afraid of the reception I would get and the reaction of the members of the group if they found out that I was not one of them.

All in all, I managed to attend this meeting despite my fears and reservations. Once I entered, a few people noticed my presence but they did not seem to mind it so I picked my way carefully to a nearby seat and sat down quietly. I was wondering what the leader of the group would say if he discovered that I had just come to listen to the proceedings so I was quite nervous and I was sure he noticed it. However, I was relieved when he turned to me with a friendly face and smiled at me then he welcomed me to the meeting saying that he hoped the meeting could be of help to me. The gesture relived by the gesture, and it was only then that I was able to look around more closely to the members of the meeting.

I noticed that there were almost as many men as the women in the room and they all seemed comfortable. They did not show any anxiety at all and I soon found out why. The meeting was operating in a peculiar protocol. The leader had chosen the open meeting criteria and did not expect or force anyone to talk if they did not feel ready. As it follows, I guessed these members felt at home in the presence of each other because they all shared experiences they were familiar with. A member could speak of their experience without the need for the leader to force them. I felt like this was a friendly meeting were everyone was welcome whether they were ready to share their experiences or not. In addition to the twelve steps, I felt that this strategy could be extremely helpful for the alcoholics.

The next meeting I attended was in the same location but at a different time. This time the meeting was held for the families and friends of the alcoholic people, and it was held in the evening. I realized that this meeting had fewer members than the other meeting with more women in attendance than the men. They were also alert that a stranger had joined them when I entered and that shook me a little. There were not so friendly and smiling faces like those that I had seen in the other meeting. This got me to wonder whether this was the best way to admit and invite new members. To me it was a little bit scary and unwelcoming. However, with a slight nod from the leader I found a seat and sat down to listen to the proceedings. I realized another difference at once. The meeting was open and the alcoholic people could join their parents and friends in the meeting to get help on how to cope. However, the leader was the one asking questions and directing them to specific people.

I looked around and I could see some tense people wondering when their turn to speak up would come. This did not look so helpful to me when compared to the closed meeting with the alcoholics. This is because it made the surroundings and the environment unfriendly to share experiences, to ask questions and share concerns with the other members of the group and the leaders. This is extremely detrimental especially when an organization is planning to start a group like this one. An environment that is welcoming, warm and friendly is essential for better results.

ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES

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Abnormal Immune Responses

Abnormal immune responses cause strangely low action or over activity of the immune system. In instances of immune system overactivity, the body strikes and harms its own particular tissues (autoimmune maladies). Immune inadequacy ailments diminish the body’s capability to battle trespassers, bringing about weakness to diseases (Liu, 2004). Allergies result from the immune framework’s eruption to a non-undermining outside substance. Sustenance and breathed in particles like dust and pet dander are the most widely recognized allergens (substances creating unfavorably susceptible responses) (Pearce et al., 2007).When an immune system process senses an allergen, it fortifies the arrival of chemicals, for example, histamine.

Indications of the ensuing hypersensitive response can incorporate breathing issues, eye aggravation, rash, nasal blockage, or queasiness and itching. Antihistamine prescriptions can decrease side effects, yet staying away from allergen-introduction is the best preventive medication for allergies (Ellwood et al., 2005). Asthma is a condition whereby the immune framework gets overactive in the aviation routes (bronchi) in the lungs (Pearce et al., 2007). Individuals with asthma endure occasional scenes of narrowing of their aviation routes (bronchospasm), making it harder to relax. Most individuals with asthma additionally have continuous irritation in their aviation routes. Asthma medication in some cases incorporates a day by day breathed in corticosteroid, which diminishes immune framework over-activity and irritation.

The Principles and Practice of Vaccination and Transplantation

Vaccine is an antigenic planning used to transform dynamic insusceptibility to an infection, in order to anticipate or enhance the impacts of contamination by any characteristic, or “wild” strain of the creature (Willcox, 2011). It is utilized to animate dynamic safety and to make an immune memory with the goal that introduction to the dynamic ailment microorganism will fortify an officially prepared immune framework to battle the illness (Rich et al., 2013).

Basic Types of Vaccine:

Killed vaccines

They constitute arrangements of typical irresistible pathogenic infection that has been rendered nonpathogenic, typically done by compound medicine, for example, with formalin that cross-joins viral protein (Willcox, 2011).

Attenuated vaccines

These are live infection particles that develop in the vaccine beneficiary, yet do not result in malady in light of the fact that the vaccine infection has been modified to a non-pathogenic structure

Sub-unit vaccines are cleansed parts of the infection, for example, surface antigen

Presently Used Vaccines

Influenza vaccine – vaccine presently utilized by most of the world comprises of inactivated influenza infection (Rich et al., 2013). A few sorts could be utilized including entire attenuated infection particles, somewhat disturbed infection particles (“part” vaccines) and cleaned envelope antigens (“subunit” vaccines) (Willcox, 2011).They intend to instigate resistance by handling hemagglutination hindrance or killing antibodies.The vaccine is processed in embryonated hens’ eggs, utilizing “high development” strains created and given to the fabricates by the World Health Organization (Mandell et al, 2009).

Specific Requirements for Vaccines:

A vaccine must have the capacity to generate a defensive immunity with just insignificant reactions. Further, the vaccine must be immunogenic enough to prepare a solid and measurable immune reaction. Additionally, the vaccine must be steady throughout its timeframe of realistic usability with the power staying at a fitting level. Inactivated vaccines are put away in a powdered structure and are reconstituted before organization: live, attenuated vaccines oblige refrigeration (Mandell et al., 2009).

The vaccine is directed intramuscularly with a one-inch needle. Grown-ups and more established youngsters ought to be immunized in the deltoid muscle, while kids ought to be inoculated in the anterolateral part of the thigh (Rich et al, 2013).

Diphtheria vaccine – No diphtheria-just vaccine is accessible. The diphtheria vaccine is accessible as:

Dtap (Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis vaccine)

Dtap in mix with Haemophilus influenzae sort b (Hib) vaccine

Dtap in mix with hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccines

DT or Td (in mix with tetanus vaccine)

All Dtap vaccines are accessible holding no or just follow measures of thimerosal

Smallpox vaccine – Currently the U.S. has stockpiles of a few vaccines utilized within the past. The stockpile incorporates 15 million measurements of Dryvax, a calf lymph-determined vaccine handled by Wyeth, which was as of late re-tried and demonstrated to be successful. What’s more, in March 2002 Aventis Pasteur reported the accessibility of roughly 85 million dosages of its smallpox vaccine, additionally determined from calf lymph (Mandell et al., 2009).

Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity points to the failure by an organism in remembering its constituent parts as self, hence prompting an immune reaction against its own particular cells and tissues (Molina &Shoenfeld, 2005). Any malady that comes about because of such an unusual immune reaction is termed an autoimmune infection (Molina & Shoenfeld, 2005). Conspicuous illustrations incorporate Celiac disease,diabetes mellitus sort 1, Sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (Sle),sjögren’s syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ infection, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison’s Disease, rheumatoid joint pain (RA), Polymyositis (PM), and Dermatomyositis (DM). Autoimmune maladies are all the time treated with steroids.

The misguided judgment that an individual’s immune framework is completely unequipped for perceiving self-antigens is not new. Paul Ehrlich, at the commencement of the 20th century, proposed the idea of horrendousness autotoxicus, wherein a “typical” body does not mount an immune reaction against its tissues. Subsequently, any autoimmune reaction was seen to be unusual and hypothesized to be joined with human infection. Presently, it is acknowledged that autoimmune reactions are an essential piece of vertebrate immune frameworks, regularly kept from creating sickness by the sensation of immunological tolerance to antigens toward oneself (Molina & Shoenfeld, 2005).

Low Level Autoimmunity

While an elevated amount of autoimmunity is less than great, a low level of autoimmunity may be beneficial. Taking the knowledge of a beneficial element in autoimmunity further, one may guess with the aim to demonstrate that autoimmunity is dependably a self-protection component of the warm blooded creature framework to survive. The framework does not haphazardly lose the capability to recognize self and non-self, the ambush on cells may be the outcome of cycling metabolic courses of action important to keep the blood science in homeostasis.

Second, autoimmunity may have a part in permitting a fast immune reaction in the early phases of the disease when the accessibility of outside antigens constrains the reaction. In their study, Stefanova et al. (2002) infused an anti-MHC Class II antibody into mice communicating a solitary kind of MHC Class II particle (H-2b) briefly to avoid Cd4+ T cell-MHC collaboration. Credulous Cd4+ T cells (those that have not experienced any antigens before) recouped from these mice 36 hours post-anti-MHC organization demonstrated diminished responsiveness to the antigenpigeon cytochrome C peptide, as controlled by Zap-70 phosphorylation, expansion, and Interleukin-2 processing. Therefore, Stefanova et al. (2002) exhibited that self-MHC distinguish keeps up the responsiveness of Cd4+ T cells when outside antigens are absent.This thought of autoimmunity is theoretically like play-battling. The play-battling of junior whelps (TCR and MHC toward oneself) may bring about a couple of scratches or scars (low-level-autoimmunity), yet is valuable in the long haul as it prepares offspring for legitimate battles later on.

Abnormal Immune Response to Stimuli

The consequences of immune deficiencies are both inherited and acquired. Low levels of antibody results into inability to clear extracellular bacteria. Pyogenic, or discharge-forming bacteria have polysaccharide cases that are not straightforwardly perceived by the receptors on macrophages and neutrophils that animate phagocytosis (Franchi et al., 2009). They subsequently escape prompt disposal by the inborn immune reaction and are fruitful extracellular pathogens (Tsigos & Chrousos, 2002). Typical people can clear contaminations by such bacteria because antibody and supplement opsonize the bacteria, making it workable for phagocytes to ingest and decimate them. The key impact of lacks in antibody processing is thusly a disappointment to control this class of bacterial contamination. Furthermore, weakness to some popular diseases, most prominently those created by enteroviruses, is likewise expanded, in light of the vitality of antibodies in killing irresistible infections that enter the body through the gut.

The main portrayal of an immunodeficiency ailment was Ogden C. Bruton’s record, in 1952, of the disappointment of a male youngster to process antibody. As this imperfection is inherited in an X-joined style and is portrayed by the nonattendance of immunoglobulin in the serum, it was said to be Bruton’s X-connected. The unlucky deficiency of antibody could be recognized utilizing immunoelectrophoresis (Galli, Nakae & Tsai, 2005). From that point onwards, more maladies of antibody generation have been portrayed, the vast majority of them being the result of disappointments in the improvement or actuation of B lymphocytes. Babies with these maladies are typically recognized as a consequence of intermittent contaminations with pyogenic bacteria.

This is Lyme disease which is an infectious disease that occurs from tick bites

T-Cells Defects Results in low antibody levels

Patients with X-interfaced hyper Igm syndrome ( Hyper Igm Immunodeficiency, in Case Studies in immunology) have typical B- and T-cell improvement and high serum levels of Igm, yet make exceptionally constrained Igm antibody reactions against T-cell subordinate antigens. They produce immunoglobulin isotypes other than Igm and Igd (Toubi and Shoenfeld, 2004). This makes them very powerless to contamination with extracellular pathogens. The atomic desert in this illness is in the CD40 ligand communicated on actuated T cells, which accordingly cannot captivate the CD40 particle on B cells; the B cells themselves are ordinary(Galli, Nakae and Tsai, 2005). There are likewise absconds in cell-intervened immunity in these people. Case in point, they are defenseless to disease with the artful lung pathogen Pneumocystis carinii, which is ordinarily executed by actuated macrophages. The vulnerability is thought to be expected, at any rate to a limited extent, to the powerlessness of the T cells to convey an enacting indicator to tainted macrophages by captivating the CD40 communicated on these cells (Toubi and Shoenfeld, 2004). A deformity in T-cell enactment could likewise help the significant immunodeficiency endured by these patients, as studies on mice that need CD40 ligand have uncovered a disappointment of antigen-particular T cells to stretch in light of essential immunization with antigen (Galli, Nakae and Tsai, 2005).

Hypersensitive Reactions

This explains the basic ways in which an inappropriately active or overactive immune system can cause disease.

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity portrays an unusual or pathologic immune response that is created by an immune reaction to rehashed introduction to an antigen (Fischer, 2007). Hypersensitivity illnesses incorporate autoimmune infections, in which immune reactions are guided against antigens toward oneself, AND sicknesses that come about because of uncontrolled or over the top reactions to remote antigens. Since these responses have a tendency to happen against antigens that can’t be gotten away (i.e. antigens toward oneself) and in light of positive input frameworks innate to different parts of the immune reaction, hypersensitivity infections have a tendency to show as interminable issues (Fischer, 2007).

Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is the reaction of the versatile immune framework to antigens toward oneself that happens when instruments of tolerance toward oneself fizzle (Molina and Shoenfeld, 2005). Autoimmunity is one reason for hypersensitivity. So as to further comprehend autoimmunity, we ought to portray in more detail what happens when tolerance toward oneself falls flat:

Failure of self-tolerance

It is really stunning that the immune framework can prepare 10^7 diverse cell sorts that can each one react to an alternate outside antigen, and its significantly additionally astonishing that, in most individuals, none of these haphazardly created cell sorts responds against self- antigens (Fischer, 2007). How does this happen? Typically, as the immune framework is haphazardly producing about 10^7 separate clones, it is always selecting the reacting toward oneself ones from the last pool as they are made. In the event that this methodology of disposing of reacting toward oneself lymphocytes falls flat or is inadequate, then B or T cells that may get enacted against antigens toward oneself will be handled. These maverick cells or their items can then respond against antigens toward oneself (Ellwood, 2005). This is the premise of autoimmune illness. We don’t know why tolerance toward oneself fizzles in any human autoimmune ailment; however, numerous estimate the disappointment to emerge from a fusion of vulnerability genes and tissue harm. Case in point, tissue harm may prompt the arrival of antigens that wouldn’t be found outside of harmed tissue; in hereditarily vulnerable people, this may launch a lymphocyte reaction against these cell parts and be the trigger for an autoimmune phenotype. Anyhow, once more, nobody knows beyond any doubt.

Inflammation

Inflammation is a vascular and cell response to a wide mixture of damaging and hazardous boosts (Hansson, 2005). Numerous immunological maladies show as endless inflammation. Illnesses that are brought about by unusual immune reactions and that additionally include huge inflammation are called immune-intervened inflammatory infections. Hypersensitivity ailments have been gathered into four real classes based upon their underlying reasons (Hansson, 2005). These groups are:

1.) Immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity

2.) Antibody-interceded (Type II) hypersensitivity

3.) Immune complex-interceded (Type III) hypersensitivity

4.) Cell-interceded (Type IV) hypersensitivity

References

Ellwood, P., Asher, M. I., Beasley, R., Clayton, T. O., Stewart, A. W., and ISAAC Steering Committee. 2005. The International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods research methods. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9(1), 10-16.

Fischer, A., 2007. Human primary immunodeficiency diseases. Immunity,27(6), 835-845.

Franchi, L., Eigenbrod, T., Muñoz-Planillo, R., and Nuñez, G. 2009. The inflammasome: a caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Nature immunology, 10(3), 241-247.

Galli, S. J., Nakae, S., and Tsai, M. 2005. Mast cells in the development of adaptive immune responses. Nature immunology, 6(2), 135-142.

Hansson, G. K. 2005. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(16), 1685-1695.

Liu, Y. C., 2004. Ubiquitin ligases and the immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 22, 81-127.

Mandell, G., Dolin, R., Bennett, J., Mandell, G. L., and Bennett, J. E. 2009.Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases(No. Ed. 7). Elsevier.

Molina, V., and Shoenfeld, Y. 2005. Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity, 38(3), 235-245.

Pearce, N., Aït-Khaled, N., Beasley, R., Mallol, J., Keil, U., Mitchell, E., and Robertson, C. ,2007. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax, 62(9), 758-766.

Rich, R. R., Fleisher, T. A., Shearer, W. T., Schroeder Jr, H. W., Frew, A. J., and Weyand, C. M. (Eds.). 2013. Clinical Immunology, Principles and Practice (Expert Consult-Online and Print), 4: Clinical Immunology. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Toubi, E., and Shoenfeld, Y. 2004. The role of CD40-CD154 interactions in autoimmunity and the benefit of disrupting this pathway. Autoimmunity, 37(6-7), 457-464.

Tsigos, C., and Chrousos, G. P. 2002. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of psychosomatic research, 53(4), 865-871.

Willcox, A. 2011. Principles and practice of vaccination. Practice Nursing,22(4), 190.

Manage Accountability

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Manage Accountability

Introduction

While the allocation of resources is an I,prant uty of the management, there are many pitfalls to accountability that the management of any project can find itself ins when there are no proper structures for allocating, managing, controlling the funds allocated for any project. On the other hand, it is the duty if the management to ensure that the benefits accruing form the project overrides the cost associated with the project lest the project be declared a waste of resources. One major way by which the management of a find can ensure that the funds allocated are spent well is through control structures and benchmarks that must be specr8ic to the project at hand.

It is always ideal for management to have ideal Management Accountability Framework that includes statement that outlines the expectations of then oversight authority of the of the project. The list of management expectation in the framework is immigrant as it also helps in the attainment of high organizational performance. This call for Accountability, and Citizen Focused Services, however, other principles such as Governance and Strategic Direction, Innovation and Change Learning, People, Policy and Programs, Results and Performance, Risk Management and Stewardship, Public Service Values.

The main types of expenditures include the operating expenditures such as Employee salaries or wages and overheads, rental and utility costs, employees travel and other training expenses, communication, consultancy fees. On the other hand there are a number of capital expenditures includes , machineries and other production equipment, Vehicles, stores, furnishings, IT systems, office furniture’s and other items with depreciable values (Kelly, &, Rivenbark, 2010).

Budgetary procedures

Determining a corporate strategy in which the management team review the strategy

The budget analyst then issues the Revenue Budget Materials based on the historical report, this indicates the revenues by regions, and month, and then the budget is reviewed and adjusted

The budget analyst the Issues Expense Budget Materials that indicates the expenses

The initial budget iteration is the compiled by the budget analyst into the team’s budget model

The budget analyst team then completes the subsequent iteration and a day is set for reviewing the budget. In this meeting the notes are compared especially the historical results, the key ratios, step costing, and other change points. One other important part in this meeting is the discussion of area is the possible impacts of bottleneck on operations

The CEO approves the budget.

The final budget that has been approved is loaded into the accounting system

Lump sum budgeting,

While the project will rely entirely on lamp sum budgeting based on the source of funds and the frequency of funds allocation, it is important to note that the project would also have access to other streams of cash flows that will be used mainly for financing the daily operation over the entire life of the project (Breul, 2007).

Object-of-expenditure budgeting,

Performance budgeting.

Meyers, &, Philip, (2005) states that this system of budgeting recognizes and presents the purposes for which a budget is prepared and the purpose for the groups requires funds. It also entails listing the cost of the project and the related activities geared towards achieving these objectives. This system is considered ideal as it outlines the expected output and the. It is advisable to ensure that a comprehensive performance budgeting system quantifies the total results based chain.

Costing

Costing during the project will e based on various units cost. Example, mechanized clearing will be Mechanized Clearing time will be dependent on the tractors size and the area to be cleared. Therefore, clearing time, Tc, based on the machine hours per square miles.

Mechanized clearing

Merchandised pilling

Earth work

Grading

Surfacing

Economic Cost benefit analysis

The conventional economic cost-benefit analysis is important for analyzing the economic profitability of the highway. The two phases of the project will include upgrading of the key causeway and finally, completion of the main highways. Then the second phase will include completion and commissioning of the project to the stakeholders. Dessau Soprin International and the alignment and technical requirements that were expressed in the Functional Planning Report will base the cost on the Class “C” estimate that was primed.

Randall, (1982), argues that the procedure is important s it is the only procedure that is used to structure and examine infrastructure projects in order to determine the efficiency concern and the probability of economic growth that the projects are likely to generate. The concept of facilitating choice and the allocation of available resources are the key objectives of the ECBA. The project will use a base case and compare the perforemcne of the project against it is important to note that the techniques is commonly used to determine or appraise the publicly funded investment project such as highways. This helps in the allocation of resources in a way that the society will benefit. The main objectives of the cost benefit analysis is to set a monetary value form the benefits accruing from the public project

Benefits and cost items objects

Affecting Usersa Travel time saving

Vehicle operation and cost savings;

Security and related savings such as life and injuries, including damage to property)

Affecting Owners and Operators of the Road Network Highway construction expenses and costs;

Land acquisition cost;

Maintenance costs and repair cost

Network operating costs;

Savings related to postponement of maintenance

Costs on other roads (existing road)

Affecting Non-users Travel time savings or costs from changes in traffic on other roads or modes;

Costs and benefits related to air quality;

Costs and benefits related to energy consumption of different transportation modes;

Other externalities

Liquidity ratios are classes of financial metrics that are used determine the ability of a company to discharge the short term debt obligation that it accumulates. This also indicates a company’s margin of safety

Solvency ratios: the solvency ratios on the other hand, are used to measure the ability of corporate body to meets the long-term debt obligations associated with its daily operations. This shows how long a company can meet its debt obligation. This includes the after tax income that a company has realized and excludes any non cash depreciation expenses size of a company’s after-tax income

Profitability ratios: solvency ratios are alas of metrics that companies can use to assess their abilities to generate continued income against expenses and related relevant costs over specific duration of time

Reference

Randall, Ronald (1982) “Presidential Use of Management Tools: From PPB to ZBB.”

Presidential Studies Quarterly 12(2): 186-194.

Meyers, Roy T. and Joyce, Philip G. (2005) “Congressional Budgeting at Age 30: Is it worth

Saving?” Public Budgeting & Finance (Winter Supplement) 25: 68-82.

Breul, Jonathan D. (2007) “Three Bush Administration Management Reform Initiatives: The

President’s Management Agenda, Freedom to Manage Legislative Proposals and the

Program Assessment Rating Tool.” Public Administration Review (January/February)

67(1): 21-26.

Kelly M. &, C. Rivenbark (2010). Performance budgeting for State and LocaGovernment. 2nd Edition. M.E. Sharpe

Management Accountability Framework

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596701” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378596701 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596702” Budgetary procedures PAGEREF _Toc378596702 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596703” Lump sum budgeting, PAGEREF _Toc378596703 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596704” Performance budgeting. PAGEREF _Toc378596704 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596705” Costing PAGEREF _Toc378596705 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596706” Economic Cost benefit analysis PAGEREF _Toc378596706 h 4

IntroductionWhile the allocation of resources is an I,prant uty of the management, there are many pitfalls to accountability that the management of any project can find itself ins when there are no proper structures for allocating, managing, controlling the funds allocated for any project. On the other hand, it is the duty if the management to ensure that the benefits accruing form the project overrides the cost associated with the project lest the project be declared a waste of resources. One major way by which the management of a find can ensure that the funds allocated are spent well is through control structures and benchmarks that must be specr8ic to the project at hand.

Budgetary proceduresDetermining a corporate strategy in which the management team review the strategy

The budget analyst then issues the Revenue Budget Materials based on the historical report, this indicates the revenues by regions, and month, and then the budget is reviewed and adjusted

The budget analyst the Issues Expense Budget Materials that indicates the expenses

The initial budget iteration is the compiled by the budget analyst into the team’s budget model

The CEO approves the budget.

The final budget that has been approved is loaded into the accounting system

Lump sum budgeting,While the project will rely entirely on lamp sum budgeting based on the source of funds and the frequency of funds allocation, it is important to note that the project would also have access to other streams of cash flows that will be used mainly for financing the daily operation over the entire life of the project (Breul, 2007).

Object-of-expenditure budgeting,

Performance budgeting.

Costing Costing during the project will e based on various units cost. Example, mechanized clearing will be Mechanized Clearing time will be dependent on the tractors size and the area to be cleared. Therefore, clearing time, Tc, based on the machine hours per square miles.

Mechanized clearing

Merchandised pilling

Earth work

Grading

Surfacing

Economic Cost benefit analysis The conventional economic cost-benefit analysis is important for analyzing the economic profitability of the highway. The two phases of the project will include upgrading of the key causeway and finally, completion of the main highways. Then the second phase will include completion and commissioning of the project to the stakeholders. Dessau Soprin International and the alignment and technical requirements that were expressed in the Functional Planning Report will base the cost on the Class “C” estimate that was primed.

Benefits and cost items objects

Affecting Usersa Travel time saving

Vehicle operation and cost savings;

Security and related savings such as life and injuries, including damage to property)

Affecting Owners and Operators of the Road Network Highway construction expenses and costs;

Land acquisition cost;

Maintenance costs and repair cost

Network operating costs;

Savings related to postponement of maintenance

Costs on other roads (existing road)

Affecting Non-users Travel time savings or costs from changes in traffic on other roads or modes;

Costs and benefits related to air quality;

Costs and benefits related to energy consumption of different transportation modes;

Other externalities

Reference

Randall, Ronald (1982) “Presidential Use of Management Tools: From PPB to ZBB.”

Presidential Studies Quarterly 12(2): 186-194.

Meyers, Roy T. and Joyce, Philip G. (2005) “Congressional Budgeting at Age 30: Is it worth

Saving?” Public Budgeting & Finance (Winter Supplement) 25: 68-82.

Breul, Jonathan D. (2007) “Three Bush Administration Management Reform Initiatives: The

President’s Management Agenda, Freedom to Manage Legislative Proposals and the

Program Assessment Rating Tool.” Public Administration Review (January/February)

67(1): 21-26.

Kelly M. &, C. Rivenbark (2010). Performance budgeting for State and LocaGovernment. 2nd Edition. M.E. Sharpe

Michaelides, M.

Michaelides, M. A., Parpa, K. M., & Zacharia, A. I. (2021). Effects of an 8-Week Pre-seasonal Training on the Aerobic Fitness of Professional Soccer Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 35(10), 2783-2789.

The article, “Effects of an 8-Week Pre-Seasonal Training on the Aerobic Fitness of Professional Soccer Players” represents a pre-season training period in soccer. This training period aims to develop physical requisites for competition. The primary method applied here is an experimental approach involving an eight-week pre-season training program. This program is meant to examine its impacts on the aerobic fitness of professional soccer players. The study of the physical characteristics of professional soccer players is vital for the advancement of the sport. In this sense, coaches and trainers need to evaluate what a player does with his body and how he does it. The anthropometry of a player has been used as an indicator for assessing the probable physical development of the athletes.

The study concludes that the significant changes in the process of adaptations that occur with this type of training can assist trainers and coaches in planning a successful pre-season training program. The physiological improvement in the aerobic capacity of the players was observed during this training period compared to the previous one. This indicates that they can adapt to new physical situations and environments, making them less vulnerable in sports later on. For example, it was observed that the per cent changes in heart rate were significant after eight weeks of training.

In this research project, two players groups were trained under the control condition, and another group qualified under the experimental situation. The exercise was performed according to a recommended program by their trainer, so it meant that they received full and individualized attention, which included exercises that affected the upper body, lower body, balance and coordination.

This research will benefit my weekly training program for both the male and female soccer players in my team. It suggests that I should have them under a more intense exercise program, as it will help them improve their aerobic fitness to a higher level. The program should begin from the pre-season training period, where I will focus on improving their endurance and speed. Speed training is more important for female players as they do not have enough speed compared to male players, which is why they cannot compete in fast-paced games. My weekly training program involves a combination of running and endurance training, which I will apply in their weekly meetings. The training program also includes a speed routine where I will focus on increasing the speed of my players. After the pre-season period, I should use the same speed routine and add some strength training sessions to enhance their overall performance.

This article aims to demonstrate how physiological adaptations in the aerobic capacity are achieved and improved during a pre-season training program, which is aimed to attain physical fitness and, later on, competition, the effects it has on performance in professional soccer matches.

Michelle Obama

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Michelle Obama

Many people come and go on this planet. Most of these people do not make the difference that touches people to the point where the people that they associate with admire them and view them as role models. I have several people I admire because of various traits and values that inspire me. However, I admire one person the most, and that person is Michelle Lavaughn, Robinson Obama. There are many reasons why she takes such an important place in my life and gains my admiration and respect. Michelle Obama is a great leader and possessed leadership qualities that inspire me. A leader is an individual who provides a beacon to others in the pursuit of a goal. For a person with leadership aspirations like myself, it is crucial to look up to somebody who has been proven to have the right leadership qualities that lead others around them to success. Michelle Obama possesses some of these qualities that have skyrocketed her into one of the world’s most admired women.

Michelle Obama is a charismatic leader with a strong character. Michelle Obama is the former first lady of the United States. She was married to arguably the most powerful man on the planet at the time, in Barack Hussein. Unlike other first ladies who are defined by their husbands’ titles and who shun away from the political spotlight, Michelle defined herself and stood out among her peers. She went out and was accessible to the American people in a way that had not been done previously. Also, she let people know that she was, in fact, like them figuratively speaking. Therefore, she touched many people’s lives by merely being there and speaking on social injustices against minorities who had no voice for themselves even when the issues were controversial confidence, especially among women.

Another reason I admire Michelle is the ability to inspire self-confidence among people, especially women. Michelle Obama is among the women who have time and time again represented and championed for women’s rights. She always speaks her mind, and I find her courage to be admirable. She had stood before thousands and delivered speeches that are well articulated and show just how much she is courageous. Any woman seeing her do so can tap into her strength and gain some confidence that they too can find their voice. Hence, she is an inspiration to so many women who look up to her for inspiration and guidance. She has not failed at that calling, proving time and time again why she is so admired.

I am one person who admires honesty, and Michelle Obama is one leader who has shown that she is honest. In her words, “We learned about honesty and integrity – that the truth matters… that you don’t take shortcuts or play by your own set of rules… and success doesn’t count unless you earn it fair and square” (Snider, 2019). Michelle Obama has been honest about her intentions from the time I came to know her. She has stated her strengths and weaknesses without hiding them from the public. I cannot help but admire such authenticity to just be yourself without the fear of being judged. Her honesty is reflected in the dedication she puts in working towards her goals.

Finally, Michelle Obama is a great overall mother and wife. That side is often overlooked owing to her incredible career. Michelle had raised a good family and provided support to Barack Obama when he needed the necessary support. Hence, this shows that she is a leader to the public and to her home to her family. She has solidified her place as the person who I admire most.

References

Snider, I. N. (2019). Self-defined: A Womanist Exploration of Michelle Obama, Viola Davis, and Beyonce Knowles (Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University).

Michelin Tire Company

Introduction

This paper researches the Michelin tire company. It describes the company and provides a brief history of its operations. Then it identifies any of the sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations. Then it states there any government regulations that have affected this company’s operations domestically or abroad. After that it describes the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identify any challenges to securing these inputs. Then it determines the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time. After that it determines the price of its products increased or declined over time and analyzes the reasons for price fluctuations. It analyzes the company’s profitability. Identify the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability. It describes the competitive environment in which the firm operates the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors. Then it Identify any non-price competitive strategies that the company might be engaging in. lastly it evaluate if the company made any mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommend any changes or improvements for the future operations and recommendations.

History of the company

Michelin Tire Company prides as global leader in the tire’s innovation, giving forward looking solution for helping the roads transportations industry in bid to attain the competitive edge as well as for meeting the ever pressing need of society for the fuel efficiency, safety along with respect for the environment. Michelin Tire Company had been 1st for patenting radial tires that had been used widely as well as popular in automotive industry. Michelin has century of innovation and progress in the tire design along with several product firsts CITATION Whe13 l 1033 (Where We Have Been, 2013).

At end of the month December 2005, the company posted thirty % growth in net income at $1.049 billion, with the over $18.40 billion in the net sales, up to 3.6% from previous year CITATION Mic131 l 1033 (Michelin Annual Report, 2006). While this industry continues for consolidating in short terms, Michelin has been continued for expanding the products line and for operating in the new regional market. Now, Michelin has global sale network in one seventy countries, seventy one manufacturing plants in nineteen countries, 6 rubbers tree plantations in the Nigeria and Brazil and extensive brands portfolio, which includes BF Goodrich and Michelin as flagship brand of company and 2 distribution networks such as TCI and Eurometer.Risk or uncertainty in its operations

Michelin Tire Company is the biggest tire maker of the world, which drew thirty five percent of 2003 annual sales from the North America. Whereas normally it would expose French company to the dollar euro currency’s exchange risk, it wasn’t worried about the exchange rate. They had compensated for loss caused through translating the American incomes in-to euros by buying the raw materials, which have been priced in the dollar.

Michelin Tire Company is old company, made on the family operation standard; aiming is for steadily growing without taking very much risks. Expanding to emerging markets now has required for securing the future’s growth as well as for keeping the position as second biggest world-wide tire manufacturer. Major threat, which Michelin faces have been raw materials supply as well as possible future shortage. Rubber is 1/3rd of cost of company, so any of the fluctuation in the rubber may affect Michelin dramatically. Through investing in the Research and development for finding the ways to secure the supply as well as finding new resource, Michelin is enforcing really the future’s largest threat. Financial stability and management, which Michelin has shown in the tough times has been re-assuring and provides the proof that Michelin adjusts quickly to situation of world’s economy & has able to keep making the profit. Government regulations that have affected this company’s operations

Michelin has needed for replacing the tires as per government regulations. Though there have been ways for identifying which specific tires have been affected, rule of recalls is that tire recall has done through date code.

It applies to the cars. Though cars can VIN, recall has done through VIN range & not through the individual vehicle. When car does not have specific part on this, this is not a part of recall, and the way this has stated identify what the vehicles have been affected such as the vehicles with four speeds automatically transmission, and many more. Only as they may identify the individual transmission, recall has stated like affecting them all.Inputs that are used in this company’s production function

Michelin Tire Company has backed by extensive portfolios of the brand, which broaden the premium territory to the other segment. Productivity achieved in current years has made this possible for profitably growing such brands at the faster pace.

With the brand’s portfolio, the company may serve the motorist requirements across market, including the sports model as well as SUV with the BF Goodrich, mid range segment with 2 strong regional brands such as Uniroyal in the North America and Kleber in the Europe and entry level segment with Kormoran, Tigar, Taurus and Riken brands, every in the respective market. Boosted through development of the automotive as well as road transport in the fast growing region, Tier 2 along with Tier 3 segments account for forty percent of global tire’s market. Positions of Michelin in such segments have been being deepened and broadened with the dedicated brand that derive competitive benefit from the performance and from the production techniques that comply with the values of the company.

In the Europe, the production capacity might be doubled at plant in the Romania and Serbia that manufacture already twelve million tires for such segments. In the Asia, Michelin has been expanding by partnerships.

In the China, joint venture has set-up with the Double Coin Holdings Ltd. And Shanghai Huayi Group Co. for manufacturing the car along with light truck tire and for marketing these locally under Warrior brands. This will operate plant recently being built in the Wuwei Anhui province approx. four hundred kilometer west of the Shanghai. Michelin owns forty percent of venture and Chinese partners sixty percent.

Presenting total costs of the CNY three billion, approx € 390 million from which forty percent has committed by Michelin, project eventually produces up fifteen million Warrior brand tires in one year.

Recent Michelin plants in the China can be used for producing Michelin brand tire for China market. Using such similar business model, the other partnerships can be formed for driving fast growth.The company has introduced new products in existing markets

Michelin Tire Company not just is in rubber and tire business, for several years, now it has published Michelin Green and Red Guides with maps. Red Guide is guide book for restaurants and hotels that in the starting had been only such located in the France. Now such guides have been published the grading food as well as lodging to many places across world. Green Guides have been for the tourism. Michelin publishes map of the areas like European countries, France, Thailand, Africa and US. Michelin made Via Michelin digital map service, which gives travel and mapping solution for mobile, internet and satellite navigational product with the street level coverage of the Europe, US, Australia as well as parts of the South America and Asia.

The other way the company stays at top of market is variety and globalization. Michelin is largest tire manufacturer of the world; this has production plant in the Germany, France, USA, UK, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Thailand, Italy as well as many other countries CITATION EPS13 l 1033 (EPSA, 2013). In correlation with the new tire’s production, the company produces own rubber for the new tire along with retread facilities. It vast span of the countries this manufactures each possible kind of tire of any form of the transportation imaginable, including the automobiles, airplanes, earthmovers, bicycles, heavy-duty trucks, farm equipment, motorcycle and space shuttle. It enables the Michelin for being profitable in many areas of business and adjusts to changing market at any of the time and pushes consistently the competitor for keeping up. Price fluctuations

Tire that becomes un-serviceable because of condition covered through such workmanship as well as material limited warranty can be replaced with comparable new Michelin tire, and free of charges, when two third of inch or less of original treads has worn, and within twelve months of date of the purchase. Balancing and Mounting of tire has included. We pay cost of any of the other service charge as well as applicable tax. If more than two third of inch of the original tread has worn or after twelve months from the date of buy, we should pay cost of comparable new Michelin passenger on the pro rata base.

Retailer determines the charges through multiplying % of actual usable tread worn through recent sale price at adjustment locations or price in current Michelin Base Pricing List whichever is less. Determine charges through multiplying % of the mileage received through recent actual sale price at adjustment location or price of tire in recent Michelin Base Pricing List whichever is less. Such list has based on pre-determined pricing intended to represent fairly actual sale price of tire. We pay cost of balancing, mounting and any another dealer services along with applicable taxes.Company’s profitability

Operating profit EBIT and EBITDA

2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

EBIT 1695 862 920 1645 1338 1368D&A 965 940 928 823 871 803EBITDA 2660 1802 1848 2468 2209 2171

We see from Cash-Flow statement, which EBITDA accounted before nonrecurring income as well as expenses in the year 2010 for €2,660 million. It presents increase of the €858 million in comparison to the year 2009, in the line with variation of the operating profit. From such data, we know that Michelin is considering profitable financing process, production unit’s performance has being sufficient for creating the wealth. Such wealth has been going for being allocated in various parts like net financial expense, nonrecurring item as well as corporate income tax.

Net financial expense of Michelin reflects financial policy of the company through reflecting the size of debts burden as well as levels of the interest rate. For the year 2010, Michelin financial expense presented €229 million and it decreased when we has compared this to the year 2009, where the financial expenses had been up-to €258 million.

2010 2009 2008 2007

Cost of Net Debt -236 -292 -330 -294Other financial income and expenses 10 40 -3 29Share of profit and loss from associates 29 9 10 17Net financial expense -197 -243 -323 -248

When we have looked at number, we can see that financial expenses of company dramatically decreased, beginning from the year 2009. It is largely because of reduction of cost of the net debt, such as there is good cooperation with the banker and has good borrow capacity. Additionally, we may see will for becoming much independent through becoming more & more self financed. Control of the levels of the debt has really rigorous because of fact that even when major share holders have been institutions, Michelin remains based on family business model, such as this is much concerned on the long run growth rather than on the maximization of the profit in short term.

The 2nd element for considering while analyzing the operating income is non-recurring items as well as items particular to the consolidated accounts. Though, such information isn’t displayed through company and we may guess that this isn’t relevant to the analysis.Following on this, we take deep look in-to corporate income tax. Income tax has been very much volatile. In fact the company Michelin is parent company of the tax group, which comprises fourteen French subsidiaries. Every subsidiary pays when it paid income tax on standalone basis and it remains recorded in-to the company income.

Competitive environment

Michelin Tire Company operates in competitive market with many competitors, which is either from the Europe or from the emerging countries. The 4 major producers are Michelin, Bridgestone, Goodyear along with Continental that have been counting for above fifty percent in world-wide market.

Though, new entrant like Yokohama, Sumitomo, Hankook as well as coming from the Asian countries gained rapidly the market shares. Such companies focus often on specific area offering good value for the money with the lower quality product.

Michelin had owned eighty four production sites world-wide, most of these located in the Europe. Though, Michelin has begun construction of three production sites in the India Chennai, China Shenyang and Brazil Pau Brasil for total investments of two billion euros. This must enhance production capacity in such countries through eighty percent till 2016 as well as offer tire at competitive price as per low purchasing power of such countries. It will be affected by low cost brand of the Michelin known as Warrior that is well known in the Asia.

As many countries have been becoming more environmental friendly, Michelin should anticipate vote of the law for protecting environment particularly in the North and Europe America, 2 largest markets in the terms of the sales. Through enhancing the production of the eco friendly tire, they could be able for facing new environmental needs from the organism, government and even from the car manufacturer partner, which are investing already in the hybrid as well as less polluting trucks and cars. Tires companies, which aren’t anticipating such changes, wouldn’t survive in such high competitive market.Non-price competitive strategies that the company might be engaging in

There isn’t much scope for the non price competition in the pure competitive market. In general, the companies try for distinguishing the product from the competitors through advertising the unique features. This is tough for doing this with the commodity product. In the pure competition market, the firms might emphasize the length of the time in business and choose prime location for distinguishing themselves.

For the replacement tire of the passenger car as well as light truck, global market has been shown modest values along with volume growths since starting of decade. It has occurred in face of enhancing product costs and input because of rubber prices and rising energy. Looking forward the global average price is likely for decreasing with the increasing competition and as the companies have been becoming vertically integrated, this can be possible for keeping the costs down; as the global demand can remain high, outlook for market is positive.

After trying decade, once again outlook for tire as well as rubber market is positive because of strategic acquisition, innovative solution along with re-invigorated customer demand. Therefore, market has concentrated. Bridgestone is leading player with twenty percent market’s share while Michelin closely follows with twenty percent. 66 percent of total revenues of the market have been generated through 4 leading players in industry. A reason for such level of the consolidation is that market fairly has low margin. OEM (Original equipment manufacturer) market has dominated through few big buyers automobile manufacturers, who have placed the pressure on the tire manufacturers for innovating as well as keeping the prices down. Small companies unlikely have been for competing due to insufficient scale economy for coping with big buyers. As after market has many buyers, biggest tire companies have been active in OEM as well as aftermarkets.Company made any mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommendations

There is not sufficient investment in the Research & Development for resolving the raw material as well as innovation problems. There is high competition from the Asian producer practicing low pricing strategy. There is also a threat to company for failing to change. Competition has been fierce and lead the industry such as company should be innovative as well as given best products, services and quality at best price in every market segment, which this decides for serving, the company seeks for offering best solution. So, in several markets like passenger car, truck as well as agricultural vehicle, this implements multi brand strategy adapted for broad range of the requirements of customers.

With status, Michelin has already throughout world; promoted new tire won’t be complicated. All this has required is little bit of focusing as well as effective marketing research & application for the Michelin for emphasizing the position in auto industry.

Michelin is un-disputed leader in most demanding technical segment along with designs forward looking solution for helping road transportation industry in bid for continually improving competitive edge as well as for meeting modern societies for pressing requirements for the fuel efficiency, safety and respect for environment.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 EPSA. (2013). MICHELIN. Retrieved August 4th, 2013, from http://www.epsaonline.com.ar:

http://www.epsaonline.com.ar/page.php?section=3

Michelin Annual Report, 2006. (n.d.). Retrieved August 4th, 2013, from

http://www.michelin.co.jp: http://www.michelin.co.jp/var/michelin_site/storage/original/application/8d9af45a43829145d8ee033c3ab5027a.pdf

Where We Have Been. (2013). Retrieved August 4th, 2013, from http://www.michelinman.com:

http://www.michelinman.com/about-us/where-we-have-been.page

Manage Separation or Termination Processes

Manage Separation/Termination Processes:

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Abstract:

Firms tend to focus on voluntary disclosure of information of earnings disclosures, management forecasts, and to a lesser extent, overall disclosure levels.

Firms are likely to voluntarily include accounting information along with quarterly earnings announcements when current earnings are relatively less informative, or when future earnings are relatively more uncertain. This way, the information is likely to have a greater demand for additional value relevant information such as balance sheets to help assess firm’s value. These types of firms are likely to be

(1) In high technology industries;

(2) Reporting losses;

(3) With larger forecast errors;

(4) Engaging in mergers or acquisitions;

(5) That are younger; and

(6) With more volatile stock returns.

Dye (1985) argues that managers have incentives to make voluntary accounting disclosures when market participants find the disclosures useful in assessing firm value. Investors find voluntary balance sheet disclosures relatively more useful in assessing firm value when current earnings are less informative, or when future earnings are more uncertain. They are likely to demand additional value relevant disclosures to supplement the information contained in earnings. Similarly, because future earnings are more uncertain among ﬁrms whose operations are less predictable (such as younger firms), investors are more likely to demand additional disclosures when they evaluate younger ﬁrms (Lang, 1991)

High-tech ﬁrms operate in rapidly changing environments that make their future operations, and hence future earnings, relatively more uncertain. While balance sheet information is also problematic in valuing intangibles and in resolving future uncertainty, analysts find various accounting information particularly useful in valuing high technology companies. For example, cash balances are important in assessing the ability of high technology companies to enter new markets, to make new product launches, and to survive until the next round of ﬁnancing. Similarly, inventory and receivables management is particularly critical for these ﬁrms due to the uncertainty of their operating environment and the untried nature of their products and customer base (Palazzo, 1999; Ramstad, 1996).

Firms are likely to disclose their accounting information when they report losses. In the presence of a loss, earnings fail in their primary role as an indicator of future earnings (Collins et al., 1997). Moreover, because losses cannot be sustained indefinitely, firms experiencing losses are more likely to liquidate, making their abandonment value more relevant in assessing shareholder value.

Accounting information disclosed is likely to be useful in interpreting the valuation implications of earnings when reported earnings differ from market expectations. The firm’s managers are likely to guide market participants in understanding why earnings diverge from expectations, as well as the valuation implications of the divergence. Balance sheet disclosures can provide this guidance because balance sheet accounts can be useful in interpreting reported earnings (McGough and Podd, 1999). For example, working capital accounts provide investors with value relevant information about the nature of reported accruals.

Firms with quarterly earnings that deviate from analysts’ forecasts are more likely to disclose balance sheet information in their quarterly earnings announcements.

Firms that engage in mergers or acquisitions during the quarter are likely to disclose balance sheet information in their quarterly earnings announcements. Investors are likely to have a relatively greater demand for balance sheet information when firms engage in merger and acquisition activity. Mergers and acquisitions are likely impact the ﬁrms’ future operating activities, which in turn are likely to increase the uncertainty related to their future earnings. Accounting disclosure will help the investors assess the impact of the merger and acquisition activity on future earnings. For example, the total asset number can be used to predict the normal component of future earnings (Ohlson, 1995).

Younger ﬁrms are more likely to disclose accounting information in their quarterly earnings announcements. This impacts the demand for value relevant information is the ﬁrm’s age. Lang (1991) argues that ﬁrms with greater uncertainty about future earnings such as younger ﬁrms are likely to reap greater beneﬁts from additional disclosure.

Firms with more volatile stock returns are likely to disclose information in their quarterly earnings announcements. Stock return volatility is also likely to be associated with accounting disclosures. High stock return volatility is consistent with greater uncertainty about future earnings, because stock price is a function of expected future earnings. Since investors are likely to have a greater demand for information when future earnings are more uncertain, we expect that ﬁrms have greater incentives to voluntarily disclose additional value relevant information.

Verrecchia (1983) analyzes voluntary disclosure in the context of accounting information and argues that full voluntary disclosure will not always occur. He demonstrates that when private information disclosure results in proprietary costs, the market is likely to interpret non-disclosure with less suspicion because the costs of disclosure can exceed the beneﬁts to shareholders when proprietary costs are sufficiently large. This suggests that consideration of proprietary costs may reduce management incentives to make voluntary balance sheet disclosures.

However, Verrecchia (1983) also observes that management decisions to make accounting disclosures are typically not decisions of disclosure versus non-disclosure, but rather decisions of accelerated versus delayed disclosure.

If the balance sheet disclosure ﬁrms’ earnings are relatively less value-relevant, we expect the relation between earnings and price to be relatively weaker for these ﬁrms, providing them with an incentive to supplement their earnings announcements with balance sheet disclosures.

Conclusion

Voluntary accounting information disclosures are being motivated by investor demand for additional value relevant information to supplement reported earnings. Usefulness of accounting information in valuing securities by identifying the circumstances under which market participants are likely to demand, and firms are likely to provide, voluntary balance sheet disclosures.

In summary:

Each company is unique

A one-size-fit-all accounting standard approach will not work for all companies’ disclosure demands

Accounting standards can just rule all companies to disclose some common owned information – cash, liabilities, amount of expenses, etc.

References

Collins, D.W., Maydew, E.L.,& Weiss, I.S., (1997). Changes in the value relevance of earnings and book values over the past forty years. Journal of Accounting and Economics 24.

Dye, R., 1985. Disclosure of nonproprietary information. Journal of Accounting Research 23,

Lang, M.H., 1991. Time-varying stock price response to earnings induced by uncertainty about the time- series process of earnings. Journal of Accounting Research 29.

Lang, M.H., Lundholm, R.J., 1996. Corporate disclosure policy and analyst behavior. The Accounting Review 71.

McGough, R., 2000. Lucent’s mission is to regain trust of wary investors. The Wall Street Journal

Ohlson, J., 1995. Earnings, book values, and dividends in security valuation. Contemporary Accounting

Palazzo, A., 1999. Datron weathers transition to new markets. The Wall Street Journal (June 30). Ramstad, E, 1996.

Verrecchia, R., 1983. Discretionary disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics 12.

Brexit Decision Vote on Globalization

Name

Institution Affiliation

Brexit Decision Vote On Globalization

Introduction

Globalization refers to a dynamic phenomenon that constitutes various elements, which cuts across various boundaries and leads to worldwide or global integration. In contrast, Brexit refers to the campaign spearheaded by the U.K to exit the European Union (EU). The existence of globalization today traces back to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 (Elliot, 2016 par. 1). Globalization was an idea that was developed to ensure that countries had the opportunity to improve their transnational capital and allow the movement of people from one region to the other. Since 1989, globalization has accelerated, with there being high movements of goods, capital, and people. The high movements diminished the roles of states, and the market forces were believed to be unstoppable. However, globalization has faced many obstacles since its introduction. For example, the protests in Seattle of 1999, where there was the World Trade Organization meeting is evidence in opposition to globalization (Cohen & Schwartz, 2016 par. 2). It was inevitable that globalization will still face rejection by different nations, especially the developed ones. The Brexit decision was a vote against globalization, but at the same time, the decision cannot slow the progress of globalization.

Brexit Vote was Against Globalization

Despite the role that globalization has played in improving trade and travel across the globe, there are individuals or natives in different countries, for example, England who feel like globalization has done the opposite. They think that it has led to an increase in unemployment and the high population growth, which also places the readily available jobs at risk for the natives (Coyle, 2016 par. 3). The slogan that was used to campaign for Brexit itself led by the lead campaigner PM Boris Johnson was “Let’s take back control,” which shows how desperate Britons were to move out of European Union bureaucracy and globalization. The slogan also showcased the frustrations of Britons, which can be highlighted with some of the challenges that they have been facing since the incorporation of globalization. Brexit was just an option that was considered by countries that are trying to create a barrier to some of the negative impacts that have been associated with globalization (Blockmans, 2016 pg.182). Generally, England thought that globalization was the problem since it is the root cause of some of the problems in their country.

Some of the reasons that led to the Brexit vote are deeply rooted in the U.K society, and it is attributed to globalization. The frustration is not only shared by a majority of Britons but also other citizens from other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Many households within these countries have not witnessed progress in their income growth since the year 20005 (Dustmann, Tommaso & Ian, 2013 pg. 155). Research has shown that a majority of young people from these regions think that they will never become richer than their parents (Dobbs et al., 2016 par. 3). The United Kingdom has been experienced deindustrialization since the year 1970, and this can be attributed to the recession, which occurred in the 1980s and early 19990s. During this period, many manufacturing companies collapsed, and many people lost their jobs. One example of a company that collapsed was the Eastman Machine, which was known to produce sophisticated cutting tools (Cohen & Schwartz, 2016 par. 1). Most affected companies were located in the North of England and in the midlands, and this would explain why most of the individuals that were pushing for Brexit came from these regions.

The rise of populist personalities and parties who believe that globalization does not offer enough for them played a huge role in the Brexit vote. For instance, in the U.K, PM Cameron had to resign after the conservative party won the push for Brexit Vote since he was at the forefront of supporting the U.K to remain in the EU. Rich countries such as U.S and the U.K, which are led by populists like Boris Johnson, Donald Trump have been on the forefront of leading push backs to globalization. In the USA, Trump has gain support from multiple blue collar individuals who believe that there is an influx of foreigners and a high rate of job losses (Chandran, 2016). They undermine the role that globalization provides such as cheap products, loads of opportunities, and easy travel (Buerkle, 2016 par. 2). The campaign that was led by the PM Boris Johnson is mostly supported by rich populists who believe that globalization is a threat to development. Some of the populists include hedge fund managers and brokers who do not want to run their business in areas that are under E.U regulations.

It should be noted that economists rate the success of globalization on the overall economic impact in the country rather than individuals who only want to benefit themselves (Becker, 2016). For instance, Vodafone is a multinational company whose headquarters is located in London, but currently, they are considering relocating from England after the completion of Brexit vote. Such a move by Vodafone would result in the loss of employment opportunities by Britain’s employed by the telecommunications giant. Still at the same time, billionaires who own giant telecommunication companies within Britain will relish the opportunity to enrich themselves.

British Politicians and the citizens felt that globalization has caused the rise in the number of immigrants in the UK. They do believe that immigration policies affected by the EU unregulated policies has made borders porous (Chandran, 2016 par. 4). When the borders are porous, it makes the natives insecure since they see the influx as a threat to the available job opportunities. In the UK, studies have shown that immigration has had a huge impact on the labor pool, specifically for the low skilled workers. The rise of refugees has also proved to be an obstacle for some countries, considering that if they are member of EU they have to oblige in opening their borders.

Some politicians championed for exit so that the government can model their own terms when engaging in business activities. Half of Britain’s import and export are accounted by the EU. UK benefits from their membership in the EU since this lowers trade barriers, which in turn improve business (Fouskas, 2016 par. 2). When there are low trade barriers the British society benefit from cheap products. Despite all the advantages acquired by Britain, they still cannot negotiate their trade policies by non-EU members; rather they will have to consult the EU. Organizations such as EU are at the forefront championing globalization messages. However, when certain opportunities arise, which nations can take advantage of; they cannot go through with them due to the policies set by EU. Such policy also played a huge role on the reason for the Brexit vote. Withdrawal from Brexit allows Britain to negotiate trade agreements with countries who are not mebers of the European Union.

A majority of individuals who voted for Britain to leave European Union were found to be conservative and held certain political beliefs (Sampson, 2017 pg. 176). They were also against cosmopolitanism and thought that life in Britain was not getting any better. Globalization has lead to the integration of cultures and has promoted cosmopolitanisms, with inclusivity being the current change that has had a tremendous effect on the society. People should be able to celebrate diversity since it is what makes nation great. The incorporation of individuals from different parts of the world promotes multiculturalism and avails knowledge from all walks of life.

Brexit Vote Will Have no Significant Impact on Globalization

The U. K used the Brexit vote to make the European Union a scapegoat for some of their failures as a country. Upon the completing the Brexit vote, the UK experienced a financial fallout in her currency. Before the vote, the pound had rose above $1.50 but after the vote it decreased to the lowest, $1.33 in a period of about 31 years (Buerkle, 2016 par. 2). This shows that globalization has got great strength despite countries like UK undermining it. After the decrease in her monetary trade, the Bank of England vowed to provide liquidity and provide support to stabilize U.K’s markets; however, this approach is risky considering that over reliance on monetary policies by a country always makes it vulnerable. On the other hand, a decline in power of the pound creates a risk to a small number of countries that depend on foreign investment from England. The number of countries which are dependent on the pound at the same time are minimal, in most countries there would be minimal effect since there is a low probability the decline of the pound would have a ripple effect on the other countries.

One of the reasons for voting Brexit out was immigration policies in the U.K, however, the U.K has been suffering from immigration issues since the 1960s. The only difference is that most of the immigrants were coming from the West Indies and Asia but currently, most of them are from Eastern Europe (Becker, 2016 par. 4). The same applies for countries like the USA, during the colonial times Mexicans used to be allowed to cross the border to work in USA farms hence the problem of migration cannot be solely be underpinned on immigration. It is the responsibility of U.K to come up with policies or actions that could help them manage the immigration issues. Besides, if some of the big companies relocated from England after the Brexit vote, some of their citizens may opt to look for greener pastures in other countries such as the USA to practice their profession. This can be showcased by many Britain actors who currently work in Hollywood where film industry is great. In addition, Britain will still need low skilled and high skilled workers from the European countries to work in some of their companies or businesses, which is a product of globalization.

Most of the voters who voted for the U.K to move out of the EU were discontented by the modern Britain; they felt like they were left out. At the same time, when the voters were asked if the European Union had played a major role in them being left out, they did not provide relevant information (Sampson, 2017 pg. 177). England cannot blame the EU for its low productivity and why their trains do not run on time. Most of U. K’s problems are local rather than international. Therefore, such problems cannot be solved by leaving the European Union. U.K needs to examine itself and come up with local solutions rather than international solutions. Most of the voters are simply influenced by politicians rather than critically examining what might be the repercussions of EU exit, this can be attributed to the large percentage of the population which voted for the U.K to opt out of E.U had no college or university education.

As much as more emphasis for massive job losses that was experienced in the manufacturing sector is placed on globalization, it has also created various job opportunities, specifically in London (Fouskas, 2016 par.2). It is among the leading cities as far as global economy is concerned. It is one of the leading centres for international business activities (Fouskas, 2016). Its’ success it is attributed to one of the factors which is not only availability of quality staff but also its access to transport infrastructure and markets. All these factors are brought about by the existence of globalization. Globalization has not caused massive job losses but rather improved the set of skills required by organizations within the nation. For instance, London has increased its skilled workforce, currently, 43% of the jobs that are available require higher qualifications or level 4 and by 2020, this number is expected to rise to about 50% (Fouskas, 2016 par.3).More emphasis should be placed on improving the education being offered at colleges and universities so that students can acquire the relevant skills that would help them secure opportunities in the job market.

Loss of jobs can also be attributed to the development of technology rather than globalization. A massive unemployment rate is an issue that is affecting almost all countries in the world and it is mainly due to the advancement in technology. Currently, technological advances mean that office-based workers, professionals, and white collar are at risk of losing their jobs (Bowler, 2017). Therefore, protectionist approaches such as the Brexit vote cannot downplay its effect in the 21st century, since technology is disruptive and surpasses borders globally (Bowler, 2017 par. 2). Technology is going to help various continents such as Asia and Africa to have a leveled playing field to compete with other continents such as Europe (Eaton & Samuel, 2002 pg. 1769). Voting against globalization will not help safeguard individuals’ jobs in England since there are other arising factors such as technology, which puts job opportunities at risk.

U.K may stand to lose a lot by exiting the European Union, and this would explain why despite leaving the country has not yet decided on the way forward. One of the approaches that UK can undertake after leaving the EU is to sign a free trade agreement with the E.U to govern their economic and trade relations. Britain receives the highest amount of portfolio investment and foreign direct investment (FDI) due to their membership status in the E.U (Fouskas, 2016 par.3). The other factor that also influences the rate of direct investment is the city of London. Studies have shown that London dominates the global foreign exchange market by having a turnover of almost £4 trillion. This explains why the country has remained reluctant to announce their next step but rather assess the situation since they are at a risk of losing billion dollars from FDI and portfolio investment. The best option for England will be negotiate with European Union to practice foreign trade. The argument that Britain would acquire many benefits post-Brexit is not convincing. According to open Europe (2015), there are more than fifty-seven regulations listed by the European Union, which will make England to accrue more costs than benefits. Overall, in the long run England may become poorer since there withdrawal from E.U will allow them to create barriers which will hinder foreign direct investment, trade and immigration. All of this shows that free trade, which is as a result of globalization still plays a huge role in building and maintaining economies.

The rise of populist parties and personalities such as Donald Trump, who have been pushing for the change of order to restrict globalization still face a lot of obstacles to achieve their vision (Frieden, 2018 pg. 6). Given the direction that England has taken, there are still options that other countries can undertake should it occur that the motion presented by the populists become effective. There are regional trading blocs such as the World Trade Organization, which China has taken advantage of to grow its economy (Autor, David &Gordon, 2013 pg. 2140). The only likely hood effect from the current trend of populists like Donald Trump is that there would be more fragmented trading blocs. Besides, free trade options will still prevail if countries are to maintain their transnational capital revenue. The move by these populist parties and personalities is more of protectionism rather than hate for globalization (Owen &Noel, 2017). There is a risk that these populists will continue to increase if measures are not put in place.

Apart from trade and immigration, there is still one factor that unites many countries, which is the fight to counteract climate change. The impacts of climate such as desertification, turbulent weather patterns, rise in seal levels, and the spread of diseases are still affecting many countries in the world including developed nations (Hirst & Thompson, 2019 pg.12). There are different agreements that have been put in place to counteract climate changes. One of the agreements is the Paris climate change accord, which brings together some of the developed nations, who are the lead contributors of CO2. The agreement requires the member countries to adhere to the regulations stipulated, to manage CO2 emissions. Currently, there is a pandemic in the name of coronavirus affecting many countries worldwide. There are over 190,000 cases and more than 7,000 deaths reported so far, and there is a risk that this number will continue to rise (Galai, 2020 par. 2). In order to fight this pandemic, all countries in the world will have to join hands by allocating resources and putting measures in place to ensure that the pandemic is contained. There are many ways in which countries may partner, for instance, in global health practices. The incidences discussed above shows that countries will still have to cooperate in various fronts. Globalization is not only about trade and immigration but also health and climate change.

There are also minor benefits that countries like U.K get to enjoy as a result of globalization. One of them includes greater choice of imports and lower prices of commodities. In terms of greater choice of imports, globalization has significantly increased the options of consumer goods (Pettinger, n.d par.1). For example, people have become accustomed to the year-round availability of fruit and vegetables due to food imports. Domestic monopolies have experience d international competition thanks to Globalization. When there is international competition it leads to existence of lower prices of commodities for the consumer. For instance, in industries such as electronics, food and clothing where the United Kingdom is a great importer.

Conclusion

The negative effects of globalization should not focus on the past but rather the present. From the Brexit vote, it has proven that there are countries who feel like European Union is not working out for them and there is likely hood that such approaches may start to pick momentum. Better globalization would result in better redistribution of its benefit across the world, which would result in the decline of populist’s parties and personalities who have been on the forefront looking for ways to jeopardize globalization. However, the solution is not to jeopardize globalization but rather be managed it in way that its intended concept does not lose focus. If globalization is placed under threat, poor countries will be at a risk of suffering since globalization has improved their wellbeing. Besides, developed nations have benefited a lot from globalization, which has led to higher investment, better jobs and improved health systems. There are multiple problems that countries like England suffer from which are not as a result of globalization. For instance, the loss of various job opportunities is as a result of low skills acquired by trainees from training centres rather than the rise of multinational corporations. Another factor that influences job opportunities is technology advances. Globalizations impacts cannot be undermined and if there are countries who feel like it is not working for them they should make rational decisions to address the situation.

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