Uncategorized – Page 146 – Julliethewriter

Brian Palacios

Argumentative/Persuasive Essay

Dennie Johnson

17 October 2018

Why Baby- Boomers and Generation X Managers Should Hire Generation Z

Millennial and Generation Z workers are known to espouse different attitudes and values about work from other generations. These generational gaps, different values, and work ethics may bring about negative perceptions about these generations especially now since many of them are eligible for employment. In today’s corporate world, the HR and talent management department strives to include multiple generations in the workplace to increase diversity and to meet inclusion requirements. A multigenerational workplace faces unique challenges and opportunities for both employers and employees since they are forced to work together despite the differences in work values. There might be reluctances from the managerial staff and hiring departments to hire generation Z workers due to negative perceptions, fear of the challenges a multigenerational workplace faces, and little understanding of this generation. However, most Baby Boomers are facing retirement and exiting the workforce in large numbers, and there will be numerous gaps in employment. The corporate world should, therefore, be keen to attract and retain these young workers. All employers and firms should pay attention to this young generation since there is a shortage of skilled workers in the nation due to low birth rates and an aging workforce, generation Z workers have higher levels of education than others, and that they are more ethnoculturally diverse. This generation also has different values, attitudes, and expectations about work from other generations and report a greater amount of job and organization changes.

Who are the Millennial and Generation Z Generations? There are no precise dates for when these cohorts start or end, but many define the millennial generation as the people born between 1980 and 1995 (David Foot). The Millennials are also referred to by demographers as “Baby Boom Echo” since most of them are Baby Boomers (1946-1965) children. “Generation Z is the generation born from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s”. Their parents are primarily in generation X. Every cohort shares a common place in historical time and is therefore influenced by the same events. The conceptualization of the term ‘generation’ is established in the theory of sociology of generations by Mannheim (1952) that states that members of a generation share more than just birth years, but an environment. This environment and occurrence shape their behaviors, attitudes, and norms of political, sociocultural, and economic issues.

Many managers and employers happen to be baby-boomers and/or Generation Xers, and these generations tend to have negative perceptions of the Generation Z workers. However, “the U.S. and other first world countries have been characterized by low birth rates due to lifestyle choices that are linked to economic affluence” (Nargund, 191). The aging workforce is also increasing since many Baby Boomers are retiring from their working positions. Moreover, the government is stepping up their stringent immigration policies and therefore increasing the problem of shortage of labor. Many organizations will be faced by labor shortages, and thus workforce renewal efforts should be directed to the Generation Z generation.

The generation Z have been “profoundly shaped by factors that affected their generation X parents” and guardians (Ozkan and Solmaz, 476). Due to the significance of education and its effects on quality of life being heavily pressed on the Baby Boomers and generation Xers, they have ensured that their children (generation Z) attain higher levels of education. Due to this, many persons in the generation Z are either enrolled in or plan to enroll in higher-learning institutions. These generations are also characterized by a high number of women in institutions of higher learning than other institutions. They, therefore, have higher expectations of themselves and better technical know-how than previous generations. Hiring them will, therefore, be beneficial to an organization since they do not take a long orientation system as they are equipped to work. Moreover, the generation Z cohort highly favors creativity and innovation. Due to this, they can come up with new and helpful ideas for the organization.

According to robust studies on different generations and their work ethics, generation Z workers have “different attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of work” (Cristina, 47). These two generations have been known to report high degrees of preference for extrinsic rewards. They also prefer leisure over work and also indicate a strong preference for work-life balance (Cristina, 51). Therefore, the current human resource practices to attract new employees may not necessarily attract these generations. It is consequently easier to motivate a generation Z worker since they prefer materialistic rewards to intrinsic rewards such as career growth, personal achievement, and sense of accomplishment. This group prefers tangible and specific rewards such as recognition, awards, money, or contributions to team endeavors. It is thus easier for a manager to achieve this type of rewards to an employee rather than for other generations who prefer intrinsic motivation.

The generation Z cohort also reports to wanting more exciting work and organizational changes. These groups search for working opportunities that fully engage them and that are ‘meaningful.’ They are therefore willing to cross boundaries to work in non-profit organizations and the public sectors since these organizations, through public service tasks, offer attractive opportunities for them. A study on U.S. students who expressed altruism, wanted to “do good,” and were compassionate were seen to be more interested in non-profit work. According to a study by Dr. Singh (2016), “generation Z workers may find working for the government cumbersome since the hiring process is associated with bureaucracy and inefficiency” (Singh, 1). Government agencies are also perceived to “lag behind the times” in terms of innovation and are thus unattractive. The negative attitudes on government jobs may drive the generation Z to shy away from such opportunities to the private sector and to non-profit organizations that provide a platform to work for social change to deliver public service. Therefore, Baby Boomers or generation Xers who own small firms or non-profit firms should find these generations as competent personnel.

The generation Z cohort is very ethnoculturally diverse as from the 1980s, all fifty U.S. states became more racially and ethnically diverse, although at different rates. Therefore, this generation is more likely to have gone to school with persons who are culturally, ethnically, and/or racially different from them. This cohort has therefore been more exposed to messages of inclusivity and promotion of diversity. Therefore, “individuals in generation Z are more likely to hold egalitarian views on minority groups and women” (Uche, 41). This translates to fewer workplace problems since they are more likely to respect diversity leading to better teamwork and workplace harmony.

Many employers may label the Generation Z workforce as “spoiled and entitled” since most of them have been raised in middle-class environments as the baby boomers and the generation Xers (their parents) were successful (Knapp, Weber and Moellenkamp, 138). The generation Z workforce is also more likely to change careers from the non-profit sector to more profitable sectors such as the private sector. Many baby boomers and generation Xers link this to the fact that Generation Z desires more extrinsic motivations such as better pay that may not be available in not-for-profit organizations. However, research has shown that due to many of the generation Z attaining high levels of education, then they are better suited to work across many sectors. This offers them job flexibility, and whenever a better opportunity opens up, they go for it. These generations are “sector-agonistic” reinforcing the transferability of their skills across numerous interrelated sectors.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cristina, Maria. “Generation Z and its Perception of Work.” Cross-Cultural Management Journal 3.1 (2016): 47-55.

Knapp, Curtis A., Christine Weber and Sarah Moellenkamp. “Challenges and strategies for incorporating Generation Z into the workplace.” Corporate Real Estate Journal 7.2 (2018): 137-148.

Nargund, G. “Declining birth rate in Developed Countries: A radical policy re-think is required.” Facts, Views & Vision: Issues in Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproductive Health (2017): 191–193.

Ozkan, Mustafa and Betul Solmaz. “The Changing Face Of TheEmployees- Generation Z And Their Perceptions Of Work (A Study Applied To University Students).” Procedia Economics and Finance 2.1 (2015): 476-483.

Singh, A.P. “Understanding the generation Z: The Future Workforce.” Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3.3 (2016): 2-46.

Uche, Sharon. “Generation Z and Corporate Social Responsibility.” Digital Commons (2017): 1-95.

Abigail Adams And Mercy Otis Warren

Introduction

Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren are two women who can be identified as the founding mothers of the United States. Abigail Adams was married to the former president of United States John Adams. She was actively involved in the political life of her husband. She pushed her husband to recognize the legal rights of women. Mercy Otis on the other hand, vehemently opposed the British colonization in Massachusetts. Her work as an artist is often considered to be her way for presenting her political opinions. As a political writer she gave her voice when many other women maintained their silence. The two women were both born at Massachusetts, and both actively engaged in politics as feminist pushing not just their husband agendas, but the voice of women. These papers excavate into the lives of these two great women in American history.

Abigail Adams

She was born on November 11, 1744. Her parents were William Smith and Elizabeth Quincy. She was born at Weymouth, Massachusetts. She did not have formal education, but instead learnt at home. She learned writing, reading, and mathematics. She also studied dance, music, and Irish. She had access to her father and grandfather’s libraries. Her father was someone who loved to learn and read and often encouraged his children to look at his extensive library. Her special interest was on theology, philosophy, Shakespeare, ancient theory, the classics, and government law.

She met her husband and a lawyer John Adams when she was only 15, they later married on October 25 1764 and moved to Boston with him. They bought a huge track of land in 1787, known as Peacefield, and John Adams was then a minister for Great Britain. Their marriage conceived three children among them the Sixth president of United States, John Quincy Adams. Her first child came into their lives almost immediately after marriage. Therefore, her first role as a wife was to raise these children. Her other roles in the family included helping her husband in managing finances for their household, and producing crops. In 1774, Abigail, was left behind by her husband as he went to serve the British government as a delegate of the colony in the First Continental Congress. This period led to a correspondence between the two that forms the basis of much of the public debates regarding her. In these letters she passed various advices to her husband political questions. She also reflected her own observations as well as the unfolding events during the revolution. Abigail in 1776, when the Second Continental Congress came close, began to write letters to her husband telling him that there was need for new government to uplift the legal status of women to the level of men. Though she did not succeed in pushing him to admit the need to do this, her writing are the first known attempts to have women enjoy the same rights as men. She remained separated with her husband as he moved between countries in official duties, but she kept him informed of what was taking place locally.

She took an active role in her husband political life. Following her husband election to the presidency of United States between March 179 7 and March 1801 as the second president, she rose to the status of First Lady. She stayed with him in Philadelphia and later on at Washington, D.C for a period of eighteen months in both places. Often, she openly criticized those she considered to be against her husband Federal Party. The anti-Federalist inclined to Thomas Jefferson like Albert Gallatin became her immortal enemies and openly criticized her in press. He called her names and nicknamed her “Mrs. President not of the United States but a faction”. Although such statements hurt her a lot, she was not intimidated. She did not fear to give her personal opinion. She was not liked for her opinions, but was highly valued by her husband. Her influence on presidential appointments made her a number one enemy of the opposition. In addition, she consistently campaigned for freedom of African-American slaves and equality in education for girls.

Just about the time the continental Congress gave the independence declaration in 1776, she had written a letter to her husband requesting him to put ladies into consideration while drafting new code of laws she argued that ladies were going to rebel if they were not going to be represented or given a voice. It is known that her husband refused to harkens to her statement, and Holton writes how she went ahead to revolt against these laws within her household. As one of her letter in 1782, revealed, she took issue with the law degradation of women by giving husbands undue rights to control and even disposal of the properties of their wives. She went ahead to defy these laws and created her own wealth. In 1816, convinced she was in the edge of death she sat down and wrote down a will. Legally she did not have a right to own properties while her husband was alive and the mere act of drafting this will was an a act of rebellion. Even more intriguing is the fact that she decide to live her properties not to her sons, but to other married women.

She is therefore, known to have initiated a revolution for personal property rights. Like many other patriots in the revolutionary period her husband abandoned his family for a very long period. As a result, he was not able to manage their properties. Abigail was therefore responsible for managing the financial aspects of the family and she was very good at it. She was very good at investing these fiancés because she was open to risks. She invested her husband money in government securities and other ventures. Out of this money she stashed away some, which she referred to as her own pocket money. In her will she gave out most of her wealth to her granddaughters as compared to what she left for her male relatives. Holton argues that the main reason for doing this was not because she hated them, but because she wanted to cut her life as one of advocating for women rights to own property. Her will did not have any weight in the court of law, but it was honored by her husband.

Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814)

She was born in Barnstable, Massachusetts as the daughter of Colonel James Otis and Mary Allyne. Her parents did not take her to school, but she was allowed to attend her brother’s lesson, with his tutor Reverend Russell. Therefore, like Abigail Adams she also received exceptional training unlike other women of 18th century. Her brother, James Otis had great influence on the direction of her life. Besides, his influence in convincing their parents to allow her attend his lessons, his political life also shaped the path of her life. James Otis was brutally attacked as he walked towards British Coffee House in Occupied Boston by the British officers. This incident had a great impact on Mercy Otis life.

Mercy had a talent for writing and she was urged on by her brother. He also took over her tutoring and was the first to read her initial poems. Her first writing was mainly influenced by her religious background. However, her writing was transformed and she became a political playwright, satirist, and historian. She married James Warren, in 1754. Her brother continued to influence her even in marriage life. It was time for the American Revolution and James Otis forged the phrase that “taxation without representation is tyranny” to oppose the British government oppressive taxes. In the 1750s and 60 her husband John Warren and others joined her brother to form the Sons of Liberty. Her home hosted many political meetings and she was involved in deliberating liberty and independence issues. She played a key role in facilitating the growth of this movement by starting to write political satire through pamphlets, poems, and plays.

Mercy Ortiz in particular took offense with certain individuals. She considered Governor Hutchinson’s actions as one of the reasons for her father political disappointments. She also associated the British attack on her brother to what later befell him, which is mental incapacitation. Following attack of James Otis in 1769, she decided to carry his mantle. She was determined to keep the mantle of liberty that his brother initiated with her writing. She also kept close friendship with Abigail Adams and John Adams. Together with her husband, these friends helped her to carry on her new role. John Adams in particular, helped her to publish her first play “the Adulateur” in 1772. It was published in the Massachusetts Spy and acted in Upper Servia. She used this play to criticize the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson. She portrayed his leadership as being wicked. She criticized him and his allies for what she considered to be monopolization of public offices. This play also depicted the people she considered to be the patriots of the nation including James Warren, Sam Adams, and James Otis. Her other plays like The Defeat (1773) as well as the Group (1779) also praised the patriots and rebuked the British troops and tyrannical leaders. They represent her filial emotions and patriotism.

Conclusion

These are two exception women involved in their own unique ways in shaping American future in the revolution period. Abigail comes out as a strong champion of women right to education and in property ownership. Her role as a political leader can also not be undermined, as she not only shaped her husband political direction prior to his presidency, but also during his tenure. On the other hand, Mercy Otis Warren comes out as an exceptional writer who uses her literary work to influence the public perception of patriotism and traitors. These two women depicts the strengths of women in the prehistoric time, despite not being well empowered by the society. They both did not get formal education, but they did great with the opportunity given to them by those who loved them.

References

Primary Sources

“First Lady Biography: Abigail Adams”. National First Ladies’ Library. Web

Black, Allida. “Abigail Smith Adams”. theWhite House. (2009). Web.

Hamlin, Joanne. Mercy Otis Warren: Patriot with a Pen. Helion Nine, Vol.8, (1983): 84-90.

Secondary Sources

Donnelly, M. A. Mercy Otis warren (1728-1814): Satirist of the American Revolution. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (1988).

Holton, Woody. Abigail Adams’ Last Act of Defiance. American History. 45.1, (2010). 56-61.

Wheeler, Jill C. Abigail Adams. Edina, Minn: ABDO. (2010).

Breece D’J Pancake’s “First Day of Winter”

Final Writing Project

Breece D’J Pancake’s “First Day of Winter”

Breece D’J Pancake’s stories are set in the harsh backdrop of rural West Virginia. Pancake often uses the environment to help reveal the burdens and inner-conflicts of his most hardened characters. In “First Day of Winter,” Pancake introduces us to Hollis, a farm boy confronting the ever-present reality of the approaching season and what it means for his fate. Hollis’ endless struggle with his own desires, family guilt, and his inner failings are juxtaposed against the fierce, unrelenting environment (both outside and inside of the farmhouse). This haunting, bare-bones account of Hollis closing down the family farm before the hardest season hits is sure to leave you with a deeper sense of his inner-strife born from a dark sense of “place”.

Format: MLA typed Reader Response paper; 5 paragraphs

Exact quotes from the text to support your claims

Analysis Prompt: At the end of the story, Pancake crafts a final image of Hollis succumbing to the reality of his dire situation. Pancake uses funeral imagery to describe Hollis as he takes his nap, and we can assume Pancake wants to convey how dead and hopeless Hollis feels. But why? Now, look back at the story and develop a thesis explaining which elements from the story help to understand/reveal/prove why Hollis feels like he is attending his own funeral.

Provide support for your claims; Use quotes from the text

Develop your analysis in each body paragraph but only one point per paragraph

Discuss his main conflict within the story/why he would feel so dead

You may want to analyze symbols/symbolism which help to reveal his feelings

You may want to describe and/or use examples from the text /Pancake’s descriptions of the setting to support your understanding of Hollis’ feelings

Maybe discuss family relationships, guilt and neglect–are these factors?

Bridgeport City

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Bridgeport City

Bridgeport is a seaport city in the state of Connecticut. It is located in Fair County and bordered by other towns which are Fairfield, Trumbull, and Stratford. It is the largest city in the state with a population of roughly 146000 people. The city has a rich history dating back to before colonization by the English. The earliest inhabitants of the town were a native tribe called the Paugusett. The tribe had several scared sites one of which was the Golden Hill which was the source of water for their planting fields. The natives were mainly fishermen and farmers, growing crops such as squash, com and beans. When the colonialists arrived, they set up camp in Stratfield district. They began to take part in activities such as farming and the town began to grow as a trading center. The shipbuilding and whaling industries were also established at the time (Forrant). The Housatonic Railway boosted the economy of the town especially after it was connected to the rails of New York and new haven. Manufacturing became the backbone of the city’s economy until the 1970s.

Before and during the First World War, the city continued to expand mainly due to industrial growth. Heavy industry restructuring in the 1970s saw the decline of the city’s economy. Many people lost their jobs and many more moved out of the city into the rapidly developing suburban neighborhoods. The city was further mismanaged and several officials were convicted of this. The city filed for bankruptcy but was declared solvent by a federal court in 1991. In recent years the city has revamped itself by coming up with mixed development projects and proposed shopping areas that will create jobs for its economy.

The city has a population of about 146000 people making it a small city with a relatively low population. It is mainly suburban as most people live outside the city itself. This is because of the collapse of heavy industries in the 1980s that led to the economic and social decline of the city. The city is divided into five geographic neighborhoods which are Downtown, East Side, North End, South End and the West Side. These neighborhoods are mostly middle class and upper middle-class. The city can this be termed as being middle class although there are a few poor neighborhoods in the geographic areas around. The median income per person in the city is about $43000 which is lower than other cities in the state.

The main economic activities of the town are centered on the service industry. The main employers are the fields of education, health and finance. The major employer is the health sector with the largest hospitals being St. Vincent’s medical centre, Bridgeport Hospital and Bridgeport Healthcare Centre. These hospitals combined employ about 6000 people. Other employers are the People’s United Bank, the University of Bridgeport and Housatonic Community College. The rate of unemployment is relatively low with some people being employed and others running small scale businesses within the city. The city has one of the most unequal income distributions in the city with fifty seven percent of going to the wealthiest people.

The governance structure of the city is the mayor-council system. Each district in the county elects two members into the city council. The mayor is elected by all the residents of the city at large. The public schools system takes up most of the budget of the city, about half of the total budget amounting to nearly $260 million. The Property taxes in the city are quite high, about 4.2%. The mill rate reached an all time high in 2017 at 54.37.

Some of the major problems that the city of Bridgeport faces include the high rate of taxes. One resident of the city even proposed that the city be given the Guinness world record for highest raise in property taxes in a year in 2017. Aside from this, the other major challenge is how the city spends its revenues. A lot of it goes into retirement benefits that have escalated in the recent past. The medical covers of the retired people also weigh heavily on the city’s budget. Other concerns include employment levels and poverty levels. During the economic crunch faced by the city, many people lost their jobs and this has affected the quality of services available. The city has also faced crimes common in others pats other country. To combat these crimes and other concerns of residents, the mayor launched a platform for them to report any issues (Barraza). A major challenge in the city is that there may not be enough resources to address them because of the fiscal inflexibility that is part of cities in Connecticut.

I would say that my city is a good place to live. There is a vibrant entertainment scene, waterfront park and beaches. For theater and music, there are several venues for events. These venues include Cabaret Downtown Theatre, Playhouse on the Green, Webster Bank Arena nod Playhouse on the Green (Hersh 103). These arenas can host both large and small events such as children’s plays and concerts, sports events and theaters. One of the most famous events that are hosted by the city is the Gathering of the Vibes. The event takes place every year and showcases music, arts and camping events through an entire weekend. The event attracts thousands of people from all over the country. The Greater Bridgeport Symphony is one of Bridgeport’ prestigious orchestras that has been existence since 1945.

For history and nature lovers, the city is home to museums, parks and zoos. The Discovery Museum and Planetarium shows science-focused exhibits. The Housatonic museum of Art has an impressive art collection of art considering it is only two years old. The Barnum museum concentrates more on the history of the city while the Beardsley Zoo is the only zoo in the wider Connecticut region. The city is also home to a number of parks, earning it the nickname ‘the Park City’. The first park was created in 1806 and as the population of the city grew, residents recognized the need for public spaces. This led to the creation of Seaside Park, Beardsley Park, Beechword Park, and Pleasure Beach (Olmsted).

In conclusion the city of Bridgeport has a rich history that spans through many decades. The city has grown through times of social and economic decline due to bad leadership but in recent times it has risen again. It is now home to tens of thousands of residents and the current leadership has come up with plans to earn the city even more revenue by creating employment and attracting tourists. The city is home to people of diverse backgrounds making it cosmopolitan and welcoming to visitors. Its public parks are also a major attraction and source of pleasure for its residents. The vibrant music and art scene provides entertainment for the residents by hosting sporting events, concerts, plays and camping activities. Living in the city gives a person many options to choose from in terms of entertainment and exploration. Challenges are an inevitable part of growth but Bridgeport City is a wonderful place to live in.

Works Cited

Forrant, Robert. “The Rise and Demise of the Connecticut River Valley’s Industrial Economy.” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 46.1 (2018).

Olmsted, Frederick Law. Frederick Law Olmsted: Plans and Views of Public Parks. Vol. 2. JHU Press, 2015.

Hersh, Barry. “Parks, open space, arts and culture.” Urban Redevelopment. Routledge, 2017. 101-108.

Barraza, Brisa, et al. “Design Thinking for Better Community in the City of Bridgeport.” (2018).

AA Meetings for Alcoholics and Families

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AA Meetings for Alcoholics and Families

One of the challenges many people struggle with is alcoholism and misuse of substances of abuse. The struggles such people go through make it mandatory for organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous to exist to deal with people facing problems stopping to abuse alcohol. There are different kinds of alcoholism meetings that can be found everywhere ranging from families for alcoholics to meetings for families of the alcoholic to closed meetings to open meetings. Individuals affected by alcoholism in one way or the other are free to choose which meeting or organization meets their needs the best. This paper will analyze two kinds of meetings, which include the meetings for alcoholics and the meetings for the family members of the alcoholic. The paper will highlight what happens in both these meetings and pinpoint some of the differences between the two meetings.

The first meeting I attended was an AA meeting, which was being held at a community centre in Brooklyn. The name of the group was Alcoholics Anonymous Band it consisted of a number of members. It was on a Tuesday afternoon and I was surprised at the number because I did not expect so many people would attend. It was my assumption that AA meetings are not usually well attended because of the stigma the society associates them with, so it was difficult for me not to be caught off guard by the number. I was a bit hesitant at attending the meeting because I was afraid of the reception I would get and the reaction of the members of the group if they found out that I was not one of them.

All in all, I managed to attend this meeting despite my fears and reservations. Once I entered, a few people noticed my presence but they did not seem to mind it so I picked my way carefully to a nearby seat and sat down quietly. I was wondering what the leader of the group would say if he discovered that I had just come to listen to the proceedings so I was quite nervous and I was sure he noticed it. However, I was relieved when he turned to me with a friendly face and smiled at me then he welcomed me to the meeting saying that he hoped the meeting could be of help to me. The gesture relived by the gesture, and it was only then that I was able to look around more closely to the members of the meeting.

I noticed that there were almost as many men as the women in the room and they all seemed comfortable. They did not show any anxiety at all and I soon found out why. The meeting was operating in a peculiar protocol. The leader had chosen the open meeting criteria and did not expect or force anyone to talk if they did not feel ready. As it follows, I guessed these members felt at home in the presence of each other because they all shared experiences they were familiar with. A member could speak of their experience without the need for the leader to force them. I felt like this was a friendly meeting were everyone was welcome whether they were ready to share their experiences or not. In addition to the twelve steps, I felt that this strategy could be extremely helpful for the alcoholics.

The next meeting I attended was in the same location but at a different time. This time the meeting was held for the families and friends of the alcoholic people, and it was held in the evening. I realized that this meeting had fewer members than the other meeting with more women in attendance than the men. They were also alert that a stranger had joined them when I entered and that shook me a little. There were not so friendly and smiling faces like those that I had seen in the other meeting. This got me to wonder whether this was the best way to admit and invite new members. To me it was a little bit scary and unwelcoming. However, with a slight nod from the leader I found a seat and sat down to listen to the proceedings. I realized another difference at once. The meeting was open and the alcoholic people could join their parents and friends in the meeting to get help on how to cope. However, the leader was the one asking questions and directing them to specific people.

I looked around and I could see some tense people wondering when their turn to speak up would come. This did not look so helpful to me when compared to the closed meeting with the alcoholics. This is because it made the surroundings and the environment unfriendly to share experiences, to ask questions and share concerns with the other members of the group and the leaders. This is extremely detrimental especially when an organization is planning to start a group like this one. An environment that is welcoming, warm and friendly is essential for better results.

ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES

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Abnormal Immune Responses

Abnormal immune responses cause strangely low action or over activity of the immune system. In instances of immune system overactivity, the body strikes and harms its own particular tissues (autoimmune maladies). Immune inadequacy ailments diminish the body’s capability to battle trespassers, bringing about weakness to diseases (Liu, 2004). Allergies result from the immune framework’s eruption to a non-undermining outside substance. Sustenance and breathed in particles like dust and pet dander are the most widely recognized allergens (substances creating unfavorably susceptible responses) (Pearce et al., 2007).When an immune system process senses an allergen, it fortifies the arrival of chemicals, for example, histamine.

Indications of the ensuing hypersensitive response can incorporate breathing issues, eye aggravation, rash, nasal blockage, or queasiness and itching. Antihistamine prescriptions can decrease side effects, yet staying away from allergen-introduction is the best preventive medication for allergies (Ellwood et al., 2005). Asthma is a condition whereby the immune framework gets overactive in the aviation routes (bronchi) in the lungs (Pearce et al., 2007). Individuals with asthma endure occasional scenes of narrowing of their aviation routes (bronchospasm), making it harder to relax. Most individuals with asthma additionally have continuous irritation in their aviation routes. Asthma medication in some cases incorporates a day by day breathed in corticosteroid, which diminishes immune framework over-activity and irritation.

The Principles and Practice of Vaccination and Transplantation

Vaccine is an antigenic planning used to transform dynamic insusceptibility to an infection, in order to anticipate or enhance the impacts of contamination by any characteristic, or “wild” strain of the creature (Willcox, 2011). It is utilized to animate dynamic safety and to make an immune memory with the goal that introduction to the dynamic ailment microorganism will fortify an officially prepared immune framework to battle the illness (Rich et al., 2013).

Basic Types of Vaccine:

Killed vaccines

They constitute arrangements of typical irresistible pathogenic infection that has been rendered nonpathogenic, typically done by compound medicine, for example, with formalin that cross-joins viral protein (Willcox, 2011).

Attenuated vaccines

These are live infection particles that develop in the vaccine beneficiary, yet do not result in malady in light of the fact that the vaccine infection has been modified to a non-pathogenic structure

Sub-unit vaccines are cleansed parts of the infection, for example, surface antigen

Presently Used Vaccines

Influenza vaccine – vaccine presently utilized by most of the world comprises of inactivated influenza infection (Rich et al., 2013). A few sorts could be utilized including entire attenuated infection particles, somewhat disturbed infection particles (“part” vaccines) and cleaned envelope antigens (“subunit” vaccines) (Willcox, 2011).They intend to instigate resistance by handling hemagglutination hindrance or killing antibodies.The vaccine is processed in embryonated hens’ eggs, utilizing “high development” strains created and given to the fabricates by the World Health Organization (Mandell et al, 2009).

Specific Requirements for Vaccines:

A vaccine must have the capacity to generate a defensive immunity with just insignificant reactions. Further, the vaccine must be immunogenic enough to prepare a solid and measurable immune reaction. Additionally, the vaccine must be steady throughout its timeframe of realistic usability with the power staying at a fitting level. Inactivated vaccines are put away in a powdered structure and are reconstituted before organization: live, attenuated vaccines oblige refrigeration (Mandell et al., 2009).

The vaccine is directed intramuscularly with a one-inch needle. Grown-ups and more established youngsters ought to be immunized in the deltoid muscle, while kids ought to be inoculated in the anterolateral part of the thigh (Rich et al, 2013).

Diphtheria vaccine – No diphtheria-just vaccine is accessible. The diphtheria vaccine is accessible as:

Dtap (Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis vaccine)

Dtap in mix with Haemophilus influenzae sort b (Hib) vaccine

Dtap in mix with hepatitis B and inactivated polio vaccines

DT or Td (in mix with tetanus vaccine)

All Dtap vaccines are accessible holding no or just follow measures of thimerosal

Smallpox vaccine – Currently the U.S. has stockpiles of a few vaccines utilized within the past. The stockpile incorporates 15 million measurements of Dryvax, a calf lymph-determined vaccine handled by Wyeth, which was as of late re-tried and demonstrated to be successful. What’s more, in March 2002 Aventis Pasteur reported the accessibility of roughly 85 million dosages of its smallpox vaccine, additionally determined from calf lymph (Mandell et al., 2009).

Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity points to the failure by an organism in remembering its constituent parts as self, hence prompting an immune reaction against its own particular cells and tissues (Molina &Shoenfeld, 2005). Any malady that comes about because of such an unusual immune reaction is termed an autoimmune infection (Molina & Shoenfeld, 2005). Conspicuous illustrations incorporate Celiac disease,diabetes mellitus sort 1, Sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (Sle),sjögren’s syndrome, Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ infection, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison’s Disease, rheumatoid joint pain (RA), Polymyositis (PM), and Dermatomyositis (DM). Autoimmune maladies are all the time treated with steroids.

The misguided judgment that an individual’s immune framework is completely unequipped for perceiving self-antigens is not new. Paul Ehrlich, at the commencement of the 20th century, proposed the idea of horrendousness autotoxicus, wherein a “typical” body does not mount an immune reaction against its tissues. Subsequently, any autoimmune reaction was seen to be unusual and hypothesized to be joined with human infection. Presently, it is acknowledged that autoimmune reactions are an essential piece of vertebrate immune frameworks, regularly kept from creating sickness by the sensation of immunological tolerance to antigens toward oneself (Molina & Shoenfeld, 2005).

Low Level Autoimmunity

While an elevated amount of autoimmunity is less than great, a low level of autoimmunity may be beneficial. Taking the knowledge of a beneficial element in autoimmunity further, one may guess with the aim to demonstrate that autoimmunity is dependably a self-protection component of the warm blooded creature framework to survive. The framework does not haphazardly lose the capability to recognize self and non-self, the ambush on cells may be the outcome of cycling metabolic courses of action important to keep the blood science in homeostasis.

Second, autoimmunity may have a part in permitting a fast immune reaction in the early phases of the disease when the accessibility of outside antigens constrains the reaction. In their study, Stefanova et al. (2002) infused an anti-MHC Class II antibody into mice communicating a solitary kind of MHC Class II particle (H-2b) briefly to avoid Cd4+ T cell-MHC collaboration. Credulous Cd4+ T cells (those that have not experienced any antigens before) recouped from these mice 36 hours post-anti-MHC organization demonstrated diminished responsiveness to the antigenpigeon cytochrome C peptide, as controlled by Zap-70 phosphorylation, expansion, and Interleukin-2 processing. Therefore, Stefanova et al. (2002) exhibited that self-MHC distinguish keeps up the responsiveness of Cd4+ T cells when outside antigens are absent.This thought of autoimmunity is theoretically like play-battling. The play-battling of junior whelps (TCR and MHC toward oneself) may bring about a couple of scratches or scars (low-level-autoimmunity), yet is valuable in the long haul as it prepares offspring for legitimate battles later on.

Abnormal Immune Response to Stimuli

The consequences of immune deficiencies are both inherited and acquired. Low levels of antibody results into inability to clear extracellular bacteria. Pyogenic, or discharge-forming bacteria have polysaccharide cases that are not straightforwardly perceived by the receptors on macrophages and neutrophils that animate phagocytosis (Franchi et al., 2009). They subsequently escape prompt disposal by the inborn immune reaction and are fruitful extracellular pathogens (Tsigos & Chrousos, 2002). Typical people can clear contaminations by such bacteria because antibody and supplement opsonize the bacteria, making it workable for phagocytes to ingest and decimate them. The key impact of lacks in antibody processing is thusly a disappointment to control this class of bacterial contamination. Furthermore, weakness to some popular diseases, most prominently those created by enteroviruses, is likewise expanded, in light of the vitality of antibodies in killing irresistible infections that enter the body through the gut.

The main portrayal of an immunodeficiency ailment was Ogden C. Bruton’s record, in 1952, of the disappointment of a male youngster to process antibody. As this imperfection is inherited in an X-joined style and is portrayed by the nonattendance of immunoglobulin in the serum, it was said to be Bruton’s X-connected. The unlucky deficiency of antibody could be recognized utilizing immunoelectrophoresis (Galli, Nakae & Tsai, 2005). From that point onwards, more maladies of antibody generation have been portrayed, the vast majority of them being the result of disappointments in the improvement or actuation of B lymphocytes. Babies with these maladies are typically recognized as a consequence of intermittent contaminations with pyogenic bacteria.

This is Lyme disease which is an infectious disease that occurs from tick bites

T-Cells Defects Results in low antibody levels

Patients with X-interfaced hyper Igm syndrome ( Hyper Igm Immunodeficiency, in Case Studies in immunology) have typical B- and T-cell improvement and high serum levels of Igm, yet make exceptionally constrained Igm antibody reactions against T-cell subordinate antigens. They produce immunoglobulin isotypes other than Igm and Igd (Toubi and Shoenfeld, 2004). This makes them very powerless to contamination with extracellular pathogens. The atomic desert in this illness is in the CD40 ligand communicated on actuated T cells, which accordingly cannot captivate the CD40 particle on B cells; the B cells themselves are ordinary(Galli, Nakae and Tsai, 2005). There are likewise absconds in cell-intervened immunity in these people. Case in point, they are defenseless to disease with the artful lung pathogen Pneumocystis carinii, which is ordinarily executed by actuated macrophages. The vulnerability is thought to be expected, at any rate to a limited extent, to the powerlessness of the T cells to convey an enacting indicator to tainted macrophages by captivating the CD40 communicated on these cells (Toubi and Shoenfeld, 2004). A deformity in T-cell enactment could likewise help the significant immunodeficiency endured by these patients, as studies on mice that need CD40 ligand have uncovered a disappointment of antigen-particular T cells to stretch in light of essential immunization with antigen (Galli, Nakae and Tsai, 2005).

Hypersensitive Reactions

This explains the basic ways in which an inappropriately active or overactive immune system can cause disease.

Hypersensitivity

Hypersensitivity portrays an unusual or pathologic immune response that is created by an immune reaction to rehashed introduction to an antigen (Fischer, 2007). Hypersensitivity illnesses incorporate autoimmune infections, in which immune reactions are guided against antigens toward oneself, AND sicknesses that come about because of uncontrolled or over the top reactions to remote antigens. Since these responses have a tendency to happen against antigens that can’t be gotten away (i.e. antigens toward oneself) and in light of positive input frameworks innate to different parts of the immune reaction, hypersensitivity infections have a tendency to show as interminable issues (Fischer, 2007).

Autoimmunity

Autoimmunity is the reaction of the versatile immune framework to antigens toward oneself that happens when instruments of tolerance toward oneself fizzle (Molina and Shoenfeld, 2005). Autoimmunity is one reason for hypersensitivity. So as to further comprehend autoimmunity, we ought to portray in more detail what happens when tolerance toward oneself falls flat:

Failure of self-tolerance

It is really stunning that the immune framework can prepare 10^7 diverse cell sorts that can each one react to an alternate outside antigen, and its significantly additionally astonishing that, in most individuals, none of these haphazardly created cell sorts responds against self- antigens (Fischer, 2007). How does this happen? Typically, as the immune framework is haphazardly producing about 10^7 separate clones, it is always selecting the reacting toward oneself ones from the last pool as they are made. In the event that this methodology of disposing of reacting toward oneself lymphocytes falls flat or is inadequate, then B or T cells that may get enacted against antigens toward oneself will be handled. These maverick cells or their items can then respond against antigens toward oneself (Ellwood, 2005). This is the premise of autoimmune illness. We don’t know why tolerance toward oneself fizzles in any human autoimmune ailment; however, numerous estimate the disappointment to emerge from a fusion of vulnerability genes and tissue harm. Case in point, tissue harm may prompt the arrival of antigens that wouldn’t be found outside of harmed tissue; in hereditarily vulnerable people, this may launch a lymphocyte reaction against these cell parts and be the trigger for an autoimmune phenotype. Anyhow, once more, nobody knows beyond any doubt.

Inflammation

Inflammation is a vascular and cell response to a wide mixture of damaging and hazardous boosts (Hansson, 2005). Numerous immunological maladies show as endless inflammation. Illnesses that are brought about by unusual immune reactions and that additionally include huge inflammation are called immune-intervened inflammatory infections. Hypersensitivity ailments have been gathered into four real classes based upon their underlying reasons (Hansson, 2005). These groups are:

1.) Immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity

2.) Antibody-interceded (Type II) hypersensitivity

3.) Immune complex-interceded (Type III) hypersensitivity

4.) Cell-interceded (Type IV) hypersensitivity

References

Ellwood, P., Asher, M. I., Beasley, R., Clayton, T. O., Stewart, A. W., and ISAAC Steering Committee. 2005. The International study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods research methods. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9(1), 10-16.

Fischer, A., 2007. Human primary immunodeficiency diseases. Immunity,27(6), 835-845.

Franchi, L., Eigenbrod, T., Muñoz-Planillo, R., and Nuñez, G. 2009. The inflammasome: a caspase-1-activation platform that regulates immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Nature immunology, 10(3), 241-247.

Galli, S. J., Nakae, S., and Tsai, M. 2005. Mast cells in the development of adaptive immune responses. Nature immunology, 6(2), 135-142.

Hansson, G. K. 2005. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(16), 1685-1695.

Liu, Y. C., 2004. Ubiquitin ligases and the immune response. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 22, 81-127.

Mandell, G., Dolin, R., Bennett, J., Mandell, G. L., and Bennett, J. E. 2009.Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases(No. Ed. 7). Elsevier.

Molina, V., and Shoenfeld, Y. 2005. Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity, 38(3), 235-245.

Pearce, N., Aït-Khaled, N., Beasley, R., Mallol, J., Keil, U., Mitchell, E., and Robertson, C. ,2007. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax, 62(9), 758-766.

Rich, R. R., Fleisher, T. A., Shearer, W. T., Schroeder Jr, H. W., Frew, A. J., and Weyand, C. M. (Eds.). 2013. Clinical Immunology, Principles and Practice (Expert Consult-Online and Print), 4: Clinical Immunology. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Toubi, E., and Shoenfeld, Y. 2004. The role of CD40-CD154 interactions in autoimmunity and the benefit of disrupting this pathway. Autoimmunity, 37(6-7), 457-464.

Tsigos, C., and Chrousos, G. P. 2002. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of psychosomatic research, 53(4), 865-871.

Willcox, A. 2011. Principles and practice of vaccination. Practice Nursing,22(4), 190.

Manage Accountability

Name

Professor

Institution

Course

Date

Manage Accountability

Introduction

While the allocation of resources is an I,prant uty of the management, there are many pitfalls to accountability that the management of any project can find itself ins when there are no proper structures for allocating, managing, controlling the funds allocated for any project. On the other hand, it is the duty if the management to ensure that the benefits accruing form the project overrides the cost associated with the project lest the project be declared a waste of resources. One major way by which the management of a find can ensure that the funds allocated are spent well is through control structures and benchmarks that must be specr8ic to the project at hand.

It is always ideal for management to have ideal Management Accountability Framework that includes statement that outlines the expectations of then oversight authority of the of the project. The list of management expectation in the framework is immigrant as it also helps in the attainment of high organizational performance. This call for Accountability, and Citizen Focused Services, however, other principles such as Governance and Strategic Direction, Innovation and Change Learning, People, Policy and Programs, Results and Performance, Risk Management and Stewardship, Public Service Values.

The main types of expenditures include the operating expenditures such as Employee salaries or wages and overheads, rental and utility costs, employees travel and other training expenses, communication, consultancy fees. On the other hand there are a number of capital expenditures includes , machineries and other production equipment, Vehicles, stores, furnishings, IT systems, office furniture’s and other items with depreciable values (Kelly, &, Rivenbark, 2010).

Budgetary procedures

Determining a corporate strategy in which the management team review the strategy

The budget analyst then issues the Revenue Budget Materials based on the historical report, this indicates the revenues by regions, and month, and then the budget is reviewed and adjusted

The budget analyst the Issues Expense Budget Materials that indicates the expenses

The initial budget iteration is the compiled by the budget analyst into the team’s budget model

The budget analyst team then completes the subsequent iteration and a day is set for reviewing the budget. In this meeting the notes are compared especially the historical results, the key ratios, step costing, and other change points. One other important part in this meeting is the discussion of area is the possible impacts of bottleneck on operations

The CEO approves the budget.

The final budget that has been approved is loaded into the accounting system

Lump sum budgeting,

While the project will rely entirely on lamp sum budgeting based on the source of funds and the frequency of funds allocation, it is important to note that the project would also have access to other streams of cash flows that will be used mainly for financing the daily operation over the entire life of the project (Breul, 2007).

Object-of-expenditure budgeting,

Performance budgeting.

Meyers, &, Philip, (2005) states that this system of budgeting recognizes and presents the purposes for which a budget is prepared and the purpose for the groups requires funds. It also entails listing the cost of the project and the related activities geared towards achieving these objectives. This system is considered ideal as it outlines the expected output and the. It is advisable to ensure that a comprehensive performance budgeting system quantifies the total results based chain.

Costing

Costing during the project will e based on various units cost. Example, mechanized clearing will be Mechanized Clearing time will be dependent on the tractors size and the area to be cleared. Therefore, clearing time, Tc, based on the machine hours per square miles.

Mechanized clearing

Merchandised pilling

Earth work

Grading

Surfacing

Economic Cost benefit analysis

The conventional economic cost-benefit analysis is important for analyzing the economic profitability of the highway. The two phases of the project will include upgrading of the key causeway and finally, completion of the main highways. Then the second phase will include completion and commissioning of the project to the stakeholders. Dessau Soprin International and the alignment and technical requirements that were expressed in the Functional Planning Report will base the cost on the Class “C” estimate that was primed.

Randall, (1982), argues that the procedure is important s it is the only procedure that is used to structure and examine infrastructure projects in order to determine the efficiency concern and the probability of economic growth that the projects are likely to generate. The concept of facilitating choice and the allocation of available resources are the key objectives of the ECBA. The project will use a base case and compare the perforemcne of the project against it is important to note that the techniques is commonly used to determine or appraise the publicly funded investment project such as highways. This helps in the allocation of resources in a way that the society will benefit. The main objectives of the cost benefit analysis is to set a monetary value form the benefits accruing from the public project

Benefits and cost items objects

Affecting Usersa Travel time saving

Vehicle operation and cost savings;

Security and related savings such as life and injuries, including damage to property)

Affecting Owners and Operators of the Road Network Highway construction expenses and costs;

Land acquisition cost;

Maintenance costs and repair cost

Network operating costs;

Savings related to postponement of maintenance

Costs on other roads (existing road)

Affecting Non-users Travel time savings or costs from changes in traffic on other roads or modes;

Costs and benefits related to air quality;

Costs and benefits related to energy consumption of different transportation modes;

Other externalities

Liquidity ratios are classes of financial metrics that are used determine the ability of a company to discharge the short term debt obligation that it accumulates. This also indicates a company’s margin of safety

Solvency ratios: the solvency ratios on the other hand, are used to measure the ability of corporate body to meets the long-term debt obligations associated with its daily operations. This shows how long a company can meet its debt obligation. This includes the after tax income that a company has realized and excludes any non cash depreciation expenses size of a company’s after-tax income

Profitability ratios: solvency ratios are alas of metrics that companies can use to assess their abilities to generate continued income against expenses and related relevant costs over specific duration of time

Reference

Randall, Ronald (1982) “Presidential Use of Management Tools: From PPB to ZBB.”

Presidential Studies Quarterly 12(2): 186-194.

Meyers, Roy T. and Joyce, Philip G. (2005) “Congressional Budgeting at Age 30: Is it worth

Saving?” Public Budgeting & Finance (Winter Supplement) 25: 68-82.

Breul, Jonathan D. (2007) “Three Bush Administration Management Reform Initiatives: The

President’s Management Agenda, Freedom to Manage Legislative Proposals and the

Program Assessment Rating Tool.” Public Administration Review (January/February)

67(1): 21-26.

Kelly M. &, C. Rivenbark (2010). Performance budgeting for State and LocaGovernment. 2nd Edition. M.E. Sharpe

Management Accountability Framework

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596701” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378596701 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596702” Budgetary procedures PAGEREF _Toc378596702 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596703” Lump sum budgeting, PAGEREF _Toc378596703 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596704” Performance budgeting. PAGEREF _Toc378596704 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596705” Costing PAGEREF _Toc378596705 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc378596706” Economic Cost benefit analysis PAGEREF _Toc378596706 h 4

IntroductionWhile the allocation of resources is an I,prant uty of the management, there are many pitfalls to accountability that the management of any project can find itself ins when there are no proper structures for allocating, managing, controlling the funds allocated for any project. On the other hand, it is the duty if the management to ensure that the benefits accruing form the project overrides the cost associated with the project lest the project be declared a waste of resources. One major way by which the management of a find can ensure that the funds allocated are spent well is through control structures and benchmarks that must be specr8ic to the project at hand.

Budgetary proceduresDetermining a corporate strategy in which the management team review the strategy

The budget analyst then issues the Revenue Budget Materials based on the historical report, this indicates the revenues by regions, and month, and then the budget is reviewed and adjusted

The budget analyst the Issues Expense Budget Materials that indicates the expenses

The initial budget iteration is the compiled by the budget analyst into the team’s budget model

The CEO approves the budget.

The final budget that has been approved is loaded into the accounting system

Lump sum budgeting,While the project will rely entirely on lamp sum budgeting based on the source of funds and the frequency of funds allocation, it is important to note that the project would also have access to other streams of cash flows that will be used mainly for financing the daily operation over the entire life of the project (Breul, 2007).

Object-of-expenditure budgeting,

Performance budgeting.

Costing Costing during the project will e based on various units cost. Example, mechanized clearing will be Mechanized Clearing time will be dependent on the tractors size and the area to be cleared. Therefore, clearing time, Tc, based on the machine hours per square miles.

Mechanized clearing

Merchandised pilling

Earth work

Grading

Surfacing

Economic Cost benefit analysis The conventional economic cost-benefit analysis is important for analyzing the economic profitability of the highway. The two phases of the project will include upgrading of the key causeway and finally, completion of the main highways. Then the second phase will include completion and commissioning of the project to the stakeholders. Dessau Soprin International and the alignment and technical requirements that were expressed in the Functional Planning Report will base the cost on the Class “C” estimate that was primed.

Benefits and cost items objects

Affecting Usersa Travel time saving

Vehicle operation and cost savings;

Security and related savings such as life and injuries, including damage to property)

Affecting Owners and Operators of the Road Network Highway construction expenses and costs;

Land acquisition cost;

Maintenance costs and repair cost

Network operating costs;

Savings related to postponement of maintenance

Costs on other roads (existing road)

Affecting Non-users Travel time savings or costs from changes in traffic on other roads or modes;

Costs and benefits related to air quality;

Costs and benefits related to energy consumption of different transportation modes;

Other externalities

Reference

Randall, Ronald (1982) “Presidential Use of Management Tools: From PPB to ZBB.”

Presidential Studies Quarterly 12(2): 186-194.

Meyers, Roy T. and Joyce, Philip G. (2005) “Congressional Budgeting at Age 30: Is it worth

Saving?” Public Budgeting & Finance (Winter Supplement) 25: 68-82.

Breul, Jonathan D. (2007) “Three Bush Administration Management Reform Initiatives: The

President’s Management Agenda, Freedom to Manage Legislative Proposals and the

Program Assessment Rating Tool.” Public Administration Review (January/February)

67(1): 21-26.

Kelly M. &, C. Rivenbark (2010). Performance budgeting for State and LocaGovernment. 2nd Edition. M.E. Sharpe

MIAMI DADE COLLEGE

AMH2020

Professor N. Hernandez

American History Since 1877

Midterm Paper

Instructions:

This document contains instructions, prompts, and a rubric for your Midterm paper. As per the syllabus, the midterm is worth up to 30 points, and is 30% of your grade for the course. Please complete the midterm in a separate document, which you will submit to the Midterm assignment page in Blackboard. Your paper should be 700-1000 words (do not exceed 1000), use Chicago-Style for both citing and double-space formatting. A great citation resource is Citation Machine’s Webpage. You may also want to schedule time to meet with me during Office Hours with regards to your paper. Finally, Miami Dade College also offers tutoring to students to assist with your writing.

You are required to use one secondary source and at least two primary sources related to your topic. For your secondary source, you may use our required textbook The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley. For your primary sources, a great resource is the Library of Congress webpage.

Your paper will be submitted via the Turnitin tool on Blackboard. This tool will check your paper for plagiarism, including improper citations or “over quoting”. You will receive a “similarity percentage” on your essay. If your similarity percentage is over 20%, you will be asked to re-do your paper. This re-write is optional, you can choose to accept your grade as is, or re-write the essay before our next class. For papers with a similarity percentage over 20%, your grade will be deducted 5 points for every additional 5% past the limit. For example, if your similarity percentage is 30%, your paper is 10% past the 20% allowed limitation. Thus the highest grade your paper can earn is a 20 point letter grade of a D.

You may choose any one of the following prompts as your essay question for your midterm. You may want to write about another topic not listed below…one more closely related to your specific interests…this option must be discussed with me during Office Hours prior to the day of the Midterm and must be approved beforehand. Any papers turned in on topics outside of the ones listed below or on any topic not approved by me beforehand will not be graded and will result instead in an automatic 0/30 grade.

Midterm Paper Prompts:

To what extent did technology play a role in the politics of the Great Depression era in the United States?

What were the various effects of the industrial revolution in the United States from the 19th to the early 20th centuries?

Analyze the historical agency and/or participation of Women in American society from the 19th to the early 20th centuries.

Analyze American attitudes of “othering” towards various racial groups from the post-Civil War era to 1918.

Analyze the effects of migration on American society from the 19th to the early 20th centuries.

Pre-approved topic

Rubric:

Criterion 27 – 30 Points (A) 24 – 36 Points (B) 21 – 23 points (C) 20 points or below (D / F) 1. Format The paper meets all formatting requirements. The paper is mostly in Chicago format and is not the correct length The paper follows only some Chicago formatting and is not correct length. The paper follows no specific format (or not in Chicago specifications) and is too short. 2. Topic The paper answers all the parts of the topic questions thoroughly. The paper answers some of the prompt completely but ignores other parts The paper answers only part of some of the questions. The paper fails to answer the question it set out to answer. 3. Organization The writing is clear with effective transitions and the paragraphs flow smoothly. Transitions are present but not at all times. Some of the content is choppy and does not flow smoothly The paper is choppy. The writing jumps around without clear connection. There is no apparent organization and no transitions. 4. Grammar/

Spelling There are little to no grammatical or spelling issues. Grammar and spelling problems are minimal. Most could have been fixed with proofreading There are major grammatical and spelling problems that require far more than proofreading to be fixed. The paper is almost unreadable because of the grammatical and spelling issues. 5. Use of sources and citations The paper carefully and successfully weaves source material into a cohesive whole. Citations are done correctly The use of sources is not always appropriate or correctly done. Citations are not always done correctly. The paper does not use source material in citations or fails to cite all source material. The paper does not have sources. 6. Thesis and topic sentences Thesis & topic sentences are clear and well stated. Thesis is appropriate to the topic and convincing. Thesis & topic sentences are present but are sometimes simplistic, confusing or inappropriate. Thesis & topic sentences are simplistic, confusing or inappropriate Thesis & topic sentences are unidentifiable or missing. 7. Examples and support Numerous examples, illustrations, facts, & comparisons develop & support the thesis. Good number of examples, illustrations, facts and comparisons are present but are lacking in some areas. Examples, illustrations, facts, & comparisons are superficial, Some facts may be inaccurate. No examples, illustrations, facts, & comparisons are used. 8. Timeliness* Paper was turned in on time Automatic letter grade deduction if a day late. Automatic 2 letter grades deduction if two days late Automatic 3 letter grades deduction if three or more days late

Miami Police Department

Daniel Salhuana445 SW 133rd Court, Miami FL 33184

Cell 786-973-6602

Email: dannysalhuana@gmail.com.

Miami Police Department

Dear Hiring Manager

I am writing to express my interest in advancing my career in the Criminal Justice industry.

After graduating from high school, I joined the Miami Dades College for the associates in arts criminal justice where I completed my training and passed and that gave me the opportunity to become a law enforcement officer. As I held the position I got the chance to serve in the military as I also attend the Florida International University and currently working on a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice.

My experience includes conducting detailed and professional examination of crime scenes, appropriate collection of evidence and firearms. I have experience in arresting perpetrators and presenting the evidence that led to the arrest of the individuals in court.

I have mastered and acquired excellent communication skills which include: Leadership skills, flexibility and adaptability, active listening, public speaking and negotiation skills coupled with the ability to be very persuasive. Other skills paramount to this field that I possess include possessing and demonstrating integrity, the ability to make and use good judgement and sound decisions as well as making sound judgement calls, interrogation techniques and problem solving skills.

I am physically fit and I am able to pursue the career in this demanding field, I am proficient in the use of firearms and how to defend myself and every other person should the need arise. I have established a career out of handling myself professionally especially in the face of difficult situations. The guiding principle in my life is to follow the highest ethical standards possible and to make it a priority to treat others with utmost respect