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A Worn Path

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Introduction

Phoenix Jackson is a black old woman, and the protagonist of this story of a worn path. The story is about Jackson’s journey to the town of Natchez through the wilderness of Mississippi to find medicine for her grandson child. Phoenix faces the journey to town out of love for her grandchild, and the story” A worn Path” is a story of unending love and affection that brings the tale towards a goal. She has travelled in this worn path several times, and this journey has many hardships and challenges. The obstacles and the story are symbols of how the African society undergoes and overcomes the trials.

She encounters a dog that leads her falling to into a ditch. She is unable to come out, and she falls asleep. She dreams severally during her journey for instance she sees a boy holding a cake offering it to her, and when she is in the ditch she dreams again. Her dream is a symbolic of the whites and the blacks trying to get along. While she tries to reach for the cake, she stretches her hand symbolically impling that the racial harmony dream is not yet achieved, and the blacks are trying to reach for it. Later a white hunter passes by and pulls her out, but before getting her out of the ditch he spurns her and tells her to go home since Africans love going to town to see Santa Claus.

She is very old and talks to herself as well as with anything she encounters on her way, and she is short of memory since on arriving in towns she forgets her purpose of her journey. When she arrives in the hospital, the nurse calls her Auntie Phoenix and tells the attendant that Phoenix has a grandson, and she comes to pick medicine for him. The grandchild had accidentally swallowed lye some few years back and had died of suffocation. It seems she has hallucinations since, she believes the grandchild is still alive, and she tells the nurse that the lye had caused injuries to the child’s throat and that it will swell and block. The nurse understands her condition, and in the process she also gets treated for her hallucinations.

Work Cited

Welty, Eudora.  A Worn Path. Mississippi: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998. 170. Print.

Malcolm S. Knowles: Adult Education:

Pedagogy vs. Andragogy Instructions

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Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181005” 1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc282181005 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181006” 1.1 Research Issues PAGEREF _Toc282181006 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181007” 2.0. Discussion PAGEREF _Toc282181007 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181008” 2.1 Practice vs. cognitive learning. PAGEREF _Toc282181008 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181009” 2.2 Learning model flexibility PAGEREF _Toc282181009 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181010” 2.3 The Knowles model and the society PAGEREF _Toc282181010 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181011” 3.0 Conclusion. PAGEREF _Toc282181011 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc282181012” Reference PAGEREF _Toc282181012 h 12

Malcolm S. Knowles: Adult Education:

Pedagogy vs. Andragogy Instructions

1.0 Introduction

Malcom Shepherd Knowles lived between 1913- 1997 and was claimed to be the central figure behind adult education in the United States Education system, mainly during the last half of the twentieth century. In fact, in the 1950s according to Smith (2002), Malcom became the Executive director of the Adult Education Association of the United States of America. This distinct position encouraged and motivated Malcolm to develop the curriculum and the basis on which the adult education as well as learning through andragogy could be applied rather than the pedagogy learning practices used by the normal students in the learning process.

Knowles (1970) described andragogy as an emerging technology for adult learning. Knowles employed the word theory in his description of andragogy and later explained that, he obtained the term from his European colleagues. Interestingly, Knowles (1970), explained that he was not certain on the assumptions of andragogy and left the correctness of the assumption to be challenged, tested and modified through inquiry process. The andragogy learning process advocates self directing in learning process since different people would learn at different rates depending on several factors such as age, occupation, and other dimensions of life. The only role that teachers would be required to play in such a process according to Knowles, Holton & Swanson (2005) would be to encourage the students as well as nurture the learning process as the students direct their learning process. The learning process in adult education does not follow a systematic process as would be the case with pedagogy, but the adult learner would be willing to learn a new concept in order to cope with a specific life problem. Therefore, the process has been much designed with the flexibility that would allow the student to discover their needs in search of specific lines of knowledge. The andragogy learning process therefore offers the necessary tools and creates the conditions necessary for the student to discover the above explained knowledge.

Through Knowles adult learning process and methods, there have been an increasing number of adult learners in institutions of higher educations in and education system that could have been otherwise considered to favor the lower education levels. As Gold (2005) explained, there has been a gradual increase in the number of adult learners registering in the U.S.A universities in search of particular areas of knowledge. Gold further explained that the number of the students in the higher learning institutions was registered at about 28% in 1970, increased to about 37% in 1980 and by 2003; the number was recorded as 43%. The gradual increase might be attributed to the major breakthrough that the education system impacted on adult learners in the United States. It might explain the success of Knowles’s education model in transforming the education system from the traditional learning methods known as pedagogy to a more flexible system that would allow the learners to direct the learning system as per their individual requirements.

From the explanations above on of andragogy learning process, the success of the Knowles adult education system and philosophy to large extent revolutionalised the learning process from the subject centered process in pedagogy to the performance centered system in andragogy. It’s therefore evident that the education system to a large extent bridged the gap between the fixed education systems to a more market friendly education system based on specific performance related issues. This might be attributes as the major reason behind the major success in the andragogy system successes.

1.1 Research IssuesThe paper to a large detail focuses on the development and growth of the non traditional adult education programs in higher learning institutions, explaining several factors that have been largely attributed to the increase of the non traditional adult learning programs in the institutions of higher learning. The paper on the other hand researches on the trend that has seen the decline of the liberal arts programs, which are being gradually replaced with occupational and professional programs centered to specific skills in the learner’s life experience and designed in the new andragogy learning system. Using the Knowles principles behind adult education and life experiences, the paper will also outline the advantages as well as the limitations of such education systems aimed an enhancing continuous education process for the adult learners as well as the societies at large.

2.0. Discussion

2.1 Practice vs. cognitive learning.One of the areas that Knowles learning process made a great impact was in the improvement of the cognitive teaching practices that marked the mode of learning in many traditional learning processes in institutions of higher learning. Realin (2007) explained that, the vocational training was reserved for lower education grades in trade preparations; the characteristic of the professional education in the higher education institutions was that, the system with time evolved to become a mass of higher education where students could choose their profession. The important aspect of practice in education system was therefore shelved as the professional training disassociated its curriculum from the real world practices that the students expected to encounter as soon as they left their institutions of training. The first tier liberal arts colleges according to Realin (2007) were a better example, which the institutions of higher education tried to emulate to gain credence due to the overwhelming critics that organizations raised concerning the training practices in the higher learning institutions.

However, Realin (2007) explained that the colleges also had their training programs mainly based on cognitive development on the student rather than the learning approaches that the field expected from the students. It therefore followed that, the universities and the mid-level colleges having relied much on the cognitive development of the students, they failed to equip the students with the relevant skills in real life situations, as the practices in the field required. The liberal arts colleges could not help much in developing the skills in adult education, which as Andre, Rocco & Welton (2009) explained, required legitimacy and professionalism when applied to real life situations in the field. The colleges were therefore abandoned, for a more concrete and practice oriented education system that would be inline with eh problems and skills required in the field. Therefore as Andre, Rocco & Welton explained, Knowles learning process for adults was to large extent based on these important attributes.

Knowles and Ohliger’s learning models were very similar in this in that; both models recognized the differences of tasks that required adult’s to learn voluntarily while on duties in the field to the tasks that were complex enough to require the learners to participate in some learning models sanctioned by the job requirements as Andre, Rocco & Welton (2009) explained. To reverse the situation in the traditional pedagogy practices, Knowles, Holton & Swanson (2005) explained that adult education was more successful while designed through the route of situations and not the subject as was the case in many institutions of higher learning. While in the traditional learning methods, the students came second after the teachers and the subject, the adult learning model as designed by Knowles reversed the situation to place the student first and the other two elements in the learning process second.

In the new model, the cognitive learning could be largely connected to needs and requirements as determined by the field practices. The subjects are therefore designed and made to suit the requirement of the students with teacher as the referee to oversee the implementation of the learning process and intervene where necessary. The molding of the subject around the student was critical in ensuring that the adult learning programs were designed with particular problem in focus, thereby improving the cognitive based education learning, which had in many instances distanced itself from the field requirements thereby resulting to critics from many quarters in the field. The fallout between the learning for practice and cognitive learning was the major force behind Knowles adult education model that was to a large extent a bridge that rectified the errors created by the traditional learning methods.

2.2 Learning model flexibility

One of the major differences that the traditional learning methods and the adult learning model portray would be the flexibility that the adult learners require in the formal learning process. An adult student according to Knowles, Holton & Swanson (2005) has major and important responsibilities that face the student in the formal education process. The major involvements include the daily duties, the family, the student’s recreation requirements, the needs of the community and other responsibilities that call for the interest of the student. The adult education model by Knowles finds a major ground on this aspect. Whereas the normal students have very few interests to take care of, apart from their daily education needs, the adult students require an education system that would accommodate all their numerous interests in the learning process. As discussed above the subject matter has also to be based on a real problem which is mainly the drive behind the learning process for such a student. Knowles, Holton & Swanson (2005) explained that, the teachers and the subject matter in modeling a learning process for such a student would take a second role, while the interest of the specific student finds the utmost importance it deserves.

Knowles (1980) explained that adult education was very critical in addressing the discriminatory practices against some races in the U.S where the discriminated people joined learning forums that empowered them to break the discrimination barriers. This found many earlier discriminated races joining the federal, state or local funded adult learning programs. This further explains the importance of the adult education system in aiming to solve and deal with a specific problem in the society or at work. It therefore requires the flexibility that would fit to a specific arena and bring about the intended outcome in the society or at work place as Knowles, Holton & Swanson (2005) explained. The design of the adult learning model as Knowles, intended was to impact the ability of such a model to cater for the social, educational, and cognitive needs that according to Knowles, Holton & Swanson are essential in meeting the numerous challenges faced by the adult learners in real life situations. The traditional or pedagogical learning model to a large extent limits the achievement of these factors due to a static curriculum that requires the student to mould around the subject matter and the teacher in the learning process. It therefore, limits the flexibility that an adult learner would require in the formal education considering their education requirements and their responsibilities in various situations.

The flexibility according to Knowles (1980) could be well achieved considering several factors that define the adult learners; adult learners according to Knowles might be considered to be more independent and self directed compared to the young learners, the adult learners bring out more experience to the learning process compared to the young learners. This might be attributed to the fact that, the adult learners in most cases are in the practical field, and hence know and recognize the important aspects of learning that would go along with the specific problem in the field compared to the young learners and traditional learning methods that use a laid down system that has to be followed. In addition, Knowles explained that an important aspect in adult learning is the decision making task. Adult learners make their own independent decisions around some particular needs unlike the pedagogical model that suits young learners who cannot make independent decisions. Further more, Knowles explained the adult education model to be more performance centered whereas the traditional model could be termed as subject centered. This might explained the influx of adult learners to mid level colleges and other institutions of higher education with the development in technology. The performance centered education therefore according to Knowles would be required to impact the necessary technological knowledge to the adult learners based on their specific areas of operations. Incase of the traditional learning method, the technological approach would be a broad covering, which would not zero in to a particular area of operation as would be required by the adult learning model.

2.3 The Knowles model and the societyThe Knowles model on andragogy might be considered as an important tool that introduced a new approach to both formal and informal education to adults. The institutions of higher learning had been criticized largely for alienating the coverage of the subject matter away from the requirements of a specific profession. One important aspect of Knowles model would be to enable the society to get the skills that would be required by a specific area of operation as well as keeping up with challenges of any profession. As Knowles (1980), the adult education would be performance centered, thereby giving only the content that a members of the society requires in meeting their needs and goals (as quoted in Mavrinac, 2005). This in most cases would be a relief to employers who as Knowles, Holton & Swanson (2005) explained had criticized the traditional learning models in the higher education institutions due to channeling of employees with little or no skills, contrary to the requirements of a specific profession.

Many members of the society, who had been trained through job experience training, would as well get a chance to upgrade their practical experience with formal education without having to go through the stringent requirements of education system that young students had to go through. The Knowles education model recognizes the numerous interests that the adult learner has to be faced with and integrates the same to form a flexible model that allows the adult learner to be flexible as per their areas of interests and duties. However, the Knowles model would discourage many would be students form joining institutions of higher learning. Knowles (1980) offers many critics on the traditional learning methods based on cognitive development as producing unskilled graduates who cannot cope up with requirements in the practical world. This might discourage many young students who would prefer to join the adult learning models later in life rather than join the pedagogy system as would be required.

3.0 Conclusion.

Knowles andragogy learning model has to a large extent modernized the learning process for many adult learners who were previously required to undergo the pedagogy models to gain the required skills in solving specific problems. In addition to offering a new approach that Knowles described as performance centered rather than the pedagogy subject centered approach, Knowles to a large extent rang the wake up call to many institutions of higher learning that were previously criticized for producing semi skilled graduates through the cognitive learning processes. The adult learning model has over the time received much support where many adults embraced the system due to the flexibility of incorporating their duties, responsibilities and a formal learning method to form the problem centered learning. It has enabled many adult learners to upgrade their skills mainly due to the technological advancement that has posed new challenges and demands to the adult learners. The success of the learning model might be considered as being due to the ability of the student to direct their learning as per their interests. The experience that the adult learners bring along in the education system has in many cases helped in molding the education curriculums to match the practical requirements in the field. Therefore, the Knowles adult learning model has to a large extent revolutionarised the education systems in colleges and institutions of higher learning, while correcting the faults of pedagogy in the learning process.

Exam question, answer questions in 1 report using lecture slide.

please add a definition for foreign direct investment.

The question is ‘discuss the underlying reasons for foreign direct investment

its cost and benefit for the host and home country. also the disadvantages.

with the aid of a diagram critically explain the welfare impacts of capital movement for both investing and host countries’

ReferenceAndre, P.G., Rocco, T.S., & Welton, M.R (2009) Challenging the professionalization of adult education: John Ohliger and contradictions in modern practice. CA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Gold, H.E (2005). Engaging the adult learner: creating effective library instructions. Portal: Libraries and Academy 5(4) 467- 481

Johnson, K. A. (2009), In service of the common good: Anna Julia Cooper and adult education African American Review. 43(1)

Knowles, M.S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education: from pedagogy to andragogy. 2.ed, NY: Cambridge Books

Knowles, M.S. (1970). The modern practice of adult education: from pedagogy to andragogy. NY: Cambridge Books

Knowles, M.S, Holton, R. A., & Swanson, R. A., (2005). The adult learner: the definitive classic in adult education and human resource development. Elsevier: MA

Mavrinac, M. A., (2005) Transformational leadership: Peer mentoring as a values-based learning process. Portal: Libraries and academy 5(3) 391- 404.

Neary, M. (2002) Curriculum studies in post compulsory and adult education, Cheltenham: Mary Neary

Raelin, J.A., (2007). The return of practice to Higher Education: Resolution Paradox. Journal of General Education. 56(1), 57-77.

Smith, M. K. (2002) ‘Malcolm Knowles, informal adult education, self-direction and andragogy’, the encyclopedia of informal education, HYPERLINK “http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-knowl.htm” www.infed.org/thinkers/et-knowl.htm

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Women’s Rights

This paper explores the similarities and the differences between the position of women in marriage in the late 19th century and in the contemporary society. This research discovered that the roles played by females in the respective marriages have changed significantly. Our dynamic world is associated with transformation and alterations. Hence, this contentious issue has now gained prominence due to the various changes realized in the social, cultural, political and economic backgrounds (MacKinnon).

To begin with, women in the late 19th century were culturally oppressed. The traditional practices in many societies did not give them a chance to participate in decision making concerning the issues affecting them. The males were charged with the responsibility of making major decisions. In addition, women were culturally barred from openly criticizing their husbands even if their actions were detrimental and could jeopardize the existing living conditions in their respective households. Females were not allowed to eat certain foods that men could enjoy. For instance, most of the African communities did not provide them with an opportunity to enjoy delicacies like chicken, rabbit, hare, milk, eggs and all kinds of wild meat. Such food was the privilege of males alone. Any woman caught violating the rule would be strictly punished.

However, things are no longer the same today since many societies have shifted from such oppressive acts. Even if some conservatives still diminish the role of females, women have gained a lot of autonomy. They are free to choose what kind of food to eat, in addition to all other privileges, of course. Therefore, they can dine from the same bowls with their male counterparts, unlike before. Besides, they are free to make their own decisions and act independent of the unnecessary pressure from any external force. The males, who have changed their attitude towards women, can now consult them when some plan needs to be executed.

In the late19th century, women were economically downtrodden. There was a belief that the males were more superior to females. Hence, they were the ones who could be entrusted with looking for jobs to feed their families. They were not empowered in any way possible. Only men could get a chance to purse formal education or be considered for any gainful employment. In addition, the role of women was confined to the kitchen and bedroom. They could only cook, be impregnated, give birth to children and care for them, hence creating room for their husbands’ superiority as the sole breadwinners (Blanchard).

Later on, women became recognized as equal to men in most spheres. Even if some societies still deny them the right to education and employment, most people today consider women as assets. Many of them are working and providing for their families. In some households, especially in the urban centers, the majority of breadwinners are women. Similarly, women have been granted with the opportunity to pursue education. In fact, some married women may even leave their families in the pursuit of further studies and career; such actions were impossible earlier. Females can be relied on as providers just as men used to be before. They can pay house rents or build residential houses for their families. Such events could not take place in the late 19th century; women were regarded as a weaker sex and as not worth being relied upon.

Finally, women in the late 19th century were politically dominated by their husbands. They were viewed as instruments of pleasure that could not hold leadership positions. According to this research, nearly all the communities in Africa, Asia and America did not provide women with a role to lead people. They were used as subordinates who could not rise to the helm of power. There were no women autocrats since most of the empires and kingdoms were ruled by men. The only thing they could do was to act as domestic workers, who were present in the palace not to offer leadership, but to accompany male dictators. Back in their households, women were not supposed to be heard at all. All the families took husbands as their heads. Only males had the privilege of deciding the course of actions without seeking their wives’ opinion. The husband’s words were final, and no woman would dare criticize her husband. If this happened, it would lead to a brutal reaction in which they could be physically harmed or even killed.

As a result of the unlimited alterations the society has gone through, most of these perceptions have significantly changed. Even if some communities still consider men superior to women, males and females are considered equal in the majority of societies. This is because women have gained respect in their marriages (Blanchard). They are no longer intimidated and harassed by their husbands. Most of men nowadays involve their wives in the decision making process. At the same time, some women are heading their husbands, hence standing a better chance of making decisions on behalf of their families. Moreover, many of them have become leaders in various spheres. Females have gained freedom through joining associations, clubs and movements aimed at delivering them from their agonies.

Works Cited

Blanchard, K. L. Empowerment Takes More than a Minute.

San Francisco: Berret-Koehler. 2007 Print.

MacKinnon, C. Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press. 2007. Print.

MGT7108 – International Marketing

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Submission Date://2022

Word Count: 3300

The far-reaching impact of three radical and transformative disruptions on international marketing

1.Introduction

Nobody can deny that the global economy is undergoing a reconfiguration driven by tremendous forces and disruptive upheavals. Disruptive technologies (such as CSR, Metaverse, and AI) enable companies to change their capabilities in order to regenerate them in a way that is beneficial. Disruption, is therefore, an incremental process that encourages (or inhibits) domestic and cross-border types of commercial activity. Bowen (1953) coined the term “corporate social responsibility” to describe “the voluntary implementation and integration of social and environmental issues that are consistent with social goals and values”. Many organizations use the integration and transmission of corporate CSR policies as a clear market signal to compete more effectively and increase profits in the global marketplace with few physical or virtual boundaries (Stanaland et al., 2011). In addition, the phrase “metaverse” can be traced back to Neil Stephenson’s dystopian cyberpunk novel Avalanche (1992).

The Metaverse platform, Second Life, offers a collaborative, immersive, and open experience that allows users to build their virtual content. Anyone can create a cartoon avatar and communicate with others in various virtual environments (Schroeder, 2002). Metaverse is a large-scale and interoperable network of real-time rendered 3D virtual worlds that may be synced and constantly experienced by an effectively endless number of users, providing consumers with a sense of personal presence and data continuity.

According to Ball (2022), artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that replaces the human role in acquiring data and performing automated analysis, requiring programs, algorithms, and systems that mimic intelligent human behaviour (Huang and Rust, 2018, Shankar, 2018). Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as the use of computers to mimic the capabilities and behaviours of humans (Gadalla et al., 2013). MNCs will have to cultivate and emphasize strategic assets with unique competitive levers (such as AI and big data), as well as discover different survival niches and structural integrations.

2.Evaluative discussion of disruptiors2.1 CSR

First, the establishment of CSR, which is difficult or costly to imitate, helps companies gain a global competitive advantage to differentiate competitors and enhance brand reputation. (Bagnoli & Watts, 2003). However, fierce rivalry may jeopardize levels of corporate social responsibility (Branco and Villas-Boas, 2015). MNCs rarely focus their CSR efforts solely on their native market. Their global corporate socially responsible investments confer greater corporate capabilities and financial returns (Kitzmueller and Shimshack, 2012), for example, by attracting capital from socially responsible investors (Cheng et al., 2014) and increasing the attractiveness and retention of socially conscious and responsible employees (Kitzmueller and Shimshack, 2012). A good national image can safeguard brands from bad CSR signals in the context of globalization (Coombs and Holladay, 2002). Consumers’ perceptions of unfavourable national images are less solid, with higher volatility and disparities between positive and negative CSR signals. As a result, some businesses have attempted to establish a reputation for corporate social responsibility through public relations efforts or minor investments, known as “greenwashing” (Delmas and Burbano, 2011). In a globalized environment, companies may not profit equally from CSR efforts. The evaluation and impact of CSR signals for brands from different countries may range from region to country and are not the same (Madden et al., 2012). Chinese consumers may have different views on CSR than Western consumers.

2.2 Metaverse

Metaverse will evolve into a completely new international marketing platform in the future, displaying various brands in a 3D interactive digital realm and revitalizing them (Shankar et al., 2021). The Metaverse is a digital living area with a new social system connected and formed via technology methods. It is a virtual world that maps and interacts with the actual world. Hollensen et al. (2022) believes that Metaverse will not fundamentally replace the internet or the “social media” framework but will evolve into a worldwide borderless online 3D social media world. Designing and integrating new touchpoints or efficiently extending current touchpoints to global customers is a challenge for Metaverse Marketing. Metaverse provides users with a one-of-a-kind experience as well as a virtual avatar. Users can co-create their new service experience while satisfying their self-expression, identification, and social engagement (Papagiannidis et al., 2013).

2.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Third, computer science researchers attempt to improve AI capabilities ranging from task automation to context awareness. AI can analyze explicit and implicit language and discourse patterns expressed by consumers in social media to understand user responses (Davenport et al., 2019). Each type of AI intelligence has its benefits, such as mechanical AI’s ability to handle standardized operations and thinking AI’s ability to give personalized customer care. On the other hand, Customers believe AI is lacking in tasks involving subjectivity, intuition, and emotion (Castelo et al., 2018; Gray, 2017), as well as AI’s capacity to recognize what makes each client distinctive (Longoni et al., 2019). Customers appear to be seeking AI that is more advanced than usual (Gray, 2017), such as zero accidents for self-driving automobiles. Advanced technologies and analytics can evaluate and identify retail consumers capturing unstructured marketing campaign data, such as heat maps and video surveillance (Kirkpatrick 2020). However, the objective of a software developer to create amazing technology may differ from the goal of a marketer to create a valuable user experience.

The effect for international marketing by the disruptors

Based on the four conceptual frameworks that redefine the nature of marketing proposed by Cavusgil and Cavusgil (2011), this report argues that the turmoil of external intense, disruptive shocks makes it crucial for multinationals to understand these environments and organizational trends better to formulate and deploy marketing strategy and advance marketing thinking effectively.

3.1 The Metaverse’s disruption

For multinational companies, the Metaverse provides a borderless new place to interact with consumers and generates an experience that improves the functionality of their products or services. One of the main attractions of Metaverses, according to Redmond (2002), is their unique functionality, which allows virtual users to have a pleasant and enjoyable shopping experience. Purchase ice skates for an avatar, for example, and then use that avatar to gain new experiences. Metaverse marketing can be utilized to achieve a variety of marketing and, ultimately, organizational goals in addition to generating sales (Saren et al., 2013). For example, the Metaverse can capture a wealth of information on internationalized users and their settings, making it a promising route for targeted marketing.

Metaverse marketing aims are to build brand awareness and image, generate new demand, drive sales, and drive consumer loyalty (Chen and Yao, 2021). Metaverse’s marketing strategy can cover numerous business functions because of its interactive content, location interactions, and design interactions. It helps multinational companies evaluate product suitability from global customers at low cost in a borderless virtual retail environment, providing a valuable reference for marketing to improve customer experience, including co-creation of experience and better service design, thereby encouraging customers and obtaining positive word of mouth and engagement (Meents and Merikivi, 2012). The Metaverse is an effective marketing medium for marketers because it allows them to generate user experiences and the “value co-creation” that this simulated experience delivers to multinationals and users.

The Metaverse has many unique features, such as human contact, emotional expression, virtual experimentation, and fantasy products. Therefore, with the virtual geographies’ globalization, companies will be able to continue to support the faster transmission of new products, ideas, and consumption patterns (Rauschnabel et al., 2022). Metaverse environments provide increased social experiences and responsive services and create opportunities for international marketing.

3.2 The CSR’s disruption

According to Cavusgil and Cavusgil (2012), corporate social responsibility will play an increasingly important role in creating the international marketing environment in the future. CSR marketing is a long-term strategic tool for global corporate image and product brand management so that multinational companies can shape their unique global image by acting in a socially responsible and acceptable manner in foreign markets (Bhattacharya et al., 2004; Mayo, 2003). From a corporate marketing perspective, corporate social responsibility has been recommended as a useful medium for developing a coherent corporate image and company reputation to earn respect and loyalty of target stakeholders (Hildebrand et al., 2011). A positive CSR record also increases global brand equity (Torres et al., 2012) and can act as a buffer against negative publicity (Klein and Dawar, 2004). Consumers’ awareness and expertise of emerging market countries are generally uncalibrated and unsteady, according to Pappu and Quester (2010). Consumers may employ aggressive CSR operations to directly and favourably affect consumers’ attitudes and views of their brands if they lack a clear perception or favourable impression of international brands (Banerjee and Wathieu, 2017). It’s worth noting that the effectiveness of CSR efforts appears to be dependent on the target market and that they’re especially effective when aimed at a more multinational audience with a stronger sense of global identity.

Consumer views of CSR have an impact on product attitudes, assessments, and intentions, as well as company evaluations (Jean et al., 2016). Consumer perceptions of corporations and product purchase intentions are effect by corporate social responsibility (Khan et al., 2015). However, consumers’ overall views of branded product quality and CSR efforts vary by location and country (Magnusson et al., 2015). Consumers with a strong global identification buy brands to reinforce their membership in the global market or their sense of belonging to a worldwide group (Hannerz, 1990). Consumers with a strong sense of global identity are more likely to respond positively and buy brands with favourable social responsibility signals.

3.3 The AI and BD’s disruption

The impact of AI on international marketing from the three aspects are used for analysis. Because AI is a sophisticated and expensive technology at the national level, its development, adoption, and application may differ depending on a country’s economic resources (Kozinets and Gretzel, 2021). Amazon’s use of AI technology to assist marketing efforts by unskilled retailers in India is an example of how AI-based human-computer interaction platforms might help developing countries reduce customer gaps (Kumar et al., 2019). AI will change the way businesses approach numerous sales-related tasks, such as lead creation and demand forecasting. Companies engaged in global marketing should adapt to local consumer preferences and marketing environments by localizing their products due to major cultural, economic, and technological differences at the regional level (Thompson and Arsel, 2004; Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2004). Consumers’ socioeconomic level and prevalent cultural norms can influence how they feel about the same goods worldwide.

Artificial intelligence technology can automatically evaluate text, voice, and images to incorporate heterogeneous preferences and local customer experiences in different cultures, allowing global firms to understand better and forecast unique customer behaviours (Kozinets and Gretzel, 2021). Companies use artificial intelligence to predict client preferences, generate customized products, and increase product engagement, relevance, and satisfaction (Kumar et al., 2019). Finally, AI systems frequently collect, store, and process vast amounts of personal data at the consumer level (Bradlow et al., 2017).

With contextual variations and conventions, AI is expected to predict client buying preferences and willingness to price (Shankar, 2018). AI effectively matches personal preferences with available options, making consumers feel deeply understood, either objectively or subjectively. Companies may even dramatically adjust their marketing tactics and business models based on prediction accuracy to constantly supply goods and services to clients based on data and projections about their demands. Despite AI’s ability to predict and satisfy preferences, consumers may view data capture as a form of exploitation. The data capture experience can threaten consumer ownership of personal data and make consumers feel they have lost control of their lives (Kopalle et al., 2021).

The firm’s cases

4.1 The CSR’s case

In its “Beyond Oil” commercial, BP declared that more ecologically friendly materials and equipment would be employed in oil exploration to take on more social obligations. The brand will be marketed as one that is favourable to the environment. Following the Gulf oil spill, a closer examination of the corporation revealed a discrepancy between its advertising campaigns and its environmental record. As a result, customers interpreted this as a “false” signal after hearing a lot of bad press about BP’s bad behaviour. Following this tragedy, many European consumers lost faith in their favourite brands (Landman, 2010). However, due to the price-cutting marketing for the Asian market after the disaster, the sales volume in some developing countries that are relatively lacking in the awareness of social responsibility behaviour has achieved an upward trend.

4.2 The metaverse’s case

Nikeland is the Nike brand’s virtual environment. “Nikeland” transports gamers worldwide to a virtual recreation of Nike’s global headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Users can also explore the Nikeland Showroom to style their avatars with virtual Nike shoes, gear, and accessories. Customers worldwide may see what the Nike headquarters in Oregon looks like and Nike’s “products” and sports without paying the cost of the products and equipment. It has the potential to promote brand exposure and test new shoe designs by giving a self-created interactive experience to customers all around the world. If new shoe designs are feasible to construct, international users can turn them into custom physical shoes. Nikeland marketing utilized the Metaverse channel to reduce the geographic distance to the borderless virtual world to provide delightful, differentiated, and personalized products and services to different consumers worldwide.

4.3 The AI’s case

We’ll wrap up with an example of AI in action. Netflix creates original content in several nations. Netflix’s global expansion is fueled by this localization effort, as its diversified offers appeal to users in different parts of the world (Smith & Telang, 2018). Furthermore, Netflix employs AI to deliver personalized movie recommendations based on people’s and other viewers’ previous viewing histories and contextual data such as frequency, location, and day of the week (Kathayat 2019). AI infers user personality characteristics based on their browsing and viewing history and then serves them personalized adverts, raising ad conversion rates by roughly 50%. (Matz et al., 2017). The virtual AI assistant sends monthly email invites to join the paid membership to potential global consumers. The AI then reacts first to identify the most promising potential customers (Power, 2017), after which the salesperson moves on to the next phase. Thanks to artificial intelligence, global consumer data has been transformed from a by-product into a fluid economic asset.

Firm’s implications and recommendations

The preceding examples serve as marketing references for international corporations. Multinational corporations must consider the complexities of different countries’ economic, political, and institutional environments when integrating CSR into international marketing strategies and adapt their operations to specific foreign market conditions to succeed in the target market (Kolk et al., 2015). When global corporations invest in emerging economies, worldwide marketing tactics must be adjusted to account because most of the social structure is loose and poor. The distribution of marketing resources and strategy adjustments in different global marketplaces must be matched to local conditions under varied institutional contexts (Eteokleous et al., 2016). For example, the Korean government’s heavy regulatory pressure will lead to short-term public relations-focused CSR marketing initiatives.

Furthermore, it is generally recognized that most consumers have limited access to intrinsic cues (such as performance, taste, and texture) of internationalized items due to regional limits. Hence, consumers are frequently compelled to rely on extrinsic cues when evaluating new products (Huber and McCann, 1982). Firms’ active participation in CSR activities can increase consumer willingness to pay for products from socially responsible firms (Trudel and Cotte, 2009). Not only that but to maximize results, CSR must be changed based on product and market variables. With appropriate CSR positioning, global managers may be able to keep pricing stable and perhaps command a premium (Chilwalo, 2016). Marketers must extend their communication efforts and interactions beyond their customers to include more distant and marginalized stakeholders, requiring managers to understand consumer impressions of their CSR activity (Prasad and Holzinger, 2013). To establish a virtuous corporate brand, CSR should be communicated to target stakeholders through marketing communication methods (van de Ven, 2008), which would lead to favourable consequences for all individuals involved in CSR activities (Lichtenstein et al., 2004).

Second, Metaverse users believe that displaying all of a product’s details and information is a critical factor influencing their experience, necessitating multinational companies to pay closer attention to how they present each product and provide enjoyable, differentiated, and personalized products services (Yeniyurt et al., 2005). The majority of participants highlighted user-friendliness, loading speed, and simplicity of navigation as important aspects that may improve the purchasing experience. Metaverse marketing must make it necessary for multinational corporations to gain access to more user data to understand the user’s environment, such as comprehending changes in our physical, emotional, and biological states. This data-driven approach is fundamentally distinct from other types of digital marketing (Dwivedi et al., 2021). The requirement to gather, store, analyze, and interpret huge volumes of data about users’ physical environments and be responsible for good search engine characteristics, security and privacy, and accessibility is a marketing challenge for multinational corporations (Cavusgil et al. 2004).

Third, AI segmentation is adaptable since it can divide the global market into several segments, each with its client’s wants and preferences. To comprehend their purchasing intentions and product happiness, multinational companies can utilize AI to automatically collect and monitor data about the market, consumer environment, product usage, and customer experience (Ng and Wakenshaw, 2017). Global firms may use AI to detect competitors in a specific need or external possibilities in a new market, as well as acquire insight into a product’s competitive edge. Unsupervised machine learning, for example, can produce marketing insights that can be utilized to find new market structures and trends worldwide. Kumar et al. (2019) consider how artificial intelligence can be used in marketing to customize interaction by creating, communicating, and delivering individualized products to clients. To improve the segmentation and targeting of global consumers and marketplaces, international firms should develop AI categorization experiences throughout the design phase. Multinational corporations can utilize AI marketing analytics to forecast product design trends and respond to specific customer preferences (Chung et al., 2009). Big data analytics informs product and service innovation and speeds up development designs to react fast to changing consumer preferences and trends (Dekimpe, 2020). The most popular types of personalized recommendation systems in marketing, for instance. Marketers need to decide which standardized, personalized, and relevant AI intelligence to use for marketing campaigns.

From the above, people are able can find satisfactory products for customers and get a competitive edge by connecting product features and customer interests. For example, Daabes and Kharbat (2017) demonstrate data mining techniques to mine customer perceptions as an alternative to marketer knowledge. In addition to this, commodity prices can also be personalized through AI combining consumers’ private personal information (Montes et al. 2019). According to De Kimpe (2020), international retailers can utilize dynamic best-response pricing algorithms that take into account consumer preferences across geographies, competitive behaviour, and supply factors. It’s vital to note that AI may not be able to deliver on all of its promises due to issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and ethics (Larson, 2019).

6.Conclusions

In the context of global market connection, marketing’s role is to deconstruct and then reconstruct the enterprise’s capabilities through better resource allocation (Cavusgil and Cavusgil, 2011). The destructive force of leverage needs multinational organizations’ ongoing co-evolution, adaptation, and extension in response to fast global change (Townsend et al., 2004). Marketing functions, organizations and processes have shifted from geographically diverse to structurally driven, taking on new identities and identities. A globally integrated enterprise in a constantly disrupted and changing global market, will have no choice but to tightly integrate their global operations and take the lead in market positioning, marketing control, and global communications to respond quickly to emerging opportunities and risks coordinate (Cavusgil and Cavusgil, 2011). In this way, multinational firms can differentiate themselves from other international competitors in a constantly disrupted global market.

References:

Banerjee, S. and Wathieu, L., 2017. Corporate social responsibility and product quality: Complements or substitutes?. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34(3), pp.734-745.

Bretonès, D., Quinio, B. and Réveillon, G., 2010. Bridging virtual and real worlds: enhancing outlying clustered value creations. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 18(7), pp.613-625.

Cavusgil, S. and Cavusgil, E., 2011. Reflections on international marketing: destructive regeneration and multinational firms. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(2), pp.202-217.

Chen, C. and Yao, M., 2021. Strategic use of immersive media and narrative message in virtual marketing: Understanding the roles of telepresence and transportation. Psychology & Marketing, 39(3), pp.524-542.

Chilwalo, M., 2016. Multinational Corporations: Corporate Social Responsibility versus Environmental Problems. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 12(17), p.241.

Davenport, T., Guha, A., Grewal, D. and Bressgott, T., 2019. How artificial intelligence will change the future of marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), pp.24-42.

Eteokleous, P., Leonidou, L. and Katsikeas, C., 2016. Corporate social responsibility in international marketing: review, assessment, and future research. International Marketing Review, 33(4), pp.580-624.

Gadalla, E., Keeling, K. and Abosag, I., 2013. Metaverse-retail service quality: A future framework for retail service quality in the 3D internet. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), pp.1493-1517.

Hollensen, S., Kotler, P. and Opresnik, M., 2022. Metaverse – the new marketing universe. Journal of Business Strategy, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).

Jean, R., Wang, Z., Zhao, X. and Sinkovics, R., 2016. Drivers and customer satisfaction outcomes of CSR in supply chains in different institutional contexts. International Marketing Review, 33(4), pp.514-529.

Khan, Z., Lew, Y. and Park, B., 2015. Institutional legitimacy and norms-based CSR marketing practices. International Marketing Review, 32(5), pp.463-491.

Kolk, A., Dolen, W. and Ma, L., 2015. Consumer perceptions of CSR: (how) is China different?. International Marketing Review, 32(5), pp.492-517.

Kopalle, P., Gangwar, M., Kaplan, A., Ramachandran, D., Reinartz, W. and Rindfleisch, A., 2021. Examining artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in marketing via a global lens: Current trends and future research opportunities. International Journal of Research in Marketing,.Madden, T., Roth, M. and Dillon, W., 2012. Global Product Quality and Corporate Social Responsibility Perceptions: A Cross-National Study of Halo Effects. Journal of International Marketing, 20(1), pp.42-57.

Magnusson, P., Westjohn, S. and Zdravkovic, S., 2015. An examination of the interplay between corporate social responsibility, the brand’s home country, and consumer global identification. International Marketing Review, 32(6), pp.663-685.

Papagiannidis, S., Pantano, E., See-To, E. and Bourlakis, M., 2013. Modelling the determinants of a simulated experience in a virtual retail store and users’ product purchasing intentions. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), pp.1462-1492.

Puntoni, S., Reczek, R., Giesler, M. and Botti, S., 2020. Consumers and Artificial Intelligence: An Experiential Perspective. Journal of Marketing, 85(1), pp.131-151.

Rauschnabel, P., Babin, B., tom Dieck, M., Krey, N. and Jung, T., 2022. What is augmented reality marketing? Its definition, complexity, and future. Journal of Business Research, 142, pp.1140-1150.

Saren, M., Harwood, T., Ward, J. and Venkatesh, A., 2013. Marketing beyond the frontier? Researching the new marketing landscape of virtual worlds. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(13-14), pp.1435-1442.

Shankar, V., Grewal, D., Sunder, S., Fossen, B., Peters, K. and Agarwal, A., 2021. Digital marketing communication in global marketplaces: A review of extant research, future directions, and potential approaches. International Journal of Research in Marketing.

Predicting Future HMIS Trends by Chief Information Officers

MHA616: Health Care Management Information System (NDE1348A)

Why The CIO Survey is Important for the HMIS Industry

The survey is important because it give interesting feedback about personal health records, electronic records certification and other recent I.T. issues and trends affecting the marketplace and also the survey also found that even in an economy trending toward recession, the vast majority of health care organizations expect their information technology budgets to grow during the next fiscal year, and this growth is driven primarily by a need to improve access to information for clinicians.

The Hardware Investments that are Important to the future of HMIS

The survey shows that implementing electronic health records was the number one software investment priority for the coming year for hospitals, integrated delivery systems and group practices alike.

Today the industrial HMIS is continuing to evolve with the addition of multi-touch capabilities that are now standard on smartphones and tablets. With multi-touch functionality, HMIS operation is simplified and enhanced, but the biggest question is how quickly these more sophisticated interfaces may be adopted by machinery builders and users. At the recent MD&M East show in Philadelphia, we visited with Marc Ostertag, president of B&R Industrial Automation. He showed us application examples of the new multi-touch HMIS. The demonstration was very impressive visually, and this technology definitely enables a user interface that is similar to tablets with touch-to-open menus and the ability to monitor key system parameters easily (Fannal Electronics, 2013).

Comparing reasoning with the actual survey results

I think the survey is actual what I would agree with, to enable the delivery system to scale and meet the efficiency requirements of expanding healthcare demand, healthcare services and technology played an increasingly important role in the healthcare landscape. As organizations continued to wrestle with increasing healthcare complexity, reimbursement pressures, and government regulation, new services and technologies are enabling stakeholders to cost-efficiently respond to these challenges with improved care quality, error reduction, and improved sharing of information. In addition, as financial incentives drive adoption, many healthcare organizations are starting to see the benefits and return on investment from services and technologies.

New technology enabled products and services continued to spur industry expansion and growth in emerging healthcare markets. Large, new healthcare markets are developing with a focus on consumerism, automation, clinical integration, access, compliance and regulation, mobility, and resource utilization. Innovative, disruptive healthcare services and technology companies are making an impact by improving various aspects of the healthcare system through leveraging clinical analytics across financial and operational workflows to build a complete view of patients and populations. Information exchanges, which aim to seamlessly share health data across all market constituents, are spurring the development and deployment of innovative products and service with more efficient business processes. Undoubtedly, growth opportunities abound amid the surging complexity, transformation and consolidation in the healthcare industry.

Electronic Health Records

The use of electronic health records has become more wide-spread as hospitals, practitioners and insurance providers work towards complying with new regulations relating to health information technology (HIT). However, if not set up correctly, EHR systems can also expose patients to privacy breaches with implications for their financial and personal well-being. With records containing information relating to treatment options, social security numbers, and other personal information on patients (Collier, 2011).

Health IT has the potential to improve patient safety, health care quality, efficiency and data collection and may help restrain rising costs. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) is a longitudinal electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery setting. Included in this information are patient demographics, progress notes, problems, medications, vital signs, past medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports. The EHR automates and streamlines the clinician’s workflow. The EHR has the ability to generate a complete record of a clinical patient encounter as well as supporting other care-related activities directly or indirectly via interface including evidence-based decision support, quality management, and outcomes reporting.

Reference

Multi-Touch Industrial HMIs: 2013-07-24 Fannal Electronics Co., Ltd. Publisher：Marketing Department. http://www.fannal.com/news/industry-news/item/98-multi-touch-industrial-hmis.html

Healthcare Industry: http://www.triple-tree.com/research/healthcare/

Electronic Health Records: Security should be top priority Posted on August 22nd, 2011 by Deborah Collier: http://swineline.org/?p=5864

MHA 614 Policy Formation & Leadership in Health Organizations           

Discussion 2: Comprehensive National Health Insurance

According to Steinmo and Watts (in Harrington & Estes), Comprehensive National Health Insurance always fails in America; Discuss the authors’ viewpoint. Do you agree with the authors? Why or why not?

ANSWER:

Steinmo and Watts offered an opinion and gave several reasons why passing a comprehensive national health insurance policy has failed in the past. There are several stakeholders such as lobbyists for and against, politicians who often work on behalf of lobbyists instead of their constituents and the uncertainty of implementing policy that has never been administered on a national level. While I agree that the hurdles to achieving such sweeping reform spread far and wide, I do not agree that these hurdles equate to national health insurance being a failure.

Many of the hurdles associated with national health insurance have already been overcome by President Barak Obama; therefore the only remaining risk is proper implementation by administrators. Furthermore, other countries that have similar economic structure and GDP have successfully implemented national health care policy with great success. Additionally, they have also initiated value-add technologies like electronic medical records that take many of the inefficiencies out of a system on a national scale.

References

Harrington, C., & Estes, C. L. (2008). Health Politics and Political Action. In Health policy: Crisis and reform in the U.S. health care delivery system (5th ed., pp. 1-13). Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Pub

Leadership Group Assignment

Al Khwarizmi International College

Tariq Haidarah (k-80819511)

Salah Bafaraj (k-91329121)

AbdelBaset Alqadi (k-61320003)

Hassan Al Ten

37020502057400Introduction to Leadership

0Introduction to Leadership

Introduction

The pragmatic description of leadership articulates a process that an individual substantively influences a particular group of individuals to accomplish a common goal. The concept of leadership is accentuated with four common themes. The themes are conceived as, the leadership concept is conceived as process, and Leadership is articulated as a concept that involves influence. Leadership is pragmatically articulated as a concept that occurs in the context of a group. Goal attainment is the ultimate objective of the concept of leadership.

The definition described above however locates an individual as a source of leadership. Leadership is articulated by a more collective concept. (Avolio, 2009) The concept contextually take the assumption that leadership involves a social influence process in that an intentional influence is imposed by a person or a group of people over other people with an aim to structure the activities and relationships in the organization.

Malcolm Wall’s personality

Fifty-seven years old, Wall began his career selling airtime with Southern TV 35 years ago before moving North to head up Granada’s sales operations.

A keen sportsman, who only gave up his beloved boxing just before his 50th birthday. He took up the sport while he was an undergraduate at the University of Kent and he remained an active amateur boxer until his last fight in Bethnal Green in 2006.

“Boxing sharpens the mind,” Wall told Broadcast magazine, “but after my last fight I decided that if I took any more blows it might end up having the opposite effect.”

Building on an extensive career across the media spectrum, Malcolm Wall now advises businesses and individuals on strategy and implementation. Wall has been part of a raft of big media businesses throughout his career having had worked at Virgin Media, where he was chief executive of content, and United Business Media, where he was Chief Operating Officer.

Most recently, he was Chief Executive Officer and then Advisor to the Board at Abu Dhabi Media. Prior to this, he worked as a Consultant to the telecommunications, media and technology sectors and has had stints at ITV companies including Granada, Anglia and Southern.

Malcolm is currently developing Song Lin, the newly formed, joint venture between Pinewood Studios and Seven Stars Media and Entertainment, to provide film services in China.

In his new role, Wall is now based in China establishing a project team and oversee the launch of the business. “I am thrilled that Malcolm has agreed to join Pinewood’s latest international joint venture,” said Pinewood’s Ivan Dunleavy. “Song Lin is an exciting prospect for the company. China’s growth in recent years has been phenomenal and this is especially true in the media sector.” Ivan Dunleavy added: “This is an exciting appointment for Song Lin. As we look to get this project off the ground, we need someone who as worked at the highest levels in the international media sector to bring their experience to what is a fast growing and dynamic industry in China.”

“ HYPERLINK “http://www.dock10.co.uk” t “_blank” dock10” at MediaCityUK has appointed Malcolm Wall as its non-executive chairman. dock10 is a joint venture partnership between Peel Group and SIS. Wall replaced David Holgate, who’s been on the board of the media services provider since its formation in 2010. He is now retiring.

“I would also like to welcome Malcolm to the board. His extensive experience and contacts will be enormously helpful as we look to the future strategic growth of HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/10/dock10-studio-the-voice-mediacityuk/” dock10.” stated Mark Senior, Chief Executive of HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/11/dock10-strengthens-drama-and-documentary-team/” dock10.

Peel, dock10’s joint owner, also owns 73% of Pinewood Studios, which retained Wall last April for its HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/04/pinewood-shepperton-signs-jv-in-china/” t “_blank” joint venture with Seven Stars Media in China, called ‘Song Lin’. Wall’s background is in the global media sector. In addition to his Chinese ventures, he has also held senior roles at Abu Dhabi Media, Virgin Media, United Business Media and several ITV companies.

“I am delighted to be working with the HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2013/07/dock10-invests-in-colour-grading-system/” dock10 management and shareholders. The team have achieved a great deal in a very short space of time. I look forward to working with them in the next stage of development of the business,” he said.

Describing Malcolm Wall using the 7traits Paradigm:

The trait theory of leadership provides the assumption that capabilities in leadership are derived in the characteristics possessed by an individual. The concept articulates significant positive relationship between leadership and personal traits in the context of intelligence, self-confidence, diligence, self-efficacy and openness to experience. Thus, individuals emerge as leaders on the aspect of various situation and tasks.

Based on my direct in touch with Malcolm Wall, even for a short time, I can say that this person deserves the title “Leader” in all the meaning of this word. Moreover, according to the Seven Traits theory, I can assure that Mr. Wall has all those seven traits under his expensive suite:

Drive:

Malcolm Wall exhibits high efforts, high desire for his achievements, persistent, and shows initiative. As a CEO in the ADM, Malcolm Wall, didn’t have to come to the work from 7am and start taking Arabic lessons from the first week of his joining. Mr. Wall rarely work less than 12 hours a day with full of passion and insistence to achieving his goals.

2. Desire to lead:

On the other hand you can feel his strong desire to influence and lead others and willingness to take a responsibility for every step of the transformation of the company and other crucial decisions that he makes on a daily bases.

3. Honesty and integrity:

Mr. Wall also builds trusting relationships through his honesty, clear vision and friendly communication with others. He is truthful and shows high consistency between word and deed.

4. Self-confidence:

Malcolm Wall’s personality never exhibit a self-doubt that is when he decides something you can feel that he knows what he is doing. In addition, he convinces followers for the rightness of their goals and decisions.

5. Intelligence:

One of the most amazing traits of Malcolm Wall is his intelligence. He can gather, synthesize, and interpret large amounts of information. He is able to create visions, to solve problems, and to make correct decisions in marvellous way that you feel that this person is not from the same world of us.

6. Job-relevant knowledge:

Before Malcolm starts his official duty time, he gathered as much as he can of knowledge about ADM to be able to build well-informed decisions when needed.

7. Extraversion:

Wall has a full of energy and live, he is sociable, assertive, and rarely be silent or withdrawn by others. At the national day of UAE, after a hard working day, you can see him holding the dish of sweets and welcoming all the employees who came to celebrate this wonderful day.

Based on the HPDM platform, listing and justifying the core competencies that Malcolm Wall has:

The High Performance Development Model (HPDM) is the framework for developing highly-skilled leaders for the 21st Century. By focusing on eight core competencies, HPDM provides the foundation for leading-by-example and creating a motivating workplace: personal mastery, technical skills, interpersonal effectiveness, customer service, flexibility/adaptability, creative thinking, systems thinking, and organizational stewardship.

Looking at Malcolm Wall’s personality, I can fairly declare that he accumulates all these core competencies starting from the bottom of these skills as a personal mastery, and technical skilled person as he started working at his beginning of life in lower jobs like Media Salesman, getting the best of these skills. In terms of his interpersonal effectiveness, Malcolm is a very effective in dealing within the entire organization.

Nevertheless, Malcolm has a high ability to treat the employees like customers; listening to their feelings, needs, and expectations, as he met every department’s employees, expressing his vision and listening to their remarks and expectations. Malcolm was flexible on the way he meets his goals but, of course, with a strong personality. When he needs a task to be done, he was asking his subordinates to decide at which time they can accomplish it. According to their timing, he fixes his timetable to meet them for discussing their work, but if they did not do it at the time they put at the beginning, then you can see a different person, whoever was the offender.

Moreover, in terms of the creative thinking, systems thinking, and organizational stewardship, Malcolm is on top of them that no need here to mention his contribution in developing a transformational plan for the next five years. Achieving a goal of bringing the organization to be one of the top respectful, profitable, and top viewership audiences in the country and the region, will require from Malcolm systems thinking and organizational stewardship that he was indeed.

The relation that has Malcolm Wall with his followers:

Malcolm Wall was dealing with his followers as they are his colleagues and friends with very respectful and humbleness way. He gives one, two, and three chances, but when he feels that anybody would affect negatively other employees or the organization, then he will be very strict and be like a father who punishes his kids to be better.

The major difference that conceptualizes the leadership of Malcolm Wall with the role of the management encompasses the way he motivates the employees under his managerial authority.

I remember when his assistant had to take a sick leave, he requested politely from my line manager for me to replace her but without changing my place or effecting my original tasks. When he needed something, form me he was coming to my office, discussing, explaining, and requesting politely to help him in it if possible. “When I need something from you I have to come to you, as when you need something from me you will come to me”, was his answer when I asked him to call me when he needs anything.

Malcolm proclaimed many times that “the employees are our best asset that needs to be well care of”, and one of his key strategic goals is to make everyone in the company feel proud of working in this company and other employees who aren’t working within the ADM to wish to work in.

For this vision and taking the responsibility of his transformational decisions, unfortunately, Malcolm had to resign after only six months of joining our company in a Mistry way. Leaving the company with its biggest gap and chaos, fighting to survive amongst the global organizations.

Justifation of fitted theory with the relation that has Malcolm Wall with his followers:

Because of the above study of Malcolm Wall’s personality and behavior, we can declare that this person is giving a clear example of the University of Michigan Studies; as he was Employee-oriented who emphasized interpersonal relationships and taking care of employees’ needs that his leadership, when applied, could results with high group productivity and higher job satisfaction.

References:

HYPERLINK “http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2014/02/dock10-appoints-new-chairman/” http://www.prolificnorth.co.uk/2014/02/dock10-appoints-new-chairman/

HYPERLINK “http://malcolmwallmedia.co.uk/” http://malcolmwallmedia.co.uk/

HYPERLINK “http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/887576/virgin-media-content-chief-malcolm-wall-leave-company” http://www.mediaweek.co.uk/article/887576/virgin-media-content-chief-malcolm-wall-leave-company

HYPERLINK “https://www.linkedin.com/pub/malcolm-wall/51/5a7/787” https://www.linkedin.com/pub/malcolm-wall/51/5a7/787

HYPERLINK “http://variety.com/2013/film/news/pinewood-studios-hires-malcolm-wall-to-lead-china-based-jv-1200560380/” http://variety.com/2013/film/news/pinewood-studios-hires-malcolm-wall-to-lead-china-based-jv-1200560380/

Breadwinner Moms Peer Response

Peer 1: Yanira

Your question on how gender roles have changed sets the tone for a future consideration of how Breadwinner Moms has influenced gender roles and changes therein. I believe that gender roles have evolved to include more participation from women in terms of family responsibilities. The report shows a steady increase of the income of women (in both categories: single mothers and married women) over five decades. The role of women, especially, has changed due to a growth of their income, more work opportunities, progress in trying to achieve equality, and empowerment. Today, there are many married women making significantly more than their husbands, changing their role from contributors to primary breadwinners. Although institutional sexism still makes it hard for women to fully take up leadership positions in the workplace, their roles in the home settings have shifted to equal those of men in the conventional world. Although some women in the minority ethnic groups are still lagging behind as the role of other women evolve, I would say that as equality is gradually attained, more women will take on the responsibilities of primary providers.

Peer 2: Timmy

The element of race plays a significant role in the conversation about Breadwinner Moms and the challenges that ethnicity introduces. I believe that different races have different experiences and the problems or issues increase for the minority groups such as Hispanic and Black moms, compared to Asians and Whites. Traditionally, white women have earned significantly more than any other racial group. While this may be seen as irrelevant, it is important in showing that empowered women have a higher chance of being primary providers compared to those still dependent on their spouses or family for individual and household responsibilities. The concepts of stratification and institutional racism are of significance in understanding how different categories of Breadwinner Moms experience life. For example, black women are more likely to be single mothers without college education and at a very young age. Such categorization means that the chances of being primary providers is reduced, even where no spouses are available.

A Unified Front Against AIDS?

The current number of world-wide cases of HIV infection is estimated at 20 million. In the United States, 362,000 people have died because of AIDS or AIDS related illnesses, while over 581,000 are currently infected. These numbers are startling, but in the United States alone, a country often recognized as the supposed world-leader in health care, between 40,000 and 80,000 new cases of HIV infection are reported each year. This statistic moves beyond startling and into the realm of frightening. The consensus among most physicians, and indeed among most Americans is that AIDS rapidly approaches or has already attained the status of a health crisis. These same people often agree that not enough action is taken to resolve this crisis. Seemingly, a widely recognized crisis of this sort should receive its due attention from all aspects of society, including medicine, biological research, and the government.

Unfortunately, AIDS remains an overwhelming crisis because it in fact does not receive its due attention. The reasons behind the lack of attention brought to bear upon the AIDS health crisis involve a number of invariably linked problems in the response to AIDS when it was first discovered. Essentially, the response to AIDS was not unified, and therefore weakened. This early weakness has plagued the entirety of the struggle against the spread of HIV and AIDS since that time of initial discovery. The response to the AIDS crisis was disjointed because of an early lack of knowledge and interest in the disease; because of ethical and political problems concerning the research, diagnosis, and spread of the illness; and, most importantly, because of the flaws inherent in the structure of the public health care system. These difficult issues, present in the early struggle against the disease, have shaped and molded the character of the struggle that was to follow.

Similar problems have manifested themselves throughout the history of the cause against AIDS, even in the present day. The earliest research into AIDS and HIV suffered the same difficulties that any new field of research would—a lack of direction. Since so little was known about the disease and its causative factors, a wide variety of research endeavors were undertaken to explore the multitude of possibilities concerning the origin and progression of the illness. This lack of direction stems from the implications of the scientific process, which dictates that upon initial exploratory research, a hypothesis is formulated and then tested to determine its validity.

This methodology is taught from the grade school level onward, to individuals participating in even the most rudimentary of science courses. It represents the backbone of modern science by installing a guideline for efficient and thorough research, experimentation, and documentation. In the case of a new field such as AIDS research in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, a certain amount of misdirection and dead-end research is to be expected and even encouraged because of the many paths that this semi-random research reveals. The lack of initial research available makes direction in early AIDS research unfeasible and undesirable. How can science take direction without some initial knowledge to light the way?

Without this knowledge, any direction imposed on the research would be misguided, and the situation would rapidly become a case of the blind leading the blind. The true problems in the response to the discovery of AIDS, however, occurred after research illuminated the nature of the disease, providing goals and direction toward which further research could strive. Upon receiving the first reports of Kaposi’s sarcoma, an opportunistic infection common to immuno-suppressed individuals, in New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, most physicians viewed the phenomenon as localized to the population of homosexual men. This perception served as an impediment for inciting interest in AIDS research. The homosexual community also received little attention from the media because of a lack of interest in a disease confined to a marginalized group.

The minute proportion of media attention allotted to the early AIDS crisis produced a two-fold effect: it did little to encourage research on a disease in which no one seemed interested, and it also did not engender a great deal of public support for the cause against AIDS. In effect, the problem was cyclical. The public did not receive enough exposure to the disease to create an outcry over the lack of research, and researchers did not see enough interest in the disease to warrant involvement. Add to this the fact that the primary group of infected individuals were homosexual men—a group that carried enormous social stigmas even before their association with AIDS—and the problem of engendering research interest seems daunting, indeed. The social stigmas revealed in the discussion concerning the lack of interest in research lead directly into a discussion of the role of ethics and social politics in the response to the early AIDS crisis.

Once the agent of infection was determined to be a virus, and the virus was localized to certain high-risk groups, the effects of ethics and social pressures on the course of public response to the disease became clear. Most notably, the manner of AIDS transmission created a problem concerning potential violations of civil rights and personal privacy. This problem proved even more daunting before an accurate and reliable test for the presence of the HIV virus (or, as in current testing, for the viral antibodies) was developed and made widely available. Before the advent of the HIV test, researchers understood the blood-borne nature of the virus. Its presence in the blood posed a serious threat to the nation’s blood supply. To screen against potentially infected blood in the early 1980’s, blood banks began to screen donors through interviews and questionnaires intended to eliminate potential high-risk donors from the pool of applicants.

This screening presented a number of difficulties. The probe into the lives and behaviors of individuals attempting to donate blood seemed to violate a certain level of personal privacy, discouraging potential donors. It would prove difficult for a potential donor to admit to certain lifestyle choices and behaviors which were, if not legally, then at least socially punishable through discrimination and alienation. This difficulty in admission leads to a further, more grave problem: the unreliability of the information from the screenings. If the admission of certain behaviors is recognized as socially unacceptable, the propensity to falsify information greatly increases. Potentially contaminated blood would enter the blood pool, seemingly regardless of screening processes, without a conclusive test for HIV. In some cases, this fear of contamination from high-risk groups took an extreme form. In January of 1983, a Texas-based group proposed legislation to criminalize homosexual behavior on the grounds that this behavior jeopardized public health. This group also pressured the White House to move to criminalize the donation of contaminated blood. Any donor who’s blood was found to be contaminated with the AIDS virus could be held legally responsible. While this legislation was suggested under the guise of the protection of public health, it seems that its result would have been highly counter-productive. Anyone who might volunteer to donate blood would be seriously dissuaded by the threat of potential legal action in the event that they, even unknowingly, carried the virus. Without any test to detect the presence of the virus, blood donation would present a no-win situation for the donor: he or she would undergo the inconvenient and uncomfortable process of donating blood, and then wait to find out if legal charges would be brought against him or her. Any humanitarian gain is lost in the threat of criminal repercussion.

As an aside, it seems difficult to believe that without a test, the presence of the virus could be reliably detected to the point where the identification of an individual donor would be possible, yielding criminal prosecution. This further exposes the Texas group’s position as a proponent of the public good, and reveals their position as a merely a stance against certain behaviors they found unseemly. Unfortunately, the problems concerning civil rights and privacy did not end with the development of a reliable HIV test. A positive HIV test often carries with it social prejudices concerning the means of contraction of the virus. Issues of fault and blame pervade a positive diagnosis, making the dissemination of knowledge concerning infected individuals a controversial subject. While knowledge and record of infected individuals is necessary for the study and research of the disease, this notion is countered by the myriad social problems an HIV-positive individual may encounter in the future by virtue of being identified as infected.

The greatest impediment to a unified response to the AIDS crisis involved the response of the institutionalized public health system. The two most important groups involved were the Centers for Disease Control (herein CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (herein NIH). The public health system, at its very heart, exists as an uncoordinated entity, structurally unable to present a unified response to any health crisis, let alone one with the complexity of AIDS. In a health emergency, distinct roles must be defined in order to conserve time and resources. Along with a rapid response, the public health system should avoid duplicating research, and should employ the knowledge available in both the public and private spheres of research. These necessities in a health crisis require coordination. This level of coordination seems impossible under the current system for three integral reasons: assigning roles is contrary to the American scientific spirit, the identification of a crisis proceeds at a slow and haphazard pace, and, most importantly, a lack of central authority prevents the flexibility and fluidity necessary to maintain coordination throughout the shifting environments that an expanding health crisis creates. As discussed above, a certain chaos exists inherently in the scientific process, especially when little initial information is available to direct research.

Even when information becomes available, however, scientists are often unwilling to accept assigned research tasks. Scientific freedom serves as a major attraction in becoming a scientist—individual interest dictates research. Under the structure of the current system, if a scientist did, for some reason, want to abandon a project already in progress for one more integral to the cause, the transition of funding and laboratory configuration becomes enormously difficult logistically. New funding, usually in the form of grants, must be approved, and new facilities must be configured to support the new research objective. This clearly points to a lack of a central coordinating authority, which would ease the transition. Even with the facilitation of research objective transition, the decision to change remains in the hands of the individual researcher. The debate may come to an impasse at the point where the struggle balances between personal scientific freedom and the public good. The lack of central authority greatly slows the process of crisis identification. The collection of disease data operates primarily on an anecdotal system. Only individual states can make a disease “reportable.” In other words, the state must request that physicians, laboratories, and hospitals in that state report every case of a certain disease they come across to state officials, in order to facilitate its tracking and future research. The CDC, NIH or any other federal body cannot demand any data, or even the collection of data. At most, the federal institutions can merely request the report of data.

These requests, even though they originate from a federal body, are rather toothless. If requests are not honored by the states or private institutions, the CDC and NIH have no sanctioning power, no punitive recourse against the private sector. One inherent problem that results is that fifty states have fifty reporting procedures, further complicating and slowing the collection of information. Another involves the fact that a private health care organization rarely knows the prevalence of the disease unless it is given broader statistics from a more central source which has compiled them. Circuitously, it is these private institutions that initially notify the state that a disease is worth reporting. Not only does this circular and anecdotal method of reporting slow the process of potential crisis recognition, but so too does the weak relationship between the states and the federal government slow the collection of data by the supposedly most central authority—the federal government. The question of the current relevance of these problems now arises. Have changes been made since the advent of the AIDS crisis? The answer seems to be a hesitant “yes.” The hesitancy stems from the fact that although the inadequacy of the national response to AIDS is widely recognized, few concrete changes have taken effect to resolve the inadequacy.

On July 2, 1992, the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations in the House of Representatives heard testimony concerning the politics of AIDS prevention at the CDC. The issues that were addressed included the allocation of resources between prevention research and cure research, and the need for an increase of allocation to the former. The hearing includes a discussion of the difficulties within the federal government, specifically within the CDC, in assessing the most efficient use of funds. The lack of coordination amongst public and private research serves as one of the main obstacles—again, a lack of coordination. In a NIH AIDS Research Program Evaluation concluded in 1997, the Working Group, responsible for this study, reported a need for the better integration and coordination of private and public researchers. The report also calls for a rededication to basic research initiatives, and with them a redistribution of funds. Research to prevent HIV transmission is also stressed.

It quickly becomes clear that there are similarities between problems within the CDC and the NIH themselves, let alone the problems in communication and cooperation between the two institutions. The original problems in presenting a united front against AIDS when it first appeared still haunt the health care community. Education can change prejudices and social stigmas that interfere with the prevention of HIV transmission, but the coordination necessary for this education must come from a strong, centralized public health organization, in order to ensure maximum efficiency and expediency in addressing the complex and varying issues in a health care crisis such as AIDS. Unfortunately, no such organization exists. This does not bode well for the future, where the possibility of a new health crisis is ever-present, while the health care system remains unprepared.

A Unified Front Against AIDS? Feldman, Douglas A.. Global AIDS Policy. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1994. House of Representatives. Hearing Before the Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations,

The Politics of AIDS Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control. Washington: U. S. Printing Office, 1993.

Murphy, Timothy F.. Ethics in an Epidemic. Los Angeles: U. of California Press, 1994. Panem, Sandra. The AIDS Bureaucracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1988.

Philipson, Tomas J. and Posner, Richard A.. Private Choices and Public Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1993. “Report of the NIH AIDS Research Program Evaluation Working Group.” NIH AIDS Research Program Evaluation Working Group Report. 1997.

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Breach of Informal Norms

Informal norms are casual behaviors that society members conform to provide guidance and direct behavior, thus bringing order in society. Informal norms are an essential part of society because they allow members to understand each other and create predictable social relationships. Reactions to a breach of informal norms vary depending on the relationship between the two parties in play. The OpenStax textbook states, “First, consider the

elements of a relationship. One is attachment, or the bond that people form with each

other. (OpenStax chapter 4, section 1). For the breaching of informal norms experiment, I decided to take the lift while facing the opposite direction from everybody in the lift. Normally elevator etiquette dictates that people fill it starting from the back as they face the door. I choose the school resource center’s elevator on a Monday because it is usually full of students. People got into the lift and faced the door as they waited for it to move and reach their respective floors. Additionally, people in an elevator tend to maintain silence throughout unless they share s special connection like a friendship. I got into the lift last and faced people in the lift. To make it more interesting, I decided to take another step and plug my earphones and dance like it was commonplace for the activity. However, no music was playing on my phone the whole time. I identified two individuals in the lift and tried to maintain steady eye contact by persistently staring at them and watching their reactions.

The elevator consisted of a total of ten individuals of different genders. Two individuals expressed amusement in my actions. On the other hand, five people, particularly those close to me, expressed discomfort. According to the OpenStax textbook, “what is considered deviant is determined not so much by the behaviors themselves or the people who commit them, but by the reactions of others to these behaviors” (OpenStax chapter 4, section 3). The lady right in front of me removed her phone from her purse started scrolling to distract herself from whatever I was doing and avoid eye contact. The man next to her covered his face with his hands in disbelief and looked down the whole time in the elevator. He avoided eye contact with me because it made him uncomfortable. In this experiment, I broke the informal norm that requires people to face the same direction and not interfere with personal space since it’s a small cubicle and is for a short while. The discomfort and amusement of people in the elevator made my actions feel awkward and out of place.

Shifting the social context and introducing this informal norm in a different physical setting. The breach of the informal norm in the elevator opened my mind and allowed me to realize how society, mainly human behavior, is guided and controlled by unspoken rules. The reactions from the people in the elevator made me feel a little embarrassed. However, I had to see it through and gather as much information as possible through their reactions. It helped me appreciate the presence of unspoken rules in society.