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MHA 614 Policy Formation & Leadership in Health Organizations           

Discussion 2: Comprehensive National Health Insurance

According to Steinmo and Watts (in Harrington & Estes), Comprehensive National Health Insurance always fails in America; Discuss the authors’ viewpoint. Do you agree with the authors? Why or why not?

ANSWER:

Steinmo and Watts offered an opinion and gave several reasons why passing a comprehensive national health insurance policy has failed in the past. There are several stakeholders such as lobbyists for and against, politicians who often work on behalf of lobbyists instead of their constituents and the uncertainty of implementing policy that has never been administered on a national level. While I agree that the hurdles to achieving such sweeping reform spread far and wide, I do not agree that these hurdles equate to national health insurance being a failure.

Many of the hurdles associated with national health insurance have already been overcome by President Barak Obama; therefore the only remaining risk is proper implementation by administrators. Furthermore, other countries that have similar economic structure and GDP have successfully implemented national health care policy with great success. Additionally, they have also initiated value-add technologies like electronic medical records that take many of the inefficiencies out of a system on a national scale.

References

Harrington, C., & Estes, C. L. (2008). Health Politics and Political Action. In Health policy: Crisis and reform in the U.S. health care delivery system (5th ed., pp. 1-13). Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Pub

Leadership Group Assignment

Al Khwarizmi International College

Tariq Haidarah (k-80819511)

Salah Bafaraj (k-91329121)

AbdelBaset Alqadi (k-61320003)

Hassan Al Ten

37020502057400Introduction to Leadership

0Introduction to Leadership

Introduction

The pragmatic description of leadership articulates a process that an individual substantively influences a particular group of individuals to accomplish a common goal. The concept of leadership is accentuated with four common themes. The themes are conceived as, the leadership concept is conceived as process, and Leadership is articulated as a concept that involves influence. Leadership is pragmatically articulated as a concept that occurs in the context of a group. Goal attainment is the ultimate objective of the concept of leadership.

The definition described above however locates an individual as a source of leadership. Leadership is articulated by a more collective concept. (Avolio, 2009) The concept contextually take the assumption that leadership involves a social influence process in that an intentional influence is imposed by a person or a group of people over other people with an aim to structure the activities and relationships in the organization.

Malcolm Wall’s personality

Fifty-seven years old, Wall began his career selling airtime with Southern TV 35 years ago before moving North to head up Granada’s sales operations.

A keen sportsman, who only gave up his beloved boxing just before his 50th birthday. He took up the sport while he was an undergraduate at the University of Kent and he remained an active amateur boxer until his last fight in Bethnal Green in 2006.

“Boxing sharpens the mind,” Wall told Broadcast magazine, “but after my last fight I decided that if I took any more blows it might end up having the opposite effect.”

Building on an extensive career across the media spectrum, Malcolm Wall now advises businesses and individuals on strategy and implementation. Wall has been part of a raft of big media businesses throughout his career having had worked at Virgin Media, where he was chief executive of content, and United Business Media, where he was Chief Operating Officer.

Most recently, he was Chief Executive Officer and then Advisor to the Board at Abu Dhabi Media. Prior to this, he worked as a Consultant to the telecommunications, media and technology sectors and has had stints at ITV companies including Granada, Anglia and Southern.

Malcolm is currently developing Song Lin, the newly formed, joint venture between Pinewood Studios and Seven Stars Media and Entertainment, to provide film services in China.

In his new role, Wall is now based in China establishing a project team and oversee the launch of the business. “I am thrilled that Malcolm has agreed to join Pinewood’s latest international joint venture,” said Pinewood’s Ivan Dunleavy. “Song Lin is an exciting prospect for the company. China’s growth in recent years has been phenomenal and this is especially true in the media sector.” Ivan Dunleavy added: “This is an exciting appointment for Song Lin. As we look to get this project off the ground, we need someone who as worked at the highest levels in the international media sector to bring their experience to what is a fast growing and dynamic industry in China.”

“ HYPERLINK “http://www.dock10.co.uk” t “_blank” dock10” at MediaCityUK has appointed Malcolm Wall as its non-executive chairman. dock10 is a joint venture partnership between Peel Group and SIS. Wall replaced David Holgate, who’s been on the board of the media services provider since its formation in 2010. He is now retiring.

“I would also like to welcome Malcolm to the board. His extensive experience and contacts will be enormously helpful as we look to the future strategic growth of HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/10/dock10-studio-the-voice-mediacityuk/” dock10.” stated Mark Senior, Chief Executive of HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/11/dock10-strengthens-drama-and-documentary-team/” dock10.

Peel, dock10’s joint owner, also owns 73% of Pinewood Studios, which retained Wall last April for its HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/04/pinewood-shepperton-signs-jv-in-china/” t “_blank” joint venture with Seven Stars Media in China, called ‘Song Lin’. Wall’s background is in the global media sector. In addition to his Chinese ventures, he has also held senior roles at Abu Dhabi Media, Virgin Media, United Business Media and several ITV companies.

“I am delighted to be working with the HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/07/dock10-invests-in-colour-grading-system/” dock10 management and shareholders. The team have achieved a great deal in a very short space of time. I look forward to working with them in the next stage of development of the business,” he said.

Describing Malcolm Wall using the 7traits Paradigm:

The trait theory of leadership provides the assumption that capabilities in leadership are derived in the characteristics possessed by an individual. The concept articulates significant positive relationship between leadership and personal traits in the context of intelligence, self-confidence, diligence, self-efficacy and openness to experience. Thus, individuals emerge as leaders on the aspect of various situation and tasks.

Based on my direct in touch with Malcolm Wall, even for a short time, I can say that this person deserves the title “Leader” in all the meaning of this word. Moreover, according to the Seven Traits theory, I can assure that Mr. Wall has all those seven traits under his expensive suite:

Drive:

Malcolm Wall exhibits high efforts, high desire for his achievements, persistent, and shows initiative. As a CEO in the ADM, Malcolm Wall, didn’t have to come to the work from 7am and start taking Arabic lessons from the first week of his joining. Mr. Wall rarely work less than 12 hours a day with full of passion and insistence to achieving his goals.

2. Desire to lead:

On the other hand you can feel his strong desire to influence and lead others and willingness to take a responsibility for every step of the transformation of the company and other crucial decisions that he makes on a daily bases.

3. Honesty and integrity:

Mr. Wall also builds trusting relationships through his honesty, clear vision and friendly communication with others. He is truthful and shows high consistency between word and deed.

4. Self-confidence:

Malcolm Wall’s personality never exhibit a self-doubt that is when he decides something you can feel that he knows what he is doing. In addition, he convinces followers for the rightness of their goals and decisions.

5. Intelligence:

One of the most amazing traits of Malcolm Wall is his intelligence. He can gather, synthesize, and interpret large amounts of information. He is able to create visions, to solve problems, and to make correct decisions in marvellous way that you feel that this person is not from the same world of us.

6. Job-relevant knowledge:

Before Malcolm starts his official duty time, he gathered as much as he can of knowledge about ADM to be able to build well-informed decisions when needed.

7. Extraversion:

Wall has a full of energy and live, he is sociable, assertive, and rarely be silent or withdrawn by others. At the national day of UAE, after a hard working day, you can see him holding the dish of sweets and welcoming all the employees who came to celebrate this wonderful day.

Based on the HPDM platform, listing and justifying the core competencies that Malcolm Wall has:

The High Performance Development Model (HPDM) is the framework for developing highly-skilled leaders for the 21st Century. By focusing on eight core competencies, HPDM provides the foundation for leading-by-example and creating a motivating workplace: personal mastery, technical skills, interpersonal effectiveness, customer service, flexibility/adaptability, creative thinking, systems thinking, and organizational stewardship.

Looking at Malcolm Wall’s personality, I can fairly declare that he accumulates all these core competencies starting from the bottom of these skills as a personal mastery, and technical skilled person as he started working at his beginning of life in lower jobs like Media Salesman, getting the best of these skills. In terms of his interpersonal effectiveness, Malcolm is a very effective in dealing within the entire organization.

Nevertheless, Malcolm has a high ability to treat the employees like customers; listening to their feelings, needs, and expectations, as he met every department’s employees, expressing his vision and listening to their remarks and expectations. Malcolm was flexible on the way he meets his goals but, of course, with a strong personality. When he needs a task to be done, he was asking his subordinates to decide at which time they can accomplish it. According to their timing, he fixes his timetable to meet them for discussing their work, but if they did not do it at the time they put at the beginning, then you can see a different person, whoever was the offender.

Moreover, in terms of the creative thinking, systems thinking, and organizational stewardship, Malcolm is on top of them that no need here to mention his contribution in developing a transformational plan for the next five years. Achieving a goal of bringing the organization to be one of the top respectful, profitable, and top viewership audiences in the country and the region, will require from Malcolm systems thinking and organizational stewardship that he was indeed.

The relation that has Malcolm Wall with his followers:

Malcolm Wall was dealing with his followers as they are his colleagues and friends with very respectful and humbleness way. He gives one, two, and three chances, but when he feels that anybody would affect negatively other employees or the organization, then he will be very strict and be like a father who punishes his kids to be better.

The major difference that conceptualizes the leadership of Malcolm Wall with the role of the management encompasses the way he motivates the employees under his managerial authority.

I remember when his assistant had to take a sick leave, he requested politely from my line manager for me to replace her but without changing my place or effecting my original tasks. When he needed something, form me he was coming to my office, discussing, explaining, and requesting politely to help him in it if possible. “When I need something from you I have to come to you, as when you need something from me you will come to me”, was his answer when I asked him to call me when he needs anything.

Malcolm proclaimed many times that “the employees are our best asset that needs to be well care of”, and one of his key strategic goals is to make everyone in the company feel proud of working in this company and other employees who aren’t working within the ADM to wish to work in.

For this vision and taking the responsibility of his transformational decisions, unfortunately, Malcolm had to resign after only six months of joining our company in a Mistry way. Leaving the company with its biggest gap and chaos, fighting to survive amongst the global organizations.

Justifation of fitted theory with the relation that has Malcolm Wall with his followers:

Because of the above study of Malcolm Wall’s personality and behavior, we can declare that this person is giving a clear example of the University of Michigan Studies; as he was Employee-oriented who emphasized interpersonal relationships and taking care of employees’ needs that his leadership, when applied, could results with high group productivity and higher job satisfaction.

References:

HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2014/02/dock10-appoints-new-chairman/” http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2014/02/dock10-appoints-new-chairman/

HYPERLINK “http://malcolmwallmedia.co.uk/” http://malcolmwallmedia.co.uk/

HYPERLINK “http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/887576/virgin-media-content-chief-malcolm-wall-leave-company” http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/887576/virgin-media-content-chief-malcolm-wall-leave-company

HYPERLINK “https://www.linkedin.com/pub/malcolm-wall/51/5a7/787” https://www.linkedin.com/pub/malcolm-wall/51/5a7/787

HYPERLINK “http://variety.com/2013/film/news/pinewood-studios-hires-malcolm-wall-to-lead-china-based-jv-1200560380/” http://variety.com/2013/film/news/pinewood-studios-hires-malcolm-wall-to-lead-china-based-jv-1200560380/

Breadwinner Moms Peer Response

Peer 1: Yanira

Your question on how gender roles have changed sets the tone for a future consideration of how Breadwinner Moms has influenced gender roles and changes therein. I believe that gender roles have evolved to include more participation from women in terms of family responsibilities. The report shows a steady increase of the income of women (in both categories: single mothers and married women) over five decades. The role of women, especially, has changed due to a growth of their income, more work opportunities, progress in trying to achieve equality, and empowerment. Today, there are many married women making significantly more than their husbands, changing their role from contributors to primary breadwinners. Although institutional sexism still makes it hard for women to fully take up leadership positions in the workplace, their roles in the home settings have shifted to equal those of men in the conventional world. Although some women in the minority ethnic groups are still lagging behind as the role of other women evolve, I would say that as equality is gradually attained, more women will take on the responsibilities of primary providers.

Peer 2: Timmy

The element of race plays a significant role in the conversation about Breadwinner Moms and the challenges that ethnicity introduces. I believe that different races have different experiences and the problems or issues increase for the minority groups such as Hispanic and Black moms, compared to Asians and Whites. Traditionally, white women have earned significantly more than any other racial group. While this may be seen as irrelevant, it is important in showing that empowered women have a higher chance of being primary providers compared to those still dependent on their spouses or family for individual and household responsibilities. The concepts of stratification and institutional racism are of significance in understanding how different categories of Breadwinner Moms experience life. For example, black women are more likely to be single mothers without college education and at a very young age. Such categorization means that the chances of being primary providers is reduced, even where no spouses are available.

Nehemie KabeyaMr. John Prince

Writing About Literature

March 19, 2021

A Visit to Charity by Eudora Welty

This paper aims to analyze how Eudora Welty establishes the mood or atmosphere in her Story, ‘A Visit to Charity.’ The story’s theme is that people’s selfishness might blind them to the needs of other individuals. In the Story, Marian, who was a young girl, decides to go and visit an elderly home. Marian is self-conscious, submissive, and harsh. In the Story, the author uses symbolism and vivid imagery to convey the cynical opinions upon a residential home for the elderly. All over the vivid imagery and diction, together with remarkable details within the passage, Welty provides insights to the reader on how they might feel towards the household of the elderly. The Story follows a campfire girl who becomes accustomed to a dweller of old folk to earn a badge. Upon getting to the room of the actualized women, Marian feels an enormous sense of dampness, which sets the mood for the rest of the Story. The elderly women suffered from persistent infighting, which causes both the main protagonist, Marian reader, and the reader uncomfortable.

The setting of the short also enables Welty to tell this Story in a perfect good. The Story’s action is taking place in a hospital setting, and it is in a hospital setting that Marian finds these ladies. They are in hospital supports their manner of behavior and taking since they may be under medication for some disease or just a condition they have, which makes them behave in such away. Therefore, the playset can be said to be congruent with the message of the Short Story. In Eudora Welty’s writing, several elements emphasize her characteristics of writing. The first thing is that she uses symbolism to bring the reader’s attention to how scared Marian is to be with the Old women. She asserts to one of the numerous aging women as a subject to be used and thrown away when the girl proclaims her visit’s objectives. “I’m a Campfire Girl…I have to pay a visit to several old lady”.

Welty uses a descriptive option that allows an individual who reads her work to be pulled into the Story and get a sense of how the setting can interpret the mood. She uses symbolism throughout this writing to aid the reader recognize how afraid Marian is to be in the nursing home. All over the tale, the author compares the elderly woman to a sheep. As the woman speaks, the author likens her voice to “a sheep bleating,” (Welty 221). She then tells the readers that “sheep’s bleating almost made her turn around and run back,” (222). This instance certainly demonstrates how afraid Marian was to be in the elderly women’s place. An additional instance is represented as a bird. When the woman wants to take Marian’s hat off, the author compares the woman’s hands to a bird’s claw. This comparison illustrates that Marian is not thinking concerning enjoyable things; as an alternative, she is concerned as she “held onto the back of the chair” and has thoughts about matters that intimidate her as the elderly woman does (222). By using descriptive setting, symbolism, and imagery, the reader is permitted into the Story and can comprehend how Marian feels, can feel the mood of the tale which is caused by the environment, and ultimately the reader is enabled to make their images of many different things throughout the Story.

Welty also uses imagery that allows the reader to use their imaginations and create pictures of the scenery and characters. In “A Visit of Charity,” Welty uses imagery and characterization made within the narrative to create a mood that creates a certain picture in an individual. One instance would be the portrayal of the hallway on lines 36-39, “There was loose, bulging linoleum on the floor. Mariam felt as if she was walking on the waves.” The imagery makes a level of decrepitude that disturbs the reader’s capability to empathize with any personality looking at women as nothing more than objects used by Mariam to earn only three points to her score.

Paradox signifies the use of phrases to tell something various from and frequently opposite to their actual meaning. Welty successfully uses this literature method to elucidate the styles of the Story. The title “A Visit sit of Charity” is rather ironic. There is no charity from Marian’s, the nurse’s, the two old girls, and the whole society’s perspective. The title contradicts the story’s denotation, charity signifies kindness towards others, and no one in this Story carries that out. Apart from symbolizing confinement and a compromised existence, the potted flowers add to the Story’s cynical tone because Marian will receive extra points in the Story’s cynical tone if she brought them as a gift. “A Visit to the Charity is typically Welty’s early fiction, both in the use of a tight, metaphor structure and in its focus on the problem and separateness, which Welty, has which Welty has made her most predominant fictional theme.

Works Cited

Welty, Eudora. The collected stories of Eudora Welty. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1982

Breadwinner Moms Response

(a)

The “Breadwinner Moms” include two distinct groups made up of about 5 million married mothers who have higher incomes compared to their husbands and about 8 million single mothers. The former category makes up for about 37% while the latter is about 63% of all mothers as the primary or sole provider. In the two categories, the income gap is significantly large. The median total family income for married mothers earning more than their spouses was more than $80000 in 2011 compared to a national median of about $57100 for families with children. Families led by a single mother averaged $23000. For married mothers making more than the husbands, the statistics reveal that they are likely to be older, white, and college educated. By contrast, single mothers are younger, likely from the Hispanic and Black ethnic groups, and less likely to be college educated.

(b)

In my opinion, the growth of Breadwinner Moms as group since the 1960s represents economic progress for all women. From 1960 to 2011, the percentage based on households with children under age 18 has changed from 10.8% to 40.4% for married mothers as the primary provider while the figures for single mothers have risen from 7.3% to 25.3%. this is an indication that women have steadily been on a curve of earning more. The same figures also point out to the factors relating to stratification, institutional sexism, and racism. Young black women are more likely to be single mothers, significantly earning less compared to white, college educated, married mothers. Institutional racism and sexism emerge as the public is less concerned by the emerging trend of single mothers, who primarily include young black and Hispanic women, who are less likely to have college education.

Does the increase in “breadwinner moms” point to a trend in the society where women have more family responsibility?

A Visit To NAAC Rehabilitation Centre

NAAC was the organization that I did visit in Hong Kong. NAAC is an organization that is nonprofit making and concentrates its efforts towards providing disabled individuals at all levels with quality services. The organization provides the disabled with a safe environment for them to live in that is comfortable. In addition to this, they provide disable patients with training on daily basis that polish their social skills. This assists them to become confident in their interaction with others in the society. NAAC also supports employment for the disabled (Estes, 2005). That is ensuring that there are equal opportunities for the disabled in the workplace. In accordance to this, the organization facilitates the inclusion of the disabled in activities such as packaging, baking cakes, and cashier work and waiters. This improves the skills of the disabled. The visit to NAAC made me understand the conditions of the disabled in Hong Kong and the various efforts in place to assist them overcome such challenges.

During the visit to NAAC in Hong Kong, I realized that there are many challenges that disabled individuals in Hong Kong face. The government of Hong Kong has been providing infrastructure facilities to the disabled, but they have not been on the large scale being successful. While they have enabled individuals with hearing problems to access the internet, the blind face the challenge of using the internet. Transport facilities in Hong Kong are also a problem for the disabled. Despite the efforts to have transport facilities that are friendly to the disabled, most of the transport infrastructure in Hong Kong does not support the movement of disabled. The other challenge that disabled persons from Hong Kong face is the challenge of acceptability by the society (Estes, 2005). The government of Hong Kong has a number of measures that aim at ensuring equal opportunities for the disabled, but there is evidence of marginalization of the disabled in Hong Kong.

The Challenges listed above are the reason that made me understand the importance of having an organization such as NAAC to provide the disabled with facilities that they have difficulty accessing in the public domain. The organization has a number of clubhouses. According to my understanding, the importance of the clubhouses was providing the disabled with a feeling of being at home rather than in an institution. The garden was available to members to plant their own flowers so that they gain positivity view of their life. In addition, the movement of the disabled with the institution is possible through various mechanisms in place to ensure that there are no obstructions. Such facilities include the stand for fine adjustments and anti-slippery mat.

Despite the efforts that the rehabilitation institution was making at trying to ensure a secure and comfortable environment for the disabled, there were problems within the organization. One of the problems that the disabled faced while in the institution according to my observation is the fact that they had to queue for about 3 to 10 years so that they can gain access into the facility. In accordance, parents of the disabled have to take care of their children before they can enter the rehabilitation center. Some parents are more than 60 years of age and have face difficulties in catering for the disabled. Despite this, they have to wait for many years before their children can gain access into the facility. This is discouraging in that the availability of the facility is an additional stress to the disabled while they are in waiting list.

Waiting for ten years to enter the rehabilitation center has various challenges for the disabled. However, my assessment established that disabled parents faced the biggest challenge. There are disabled parents that have to live with children that have a low IQ. Catering for themselves is challenging , and living with their mentally challenged children is a challenge to them. There is also the lack of government funding that challenges the ability of the organization to purchase state of the art facilities that will support their mission. The organizations that fund the institution are private corporations and donors that can provide the center with sufficient funding. Another observation was the lack of medical doctors in the rehabilitation center. This has the meaning that there is no one to deal with emergency cases or record the improvements of the patients.

Many persons of the world view the disabled differently from other individuals. They believe that such individuals have no feelings and cannot have the experiences of other individuals. My visit to NAAC proved to be useful in that it changed my perception of the disabled. During my visit, I had the privilege to listen to one of the members as he was sharing his experiences at the institution. He was muscle disorder patient and explained about his life at the rehabilitation center. He had challenges explaining himself, but his enthusiasm and positivity towards life articulated the things that he was communicating. According to him, he had a feeling that God had blessed him in various ways despite his physical state. This led to the realization that I should be grateful for all the things that I have regardless of the challenges that I might be facing in life.

The visit allowed me to experience the enthusiasm of the persons living with disabilities. It is true that the disability does limit their activities while making other difficult for them. However, the activities that they were able to participate they executed them with enthusiasm and a feeling that they can be the best. According the few that I did communicate to, their condition was a daily restriction on a number of issues, but they did not allow these limitations to guide their lives. Instead, they took charge of their lives and made decisions that would determine their future. Most engaged themselves in artwork that they executed in a professional manner. Their work was not different from those of other people. In fact, most of it was better that that persons that had no disabilities produced. This was a lesson to me that disability is not inability.

There is the need for the members of the society to realize that the disabled are in many ways similar to other members of the society. The disabled persons have their own dreams and they work hard to achieve them. The only difference is that they have limited resources to achieve these dreams. In accordance, it is the responsibility of the society to ensure that the disabled access such facilities. In addition, the society should indicate understanding towards them given that they have limited opportunities.

References

Estes, R. (2005). Social Development in Hong Kong. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Malcolm X and His Contribution to Islamic Religion

Malcolm X was a human right activist and Muslim minister of African-American origin. He was born in May 19, 1925 and was assassinated at the age of 40. Malcolm X was popularly known to many as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, the Islamic name given to him following his commitment to the fundamentals and Islamic ideologies (Sabrina 4). While growing up among the whites in Michigan, Malcolm X started developing mistrust for the white Americans following the believe that it was the white terrorist who murdered his father while he was six years (Turner 61-2). This incident marked the transformation of this little man as he turned to crime upon moving to Harlem. At the age of 20, Malcolm X was arrested and taken to prison for criminal offense (larceny, breaking, and entering). It was during his prison life that Malcolm X joined the Nation of Islam; a movement founded by Wallece Fard in the 1930s (DeCaro 76). He rose to the ranks to become a leader in the Nation of Islam. He opted for the name X on the belief that he had lost his true lineage following forced slavery on his African ancestors. For years, Malcolm X featured as the public face of this controversial Islamic group that believed and worshipped Allah and also lived to Mohammed’s teachings. In protecting the Nation Islam’s teachings, Malcolm X strongly advocated for Black-White separation, scoffed at the American’s civil rights movement, and espoused black supremacy by emphasizing on white-black integration (Kly 77).

Following the mysterious disappearance of Fard, Elijah Muhammad ascended to the leadership of the movement. The Nation of Islam became very powerful and influential, especially among the African-Americans who had been released from prison and where in search of help and guidance (Turner 54). The group preached strict adherence to moral codes as well as relying on fellow African-Americans for guidance and support. The primary goal of this movement was not integration, but empowering the blacks to establish their own churches, support networks, and schools (DeCaro 85). After making his personal conversion to Muhammad, Malcolm X’s talents were recognized by Elijah, making to become the spokesperson of the Black Muslims. Having been disillusioned with Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X led repudiation to the Nation of Islam and its fundamental teachings (Sabrina 6-7). It was after this walkout that Malcolm X embraced Sunni Islam. Following years of Middle East and African travels, Malcolm founded the popular Organization of Afro-American Unity and the Muslim Mosque, Inc. upon his return to the U.S.

While emphasizing the concept of Pan-Africanism, black self-defense, and black self-determination, Malcolm X disavowed the then prevailing racism. It was his repudiation of the Nation of Islam that prompted his assassination by a three-member team from the Nation of Islam movement. Malcolm X significantly contributed to the growth and development of Islamic region in the U.S. and other parts of the world (DeCaro 98). Through his inspirational and eloquent prose style, he electrified urban audiences, thus, impacting on their religious choices. His contribution to the spread of Islamic religion was facilitated by the establishment of the Mecca pilgrimage in 1964, a place that has since attracted Muslim faithful (Kly 65-6). His mission in supporting the spread of Islam came to an end on February 21, 1965 when the rival Black Muslims group arranged for his gunning down while he was leading a mass Muslim rally in Harlem (Sabrina 9). Although Malcolm X is no more, his Islamic ideologies and philosophies lived to be embraced by the Black Power Movement and the rest of the Muslim followers globally.

Works Cited

DeCaro, Louis A. Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity. New York [u.a.: New York Univ. Press, 1998. Print.

Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz). Atlanta: Clarity Press, 2008.

HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22sabrina+zerar%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=4” Sabrina, Zerar. Malcolm X’s Ideology: From the Puritan/Nation-of-Islam Doctrine to Independence Rhetoric. GRIN Verlag, 2010.

Turner, Richard Brent. “Islam in the African-American Experience”. In Bobo, Jacqueline; Hudley, Cynthia; Michel, Claudine. The Black Studies Reader. New York: Routledge, 2004.

MHA 614 Policy Formation & Leadership in Health Organizations

Research has a broad definition and often has completely different meanings depending on the group involved. According to Merriam-Webster, research is the careful and diligent search of a specific topic; it involves the collecting of information about a particular subject (“Research – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary”, n.d., p. 1). On a broad level, all researchers seek to further understand a specific subject-matter. However, the approach to research varies greatly throughout each community. Some researchers use evidence-based data, analyzing and drawing conclusions while others generate their own data through experimentation or mathematical theory. On a masters level, research is often based on statistical data used to validate a point the author is trying to express. One such example is the graph on page 31 of Harrington’s “Health Policy: Crisis and Reform in the U.S. Health Care Delivery System,” here the author provides an excerpt wherein the writer is attempting to validate their view that national health care will never work in the U.S. (Harrington & Estes, 2008, p. 31).

Health care research in the workplace setting is applicable as it provides a means to validate and define standards of care, legal requirements and health policy. Regulation of research is also a critical foundation that must be upheld to prevent abuse and ensure valid data. Shaw describes how research has increasingly become more regulated and formalized as governments have moved to protect the public and ensure more accurate data is produced (Shaw, n.d., 2005, p. 1). Although not currently working in a health care setting, I am a nursing student and will be working in a hospital environment. Health care research will have many applications in the hospital setting.

As it relates to standards of care, health care research significantly impacts how nurses and physicians perform their defined tasks and apply their scope of knowledge. Research enables improvement in treatment and often times completely changes the treatment for disease. My professor explains one such example of a change in treatment based on health care research. Previously, the standard treatment for gastroduodenal disease was often surgery to remove a portion of the lower stomach/duodenum which was thought to be defective. However, it has since been discovered that the root cause for this disease is the helicobacter pylori bacterium, anti-biotic medication will remove the bacterium and the symptoms associated with the disease will cease.

Second only to standards of care, health care research has a direct impact on health policy formation, not on in a hospital setting but in government legislation designed to protect patients and regulate the operations of medical facilities. Health policy formation by leadership must seek all relevant and validated research to ensure that decisions are fully vetted and all stakeholders and possible implications are considered before a final decision to implement or change health policy is made.

Health care managers work in an extremely complex work environment with many stakeholders. Health care leadership roles have to manage the care of patients while still ensuring the safety of staff and all while maintaining strict legal and ethical requirements and standards. Isaac explains that a health care manager cannot be fully prepared for a life-time career of health care management by an academic program alone. Managers must commit to further growth and professional development in the highly dynamic health care environment; this commitment requires health care research on an on-going basis (Isaac, 1995, p. 5). Therefore, leadership development must include a component of health care research. It is the fiduciary duty of health care leadership to stay informed of new legislation, new standards of care and be aware of new health epidemics.

Health care research is a critical component in designing professional development opportunities. As mentioned early, an academic program alone does not afford a healthcare manager the tools essential to have a successful career in health care management. Often times, health care leadership creates their own opportunities by combining both evidence based and a clinical based skill sets. This allows the combination of academic knowledge and clinical experience that can be utilized when developing health policy and managing standards of care.

Research is a requirement in any successful career endeavor. Beyond the academic requirements associated with most careers, there are certain skill sets that cannot be learned by reading and instead require hands-on experience. Furthermore, and more specifically in the health care arena, research is required by all staff. This research includes continuing education, medical seminars and recertification classes. Research is essential in health care.

References

Harrington, C., & Estes, C. L. (2008). Health Politics and Political Action. In Health policy: Crisis and reform in the U.S. health care delivery system (5th ed., pp. 1-13). Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Pub

Isaac, W. W. (1995). Managing in health care institutions: The issue of professional development for managers of a changing environment. Michigan State University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 157-157 p. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304233110?accountid=32521. (304233110).

Research – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (n.d.). In Dictionary and Thesaurus – Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved January 21, 2013, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/research

Shaw, S., Boynton, P. M., & Greenhalgh, T. (2005). Research governance: Where did it come from, what does it mean? Royal Society of Medicine (Great Britain).Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98(11), 496-502. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/235016173?accountid=32521

MHA 614 Policy Formation & Leadership in Health Organizations           

Discussion 1: World Health Situations

Discuss and analyze the world health situation. What is the greatest problem facing the world population? What strategies (at least three) would you utilize to alleviate this problem?

ANSWER:

The world health situation is a precarious situation as the demand for health care services increases exponentially and the pool of qualified medical staff is sparse. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are 57 countries facing a critical health workforce crisis, each of these countries has fewer than 23 health workers per 10,000 people (“Health Workforce”, n.d., p. 1). This lack of qualified workers makes treatment and access to health care services almost unattainable for the poor majority of these various countries. One region in particular is in the worst position; the Sub-Saharan Africa has 11% of the world’s population and 25% of the global disease burden but only has 3% of the global workforce (“Health Workforce”, n.d., p. 1).

Several solutions to this problem have been analyzed and discussed over the past few decades. An assignment we had several weeks ago discussed the impact of shortages of qualified nursing staff and the impact on the health care industry and patients. A solution I’m sure many offered to this problem that can apply to the global crisis is education. Education on a global scale would solve many countries staffing shortage and simultaneously allow families to rise above poverty levels with an advanced education. Also, centralization of a health curriculum would allow health care workers to travel to any country and work without having to take additional coursework or go through a lot of red-tape in order to work.

A second solution would be government backed tax incentives for health care staff to volunteer their time and services. As a single male nursing student, I know that when I enter the workforce, my income will be heavily taxed due to increased salary and no dependents. I would definitely volunteer my time in exchange for a tax break.

Finally, I would heavily invest in medical technology and research. In a time of great technological advancement, the internet and the emergence of biotechnology, there is room for virtual care and diagnosis. System could be developed wherein vitals, symptoms and signs were collected by a staff that did not have to be trained to the level of a medical doctor and this information could then be reviewed by an MD to assess and diagnose. This would allow physicians to treat and lot more patients then the current requirement to visually inspect each patient. While this might seem outside the realm of acceptance in developed countries like the US and France, countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from whatever care was available.

References

Health Workforce. (n.d.). WHO | World Health Organization. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http://www.who.int/gho/health_workforce/en/index.html

Reading Response

Student’s Name

Institution

Book Report

Question 1

Maldoror and the Complete Works of the Comte de Lautreamont was written by Comte de Lautreamont. It is a text which portrays a clear distinction between humanity and animality. These concepts clearly come out as a result of the influences of Maldoror. As he explains, Maldoror is a devil figure which presents a scaring personality who mysteriously conducts him throughout the novel. He is in opposition of the concept of humanity. He seeks for fulfillment in his life. However, he does not show any regard to the super natural being who is more powerful as compared to him. In fact, he is an example of the defiant devil that rebelled with the creator after establishing an alternative competing force. He is ready to face the reality of life. His revelation cannot be easily comprehended by a benevolent human being. In his struggles, he seeks for a soul which resembles him. However, he fails to achieve this desire possibly because of the failure of the intervention of a holy other. When he came across a beautiful lady, he was relieved and believed that he eventually found the beauty which he had been looking for all along. This explanation indicates the important role of humanity in man’s daily life.

Meanwhile, animality is represented by the author when Maldoror compares the distinguishing traits of human beings to animals. He explains that animals are different from human since they lack benevolence. He says ‘Wolves and lambs look not one another with gentle eyes.’ Meaning, they do not possess the qualities of humanity which calls for goodness. Therefore, animality is not linked to goodness and justice which constitute the pillars of humanity. Maldoror and the Complete Works of the Comte de Lautreamont must be fully interpreted by an open mind. It is quite surrealist creation and may be challenging to comprehend and understand. Despite this, concept of animality and humanity clearly come out.

Question 2

The Black Boy is an autobiography which was written by Richard Wright. It gives the life history of his life. As a child, he was born and raised in a poor family. On the example of hunger which I can give is hunger for food. This family was very poor; thus, they did not have enough food to eat. It happened because of the misfortunes the family was confronted with. First, his biological father decided to dissert the home and leave them under the care of his ailing mother. However, his mother could not provide for him. Apart from being single, she was ailing. The condition of his mother compelled him to be under the care of his grandmother and other uncles.

Still, he did not get the satisfaction he needed. His desire for a happy life made him to engage in immoral practices. At one time, just before relocating to the North, he stole money. It was the only solution he had in order to get food. Otherwise, he would not survive. Later, his desire for providing for his family compelled him to move to Chicago. He thought that there were a lot of opportunities that would guarantee him a job. He was convinced that it would help him redeem his family from starving to death. Unfortunately, this never came to be true since he never got the job he was hoping for. Still he was a victim of racism which had already driven him out of his motherland. Eventually, he landed only into menial jobs which would not provide him with the required resources to support his hungry family.

Question 3

The way in which Unplugging Philco was written presents it as a post 9/11 novel. The reaction of the government of the United States of America after the occurrence of the historical Horribleness explosion is symbolic of what happened after the infamous 9/11 terrorist attack. After shaming the government, it was obliged to come up with stern measures in order to ensure the safety of its citizens and prevent the nation from experiencing the same ordeal. Security was beefed up at the major entry points- air and sea ports. Immigrants were vigorously grilled to ensure that they were not in a position of infringing the safety of the Americans. In short, the government declared war on terrorism.

This is the same scenario depicted in Unplugging Philco. It is a futuristic novel which gives a clear picture of what happened after the New York attack. Everything which was experienced by Wally Phililco foreshadows of the post 9/11 attacks. Just the same way security became prioritized. People in Wally’s neighborhood had to be ready to carry the newly introduced Single Universal Citizen Identification Card (SUCKIE). This is an identical card which had to be produced by any person whenever needed. At the same time, there was an introduction of a National Information Collection Network (SNITCH) which was an instrument used to gather intelligence report to the security agencies. Lastly, there was the introduction of surveillance mechanism which was used to monitor suspects. Wally was one of the people who were put on a full time electronic surveillance. All these initiatives are similar to what happened after the 9/1 attack. The government took the safety of its population very seriously.