Category: Uncategorized

Breakthrough Technologies for the Biorefining of Organic Solid and

Liquid Wastes

Name

Course

Institution AfilliationDate

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the name for the waste produced by residences, businesses, institutions, and industrial enterprises (MSW.) The waste stream from industrial processes, construction, demolition, sewerage, mining, and agriculture is not regarded as MSW (Nathanson &Schneider, 2015.) The MSW may be classified as hazardous waste or non-hazardous waste depending on its origin and the other materials it has come into contact with. The management of MSW has a lot of advantages. Without adequate management of the MSW life cycle, we run the risk of experiencing ecological and environmental issues, as well as air and soil pollution and contaminated ground and surface water supplies.

Historically, waste dumps served as a breeding ground for rats and insects that carried diseases including the plague, typhoid, and dysentery (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015.) Because of their unsanitary conditions, potential fire threats, and wind-blown material across the surrounding area, open rubbish dumps were not only a source of rodents and insects but were also seen as a public nuisance (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015.)

When MSW is mentioned, it alludes to the different objects, including trash that we place outside for pickup on the designated weekly trash day. There are distinctions between refuse, garbage, rubbish, and trash if we look at MSW in greater detail. Weekly curbside pickup from private residences is regarded as refuse, which is made up of both garbage and rubbish. The term “garbage” refers to highly decomposing organic food waste, including eggshells, vegetable and fruit peels, and meat scraps. Garbage is described as everything that cannot be recycled, including textiles, wood, glass, rubber, metal, and paper (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015.) Mattresses, televisions, refrigerators, and couches are examples of large parts that need particular handling techniques and are frequently referred to as trash (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015). It is crucial to comprehend these distinctions when comparing the costs of various MSW systems and recycling options.

To maximize the energy and value, various methods might be needed due to the complexity of the different solid and liquid wastes’ chemical, physical, and biological features. the recycling of garbage. When a waste is managed and used, its physical and chemical characteristics change. Sludge is created during the treatment of wastewater, for instance. The three streams of oil, water, and dry particles that make up this scum from a MWW treatment facility may be separated. To address the fresh streams and states, further procedures must be implemented. This brings up the topic of bio refining, which has generated considerable attention in the area of generating energy from biomass.

The extra benefit of lowering MSW’s volume and weight by 95% and 75%, respectively, through incineration, a time-tested and reliable method of waste disposal (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015.) The destruction of dangerous compounds in the garbage by the intense heat of incineration is another advantage of burning MSW. The production of smoke pollution and the related expenditures of adhering to legal standards for air pollution control are two drawbacks of incineration. Fly and bottom ash produced by incineration are toxic when inhaled. This same ash can be treated physically or chemically to help with dissipation, and recently, this treated ash has been used in road construction projects.

In a controlled environment, composting causes MSW to decompose. Not a mechanical or chemical process, but a biological one (Nathanson & Schneider, 2015.) The amount of MSW can be significantly reduced through composting. 2013’s Sussman Mulch, which can be reused in gardens and other inland landscaping purposes, is the end result of the composting process. Composting the soil improves the soil’s texture, adds structure, and offers nutrients, all of which serve to lower watering expenses.

Oily wastes are made up of fat, oil, and grease (FOG), which can come from a variety of sources, such as wasted cooking oil, MWW scum, food processing scum, grocery store and warehouse wastewater scum, and more. Drainage systems are clogged by oily contaminants that are collected in wastewater. Aside from that, they might be harmful to both human and environmental health. Normally, oily wastes are managed by AD, either through landfilling or the creation of low energy-density biogas; this creates a substantial environmental danger. Due to the strong demand for renewable biodiesel created by using virgin vegetable oil as a feedstock, the opportunity to use oily waste for this purpose is now available but is becoming fairly expensive for the biodiesel industry.

Reference

Chen, P., Anderson, E., Addy, M., Zhang, R., Cheng, Y., Peng, P., … & Ruan, R. (2018). Breakthrough technologies for the biorefining of organic solid and liquid wastes. Engineering, 4(4), 574-580.

Chen, P., Xie, Q., Addy, M., Zhou, W., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., … & Ruan, R. (2016). Utilization of municipal solid and liquid wastes for bioenergy and bioproducts production. Bioresource technology, 215, 163-172.

A Young Business Person

They say that necessity is the mother of invention. I think that this is true. There is a possibility that being a businessperson is not I skill that I was born having but rather instilled. Many kids have to wait up to high school or higher levels to understand their interest. Well, that was not me. It took me only seven years of my life to understand that I could succeed in business. When I was seven years old, and at primary school, my classmates had pocket money. I was not that lucky, and I only had money for breakfast. This made me think of ways I could earn pocket money. It dawned to me that cartoon sticks were popular among my classmates. So using my breakfast money, I would buy cartoon sticks and later sell them to my classmates. This way I was at par with my classmates.

From that tender age, I was certain that business was my interest. My family has not been fortunate and y parents have to struggle to bring my siblings and me up. That is why, when I was growing I had to come up with other ideas that would assist me to raise money for my upkeep. Despite my tender age, I would have a business venture that in most cases would lift a portion of the burden of my parents. In accordance to this, I have had to work in various places. At times, I have had to assist my employer to make business decisions concerning their business. One of my employers, when I was working part time, told me that if I concentrated on my studies I would be excellent in business. To date, I take the utterances of my employer seriously.

Despite having prior knowledge that I need to attend business school, the sentiments of my employer did confirm that. Another attribute that I have is that of perseverance I wanted to become a businessperson, which had the meaning that I had to access business education. My parents were under financial constraints, and I had to assist them soon. The only way that would be possible was by going to school and improving on my business skills. That way I would join a large company and work as their business consultant. After a short period, I wanted to start my own businesses since I was certain that I could succeed. That is why am currently seeking admission that will assist me realize this dream, and after some research, this is the ideal school for me.

My father always told me to find who I was and maintain that. At that point, I was sure that I was a businessperson. That is why I had to quit a part time job at a restaurant. There was a conviction inside of me that I should join a business school, and pursue my goals. After joining PCC UNA-USA Student Alliance clubs, which have chocolate selling activities, I did learn to make more for the club, and myself through selling chocolates. The more I would sell chocolate, the more I grew an interest in business. This is the reason am pursuing a course that will lead to certification of my interest. Am sure that I will through this education, I can become better and that this profession can allow me to assist my siblings and parents.

Malpractice And The Nurse Practitioner

Introduction

The importance of nurse practitioners in the healthcare sector can never be underestimated. They are primarily charged with the responsibility of treating both mental and physical ailments via all-inclusive history taking, tests, as well as undertaking physical tests for interpretation. In addition, they can offer a diagnosis and make recommendations pertaining to varied chronic and acute ailments within the range of their practice, as well as offer proper treatments for patients such making medical prescriptions (Noland & Carl, 2006) However, there are instances, in the course of undertaking their duties, when they are charged with medical malpractice. Medical malpractice may be related to routine visits that a patient makes to a practitioner, stays in the long-term care facilities or even surgical procedures and prescriptions that they are given. The term is used to refer to negligence that healthcare providers or medical professionals commit in the course of their duties to the patient (Noland & Carl, 2006). It is worth noting that malpractice would only occur in instances where the result of such negligence harms the patient. In instances where a claim is levied against a healthcare provider or medical professional, the entity or individual against whom the claim has been made would undergo judgment on varied aspects pertaining to the care that they delivered including their professionalism, competence, care provided, as well as the manner in which the elements compare to the competence and training level that they have (Noland & Carl, 2006). On the same note, the medical facility or healthcare professional would be judged against the actions of other medical professionals who have previously acted in good judgment, as well as a high standard of care in the same or similar cases (Noland & Carl, 2006). In cases where the case is incomparable or is not up to the standards of care that is offered by other healthcare professionals, the claim would potentially be actionable.

Case study

In the case provided, the plaintiff was a 27 year old female who was receiving physical therapy after undergoing a surgical procedure on her ankle. The nurse practitioner had tried to relieve the pain of the plaintiff by applying a hot pack to the affected area. In addition, the plaintiff was given some medications to relieve his pain. The documentation done by the nurse practitioner in the plaintiff’s record showed that the hot pack had the right temperature and was applied for the appropriate duration for heat treatment. However, there existed no documentation showing that the skin of the plaintiff had been checked in the course of the treatment. Nevertheless, the plaintiff had not complained of any discomfort in the course of or even after the treatment. After leaving the facility, the client reported that there was a burn at the site where heat treatment had been done on her ankle. Photographs taken on the site showed a dime-sized severe burn at the ankle, with the client alleging that he was experiencing severe pain, inability to stand, restricted movement of the ankle, as well inability to walk and sit for an extended period. In addition, she complained that the palliatives administered to her were triggering allergic reactions in her body including insomnia, extreme fever, constipation and skin rashes. On the same note, the plaintiff alleged that the severe scarring emanating from the burn hindered him from continuing with the customary habit of attending a gym, walking 5 miles a day or even enjoying the beach. This resulted in the inability to undertake regular activities thanks to the pain, as well as the embarrassment emanating from the scaring, the rashes, and the significant weight gain from her inactivity.

As much as there exist no clear departure from what may be considered standard of care, it is evident that the plaintiff had a severe burn that led to some functional alteration, as well as scarring. In addition, it is evident that the burns and scarring emanated from the heat treatment that the nurse practitioner applied on the plaintiff’s ankle after the plaintiff had undergone a surgical procedure. As much as the defendant had undertaken the appropriate treatment within the appropriate period, he was liable considering that there existed no documentation explaining the severe burn suffered by the patient, or indicating that the defendant nurse practitioner had specifically checked the skin of the patient prior to, in the course of, as well as after applying the heat treatment (Budetti, 2005).

Varied defense options are available to the nurse practitioner in this case. While it may be true that the client or plaintiff had suffered some allergies from the medications that were administered as pain killers, it is evident that the client had not indicated such allergies in giving his medical history. This is an often-neglected responsibility of the patient. It is always imperative that the client informs the nurse practitioner about any allergies, present and past medical conditions and their treatments, not to mention any familial ailments or conditions for which he has knowledge (Mello & Kelly, 2005). It is worth noting that the failure to disclose such information would potentially lead to serious jeopardizing of the care offered by the nurse practitioner and would essentially amount to patient negligence, which is also referred to as contributory negligence (Mello & Kelly, 2005).

In addition, the nurse practitioner can take defense in the fact that he followed due procedure and took due diligence in administering the therapy (Mello & Kelly, 2005). This is especially considering that heat treatment was the appropriate therapy for the ankle injury, not to mention the fact that it was administered in the right manner and within the appropriate temperature. This means that the damage or harm that the plaintiff underwent was an unavoidable risk pertaining to the procedure, in which case the nurse practitioner should not be liable (Kessler & McClellan, 1996). This defense hearkens to the issue of informed consent, where the nurse practitioner had properly informed the plaintiff as to the procedure that would be undertaken, to which the plaintiff had agreed. On the same note, the defense against the malpractice would revolve around the fact that the condition or prognosis was nor worsened by the medical malpractice that is alleged by the plaintiff (Kessler & McClellan, 1996). It is worth noting, in addition, that the plaintiff had not complained of any discomfort during the process or after the heat treatment was applied, but did it long afterwards.

However, this does not undermine the fact that the nurse entrepreneur is liable to the extent that he did not undertake examination of the skin prior to, in the course of, or even after the application of the heat therapy. In essence, he would be required to compensate the plaintiff. Needless to say, a large number of practitioners and healthcare facilities usually have medical professional liability insurance or medical malpractice insurance, which covers professional liability arising from failure to undertake due care, as well as standards of care that is expected of them (Mello & Kelly, 2005).

The nurse practitioner in this case would be covered against the claims of negligence. This is essentially what medical malpractice insurance cover. This means that any settlement that the nurse practitioner would be required to do as a result of his negligence would be covered by the insurance to the extent of the insured amount (Hellinger & Encinosa, 2006). In addition, the amount that the nurse practitioner would be required to incur as legal expenses would be catered for by the insurance as part of the medical malpractice insurance cover (Budetti, 2005). It is worth noting that there are instances where insurance companies would fail to compensate or cover liability. Typical exclusions would include illegal conduct, misrepresentation of items during application for insurance, sexual improprieties, as well as alteration of hospital or medical records (Hellinger & Encinosa, 2006). None of these issues are present in the case provided, in which case the insurance company would be covering the nurse practitioner.

In conclusion, nurse practitioners are charged with the responsibility of treating both mental and physical ailments via all-inclusive history taking, tests, as well as undertaking physical tests for interpretation. However, even the best practitioner may be charged with negligence or medical malpractice. This is the case for the provided instance. While the application of the heat treatment may have resulted in burns and the palliatives triggered allergic reactions, the plaintiff had not disclosed all medical history. On the same note, the nurse practitioner had carried out the correct procedure in the correct manner and with the appropriate temperature. However, his failure to check the skin prior to, during and after the skin treatment renders him liable in which case his insurance should compensate the plaintiff for the malpractice and the legal expenses.

References

Budetti, P.P (2005). Tort Reform and the Patient Safety Movement. JAMA. Vol. 1: 293(21):2660-2662

Hellinger, FJ & Encinosa, WE (2006). The Impact of State Laws Limiting Malpractice Damage Awards on Health Care Expenditures. Am J Public Health. Vol. 96(8):1375-81

Kessler, D & McClellan, M (1996). Do Doctors Practice Defensive Medicine? Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111(2): 353-390.

Mello, MM & Kelly, CN (2005). Effects of a Professional Liability Crisis on Residents’ Practice Decisions. Obstet Gynecol. Vol. 105(6):1287-95.

Noland, C & Carl W.J, (2006). “It’s not our ass”: medical resident sense-making regarding lawsuits. Health Commun. Vol. 20:81-89.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://psnet.ahrq.gov/images/spacer.gif” * MERGEFORMATINET

MIAMI DADE COLLEGE

AMH2020

Professor N. Hernandez

American History Since 1877

Midterm Paper

Instructions:

This document contains instructions, prompts, and a rubric for your Midterm paper. As per the syllabus, the midterm is worth up to 30 points, and is 30% of your grade for the course. Please complete the midterm in a separate document, which you will submit to the Midterm assignment page in Blackboard. Your paper should be 700-1000 words (do not exceed 1000), use Chicago-Style for both citing and double-space formatting. A great citation resource is Citation Machine’s Webpage. You may also want to schedule time to meet with me during Office Hours with regards to your paper. Finally, Miami Dade College also offers tutoring to students to assist with your writing.

You are required to use one secondary source and at least two primary sources related to your topic. For your secondary source, you may use our required textbook The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley. For your primary sources, a great resource is the Library of Congress webpage.

Your paper will be submitted via the Turnitin tool on Blackboard. This tool will check your paper for plagiarism, including improper citations or “over quoting”. You will receive a “similarity percentage” on your essay. If your similarity percentage is over 20%, you will be asked to re-do your paper. This re-write is optional, you can choose to accept your grade as is, or re-write the essay before our next class. For papers with a similarity percentage over 20%, your grade will be deducted 5 points for every additional 5% past the limit. For example, if your similarity percentage is 30%, your paper is 10% past the 20% allowed limitation. Thus the highest grade your paper can earn is a 20 point letter grade of a D.

You may choose any one of the following prompts as your essay question for your midterm. You may want to write about another topic not listed below…one more closely related to your specific interests…this option must be discussed with me during Office Hours prior to the day of the Midterm and must be approved beforehand. Any papers turned in on topics outside of the ones listed below or on any topic not approved by me beforehand will not be graded and will result instead in an automatic 0/30 grade.

Midterm Paper Prompts:

To what extent did technology play a role in the politics of the Great Depression era in the United States?

What were the various effects of the industrial revolution in the United States from the 19th to the early 20th centuries?

Analyze the historical agency and/or participation of Women in American society from the 19th to the early 20th centuries.

Analyze American attitudes of “othering” towards various racial groups from the post-Civil War era to 1918.

Analyze the effects of migration on American society from the 19th to the early 20th centuries.

Pre-approved topic

Rubric:

Criterion 27 – 30 Points (A) 24 – 36 Points (B) 21 – 23 points (C) 20 points or below (D / F) 1. Format The paper meets all formatting requirements. The paper is mostly in Chicago format and is not the correct length The paper follows only some Chicago formatting and is not correct length. The paper follows no specific format (or not in Chicago specifications) and is too short. 2. Topic The paper answers all the parts of the topic questions thoroughly. The paper answers some of the prompt completely but ignores other parts The paper answers only part of some of the questions. The paper fails to answer the question it set out to answer. 3. Organization The writing is clear with effective transitions and the paragraphs flow smoothly. Transitions are present but not at all times. Some of the content is choppy and does not flow smoothly The paper is choppy. The writing jumps around without clear connection. There is no apparent organization and no transitions. 4. Grammar/

Spelling There are little to no grammatical or spelling issues. Grammar and spelling problems are minimal. Most could have been fixed with proofreading There are major grammatical and spelling problems that require far more than proofreading to be fixed. The paper is almost unreadable because of the grammatical and spelling issues. 5. Use of sources and citations The paper carefully and successfully weaves source material into a cohesive whole. Citations are done correctly The use of sources is not always appropriate or correctly done. Citations are not always done correctly. The paper does not use source material in citations or fails to cite all source material. The paper does not have sources. 6. Thesis and topic sentences Thesis & topic sentences are clear and well stated. Thesis is appropriate to the topic and convincing. Thesis & topic sentences are present but are sometimes simplistic, confusing or inappropriate. Thesis & topic sentences are simplistic, confusing or inappropriate Thesis & topic sentences are unidentifiable or missing. 7. Examples and support Numerous examples, illustrations, facts, & comparisons develop & support the thesis. Good number of examples, illustrations, facts and comparisons are present but are lacking in some areas. Examples, illustrations, facts, & comparisons are superficial, Some facts may be inaccurate. No examples, illustrations, facts, & comparisons are used. 8. Timeliness* Paper was turned in on time Automatic letter grade deduction if a day late. Automatic 2 letter grades deduction if two days late Automatic 3 letter grades deduction if three or more days late

Daniel Salhuana445 SW 133rd Court, Miami FL 33184

Cell 786-973-6602

Email: dannysalhuana@gmail.com.

Miami Police Department

Dear Hiring Manager

I am writing to express my interest in advancing my career in the Criminal Justice industry.

After graduating from high school, I joined the Miami Dades College for the associates in arts criminal justice where I completed my training and passed and that gave me the opportunity to become a law enforcement officer. As I held the position I got the chance to serve in the military as I also attend the Florida International University and currently working on a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice.

My experience includes conducting detailed and professional examination of crime scenes, appropriate collection of evidence and firearms. I have experience in arresting perpetrators and presenting the evidence that led to the arrest of the individuals in court.

I have mastered and acquired excellent communication skills which include: Leadership skills, flexibility and adaptability, active listening, public speaking and negotiation skills coupled with the ability to be very persuasive. Other skills paramount to this field that I possess include possessing and demonstrating integrity, the ability to make and use good judgement and sound decisions as well as making sound judgement calls, interrogation techniques and problem solving skills.

I am physically fit and I am able to pursue the career in this demanding field, I am proficient in the use of firearms and how to defend myself and every other person should the need arise. I have established a career out of handling myself professionally especially in the face of difficult situations. The guiding principle in my life is to follow the highest ethical standards possible and to make it a priority to treat others with utmost respect

Surname:

Subject:

Tutor:

Date: 2nd May, 2012

Man’s search for meaning

Dr.Frankl’s approach to meaning differs to Sigmund Freud’s approach. According to Frankl, man is naturally driven by the desire of searching for meaning in life. This contradicts Sigmund Freud who says that man is controlled b the unconscious desires from the unconscious mind To him, Frankl, the meaning of life has more weight as compared to the unconscious desires of man. (Viktor 59)

Dr.Frankl approaches meaning from three different dimensions. He says that meaning can be three in one depending on the approach that a person may decide to take. He says that meaning can be discovered through our actions or deeds in life. The ways we create our works or rather in all that we do we can find meaning. He also says that meaning can be through experience. It is different when one does something and another gets the meaning from encountering someone or experiencing something. Thirdly, he says that meaning can be got through attitude we have especially in cases that will cause suffering and we can not avoid them. He says that this meaning can be gotten when one is denied the will to choose, is denied freedom. From these descriptions, three situations that define meaning come forth. First, the meaning due to the nature of human beings of not subjects to specific conditions but are free; they can choose and take stance on psychological, social and biological conditions that they may encounter. Freedom therefore refers to the spacethat is necessary for one to evaluate himself or herself and see the possibilities or the limitations involved in taking some actions. This is the space that plays the role of giving people the authenticity to actions in psychotherapy. Secondly, meaning also comes from the natural desire of human beings to achieve their goals and aspirations. It is true that people are free but their goals and purposes in life also matter. So, Dr.Frankl argues that the driving force of human beings into choice is primarily their goals. These act as primary motivation to people I their wills to choose. This is why when people fail to meet these objectives in their choices, they become embarrased. Lastly, Dr.Frankl says that people find meaning from the nature of the meaning. Meaning is not an illusion but a realistic objective that must be achieved. This means that a person can not just imagine or convince himself or herself that meaning is achieved when it is realistically absent.

In finding these meanings, logotherapy is very useful. Dr.Frankl says that logotherapy helps people to manage an incredible balance. He says that logotherapy is an incredible power that helps people shapes their attitudes as well as their responses in times of challenges in their present lives. He also says the logotherapy helps people to do away with the obstacles that could make them not to realise goals that are meaningful.in this importance, people are simply given guidance but not directed to specific meanings. This gives them the freedom to choose and do what will have meaning to them. In addition to these, logotherapy also enables people to realise that their actions are very important. This is to mean that after people have made choices and acted; their actions become the proof of whether they made the right choices or the wrong ones. This is why logotherapy is very important.(Viktor, 64)

Despite the fact that Dr. Frankl’s logotherapy is very straight and probably easy to understand, there are criticisms concerning it. Some people have come forth to say thatlogotherapy is authoritarian in nature. For instance, people like May Rollo says that he can not get it how Frankl’slogotherapy can give solutions to all human problems. Some critics have also claimed thatlogotherapy has elements of religiousness that could be from the influence that Frankl might have when he was young. This criticism is for the idea that Frankl is searching for meaning through faith.

Works cited

Viktor F.Man’s Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl. Beacon Press, 2006: 59

Viktor F. A Life Worth Living, Anna Redsand .2006: 109

Student’s name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is highly prevalent in women. Globally, it is the prominent cause of cancer deaths in women. Clinicians and scientists are persistently seeking better ways to improve prognosis of the patients. The term breast cancer coalesces a group of mammalian tumor subtypes, each with a unique molecular and cellular source as well as clinical traits. The prognosis of the disease is worse for particular subtypes and in poorly developed countries where the diagnosis is done late. This paper will focus on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer. The paper will give new insight into the management of the condition.

For a long time, breast cancer used to have a high mortality rate in cancer patients, but now it has been surpassed by lung cancer. In the US, it accounts for approximately 30% of all cancers among women. Most of the early cases are often asymptomatic. The US predicts that there will about 276,480 cases diagnosed in women in 2020 and 2620 cases in men. The number of cases in the US soared in the 1980s because of a widespread increase in screening (Siegel, Kimberly & Ahmed). Breast cancer cases surged outside the US, with the highest incidence reported in Westernized countries due to the increased awareness and screening. Women in these countries have altered reproductive patterns, which may explain the reason for the increased cases. A mammogram diagnosis is a confirmatory diagnosis for breast cancer. Guidelines recommend the use of a triple approach to diagnose the condition. It consists of clinical examination, needle biopsy, and breast imaging. Due to constant public awareness, more screening and early diagnosis are made in developed countries worldwide.

Breast cancer presents with the following signs and symptoms: axillary lump, skin changes, nipple abnormalities, increase or decrease in breast size, or a change in its shape. Cancer develops when there is a change in molecular and cellular structures of the mammalian epithelial cells that causes uncontrolled cell growth and dysfunctional apoptosis. Research into the genetic profiles of the cancers has shown there are several discrete subtypes of this cancer. The subtypes are grouped based on the presence or absence of ER, PR, and HER2. The intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer are luminal A, basal-like, HER2-positive, and luminal B. Each of these subtypes has its distinct features that guide its clinical management. The basal-like subtype shares many features with ovarian cancers (Tomczak et al.).

The etiology of breast cancer is founded on epidemiological studies. There are several risk factors for the disease. Firstly, age and gender. Sporadic cases are few in women aged below 40 years. However, the number increases immensely above that age. Breast cancer occurs at conspicuously greater numbers in women than men. One could easily say that it is a condition for women, just like the way prostate cancer is for men. Secondly, a positive family history exacerbates the risk of getting breast cancer. Family is one of the most intensely researched factors. A person has a 4-time lifetime risk if a mother and sister get the condition. The risk increases to 5 times when there are two or more first-degree relatives diagnosed with breast cancer (DeSantis). Thirdly, reproductive, and steroid hormone factors. For example, a late age to first pregnancy, nulliparity, late onset of menopause increases the person’s susceptibility to the condition. Clinical trial data have demonstrated the benefits of the use of SERMs agents such as tamoxifen and raloxifene. Oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy are common in women of childbearing age, which significantly predisposes them to breast cancer. Fourth, lifestyle risk factors. Diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and grains, monounsaturated fatty acids, low alcohol intake provides a protective effect on women. Other factors include obesity and environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and carcinogens (Tao).

In the clinical setting, management of breast cancer is done through surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. The three approaches are frequently combined to achieve better results. There are two types of surgery mainly done namely, lumpectomy and total mastectomy. To reduce residue disease, radiation therapy is done after surgery. Pharmacotherapy is utilized regularly and can be either hormonal or chemotherapeutic. Some of these include methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, docetaxel, and trastuzumab. HER2 positive cancers may be treated with HER2-targeted therapy in combination with angiogenesis inhibitors. The SERM agents are used in the prophylaxis of breast cancer. Some women with a high risk of getting breast cancer opt for prophylactic mastectomy (Waks & Eric).

HER2 subtype is accompanied by a poorer prognosis. As a result, adjuvant therapy with trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and lapatinib is recommended to avoid worse outcomes. Anthracycline-based agents like doxorubicin also improve prognosis in this group of patients. There are two types of DCIS cancers: comedo and non-comedo. The worst prognosis occurs with comedo DCIS. 10-20% of LCIS women develop invasive metastatic breast cancer in about 15 years. Metastatic breast cancer leads to death within 3-5 years (DeSantis).

One of the goals of therapy is to avoid metastasis since it has a poor outcome. Early breast examination and imaging can help to ensure early diagnosis as it has been shown to have the best outcomes. Consequently, each country should put in measures to sensitize the public on the necessity of regular screening. Going forward, there is a need to encourage the world population to adopt a healthy lifestyle. In addition, to mitigating cancers, an appropriate lifestyle prevents a myriad of diseases.

Works cited

DeSantis, Carol E., et al. “Breast cancer statistics, 2019.” CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 69.6 (2019): 438-451.

Siegel, Rebecca L., Kimberly D. Miller, and Ahmedin Jemal. “Cancer statistics, 2019.” CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 69.1 (2019): 7-34.

Tao, ZiQi, et al. “Breast cancer: epidemiology and etiology.” Cell biochemistry and biophysics 72.2 (2015): 333-338.

Tomczak, Katarzyna, Patrycja Czerwińska, and Maciej Wiznerowicz. “The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA): an immeasurable source of knowledge.” Contemporary oncology 19.1A (2015): A68.

Waks, Adrienne G., and Eric P. Winer. “Breast cancer treatment: a review.” Jama 321.3 (2019): 288-300.

Paper 2 – Research Proposal

Formal Requirements:

500-800 words. Typed, double-spaced, 12-pt Times New Roman font, 1-inch margins.

You may use first person (I) when discussing your research, but an objective third person is often better for analysis.

You may NOT use the second person (you) in your analysis.

Must have quotes, paraphrase, and summaries with citations from three relevant research sources.

Instructions:

Paper 2 will be a written proposal for your Research Paper Project, which will later include Paper 3 – Annotated Bibliography (with a Research Presentation) and Paper 4 – The Research Paper. Before you begin detailed research, you need to find a real-world, arguable research problem approved by your instructor, so writing this proposal will help you plan your project and articulate your potential arguments. The real-world, arguable problem for Paper 2 must come from your current or planned Texas State major or a potential career after graduation. The proposal must include:

I. Introduction (one paragraph): Write an intro for the Research Proposal emphasizing your reasons for writing about your chosen topic and the importance of the issue to your future career.

A. Hook: Remember to use a little pathos to hook the reader. Snag your reader’s interest with vivid, concrete language, with human interest. Be subtle but be interesting.

B. Development: Discuss the problem in your future career and include some audience analysis (Consider: Who is your audience/opposition? Walk in their shoes for a while and try to determine why they think like they do, and what are the best, most compelling arguments for their position. What about your argument for change, for a new perspective, scares them the most? Now that you have become them, have understood their fears and resistance, what would be the most persuasive ways to overcome their fears and resistance?) Transition to your thesis statement at the end of this paragraph and see if you don’t have a great suspended, or climactic paragraph.

C. Thesis Statement (one sentence): A thesis statement is one sentence, and always an opinion. In this case it’s an arguable position on a controversial topic. You may end up taking a fairly moderate position on the topic, but your thesis is still specific. (Example: While many think political parties serve to organize the administration of government, mainstream parties in America have polarized the nation by building mistrust among lawmakers and stifling other potential voices in our democratic republic.)

II. Background/History of the subject (one paragraph): Trace a brief history of your controversy and bring the reader up to date on where the issue stands today. Do this section in chronological order, briefly hitting major landmarks from the beginning of the controversy until its current state. You should do basic research online (on the web and/or through the library website) to get this information. Direct quotations for basic history aren’t necessary, but any paraphrase or summary of sources MUST BE CITED using the MLA format.

III. Proofs: Based on your preliminary research, discuss what you want to prove {2 thesis points (not including the counterargument in your refutation)} as your paragraph topics. Use complete topic sentences to label each proof, and include any quotes/paraphrases/summaries from your sources that you will cite as evidence. MLA CITATIONS REQUIRED. Explain how this evidence will support your proposed thesis and what kinds of other evidence you will need to fully develop the argument. [SEE SUGGESTED OUTLINE ON NEXT PAGE.]

III. Proofs (continued).

A. Topic sentence about thesis point #1.

1. Evidence, ideally paraphrased, MLA cited in parentheses.

2. Explanation how this evidence addresses your point and relates to the further research needed.

3. Evidence, ideally paraphrased, MLA cited in parentheses.

4. Explanation how this evidence addresses your point and relates to the further research needed.

B. Topic sentence about thesis point #2.

1. Evidence, ideally paraphrased, MLA cited in parentheses.

2. Explanation how this evidence addresses your point and relates to the further research needed.

3. Evidence, ideally paraphrased, MLA cited in parentheses.

4. Explanation how this evidence addresses your point and relates to the further research needed.

IV. Refutation (one paragraph): While some elements of refutation should be covered in your Proofs, this paragraph will focus on naming and then refuting (disproving) any counterargument unaddressed or you have yet to overcome. The opposing view should already appear as part of your thesis, but the refutation should give the specific attack(s) that the opposing view would make against your thesis claim. Based on preliminary research, discuss these possible counterarguments and any evidence you have for refutation. CITE EVIDENCE.

V. Conclusion (one paragraph): Sum up what you’ve already proven about your topic and what still needs to be proved. Bear in mind that a conclusion is future-oriented, gives the reader a directive about the future, about why this topic is important and deserves further research. If possible, employ subtle yet effective pathos here, and vivid, concrete language.

VI. Works Cited Page: Full list of cited sources on its own page in the paper. Put on the last page in correct MLA format with sources alphabetized by first line.

Rubric:

15 points Well-developed, clear thesis statement that proposes a research topic.

15 pointsSufficient preliminary evidence to support background of the subject, proofs, etc.

40 pointsStrong overall organization, topic/transition sentences, and intro/conclusion paragraphs.

15 pointsCorrect MLA Format.

15 pointsAttended conference with printed draft and sources.

Deadlines:

Bring written thesis statement to classThursday2/26

Bring research proposal draft and sources to one-on-one conference (sign up on TRACS)2/28, 3/05

Final Draft Due on TRACS /Assignments by 11:55pmWednesday 3/8

Breast Cancer

Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths all over the world. In general, cases of cancer have been on the rise, and breast cancer is one of the common types of cancer. It affects both men and women, although women are affected to a greater extent. There have been advances made in the treatment of breast cancer that has seen the decline in the number of deaths due to the disease in the recent past. According to statistics, as of January of 2019, more than 3.1 million women in the United States have a history of breast cancer, meaning that they either finished treatment or are currently receiving treatment. There has been an increase in awareness that has allowed women to get screening so that they can be diagnosed in early stages where there is hope for a cure. Some of the key areas of concern when it comes to breast cancer are the types of breast cancer, causes, prevention, symptoms, risk factors, and treatments available.

There are several types of breast cancer, depending on the spread of the cancerous tissue. The most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma that makes up about 80% of all breast cancers diagnosed. This type of cancer is called invasive because the cancerous tissues have multiplied to other parts of the breast tissue. Other types of breast cancers are inflammatory breast cancer, angiosarcoma, Paget’s disease of the breast, male breast cancer, recurrent breast cancer, invasive lobular carcinoma, among others. There are five stages to every type of cancer, and breast cancer is no different. Doctors use three factors to settle on the stage of cancer. The first is the size and location of the primary tumor. The second factor is the lymph nodes that have been affected by cancer, including the number and location. The third facto is metastasis that involves the extent to which cancer has spared to other parts of the body. Stage zero is noninvasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), while stages I to IV describe invasive cancers.

Cancer is caused by an abnormal and rapid growth of breast tissue cells, and these cells form a lump or a mass. The rate of growth for these abnormal cells is much higher than that of healthy cells, and the healthy cells are soon overpowered. The cancerous cells spread to the lymph nodes, or they and metastasize to other parts of the body. Breast cancer begins in tissues and cells in the breast, such as the milk-producing ducts or the glandular tissues of the breast. It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of cancer, but scientists attribute it to some particular risk factors from lifestyle, hormonal, and environmental factors. Women who have a first degree relative with cancer such as their sister, mother, or daughter, have a higher chance of developing cancer. About 5 to ten percent of all cases of breast cancer are associated with genetic factors. Breast cancer gene 1 and 2 or BRCA1 and BRCA2 respectively are the well-known genes linked to a higher possibility of breast and ovarian cancer in women. People who have a family history of cancer are advised to get tested for genetic mutations that increase the chances of cancer. A genetic counselor also a person understand the risks and benefits associated with genetic testing and walk them through the complicated emotional process.

Women are advised to get screened for cancer periodically. Most of the time, a person begins to notice changes and abnormalities in their breasts, and this is what prompts them to seek medical examination. The earlier a person is diagnosed, the higher the chance that they can be cured. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of breast cancer include a lump or solidified breast tissue that feels dissimilar from the adjoining tissue (Moodley et al. 2018). The second symptom is an overall difference or change in the size, appearance, or shape of the breast. Some changes, such as a dimple in the skin covering the breast, also warrant investigation. The skin around the nipple may also begin to peel, flake, scale, or crust. The skin over the breast can also redden or pit like the skin of an orange, and anyone who notices these symptoms must seek medical attention immediately.

There are many risk factors that can amplify a person’s likelihood of getting cancer. One of these is age; the older a person gets, the higher the chance of getting cancer. This is the main reason why women over the age of 45 advised to get a mammogram annually. The second risk factor for getting breast cancer is being female. Although breast cancer affects both men and women, women have a elevated risk of getting breast cancer. The third risk factor is a family history of breast cancer (Barnard et al 2015). If a mother, daughter, or sister had a breast cancer diagnosis at a young age, it raises the chance that a person will develop cancer. A person who has a personal history of breast conditions such as typical hyperplasia of the breast also faces a higher risk. Some gene mutations associated with breast cancer are passed from parents to their children, and this predisposes the children to breast cancer (Barnard et al. 2015). These genes include BRCA1 and BRCA2, but they do not necessarily point to the inevitability that a person will develop breast cancer and other types of cancer.

Additionally, women who get their first child after the age of 30 may also be at higher risk, as do women who have never been pregnant. Higher risk is also associated with menses; for example, women who began their period before 12 and those who begin menopause at an older age have a higher chance of developing breast cancer (Kamińska et al. 2015). Those women who take medications to treat signs and symptoms of menopause face a higher risk of developing the disease, but this risk decreases when they stop the medication (Forman et al. 2015). Another factor that increases the chances of breast cancer is obesity. Radiation treatments to the chest, especially as a child, could increase the probability of a person developing breast cancer as they grow older. Alcohol consumption also enhances the danger of developing breast cancer.

There are some preventive options that women can pursue when they are found to have a high risk of developing breast cancer. After consulting with their doctors, women with significant t risk can choose to have prophylactic mastectomy or prophylactic oophorectomy. A mastectomy is the removal of healthy breast tissue, while oophorectomy is the removal of healthy ovaries to reduce the chances of breast and ovarian cancers. Preventive medications are also available, although they are only limited to very high-risk women because of the severe side effects they can cause. Some of these medications are Estrogen-blocking medications such as Aromatase inhibitors that reduce the risk of women who have unusually high chances of developing breast cancer (Forman et al 2015).

All women should also make adjustments in their daily life that will increase awareness and lower their risk of getting breast cancer. One way to do this is by talking to the doctor about regular breast cancer screenings. As a person grows older, the frequency of mammograms needs to increase based on doctors’ recommendations. Women should familiarize themselves with their breasts by examining them regularly so they can identify any irregularities as soon as they appear. Alcohol consumption should be limited to one day if a person has to drink; otherwise, they should avoid alcohol altogether. Exercising regularly is also an important way to improve overall health and wellbeing; thirty minutes of exercise a few days a week is recommended. Postmenopausal women should consult their doctors about the risks and benefits of postmenopausal therapy because it increases the chances of developing breast cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight through exercise and diet also helps in reducing the risk of getting breast cancer. The Mediterranean diet is an excellent example of a healthy diet that helps to maintain a healthy weight (Toledo et al. 2015). Some of the common foods included in this diet are plant-based foods including fruits, nuts, legumes, and vegetables. Healthy fats like olive oil and fish should also be chosen over butter and red meat.

In conclusion, breast cancer is one of the most common types of breast cancer in the country, second only to skin cancer. For this reason, it is important for people to get as much information as possible about the types, causes, risk factors, symptoms, and possible measures to prevent breast cancer. Breast cancer affects both men and women but women to a larger extent. The main signs and symptoms of breast cancer have to do with the appearance of the breast; thus, women should examine them as often as they could. Risk factors include age, genetics, postmenopausal therapy, obesity, exposure to radiation, among others. The general prevention measures include maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, limiting postmenopausal therapy, regular mammograms, and avoiding alcohol. For women who have a significant risk of developing breast cancer, they can choose to remove their healthy breasts and ovaries and also take preventive medications.

References

Barnard, M. E., Boeke, C. E., & Tamimi, R. M. (2015). Established breast cancer risk factors and risk of intrinsic tumor subtypes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer, 1856(1), 73-85.

Forman, M. R., Winn, D. M., Collman, G. W., Rizzo, J., & Birnbaum, L. S. (2015). Environmental exposures, breast development and cancer risk: through the looking glass of breast cancer prevention. Reproductive Toxicology, 54, 6-10.

Kamińska, M., Ciszewski, T., Łopacka-Szatan, K., Miotła, P., & Starosławska, E. (2015). Breast cancer risk factors. Przeglad menopauzalny= Menopause review, 14(3), 196.

Moodley, J., Cairncross, L., Naiker, T., & Constant, D. (2018). From symptom discovery to treatment-women’s pathways to breast cancer care: a cross-sectional study. BMC cancer, 18(1), 312.

Toledo, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Donat-Vargas, C., Buil-Cosiales, P., Estruch, R., Ros, E., … & Gómez-Gracia, E. (2015). Mediterranean diet and invasive breast cancer risk among women at high cardiovascular risk in the PREDIMED trial: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA internal medicine, 175(11), 1752-1760.

Q1.

A. Organization Description in the Systems Theory

The system theory describes an organization as a single complex system that is broken down into simple subsystems which functions harmoniously to ensure optimal operation of the whole organization. Each subsystem. According to Johnson et al. (1964) contains a number of inputs and outputs viewed as a single independent unit. Therefore, in a focus of the arrangement and the relations between different parts of a system, the systems theory looks at an organization from its different parts and how these interact to create a whole with the firm, the industry, and the market. It not only addresses the internal organization but also the external components that affect its performance.

B. How the contingency theory differs from the early theories of management

Contingency theory of management describes a method of management of simple and complex organization with regard to both internal and external factors such as, environmental contingencies. Contingency theory differs from earlier theories in-that, it describes the management of organization in a perspective that puts the technology and culture of the organization together with other external environmental factors into consideration (Abba, Yahaya, and Suleiman, 2018). This was different from earlier theories of management which neglected the influence of the environmental contingencies to while describing the general leadership styles and organizational structures. In the contingency theory, the underlying assumption is that no single types of an organizational structure can be aimilarly applicable to every organization. Instead, the effectiveness of an organization relies on a match between its environmental volatility, organizational size, technology, the information system, and elements of a given organizational framework (Abba, Yahaya, Suleiman, 2018). Therefore, the contingency theory has its primary focus on the external components that determine the behavior and structure of an organization.

Q2.

A. The four developmental components of an authentic leader

The 4 developmental components of authentic leaders may be seen to include; an internalized moral standpoint, self-awareness, balanced processing, and relational transparency. Self-awareness involves knowledge of the innate one-self to gain capacity to understand and lead others. Relational transparency involves an open relationship with others, balanced processing on the other hand is the ability to control emotions and involve in rational thinking and internalized moral perspective is possession a strict code of good leadership virtues in leadership practices.

B. How understanding individual behavior helps authentic leaders overcome challenges in organizations

Understanding individual behavior allows a leader to be able to notice any deviations from the normal behavior. A deviation from the normal behavior of the individual may indicate a problem or struggle within the individual. When a leader is able to notice these patterns of behavioral change within an individual, they can address the problem early which saves the organization from a lag in the workflow and entire production rate and level. A leader is better positioned to address challenges such as reduced motivation, poor performance, reduced commitment, and issues relating to dissatisfaction. Authentic leaders are also expected to perform the mediating role between them and the employees. Mediation role is essential for promoting commitment within the employee leading to increased individual performance, (Ribeiro, 2018). Authenticity in a leader, which is expected to tackle mediation perfectly, is dependent on the level to which the leader knows and understands the individual employees’ behavior for effective advising and motivating process. For example, an employee who has reduced their performance and has recently received poor rating from a customer is indicative of an internal issue that the leader must identify and address.

Q3.

A. What it means to be socially responsible in today’s global environment

The act of being socially responsible in today’s global environment describes the role that is assigned to everyone involved in business and other activities around the world to apply measures that mitigate environmental degradation for the betterment of future generations. As found by Żelazna et al, (2020), current global environmental situation has reached a point where individual entities, both homesteads and organizations, are heavily contributing to the degradation of different ecosystems through pollution, waste disposal, and other activities such as excessively using available natural resources. The UN environmental department dictates that socially responsible leaders have a responsibility to protect the environment from pollution and other forms of degradation, involving the control of fumes and gases released into the atmosphere by manufacturing industry, adoption of more safe waste management methods such as recycling to protect the environment and practicing safer agricultural practices among other methods (Zagonari et al, 2018).Social responsibility reminds all individuals both in business and other activities that they responsible in ensuring there is moderation in the general exploitation of the natural resources.

Q4.

A. The decision-making process that would be used to switch selling from branch to online selling

Abubakar (2019) assert that the decision-making process is a significant yet complex process involving several steps and activities that lead to the gradual formulation of issues and solutions, and establishing goals. The decision-making process in this transition will be divided into five distinctive steps meant to cushion the entire process from any miscellaneous flaws that may cost the business financially. According to (Aronsson, 2021), when it comes to processes in a project setting it is beneficial to define the activities and task that generates the process The steps included in the process include;

Step 1; Identification of the problem or challenge- this is the starting point in the decision making process, involving the analyzation of the problem/challenge experienced that calls for the decision making.

Step 2; Carrying out a research on online business structures and their challenges- After identification of the challenge, which is the transition to online platform, research is to be carried on online platforms and the business practices in the sector together with the challenges experienced by the same.

Step 3; Identification of alternatives to the decision- This step involves looking into any other ideas that may replace the main idea.

Step 4; Picking the best decision – All the alternatives are reviewed to obtain the best from the ones available one that supports all the desired characteristics.

Step 5; Communication and implementation- At this stage, the final decision is passed to the rest of the team and implemented.

B. Internal forces for change

Some of the internal forces of change experienced in the scenario include; low work satisfaction within the workforce, conflict, new leadership, changes to the internal structure, and low motivation. The change in the physical nature of activities especially customer handling resulted to low work satisfaction on the customer relation department, created conflict in the reporting style, and also led to a need for restructuring. For example, reduced employee motivation in an organization can be expected especially after the change from physical interaction with customers to online interaction because of the uncertainties created by the change. The changes lead to a less engaging interaction that is deemed to result to low motivation within the workforce.

C. The role of operations management

The operation management takes the role of planning the whole process activities involved in the transition process for example the role of distribution in the online platform. They also assume the role of control and role of allocation during the process. For example, operations management has a role to communicate the change expected and the decision made to the entire team and supervises the whole process to ensure it is done successfully this includes ensuring all the personnel are performing their roles as assigned for time management.

References

Abba, M., Yahaya, L. and Suleiman, N. (2018). Explored and critique of contingency theory for

management accounting research. Journal of Accounting and Financial Management ISSN, 4(5), p.2018.

Abubakar, A. M., Elrehail, H., Alatailat, M. A., & Elçi, A. (2019). Knowledge management,

decision-making style and organizational performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(2), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.07.003Aronsson, F., Huusko, A., & Wansulin, V. (2021). Internal and External Forces of

Organizational Change in Project Management : A case study on a collaborative project (Dissertation). Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-53126Johnson, R. A., Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1964). Systems Theory and Management.

Management Science, 10(2), 367–384. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2627306Ribeiro, N., Gomes, D., & Kurian, S. (2018). Authentic leadership and performance: The

mediating role of employees’ affective commitment. Social Responsibility Journal, 14(1), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1108/srj-06-2017-0111Zagonari, F. (2018). Responsibility, inequality, efficiency, and equity in four sustainability

paradigms: Insights for the global environment from a cross-development analytical model. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(6), 2733–2772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0159-2Żelazna, A., Bojar, M. and Bojar, E. (2020). Corporate Social Responsibility towards the

Environment in Lublin Region, Poland: A comparative study of 2009 and 2019. Sustainability, 12(11), p.4463.