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Macroeconomics

Question 1

Macroeconomics is concerned with objectives, issues, and policies that affect the whole economy for a specific country or state. All the economic analysis that concentrates on aggregates is considered as macro. The following are the main objectives of a macroeconomic policy:

Full employment

The petitioner exclude is the more seasoned, a greater amount of date, measure of unemployment utilized as a part of the UAE. Those excluded must be of work, physically fit to work and searching for it, and guaranteeing profit.

For a more practical check, and for universal correlations, the ILO (International Labor Organization) measure is utilized. This incorporates the low-ranking unemployed who are not generally qualified to claim, wedded ladies who can’t assert if their spouse is gaining enough, and the individuals who claim disorder and invalidity profits. Many people just marginally hindered unemployed laborers are paid these profits instead of swell the petitioner tally of unemployment (Bekaert et al. 12).

Note the issue of dynamic and idle parts of the number of inhabitants in meeting expectations age (Bekaert et al. 14). Just the individuals who are dynamic are incorporated in the working populace (or work power), which is characterized as every one of the individuals who are utilized or enlisted unemployed. At the same time a percentage of the latent are in this classification by decision, for example, understudies and the individuals who resign early. Right now in the UAE, the level of work is the most astounding ever (almost 28 million specialists). However, one ought to note the huge contrast in the numbers utilized in assembling contrasted and the administrations (more or less 4 million against almost 18 million) (Caballero 12).

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/diagrams/econ_policy1.gif” * MERGEFORMATINET

Price stability

Inflation is typically characterized as a supported increase in the general level of costs. Actually, it is measured as the yearly rate of progress of the Retail Price Index (RPI), frequently alluded to as the feature rate of inflation . At costs to be steady, along these lines, the inflation rate ought to be zero. By and large, governments are euphoric in the event that they can hold the expansion rate down to a low rate. For a clarification of how the RPI is detailed, see the subject called ‘Unemployment and expansion (Bekaert et al. 15). The UAE government likes to focus on the underlying rate of expansion, or the yearly rate change in the RPIX. This is the same as the RPI with the exception of lodging expenses are uprooted fit as a fiddle of home loan interest installments. It bodes well for the administration to utilize this measure in light of the fact that the weapon they use to control expansion, investment rates, straightforwardly influences the RPI itself.

Different less well known measures incorporate the RPIY, which takes RPIX a stage further by additionally taking out the impacts of aberrant levy (e.g. VAT), and the purchaser value file, which is frequently utilized when making universal examinations. The expansion rates focused around these measures for the entire of 1999 were: RPI, 1.5%; RPIX, 2.2% and RPIY, 1.6%. An alternate imperative fact is that of normal profit development (Di Tella 29). Most economists accept that the development in wages straightforwardly influences the value level. The 4.6% figure for 1999 is sensibly low generally (absolutely contrasted and the early 90s), however there are reasons for alarm that it will have grabbed amid 2000. At the time of keeping in touch with it was so ahead of schedule there was no option get figures for the entire of 2000. This is something that you ought to find yourself. INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.tutor2u.net/economics/content/diagrams/econ_policy2.gif” * MERGEFORMATINET

Stable economic growth

Financial development has a tendency to be measured in terms of the rate of progress of true GDP (Gross Domestic Product). At the point when the expression genuine goes with any detail, it implies that the impacts of swelling have been uprooted. GDP is a measure of the yearly yield (or wage, or use) of an economy. Here and there GNP (Gross National Product) is utilized, which is very much alike to GDP (Bekaert et al. 10). The main contrast is that salary earned from holdings held abroad is included and the wage earned by nonnatives who have possessions in the UAE is taken away (formally called net property pay from abroad). Development figures are distributed quarterly, both as far as the change quarter on quarter and as yearly rate changes.

UAE true GDP development was 1.8% in 1999, which is lower than the mid-90s, however much superior to the subsidence of the early 90s. Keep in mind that numerous economists were anticipating 1999 to be a year of retreat, so the last figure is truly very sensible. Note likewise that there is an enormous distinction between the development rates of the assembling division (-0.4%) and the administration segment (2.8%) (Di Tella 24). The administration segment has been solid for a long time, inasmuch as the assembling part, some would contend, has scarcely recuperated from the subsidence of the early 90s.

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Balance of payments in equilibrium

This is a huge point in itself. Take a gander at the subject called ‘Balance of Payments’ for substantially more detail. Quickly, this records all streams of cash into, and out of, the UAE over a given time period (generally a year). It is part into two: the Current Account and the Capital and Financial Accounts (once the capital record, despite the fact that analysts do still acknowledge this name). Most likely the most critical is the current record on the grounds that this records how well the UAE is getting along regarding its fares of products and administrations with respect to its imports (Di Tella 25). On the off chance that the UAE is to ‘pay its route’ on the planet over the long haul, then it needs to continue acquiring enough remote coin from its fares to pay for its imports. In the event that this is not the situation, the current record will be in deficiency.

Japan has the biggest current record surplus on the planet. Despite the fact that a surplus sounds better than a setback, both might be terrible. Japan’s surplus powers different nations on the planet to have shortfalls. Truth be told, while Japan’s surplus is the greatest on the planet, the USA’s deficiency is the greatest on the planet. This is not an occurrence! The UAE has a tendency to be in setback, despite the fact that the current record was in surplus several years prior, mostly because of our quality in the administration division.

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Question 2

The United Arab Emirates’ monetary flexibility score is 81.9, making its economy the 25th freest in the 2014 Index. Its score is 0.4 point higher than a year ago, with enhancements in the process of childbirth flexibility, business opportunity, and economic related opportunity exceeding decreases in the control of government using and opportunity from defilement. The UAE is positioned second out of 16 nations in the Middle East/North Africa area, and its general score is higher than the world and provincial midpoints. The UAE was initially evaluated in the 1996 Index and from that point forward has been a local pioneer in monetary opportunity. Upgrades in 50% of the 10 financial flexibilities incorporate headways in the administration of open using and business sector openness. Huge decreases in property rights and flexibility from defilement have kept a general addition, however the economy has attained its most astounding monetary opportunity score in 10 years in the 2014 Index. The UAE can improve in the tenet of law. Regard for the principle of law stays undermined by the legal framework’s absence of freedom and defenselessness to political impact.

The United Arab Emirates is an emirates of seven governments. The legislature reacted to requests for change amid the “Middle Easterner Spring” by launching a $1.6 billion project to enhance the framework in the poorer northern emirates. It additionally extended the amount of individuals permitted to vote in the September 2011 races for the Federal National Council. Abu Dhabi represents something like 90 percent of oil creation; Dubai is the inside of economic , business, transportation, and tourism (Di Tella 20). Facilitated commerce zones that allow 100 percent outside proprietorship with zero levy help to differentiate the economy. UAE nationals depend vigorously on open segment job and sponsored administrations. Oil and gas fares represent about 80 percent of government incomes.

The UAE has no salary duty and no government level corporate assessment. In a few emirates, distinctive corporate charges exist for certain business exercises. There are few different assessments, and the general taxation rate is low at 6.1 percent of the economy. Government using is 24 percent of terrible household yield (Di Tella 19). Open obligation is low at about 18 percent of GDP. Oil and gas incomes help fundamentally to open using.

Propelling a business takes six methods and eight days, and no base capital is needed. Permitting prerequisites have been streamlined and are less excessive, yet finishing in any case them assumes control over a month. Vocation regulations are moderately adaptable, and the non-pay expense of utilizing a laborer is moderate. Kept rebuilding of vigorously financed and obliged government-related elements is required.

The UAE’s normal levy rate is 3.7 percent. Non-levy hindrances are not a critical hindrance to exchange. Remote possession in numerous areas of the economy is topped at 49 percent. The present day monetary part is productive and aggressive. Banks offer a full scope of administrations. Islamic keeping economic is progressively noticeable. State-claimed banks have kept up a solid vicinity, yet outside banks have in excess of 100 limbs around the nation.

The country needs demand-side solutions, and since unemployment is a systemic issue, the results must be systemic. One mainstream systemic result is to create higher total financial action, yet the main executor that can decide to do that — the central government — is fundamentally hamstrung at this time. An alternate result would be to change laws (which by definition are framework wide impacts) such that head honchos are compelled to contract more specialists.

Question 3

The Balance of Payment (BOP) is the strategy nations utilization to screen all worldwide fiscal transactions at a particular time of time. More often than not, the BOP is figured each quarter and each schedule year. All exchanges directed by both the private and open divisions are represented in the BOP keeping in mind the end goal to figure out the amount cash is going good and done with a nation. In the event that a nation has gotten cash, this is known as a credit, and if a nation has paid or given cash, the transaction is considered a charge. Hypothetically, the BOP ought to be zero, implying that advantages (credits) and liabilities (charges) ought to adjust, yet in practice this is infrequently the case. Accordingly, the BOP can tell the onlooker if a nation has a deficiency or a surplus and from which a piece of the economy the inconsistencies are curtailing.

Free-Floating Systems

In a free-floating Systems exchange rate regime, governments and national banks don’t take part in the business sector for outside trade. The relationship in the middle of governments and national depends on the one hand and cash showcases on the other is much the same as the normal relationship between these foundations and securities exchanges. Governments may manage securities exchanges to avert extortion, however stock qualities themselves are left to buoy in the business sector. The UAE government, for instance, does not mediate in economic markets to impact stock costs.

Managed Float Systems

Governments and national banks regularly try to build or decline their trade rates by purchasing or offering their monetary forms. Trade rates are still allowed to buoy, however governments attempt to impact their qualities. Government or national bank investment in a floating exchange rate system is called a managed float.

Fixed Exchange Rates

In a fixed exchange rate system, the exchange rate standards between two monetary forms is situated by government arrangement. There are a few instruments through which settled trade rates may be kept up. Whatever the framework for keeping up these rates, nonetheless, all altered conversion scale frameworks impart some critical peculiarities

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Question 4

Causes of economic Growth

Monetary Growth is created by enhancements in the amount and nature of the components of creation that a nation has accessible i.e. area, work, capital and undertaking. On the other hand monetary decay may happen if the amount and nature of any of the components of creation falls.

Enhancing the Quantity and Quality of Land Resources

Builds in the amount of area accessible for agribusiness will build monetary development. Nonetheless, the degree to which this happens is restricted to the degree to which shrub area might be changed over to rural area. All monetary assets are rare and have an open door cost. As hedge area is progressively utilized for agrarian purposes it is no more an environment for untamed life. The relative lack of area notwithstanding a developing populace implies that the theory of unavoidable losses may likewise get to be important. The law predicts that an expanding measure of work connected to a settled amount of area the peripheral gainfulness of the work will fall. This was the premise of the contention set forward by the Reverend Thomas Malthus. To keep this misfortune in gainfulness the nature of the area must be moved forward. This is possible through the application of better innovation through enhanced watering system, composts, and irritation control

Enhancing the Quantity and Quality of Human Resources

Builds in the supply of work can expand financial development. Builds in the populace can build the amount of youngsters entering the work energy. Expands in the populace can likewise prompt an expand in business request therefore fortifying generation. Nonetheless, if the populace develops at a quicker rate than the level of GDP the GDP for every capita will fall.

It is not basically the measure of work that will prompt monetary development. It is frequently the nature of that work (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 17). This will rely on upon the instructive procurement in nations. Enhancing the abilities of the work power is seen as being an essential key to financial development. Numerous states have endeavored huge endeavors to give widespread essential training. As more capital is utilized, work must be better prepared in the aptitudes to utilize them, for example, overhauling tractors and water pumps, running lodgings and introducing power. It ought to dependably be recalled that training using includes an open door cost as far as present utilization and along these lines it is frequently alluded to as speculation using on human capital.

Policy Response to Economic growth

As opposed to the Great Depression, quick and exhaustive fiscal power intercessions served to deflect a worldwide economic related breakdown. The expansive nature and size of intercessions as a rule growing the general population part monetary record, has been remarkable in present day times. The measure of intercessions in the economic related parts amid 2008–2009 was extensive, totaling on normal for cutting edge economies something like 50 percent of their buying influence equality (PPP) weighted GDPs (Sørensen, Peter Birch, and Hans 36). Yet regardless of capital infusions, exceptional liquidity offices, financial moving, procurement of insurances, anxiety testing, and the publication of economic related rebuilding plans, the status of budgetary area monetary record repair is still indeterminate.

Notwithstanding backing to the budgetary part, the worldwide economy is confronting a remarkable issue of coordination (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 13). Tending to the emergency obliges a wide, conclusive, and all inclusive composed arrangement activity as a financial boost that goes past national limits. In most cases,G20 nations have received notwithstanding backing of their fiscal segments financial jolt measures that arrived at 0.5 percent of their normal GDP in 2008, 2 percent in 2009 and 1.5 percent in 2010. A specific attention was set on optional using on base, provided for its higher multiplier impact.

Question 5

Monetary and fiscal policy Impacts

Credit in the UAE has been developing both in outright terms and as a rate of GDP. This is a positive improvement that will strengthen as the UAE economy keeps on differentiating, and as its fiscal markets and keeping money part create further. Credit, notwithstanding, is indicating cyclical conduct, frequently overshooting pattern development and at different times undershooting the pattern. By their temperament, credit cycles have a tendency to be determinedly associated with business cycles. Credit development is speedier amid the great years and slower amid the terrible (Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert 10).

The monetary framework overall has a tendency to see hazards as being low amid expansionary periods of financial action. Incomprehensibly, it is amid the expansionary period of the business cycle that the dangers develop. This applies to most economies on the planet, including the UAE, where the economy accomplished solid credit development in 2008 (+49% year-on-year as of September 2008) which turned out to be unsustainable (Di Tella 24).

In the event that surrendered totally over to businesses, credit cycles could be exceptionally unpredictable. Furthermore given their relationship with business cycles, a credit crunch can prompt a noteworthy log jam in financial action, and the other way around. Strategy has a dynamic part to play. There is a requirement for financial approach and regulation to be countercyclical to attempt to smooth the cycle and its effect on monetary action.

This note has been ready for Dubai’s Economic Council and is separated into three fundamental parts. The main area takes a gander at the credit cycle and its mechanics. The second segment takes a gander at the imperatives confronting the UAE fiscal arrangement system. At long last, the third area takes a gander at conceivable strategy measures that might be actualized.

Works Cited

Bekaert, Geert, Seonghoon Cho, and Antonio Moreno. “New Keynesian macroeconomics and the term structure.” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 42.1 (2010): 33-62.

Caballero, Ricardo J. Macroeconomics after the crisis: Time to deal with the pretense-of-knowledge syndrome. No. w16429. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

Di Tella, Rafael, Robert J. MacCulloch, and Andrew J. Oswald. “The macroeconomics of happiness.” Review of Economics and Statistics 85.4 (2003): 809-827.

Shleifer, Andrei, and Robert W. Vishny. Fire sales in finance and macroeconomics. No. w16642. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

Sørensen, Peter Birch, and Hans Jørgen Whitta-Jacobsen. Introducing advanced macroeconomics: growth and business cycles. McGraw-Hill higher education, 2010.

Final Exam

BMGT 310

Anushri Shah

8th March, 2015

Prof. David WeiskopfBMGT 380 – Final Exam Questions – Spring 2015

(Multiple choice questions are worth 1.5 points apiece and the essays are worth 5 to 7 points each depending on the complexity of the question.) Once you start you have 72 hours to finish. Good Luck!

Multiple Choice: 

1. Sam orally agreed to sell Jamie some land for $500,000. Jamie paid Sam the $500,000; Sam gave Jamie the deed to the land. Jamie took possession of the land and began building a cabin on it. One month later, Sam tried to retake possession of the land by arguing that the contract for the sale was invalid because it was oral, not written. Sam sued Jamie to invalidate the contract and retake the land.

The court will likely conclude that Sam will:

a) Win; the sale exceeded $500 so the contract must be written to be valid under the Statute of Frauds.

b) Win; all land sales contracts must be written.

c) Lose; because the contract was fully executed Sam cannot rescind the contract.

d)   Lose; because Jamie had begun building a cabin on the property, Sam cannot rescind the contract.

 

 

2.   On Tuesday, Jon offered to sell his CD collection to Sandy for $100. Sandy replied, “I’m interested. I’ll think it over and let you know Thursday whether I want to buy the CDs.” On Wednesday, Jon agreed to sell the CDs to Jason, and Jason immediately gave Jon a letter that stated:

“Jon, I will buy your CD collection for $100. As we agreed, I will pay you on Friday when I pick up the CDs.  Yours truly, Jason.”Upon Jon’s receipt of this letter on Wednesday, what best describes Jon’s contract agreement(s)?

a) By forming an agreement with Jason, Jon breached his contract with Sandy because he did not effectively revoke his offer to Sandy.

b)   Jon has formed contracts with both Jason and Sandy because Jon did not effectively revoke his offer to Sandy and created an enforceable written agreement with Jason.

c). Jon and Jason have formed a valid, enforceable contract; Jon’s offer to Sandy was properly revoked.

d) Jon effectively revoked his offer to Sandy, but has not formed an enforceable contract with Jason because Jason has not yet paid for the CD collection.

 

 

3. Mac and Rhamad signed a business contract with a clause that provides that if a dispute arises they must submit to binding arbitration to resolve the dispute. After they had been doing business together for a year, a dispute arose under the terms of the contract. Rather than submit to arbitration, Mac filed a lawsuit against Rhamad. Most likely the court will:

a)   Hear the lawsuit because Mac cannot be compelled to submit to arbitration; he is constitutionally entitled to a jury trial if he requests a trial.

b) Conduct a hearing, then order a remedy without compelling Mac to submit to arbitration or to a jury trial.

c) Compel Mac to submit to arbitration to resolve the dispute.

d) Hear the lawsuit in a trial, then compel Mac to submit to arbitration, if Mac is not satisfied with the trial decision.

 

 

4. Roxy, while driving through Wyoming to her home in Montana, accidentally lost control of her car and drove it through a window into a store owned by Colt. Colt sued Roxy in a Wyoming court for damages to his store.  

Will the Wyoming court likely be able to exercise jurisdiction over Roxy?

a) No, because Wyoming has no in personam (personal) jurisdiction over Roxy, and cannot exercise its long arm statute only in cases involving automobile accidents.

b) No, because Wyoming has no in personam jurisdiction over Roxy, and cannot justify minimum contacts in this case.

c) Yes, Wyoming can exercise jurisdiction in this case because there is a federal question involved due to the diversity of citizenship between the parties.

d) Yes, because Wyoming can assert in personam jurisdiction over Roxy under the minimum contacts test.

 

 

5. Assume a salesperson intentionally made one of the following statements – knowing that the statement was false – to a customer considering a purchase. Which statement could create liability for fraudulent misrepresentation if the customer made the purchase?

a) “In my opinion, this car is in flawless mechanical condition.”

b) “This crane will probably lift about 10,000 pounds.”

c) “This car is a real gem.”

d) “This is an original painting by the artist, Pablo Picasso.”

 

 

6. Ram was walking down the sidewalk by a construction project site in a downtown area. The project was owned and operated by Modern Construction, Inc. and was surrounded by orange plastic fencing typically used for construction projects.  Ram stopped to watch a metal beam being lifted by a crane on the construction site. As the beam swung through the air, Ram thought it was going to fall and jumped forward quickly off the sidewalk and into the construction project property, falling into and smashing the orange plastic fencing. As Ram landed inside the construction project, the beam fell near Ram. The beam did not hit Ram but some rocks were thrown onto Ram as the beam fell, cutting his arm so that it required 35 stitches.

If Ram sues Model Construction for negligence, the likely result will be that Ram will:

a) Lose, because he assumed the risk as a trespasser on the construction site and trespassers can never recover damages.

b) Lose, because pedestrians are always liable under contributory negligence in such cases involving trespassing.

c) Win, because it is always foreseeable that a beam could fall on a rescuing pedestrian.

d) Win, if the beam fell because of Model Construction’s negligence.

 

 

7. Kim carelessly parked her car on a steep hill, leaving the car in neutral and failing to engage the parking brake. The car rolled down the hill and knocked down an electric line. The sparks from the broken line ignited a grass fire that spread to a barn several yards away. The roof of the burning barn fell and damaged a passing car owned by Ray. Can Ray likely recover damages from Kim under ordinary negligence?

a) Yes, because Kim was negligent in parking the car.

b) Yes, because Kim set in motion the chain of events that resulted in damage to Ray’s car, even though Kim did not directly hit the car.

c) No, because of the unforeseeable intervening force doctrine.

d) No, regardless of Kim’s negligence in parking the car as her negligence was not the proximate cause of the accident and harm that occurred to Ray.

 

 

8. Lee sued Don in negligence. Lee’s losses total $100,000. Under a contributory negligence system, if Lee is found to be contributorily negligent for her own injuries, what damages will Lee like recover from Don?

a) None.

b) $100,000.c) $100,000, less the percentage of fault (e.g., 20%, 60%, etc.) for which Li was responsible.

d) $100,000, less the percentage of fault for which Li was responsible, so long as Li was not more than 50% responsible for the injuries.

 

 

9.    Don promised to buy his girlfriend, Sophie, a new car so Sophie sold her old car. Don now refuses to buy Sophie the car. Sophie has a job that requires her to have a car to get to work. If Sophie sues Don to enforce the promise, the likely result is that the promise will:

a) Be enforced under promissory estoppel because Sophie reasonably relied on Don’s promise, to her detriment.

b) Not be enforced because Sophie received money from the sale of her old car; if she also received the new car from Don, she would be unjustly enriched.

c) Be enforced because the car is a necessity for Sophie and all contracts for necessities are binding and enforceable for all parties even if contract formation is flawed.

d) Not be enforced as Don’s promise was a gift to Sophie; Sophie gave consideration, but Don did not.

 

 

10. X and Y agreed that X would sell Y his small business, including the land on which the business was situated, for $500,000. Both X and Y knew at the time the contract was formed that the business was actually worth $800,000. Is this a valid, enforceable contract?

a) Yes, provided the contract was in writing, in accordance with the Statute of Frauds and the parties freely consented.

b) Yes, provided the contract was in accordance with state statutory law that permits real estate sales for 40% or more below market value.

c) No, because $500,000 is not valid consideration for a business worth $800,000.

d) No, because X has no pre-existing legal duty to sell his business.

 

 

11.      Fine Art Corp. sent a written offer to buy 10,000 pencils for a total of $10,000 from Faber Pencil Co. Both parties are merchants. Faber can accept the offer by:

a) Promising to ship the pencils.

b) Promptly shipping the pencils.

c) Accepting the offer on Faber’s own written standard form contract.

d) All of the above could be valid acceptance.

 

 

12.    Ralph, a 16-year old minor, is manager for the high school football team. Ralph signed a contract to purchase alcoholic beverages from Liquormart, Inc. for the team party. This contract is:

a) Void as a matter of law because it is illegal to sell alcohol to minors by state law.

b) Void only if Ralph misrepresented his age and told Liquormart he was an adult.

c) Valid and enforceable, but Ralph has the right to disaffirm because he is a minor.

d) Valid and enforceable, if Liquormart knew that Ralph was a minor.

 

 

13. Which of the following activities may involve the use of a contract, and/or constitute a sales contract?

a) Purchasing medications from a pharmacy.

b) Hiring a contractor to make home repairs.

c) Purchasing insurance policies from an insurance agent.

d) Selling books to customers in a bookstore.

e) All of the above.

 

 

14. Fay was admitted to Global Associates, an existing general partnership on January, 2014. In August, 2014, a partnership debt that was incurred in October, 2013 came due.   Fay is:

a) Not liable for the debt because the debt was incurred prior to her joining the partnership.

b) Only liable for the debt up to the amount of her capital contribution to the partnership.

c) Personally liable only for 50% of the total debt if 50% of the other partners do not pay.

d) Personally liable for the full extent of the debt if the other partners do not pay.

 

 

15. Kelly, Lars and Mona agreed to be partners in Neighborhood Deliveries (ND), all splitting the profits equally. Kelly contributed 70% of the capital upon formation of the partnership.   Later, the partners agreed to dissolve the partnership as it was not as profitable as they had expected, and its liabilities were greater than its assets.

The losses are paid by:

a) All the partners in proportion to their capital contributions.

b) All the partners in proportion to their share of the profits.

c) Kelly alone because she contributed the most capital.

d) Lars and Mona because they contributed the least amount of capital.

 

 

16. CC’s Day Spa, LLC, is a member-managed limited liability company. So long as it is in accordance with state law, and unless the members previously agreed otherwise, voting rights will be apportioned according to:

a) Participation in management.

b) Capital contributions.

c) The number of members.

d) Each individual transaction of the LLC, and will vary with each transaction.

 

 

17. Jim and Kiley are architects and general partners of JK Designs. Jim and Kiley supervise Luc, an employee of JK Designs. As partners, Jim and Kiley

a) Are personally liable for any/all tort(s) committed by Luc.

b) May be liable for malpractice, but not torts, committed by Luc while Luc is working within the scope of his job at JK.

c) May be liable for torts committed by Luc while Luc is working within the scope of his job at JK.

d) Have no liability for any torts committed by Luc at any time.

 

18.   Kisha operates River Valley Soccer, an athletic equipment shop, as a sole proprietorship. Taxes on the business’s income are paid by

a) No one; since it is a sole proprietorship there are no business taxes.

b) Kisha as the sole owner.

c) The state or federal government if Kisha holds a Small Business Administration loan acquired to start her business.

d) The business entity of River Valley Soccer, not Kisha personlly.

19.   Distinguish which of the following is an advantage of limited liability companies (LLCs) over corporations.

Only one member of a LLC must have unlimited liability as compared with corporations in which all shareholders have unlimited liability.

 

LLCs can be formed without any specific steps being taken by the owners as compared with corporations that must file Articles of Incorporation with the State.

 

LLCs can choose whether to sell shares publically to investors, as compared to private corporations that must sell shares publically to investors

20. Pete, who collects antique cars, hired Ann as his agent to find and purchase a 1965 Ford Mustang on his behalf. Ann found a Mustang just like Pete wanted, but Ann fell in love with the car and purchased it for herself.

Which of the following illustrates Ann’s liability, if any, in her duty as agent to Pete in this situation?

a) Ann has not violated the duty of loyalty to Pete; she can find another Mustang for him.

b) Ann has not engaged in self-dealing because she did not purchase the Mustang with Pete’s funds.

c) Ann usurped an opportunity for Pete, but has not violated the duty of loyalty to Pete by competing with Pete’s interests.

d) Ann violated the duty of loyalty to Pete by competing with Pete’s interests, and has usurped an opportunity for Pete.

 

21. Ed hired Frankie, who is 13 years old, to buy a computer on Ed’s behalf.

Which of the following identifies the legal relationship between Ed and Frankie?

This is a valid agency relationship even though Frankie is a minor, and Ed would be bound by authorized contracts Frankie enters into on Ed’s behalf.

b.This is a valid agency relationship even though Frankie is a minor, but Ed would have the option of disaffirming any contracts Frankie enters into on Ed’s behalf.

c. This is a valid agency relationship even though Frankie is a minor, but Frankie would not be entitled to any payment under the terms of the agency because he is a minor. 

d.This is an invalid agency relationship because Frankie is a minor.

 

 

22. Mediation might be more reasonable and appropriate than a trial in which of the following situations?

a) A lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a new state statute.

b) A dispute between neighbors over a property boundary.

c) An alleged theft of patio furniture from the patio of a house.

d) None of the above are appropriate for mediation.

 

 

Answer questions 23-24 regarding the following scenario:

Scenario: Jones, a resident of Arizona, booked reservations for a vacation at World Hotels, Inc. in Cabo Mar, Mexico. World Hotels is an international hotel chain incorporated in Delaware with hotels in North and South America; World Hotels has no hotels in Arizona but does advertise and book reservations for all its hotels over the internet, in any state. World Hotels has booked reservations in the past with residents of Arizona.

While a guest in the hotel in Cabo Mar, Jones was walking across the hotel lobby, and slipped and fell on the wet marble floor that had been just washed by the maintenance staff. The staff had placed a “wet floor” sign on the lobby floor on the side wall of the lobby.

Jones was taken to the nearest Mexican hospital where surgery was necessary to place a pin in his broken leg. Anxious to return home and see his regular doctor, Jones flew out of Mexico shortly after the surgery. He required two plane seats and an ambulance to meet him at various airports. His health insurance would not cover his hospital stay in Mexico as it was located outside the U.S. When back in Arizona, Jones was unable to work for 8 weeks and required another surgery to remove the pin. He also required several weeks of physical therapy.

 

23. Jones wants to sue World Hotels, Inc. for negligence for $450,000 to recover all his medical expenses in Mexico and the US; for $50,000 for the cost of the plane trip from Mexico to Arizona, the 2 plane seats and ambulance costs in various airports; $10,000 for 8 weeks of lost wages; and $50,000 for pain and suffering resulting from the injury.  Can he sue in federal court?

a) Yes, because federal court always has jurisdiction over citizens of different states.

b) No, because federal court does not have jurisdiction in cases that do not involve federal laws.

c) Yes, because the federal court may have jurisdiction over citizens of different states and the lawsuit involves damages greater than $75,000.

d) No, because the federal court has no jurisdiction over an accident that occurred in Mexico.

 

 

24.   It would be easier for Jones to bring the lawsuit in Arizona state court, but he wonders if the court can get World Hotels to come to Arizona. Can the Arizona state court impose jurisdiction over World Hotels to bring the company to court in Arizona?

a) No, because the subject of the lawsuit took place in a foreign country.

b) No, because the corporation does not have sufficient minimum contacts with Arizona to allow the Arizona court to use the long arm statute to establish jurisdiction in Arizona.

c) Yes, because the Jones is a resident of Arizona and he is the plaintiff in the lawsuit.

d) Yes, because World Hotels has sufficient minimum contact with the state of Arizona to justify the court’s use of the long arm statute.

 

 

25. Dan went to Doctor to have an x-ray. Dan did not sign a written contract, and Dan and Doctor did not make an oral agreement regarding the x-ray. When Doctor billed Dan $500 for the x-ray, Dan refused to pay. Doctor sued Dan to recover the $500. Which of the following is true about Doctor’s lawsuit?

a) Doctor can recover under the quasi-contract theory of promissory estoppel.

b) Doctor can recover under an implied contract theory.

c) Doctor cannot recover because there was no express contract.

d) Doctor cannot recover because Dan did not give consideration for the bargain.

 

 

 

26. Under the UCC, Section 2-207 (the “battle of the forms” provision), it is provided that, when both parties to a contract are merchants, any additional terms added in the acceptance of a standard form contract can properly, validly become part of the contractual agreement UNLESS:         

The original offer expressly limits any acceptance only to the terms in the original standard form offer.

The additional terms in the acceptance materially alter the terms of the original standard form offer.

The offeror notified the offeree, within a reasonable period of time, that the additional terms were not acceptable.

All of the above could be true.

 

 

 

27. If Earl, a nonmerchant, offered to sell a chair to Isaac, a nonmerchant. Earl’s house caught fire and destroyed the chair before Isaac accepted Earl’s offer to buy the chair. Consequently,

a) The destruction of the chair constitutes an automatic valid revocation of the offer.

b) The fire does not automatically revoke the offer, but because neither Earl nor Isaac is a merchant, the offer is revocable at any time at Earl’s option.

c) Earl did not validly communicate a revocation to Isaac, so Isaac still has the option of accepting Earl’s offer; if Isaac accepts the offer, Earl must obtain a similar chair for Isaac or pay Isaac the equivalent value of the chair.

d) Earl’s offer is automatically revoked by the fire, unless the offer was a firm offer.

 

 

 

 

28. Reg offered to sell his motorcycle to Thelma for $8,000. Thelma replied, “Your price is too high. I will purchase your motorcycle for $7,000”. Reg agreed and they committed their agreement to writing. This transaction can be characterized as:

 

An enforceable contract because Reg’s acceptance of Thelma’s offer was a clearly communicated acceptance.

An enforceable contract because Thelma’s counteroffer was less than Reg’s original offer

An unenforceable contract because Thelma’s offer was not the mirror image of Reg’s original offer as is required under common law contract rules.

An unenforceable contract unless either Reg or Thelma is a merchant, as defined by the UCC, because sale of personal property contracts are valid only if one of the parties to the contract is a merchant.

 

 

29. A ordered 100 19-inch color TV sets from B, and requested prompt shipment of the goods. B promptly shipped to A 100 21-inch color TV sets. Prior to shipment, B did not notify A that he was shipping nonconforming TVs as an accommodation. Assuming both A and B are merchants, under UCC rules, in this case:

a) There is no valid acceptance by B; shipping nonconforming goods acts as a counteroffer, and thus, cannot constitute an acceptance or create a valid, enforceable contract.

b) Although B shipped nonconforming TVs, A is bound to pay the reasonable value of the 21-inch nonconforming TV sets because B’s shipment constituted a valid acceptance, and a binding contract was formed at the time the goods were shipped.

c) Although B shipped nonconforming TVs, if A accepts and later sells the 21-inch TVs, A has validly accepted the nonconforming goods and is bound to pay B reasonable value for the 21-inch TVs.

d) There is no contract because B’s acceptance (by shipping the goods) is not a mirror image of A’s offer.

 

30. B & B Tape Co. orally agreed to sell 2,000 boxes of tape to Office Supply, Inc. (Office) at a rate of $1.00 per box, for a total of $2,000. Office orally agreed to the deal.   B & B delivered 1,000 boxes, totaling $1,000. Office accepted the delivery and used and sold the tape, but refused to pay for the goods, citing the Statute of Frauds. Under these circumstances, Office is obligated to pay:

a) Nothing, and may keep the tape because the agreement is unenforceable because it was not written.

b) $1,000 for the 1,000 boxes that Office accepted, but is not obligated to accept, or pay for, any more tapes.

c) $2,000 as Office is bound to buy the entire 2,000 boxes of tape.

d) $1,000 for the 1,000 boxes that Office already accepted, plus $500 for one-half of the remaining 1,000 boxes.

31. Employer promised to pay Employee a $10,000 annual pension for the remainder of Employee’s life, upon Employee’s retirement. In return, Employee promised to pay Employer $100 per year for each of the years he works until retirement. Employee relied on this promise and took out a mortgage on a retirement house. Three years later, Employer refused to honor his promise to pay Employee the $10,000 annual pension. Employer’s promise probably is:

Not binding unless the agreement was in writing; such an agreement is subject to the Statute of Frauds because it is a contract that cannot possibly be performed within 1 year.

Not binding because the $100 per year given by Employee is inadequate consideration compared to $10,000 annual pension to be paid by Employer.

Not binding because the pension was to be paid in the future, thus, there was no present intent to be bound that is necessary for a valid contract.

Is binding, under the circumstances, if all the other elements of a contract are present.

32. Someone who recovers damages for breach of contract typically can recover:

a) Only those compensatory damages/losses that can be proven with reasonable certainty.

b) For all consequences of the breach, e.g., pain and suffering, whether or not the damages a re foreseeable.  

c) Only for foreseeable damages.

d) Punitive damages.

33. Ed and Nora signed a contract that included a statement, “No evidence of oral negotiations may be used to change the terms of this contractual writing.” Later Ed sued Nora for a breach of contract. In court, Nora testified that she did not breach their agreement because, after signing the written contract, she and Ed orally agreed to change the contract terms. Nora’s testimony will:

a) Be admitted by the court as evidence that Nora did not breach the contract.

b) Be admitted as a valid exception under the Parol Evidence Rule.

c) Be admitted if Nora is a minor because the Parol Evidence Rule does not apply to contracts with minors.

d) Not be admitted under the Parol Evidence Rule.

 

Essay:

1.Dan, Fran and Stan want to establish a bike sales and rental shop. Dan and Fran will be actively involved in managing the business operations, and Stan is investing most of the money. The 3 want to use a form of business organization that will give limited liability to each of them.   Discuss what would be the best type of business organization to limit their liability, and why? (5 points)

I think a limited liability company is the best option of business they can open. It is a hybrid type of legal structure that provides the limited liability features of a corporation and the tax efficiencies and operational flexibility of a partnership. In a Limited Liability Company, the owners are referred to as members and can be one person or more.

2.   Aaron plans to open Aaron’s Pet Supplies, a pet supplies outlet, and plans to hire 2 part-time employees. Aaron will invest only his own money in the business. He does not expect to make any profit for at least 2 years and to make very little profit for the first 3 years after the first 2 years. He does expect to make a profit eventually.

Which form of business organization is most appropriate and easiest for Aaron to use in opening his pet store – and why? (5 points)

Sole proprietorship. A sole proprietorship is the simplest and most common structure chosen to start a business. It is an unincorporated business owned and run by one individual with no distinction between the business and you, the owner. You are entitled to all profits and are responsible for all your business’s debts, losses and liabilities.

3. There are extensive federal regulations governing airplanes and pilots. Assume that the state of New York passed a statute containing numerous requirements, some conflicting with federal regulations, covering operation of airplanes and licensing of airplane pilots.

If the New York state statue is challenged as being unconstitutional, what is the likely result? Describe the applicable law and rationale for your conclusion. (7 points)

There is a constitutional challenge statute in the United States. A party has to a written motion which draws into question the constitutionality of the statute. A federal statute is questioned and the parties do not include the United States, one of its agencies, or one of its officers or employees in an official capacity; or a state statute is questioned and the parties do not include the state, one of its agencies, or one of its officers or employees in an official capacity; and a notice and a paper is served on the Attorney General of the United States

(2) serve the notice and paper on the Attorney General of the United States if a federal statute is questioned—or on the state attorney general if a state statute is questioned—either by certified or registered mail or by sending it to an electronic address designated by the attorney general for this purpose.

(b) Certification by the Court. The court must certify to the appropriate attorney general that a statute has been questioned.

(c) Intervention; Final Decision on the Merits. Unless the court sets a later time, the attorney general may intervene within 60 days after the notice is filed or after the court certifies the challenge, whichever is earlier. Before the time to intervene expires, the court may reject the constitutional challenge, but may not enter a final judgment holding the statute unconstitutional.

(d) No Forfeiture. A party’s failure to file and serve the notice or the court’s failure to certify, does not forfeit a constitutional claim or defense that is otherwise timely asserted.

4. Fran, Joe, and Mike formed a general partnership to operate a flower shop called Fresher Flowers. One of Fran’s jobs is to make deliveries using the partnership truck. In one such delivery, Fran negligently ran a stop sign, striking a car driven by Peggy, causing damage to the car and injury to Peggy.

Analyze and describe (1) the personal liability of Fran, Joe, and Mike, (2) the liability of the partnership, Fresher Flowers. (6 points)

First, all the partners are liable to the damages caused by Fran during a time when he was on duty. They have to take care of repairs of the car of damages and also the injuries caused to Peggy. For Fran, Peggy can sue him for negligence.

5. Mark plans to open a barbeque restaurant. He can either open the business as a sole proprietorship or obtain a franchise for “Smokin’ Hot

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Date

Body Temperature Regulation as a Homeostatic Control

One example of homeostatic control within the body is the regulation of body temperatures. Body temperature control is one of the most familiar cases of homeostasis. The normal body temperature of human beings is about 37 degree Celsius although factors such as exposure to hormones, elements, metabolic rate can influence this number. Various forms of exercise tend to have a unique effect on body temperature. Heat is distributed throughout the body through circulation, and this increases body temperature. During exercise, approximately 80% of energy is dissipated as heat needs to get removed so the body temperatures do not rise to critical levels (Tan and Zachary, 31). During exercise, there is a rise in muscle temperatures. This is because of oxygen uptake since increased exercise intensity results in increased temperatures in the muscles. In response to the high metabolic heat production, the primary mechanism for heat loss is the evaporation of sweat. To determine exercise performance, various studies have correlated core temperature with the ability to keep working out for a long time during exercise. Pre-cooling and pre-heating affect exercise tolerance hence high body core temperatures and related cardiovascular consequences have been linked to fatigue when performing strenuous exercises.

Works Cited

Tan, Chan Lek, and Zachary A. Knight. “Regulation of body temperature by the nervous system.” Neuron 98.1 (2018): 31-48.

A Road Accident Case study

Ryan should be in triage 2. This is because of the fact that patients in this cadre are critically ill and therefore demand medical attention within 10 minutes or else their situation will degenerate into more complicated forms. In most cases, these patients are normally brought to medical facilities by emergency ambulances.

In Ryan’s case, he is complaining of chest pains and has become notably shorter of breath and distressed on route. From these observations among others, it can be suspected that Ryan may be having a right sided haemothorax.

Also, Ryan should be in this triage because of the mere fact that he got retrieved from the accident scene by the Emergency Ambulance team half an hour after the accident had occurred and from this, he could be deep pain hence necessitating the need for immediate medical; attention without fail.

Haemothorax can degenerate into a situation where the accumulation of blood will start to exert pressure on mediastinum and trachea. This will strain the volume of blood that the ventricles of the heart are able to fill. Subsequently, this will further affect the trachea deviating to the unaffected part. This is what explains why Ryan should be in triage 2 where he is guaranteed medical attention at most within 10 minutes.

Priorities for care for Ryan

From the information given about Ryan’s situation, the first priority will be containing the chest pain, stabilizing breathing ability and nursing any injury sustained in the accident both seen and unseen.

The chest pain and breathing inabilities could be a result of haemothorax which is right sided. Because of the dire dangers of these condition posses to the patient, immediate and decisive measures are needed that they can be limited and thus saving the already threatened life of the patient.

First, it will be very prudent to remove the part that that causes bleeding and drain any blood and air that is in the thoracic cavity and the chest area. This is accomplished through the process of inserting a thoracostomy tube into the chest cavity and thus resulting in the expansion of the lungs thus preventing further bleeding.

While executing the above process, the danger of blood clogging in the tube is eminent. Therefore, to achieve effective and intended results for Ryan, better and effective drainage tubes are a necessity when draining the blood and air that might be in the chest cavity.

As earlier stated, the priority for Ryan’s treatment is to get him stable, stop any internal bleeding and drain blood and air from the bleeding and drain blood and air from the pleural cavity and also examine his entire body to establish whether there could be other hidden injuries that can pose a danger to hi healing process or at worse even his life.

A chest tube shall be inserted through the wall of the chest and made to drain the blood which is a result of draining and also air that could be in this cavity.

In situations where haemothorax may be complex and established that a tube alone can not mitigate the oozing blood, thorascomy or surgery option may be explored. This will be administered with the sole intention of controlling and deterring the bleeding that could potentially worsen the situation. Therefore, for him to regain the lost blood that is highly needed for his recovery, proper diet especially on green vegetables and any other food that is rich in minerals is a must.

From the description of the whole accident that Ryan got involved in, it was a grisly scenario that must have left him in a shock. Therefore, Ryan also needs some professional counseling that will accompany other therapies so that he can regain his usual self. Though the time that the counseling can be done may be in contention, but it is a necessity for him to receive it and the earlier this therapy can be administered to him the quicker

Another priority of care for Ryan shall be, identifying the genesis of the haemothorax and free treating it. In Ryan’s case of accident, a tube is what is needed though surgical operation can be explored in situations of further complications.

Ryan’s quick recovery can also be a top priority for the nurses attending to him. This can be achieved through a careful and systematic approach that can hasten his healing process without necessarily compromising its quality.

From the observation, Ryan has also sustained bruises especially the one that could have been caused by a safety belt. Such bruises if left unattended could also be a source of discomfort to Ryan who is also reeling from chest pain, breathing problems and even shock form the accident. Therefore, an emergency way of dressing such bruises can also be another priority Ryan also complains of nausea. This could be that when the TV flow. IV flow is higher chances are very high that the patient will vomit. Therefore in Ryan’s case it could be better if the IV flow can be adjusted so that he doesn’t vomit. This will further weaken him.

If an operation has been carried on Ryan or the point at which the drainage tube was inserted must be dressed. The dressing should be conducted to prevent any infection to the wound. The material chosen for such dressing should be of quality so as to promote faster healing

Also, another priority for Ryan will be the dressing on the wound that ought to be changed when: the wound is not dry and intact. This situation can be attributed to; symptoms of infection or any other worrying tendency like, example redness of the wound, swelling or discharges or no evidence for routine wound dressing after every three to seven days.

It must also be emphasized that dressing of wound should be done carefully and in the right way to avoid further complications from the wound which can affect his recovery path can be

Finally, the health priorities for a patient like Ryan can be many. However, compromises have to be made so as to ensure that the primary priorities for such patients are first addressed before other issues are dealt with. All these measures will be aimed at promoting his healing process while at the same time deterring the possibility of further complications from his conditions.

Pathophysiological events and nursing consideration

Hamathorax is contained first by removing the part that causes bleeding and draining any blood that might be in the thoracic cavity. Through the process of tube thoracostomy, blood in the cavity is drained. This is done through the insertion of a chest tube thus subsequently, affecting the lung to expand hence stopping the bleeding.

To prevent chest clogging or occlusion which potentially can lead to further complications like crippling effective drainage of the space in the pleural cavity, better performing chest tubes are a must.

Large diameter tubes or more than one tube are normally used with an intention of limiting clogging potentials and should clogging be detected, the patient always must transferred to a theatre with an intention of opening up the chest through a surgical process in order to get rid of pleural cavity clot.

In an event that the clot persists in the chest tube that is being used to drain the blood and any air from the chest cavity, or in the pleural cavity, Thrombolytic agents are applied to break this up. Though this can be an effective way of dealing with blood clogging, it does pose a risk in that it can result in increased bleeding as a result of the thrombolytic agent that makes blood less thick thus causing over bleeding

In circumstances as listed below surgical operations shall be explored so as to reverse the trend of blood being less thick. These circumstances are;

First, if there is continued bleeding from the chest, a condition that can be explained a 150-200 ML/h for two to 4 hours

Secondly, if back to back blood transfusion is needed so that to maintain the haemodynamic stability in the body.

When draining blood and air from patients with a coagulopathy, great care and attention must be paid.

This caliber of patients includes those patients who are normally administered with anticoagulation therapies whenever need arises.

At this stage, it must be noted that needle aspiration are not applied in an event where clotting deficiencies are prevalent. Instead, tube thorascomy is applied with a capability of visualizing and managing any bleeding from the chest wall. Out of necessity for patients who are in need of extended anticoagulant medication, such treatment mode can be re-continued after 8-12 hours after the thoracostomy has been done.

With the completion of tube thorascomy process, repeated chest radiographs should follow immediately. This will aid in the observation of the chest tube position hence assisting in observing how the exercise of evacuating the haemothorax from the chest cavity has been done. It may show other intrathoracic pathology that had been obstructed by the haemothorax.

Normally, a chest tube is placed to a water seal when the lung has been fully expanded through radiography. The drainage of fluid is usually less than 50ml within 4 hours and in these circumstances, residual air leak is limited.

There could be circumstances where a chest tube ought to be clamped. After the realization that air or liquid collection is absent through conducting follow up observation by use of radiography, the tube is removed. Also it is important that radiography is done after the removal of the tube to be certain of the absence complications should drainage be incomplete as shown by radiograph studies after the removal of thorascomy chest tube, a second tube should be done through the use of video-assisted surgery. (V.A.T) and a further operation conducted to completely drain the pleural cavity.

Research has shown that 70-78% of patients with traumatic haemothorax usually get successful treatment through the use of theroscomy chest tube and therefore such patients demand no further therapies apart from one to three follow up chest radiographs within a span of 2-5 weeks to be certain of absence of intrathoracic collections that can degenerate to further complications.

Additional chest radiographs may be necessitated by the prevalence of other intrathoracic pathology besides other symptoms. Extended treatment will be dictated by the extent other injuries.

Research has shown that nearly 20% of the individuals who have undergone tube thorascoscomy will register amount of clot in their thoracic space. Although this is a grey area on what ought to be done, a number of opinions have been fronted on the best way of addressing this. These opinions do range from the follow ups after the initial process to evacuations through surgical methods.

Video- aided surgery (VAT) has tended to be the modern trend of addressing this medical malady. In some cases, it is administered within 7 to 8 days after the initial injury whereas others perform it within 2-3 days after retained clot has been noted in the chest cavity

In situations where VAT is applied, one- lung ventilation is not a necessity. Instead one lumen tube is used to aid in ventilation during the whole process of operating the chest cavity.

Should cardiac, injury be noted, thoracotomy process should be reverted to and with speed so that further complications can be avoided.

The decision to employ VAT when dealing with retained clot is performed by the need to reducing the number of individuals who develops empyema and fabrothorax.

This process besides adding operative way of managing a patient, it does also provide an almost occurrence treatment mechanisms and decreasing the number of days that a patient needs to stay in the hospital unlike other methods.

After thorascomy or VAT on those patients that generally like other patients because of diminished risks chest tubes is removed when drainage is about 25-50 ml.

After the removal of the chest tube, chest radiographs are taken to be sure that the healing process is on course as intended and no further complications are noted and if any, adequate measures are take. Additionally, chest x-ray films can be obtained to enhance proper view and understanding of the whole healing process.

Haemothorax as a result of injury to the chest can be very tricky when handling it. It is therefore important that patients suffering from haemothorax when being treated are handled with utmost care.

This is what calls for utmost pathophysiological process and nursing consideration so that they can well be treated and timely healed where more than one treatment and timely healed. However, in some situations like retained, clotting where more than one treatment option exists, there ought to be an open approach to such an issue. This can be addressed through a more researched and a well versed option instead of applying options whose efficacy has not been tasted. In away, this will be a necessity since the issue at hand is the life of a human being that is hanging on balance and must be treated at all cost with utmost care.

Nursing management program for Ryan comprising relevant ED pathways and pharmacological management in ED:

It is apparent that Ryan is in a sorry health state and thus in dire need of emergency nursing measures. These measures will be directed to cardiopulmonary stabilization with an intention of limiting ventilator time and deterring sit upright unless other injuries hampers this position. Oxygen will be administered in order to give the patient breathing stability and air way should be released together with the breathing.

Because of Ryan’s conditions like, chest pain notably breath shortness, chest pain among conditions, there will be urgent need for his upright chest radiographs to be obtained so as to ascertain the extent of injuries to the chest and any other vital organs of the body. The aim of this is to establish the extent of the injuries and the most appropriate treatment to be adopted when treating the patient,

An extensive evaluation of the chest ought to be done to establish whether tension pneumothorax is prevalent and if so, appropriate measure adopted. To be sure of this, needle decompression of tension pneumothorax shall be used. If it is confirmed, emergency measures shall be undertaken to diffuse it otherwise it can lead to worse oxygen shortages and very low pressure of the blood subsequently resulting to sequelae ( a condition that is a result of trauma or injury) which can actually cause death

Given that Ryan has exhibited respiratory complication, a thorascomy shall be needed. As explained earlier, thorascomy involve insertion of chest to be to the chest cavity so as to draining any blood that might be in the thoracic cavity. The tube inserted will affect the lungs to expand thus preventing further bleeding.

If it is established that Ryan has sustained bruises especially the one caused by a seat belt, measures like application of liniment shall be undertaken so as to alleviate any pain caused by such bruises that results from accident.

If needed be strong pain killers can be administered so as to mitigate discomfort to Ryan who is also suffering from haemothoraxRyan is in pain majority form the chest and through needs emergency pharmacological management in the emergency department so as to alienate this significant pain management aspects have been derived so as to assist patients like Ryan who are in dire need of them.

A number of tests must be done on Ryan to establish the extent of the injury to his chest. These tests include chest X- rays, Chest X-rays CT scans, pleural fluid analysis and thoracentesis

Emergency measures must therefore be undertaken on realizing that included Ryan is suffering form the already suspected haemothorax. The major target fro such treatment will be to make him (Ryan ) stable hinder further internal bleeding and also getting rid of the blood and air that might be in pleural cavity.

A chest tube will have to be inserted to the chest cavity through the wall with a sole purpose of draining blood and air in this space.

If it is found out that the haemothorax is advanced, a surgical method (thorascomy) will have to be applied so as to aid in controlling further bleeding. There is a likelihood of blood in the chest cavity to thicken because of activation of clothing cascade.

Blood thickening will lead to clots in the pleural cavity resulting to chest tube occlusion. Subsequently, this will effect inhibition of proper drainage of the pleural fluid. Therefore, effective working chest tubes are needed in order to limit the clogging potential and its related complications.

Ryan must be administered with 100% oxygen through non-re breathen mask. This shall aid him in breathing having been noted to have breathing Complication

Another emergency response that Ryan desperately née is the completed examination of his body to be sure that all injuries sustained in the accident are attended

It appeared that Ryan is only complaining of chest pain and that there are no other physical injuries , But a through examination of his entire body is a necessity otherwise if this is overlooked , a serious health issue could be underway that can greatly affected his healing process or even his health

Another emergency that might be needed for Ryan’s the use thrombolytic agents. These are used in situation where there are blood cloths. They are therefore used to diffuse clots in tubes or when such clots emerge in the pleural cavity. However, such procedure in risky because of the potential of leading to increased bleeding

In case bleeding persists, surgical operation will be a necessity especially if it has been caused by aorta rapture.

In summary pneumothorax is a bit common in trauma patients and therefore being able to promptly recognize the clinical aspect and also being able to aggressively care for the patient is of utmost importance. Therefore emergency departments (EDs) must have the necessary manpower with the best equipments so as to be able to fix such life threatening issues otherwise if left unattended; the life of a patient can be lost.

References

Berman S and Kozier E 2008, Fundamentals of Nursing, Concepts, Processes and Practice. 8th Ed. Pearson, Prentice-Hall.

Manlulu AV, Lee TW, Thung KH, Wong R, Yim AP 2012, ‘Current indications and results of VATS in the evaluation and management of hemodynamically stable thoracic injuries’. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.25:1048–1053.

Curtis, K and Ramsden, C 2011, Emergency and Trauma care for nurses and paramedics. Elsevier Health Sciences, Elsevier.

Australian College of Emergency Medicine 2010, The Australian Triage Scale. Carlton Vic.: Publisher.

Australasian College of Emergency Medicine. 2011. Guidelines for implementation of the Australasian Triage Scale in Emergency Departments. Carlton Vic: Australasian College of Emergency Medicine.

Lee KM. Wong TW. Chan R. Lau CC. Fu YK. Fung KH 2009, Accuracy and efficiency of X-ray requests initiated by triage nurses in an accident and emergency department. Accident & Emergency Nursing.4 179-81 (Level II-3).

Tambimuttu J. Hawley R. Marshall A 2012. Nurse-initiated x-ray of isolated limb fractures in the emergency department: research outcomes and future directions. Australian Critical Care. 15:3: 119-22

Sinn K. n.d. Recognition of the Critically Ill Child. Canberra: The Canberra Hospital.

Hewson P. Poulakis Z. Jarman F. Kerr J. McMaster D. Goodge J. Silk G. 2011. Clinical markers of serious illness in young infants: a multicentre follow-up study. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health. 36:3: 221-5.Blackbourne, LH 2008, Advanced Surgical Recall. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Emergency Nurses Association 2010, Shock. In: Trauma Nursing Core Course Provider Manual. 6th ed.75-91. Emergency Nurses Association 2008, Emergency Nursing Core Curriculum. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. O’Shea, RA 2011, Principles & Practice of Trauma Nursing. United Kingdom: Elsevier Health Sciences.Kragh, J, Walters TJ, Baer DG 2008, Practical use of emergency tourniquets to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. J Trauma. 64:38-S50.

Name: Xiong Wei

Course: AAD 251

Instructor: Michael Bukowski

Date: 1th July, 2013

A Satellite Dish

A satellite dish is a dish-shaped parabolic antenna, which reflects the signal mounted on supports at the dish’s focal point. Focal point is a device called feedhorn which gathers the signals at the pivotal point before conducting the signals to a low-noise block down-converter. LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band to the L-band range although direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle.

Satellite dish is just unique in its kind especially the silvery coating that covers the whole dish. The dish is circular in motion and assumes a geometrical three dimensional shape. The shape of the satellite dish is really impressive and it shows how keen the artist was while creating it. There are small thin line grains, which are almost invisible that move around the disc-like dish. The dish has parabolic shape, which is focused by the cylindrical feedhorn that gathers the signals to the pivotal point of the satellite dish. The dish is very smooth and silvery all over thus giving it the beautiful look admired by anyone who loves beautiful art work. Unless someone pays attention to the satellite dish, it is not possible to ascertain the artistic elements in it. The grey color, the three-dimensional cylindrical feed horn, the straight stand and the circular outline of the dish are just some of the few art elements in it. The smoothness and the grey nature give the dish a look of harmony and peace hence making it looks friendly to the users. The support of the satellite dish and the dish itself however does not look proportional since the dish is very large and seems bulky compared to the support stand (Johnson 44-60).

The dish is taller than its width and this makes it to look roughly circular and is therefore suitable for use with a standard universal LNB. The large dish has a very narrow focal angle in the horizontal plane for it to reject the signals from other satellites around it and the diameter is 54cm diameter in its width size but 43cm dish lengthwise and this gives it almost complete rejection of its same size. The dish is made of steel material because steel is cheaper than other metals such as copper. At the back of the dish are well-designed metals that are put in an artistic pattern to hold the circular disc, which is mounted on a three-inch diameter pole stand, which makes it resistant from wind. Satellite dish has three arms that support LNB that ensures that it remains at the exact focal point and reduce the risk of damage to the connectors that result from movements due to the strong winds. The dish is also movable and someone can decide may be to go to another house or even change the position of the dish without much difficulty (Johnson 44-60).

The satellite dish’s ability to be adjusted is very unique and plays a very important part when it comes to its usage. For Instance, when the dish is well set such that the elevation and separation situations are correctly put as well as the signal identifier then an individual can set a dish such that the signal meter is well installed in a half way. The dish can assume different motions just to enable the viewer to get exactly what he wants by moving it to one end such as leftwards then carefully revolve it rightwards up to the time the right signal and channel is achieved. The maker of the satellite dish must have had enough knowledge and understanding concerning motions and even the fact that there is need to locate an active signal. This is common especially from a satellite in a geo-stationery orbit, far and far away. Locating the best signal will make a viewer get maximum satisfaction from the gadget. After wonderfully adjusting the strength of the signals to the maximum point, an individual can go through the many available channels provided and go finally select the one that fits him best. An individual has the opportunity to get back to the satellite dish and ensure that it is at the right place where it can gather the best signal strength which suits the viewer. In fact, there is no limit on the number of times someone can change or move the satellite dish and this indeed makes it very flexible and interesting to use.

Satellite dish is made in a way that when I need to loosen the elevation bolts for me to gently change the dishes elevation for best signal strength and also adjust the signal finders’ sensitivity to achieve better view. I can always move the dish up and down slowly until it reaches the best signal strength, which I can view and fix the dish into position, which it fits well because the final position is to fine-tune the best location.

The satellite dish is a three dimensional art that is part of functional art since it is has solved the problem of analogue viewing by providing a nice user friendly way of viewing many things which has created an aesthetic feature to enjoy by people particularly through blending and complementation of technology. The artist who came up with the idea of satellite dish must have used knowledge of communication and technology and it is evident that the artist collected several pieces of artistic works to create a great blend which presents a combination of great works. Satellite dish is very useful and is one of the best attractive modern objects that represent emerging talent who has worked hard to solve some of the problems facing television viewers. The artist wanted to show his creativity in television viewing and understanding of various elements of arts such as size, shape and texture by creating a huge parabolic shaped satellite dish which is very beautiful to almost every person who sees it from any distance (Scholl 159-165).

The artist strategy was to target the many television viewers audience who could not clearly watch their television sets and the viewers who may refuse to watch their television sets simply because they are monotonous and boring. Satellite dish brought a new way of watching televisions in style by making watching interesting and very attractive to the viewers by introducing the clear-crystal look on the TVs. The viewers of the televisions can also watch several programs that they love any time without waiting for the TV channels to control them. Best thing about the satellite technology is that Satellite TV has something for everyone because there is a programming package that is ideal for everyone whether or not an individual using it is a lover of sports, music, comedy, art and culture, news, history, movies.

The satellite dish really appeals to the users by soothing and providing them with what they want in terms of entertainment as well as providing learning and news about different fields. The satellite dish’s design and functions is very appealing to both the old artists and the upcoming artists since it comprises of several combinations of artistic skills such as communication technology and metal works. In some cities, buildings are covered in painted dishes (“art” on the dishes) – to make them more visually appealing when in large numbers. The audience who were targeted by the satellite dish is people who embrace new technology and watching movies and different television programs. It is evident that the audiences are very much happy and contended with the satellite dish due to provision of different programs on the TVs (Scholl 159-165).

The strategies of the inventor of the Satellite dish has been very beneficial to me since I am now able to view TV differently in a very unique and interesting manner. I can now watch many TV programs and even other things such as football and movies through the use of satellite dish. Satellite dish involves an idea derived from diverse subject matters since it involves the way in which TV can be watched in a style. The satellite dish provokes reactions from the audience in the way they receive the various programs they watch. It has introduced new idea, which is important in providing a new way of as well as derivation of ideas from the already existing objects such as TVs that could only show single channels or programs particularly local channels.

I have really gained from the satellite dish because for instance, as a foreign student I am able to watch my home channels through the satellite dish. I also love fashion and the satellite dish has provided me with so many channels that show fashions and designs. I love taking my time watching our local movies and exploring world news via many channels provided by the satellite dish. I am never bored by the variety of shows and programs provided by the satellite dish and the feeling I have towards the satellite idea is that it is my biggest partner who would inform me of any new idea and stories I want. I have come to love athletics and sports generally because of the satellite dish. Satellite dish shows very many sports channels that are very interesting and lovable.

The dish is part of my life especially due to its spectacular shows that reflect the social life and practices of our people. I am able to feel at home and enjoy myself in the foreign country because the satellite dish has provided all the information such as news about my home country. As the time goes by the satellite dish has become increasingly advanced creating the quality of TV viewing and the abundant TV programs make my life colorful. I can relax after a long day work or studies by viewing the most interesting program or movie and this greatly relieve me from stress. By using the satellite dish, I am capable of shaping my future by watching programs that are very constructive and sharpen my wits particularly in my area of study. What else can do me all these? Watching high definition programs at a lower price because of this spectacular technology of the satellite dish is just amazing and exciting. I feel that all many forms of emotional challenges such as sadness and depression have been minimized by the available programs that are only meant for the purpose of comforting me and I am now living very comfortable life away from home.

The satellite dish must be representational because it was derived perhaps from the television aerials. The satellite dish is based on innovativeness and inventions just like every other electronic. My experience with the dish has largely been influenced by my passion for physics especially waves and signals transmissions. Although the dish may not be enjoyable to everyone especially aesthetically, its contents and make contains a lot of physics knowledge. The assembling of the dish and other components such as feedhorn involves a lot of physics logic. Even the fact that it can be rotated while searching for the strong signals is part of wave theory where the best and strong signals are considered useful. I believe that my dish is certainly minimalist as a way of making it adapt to its function. I would also conclude that it has some elements of formalism because of its flawless shape and the great emphasis put on its parabolic shape.

Interaction with the satellite dish is just awesome and there are a number of senses that I do apply while interacting. I mainly use my eyes to see the grey color of the parabolic dish, its shape and the connection of wires. I also use hands to touch and rotate the satellite dish while trying to search for a strong signal for best viewing of the television. The rotation really flexes my muscles and as I turn it, at times I turn on the television so that I can hear the sound from the TV when the dish is in its proper position. Rotation of the satellite dish sometimes works well as a simple workout and coordination of my senses. When I successfully rotate the dish , I normally feel that I have achieved a very important thing that most people are too lazy to do. I normally try to focuss on the best direction where the dish can be rotated for better results and this has made me achieve subsequent accuracy and speed in adjustment. The work of rotating the satellite dish may however seem difficult to people who do not want to concentrate simply because they are too lazy to do it. At times I feel to reluctant to rotate the dish because I suspect that it may tilt and loss the signal again. Nevertheless, I have realized how to overcome such kind of problem by tightly fixing the dish on its stand.

I have analytical and high achievers personality which has made me pay close attention to the satellite dish. I have always been interested in knowing how the satellite dish operates and improve on its abilities. My passion for achieving great things and the need to improve on performance of objects has made me to come up with an imaginary direction where the strength of the signals are always very strong and therefore little rotation is required. My love for watching television when it is crystal clear has also attracted my attention to the satellite dish. In fact, every time I want to watch television, I first check on the position of the satellite dish to ensure that it is in the correct position.

My visual intelligence has always prompted me to search for better signals almost on daily basis so that I can get the best crystal clear look on my television. I have always wanted to watch clear things on my television and this has been the main reason why I would climb on top of the roof to make the satellite dish. My physics intelligence too has always made me to try to figure out how the object operates. In many cases I have found myself just asking myself several questions about the satellite dish such as how does it receive waves from far places and oversees.

My love for the satellite dish began as esteem because I wanted to be recognized as someone who can achieve what most people cannot. I wanted a good name because many of my friends tried rotating the signal to receive strong signals but they did not succeed until I tried and achieved the best result. My passion for physics and television generally made me develop very close interest on the satellite dish. I would say that it was self-realization because I wanted fulfillment and satisfaction in my area of interest.

The social motive for me is to obtain the right position of the satellite dish and fully understand how it was constructed to suit its function. I desire to come up with ideas that can help making of a better satellite dish that would not require frequent rotation. I have always wanted my friends from different countries to view our home television channels so that they can also learn a lot about our culture. Watching clear and interesting channels is one of the ways I can best spending my leisure time with friends. I really enjoy socializing with friends especially over the weekends and turning the satellite dish is one of the interesting and funniest things we normally do together.

Biasness is very frequent when it comes to dealing with the satellite dish. At times I find that I have not properly rotated the satellite dish well. This is always embarrassing because everyone knows that I am good at it. In most cases I have always tried to to explore new directions where I think the signals might be stronger because of my physics knowledge but I fail terribly.

The maker of the satellite dish achieved what he intended to do and I can call his work an accomplished work and a big success story in his life. Yes, he wanted to provide diverse channels providing many programs that fit the users and he finally achieved his target. The design of a satellite dish is a mixture of almost all elements of art such as the parabolic shape, which fits its function and the wider dish to boost signal reception. The most surprising thing about the satellite dish is that it covers oversees channels particularly the least expected channel from my foreign country. The dish really serves its purpose very well especially the way it was artistically designed in a circular shape to gather signals. The dish is very easy to maintain because no much attention is needed after it has been installed perhaps because many people have it. Satellite dish have become part of every home and this is especially due to perfect craftsmanship applied. The dish reminds me of great skills and knowledge used for success of every project.

Satellite dish is the best object I have ever come across in my life because of its uniqueness and the artistic styles used in its design. Even though numerous people do not understand the mystery behind signal reception and interpretation of data played on the TV set, satellite TV remains one of the least understood major provider technologies for TV reception throughout the world. The satellite dish is a relatively simple technology based on relatively basic physics theories, which has attracted many and many people to sign up as new satellite customers particularly do to benefits received from it. Advancement and enhancements of satellite has contributed a lot to the sector of communication and this makes many consumers want to use it hence making them be elated with the outcome and many more people throughout the world receive service that is either on par or superior to the best cable packages, and with those two reasons alone it is quite easy to understand the growing popularity of satellite television services. I have realized that the dish that I once considered as a boring object is very useful and contains a lot of art elements. I realized that even physicists and engineers apply a lot of art in their work before completing the final work. The artistic styles such as the shapes and image style used is really amazing. From looking at the dish, I have realized that no object can exist without art definitions in it.

Works Cited

Johnson, Jean. Exploring Contemporary Craft: History, Theory and Critical Writing ; [… Papers Presented at the “exploring Contemporary Craft: History, Theory & Critical Writing” Symposium Held in March 1999 in Toronto …]. Toronto: Coach House Books, 2002, 2002. Print.

Scholl, Brian J. Objects and Attention. Cambridge: Mass, 2002. Print.

AAD 251: Assignment #1 Evaluation Form(40 Points)

Description:

and

“Formal” analysis (application of the Elements & Principles of Design)

A very good description and beginning to exploration through E & P of Design, but might have been able to further develop the E&P of Design aspects of the discussion/visual analysis. And see above.

Category(-ies) of “art”: Good.

8.25

10 Points total possible

_____________________________________

Tactics & Strategies (how applied; what they revealed):

5

5 Points possible

_____________________________________

Image Styles: See above.

3

5 Points possible

_____________________________________

You (the Viewer) & the Object:

Senses: Application of material from the Senses reading? Recall that humans have far more than the “classic 5” Senses. Have you ever been able to physically interact with the dish vs. merely experiencing it through vision (i.e. looking at the dish itself rather than TV programs)?

Emotions: Application of material from the Emotions reading? Might help explore further nuances of emotional experience.

Personality: Application of material from the Personality reading? Does the dish reflect any aspects of your Personality? Also, some students anthropomorphize their Object.

Intelligences: Gardner, et al.’s Intelligence Domains? Any involved in your experience / understanding of the dish?

Needs: Maslow-related Needs?

Social Motives: Social Motives from the Reading?

Biases: Biases from the Reading?

E.g. consider why you have the dish vs. other ways of receiving TV signals.

1.25

14 Points total possible

_____________________________________

Findings:

Maker’s intent:

Most surprising:

and

Conclusions / judgment:

Relation to judging design reading Good and Bad: Judging Design in The Elements and Principles of Design document (e.g. you mention that it is prone to rust)? Otherwise a nice “wrap up” to the “story” of the dish.

4.75

6 Points total possible

_____________________________________

Solid start, then you ran into difficulties. The most significant problem (and it certainly impacts the grade) is with the portions that are missing or “alternatively” addressed (see above). You tell a good “story” about the dish, but it’s the nature of the exploration—the use of our framework to help (hopefully) break away from “normal” ways of seeing / experiencing—that needs further development. Who knows what additional questions raised by the material in the other Readings might lead to (or not)….

Problem areas could easily be addressed with some additions, if you so choose. Let me know if you have any questions about course materials or how to apply them, or if you would like to see a sample of this assignment…..

See above for a few other comments.

Points: 22.25 (out of 40)

Case study

The purpose of this paper is to identify how different factors effect on the growth of small businesses. The growth of small businesses has been influenced by factors such as growth strategy, business forms, short and medium term goals, financing assistance, organizational structure and staffing needs, customers and promotion, and ethics and social responsibility. In this paper we are going to discuss how the different factors alter the advancement of small businesses.

Kelly’s sandwich concession has been selling sandwich and other lunch items to her customers for the past five years. Though small, her business has been a very optimistic and fast growing business. Applying different strategies to aid in the development of the business has made a very big positive impact on it. In fact it is said to be one of the best in town. The business has developed from a small business, through using bicycle-towed concession that travels to different strategic locations in town, and currently she has got a restaurant where she can do her business from.

Kelly’s Business being a small business that is still growing faces some several challenges. The particular status of the business is examined at length in this document and several problems were discovered. This paper will be based upon the details provided by the content and it is separated straight into a pair of portions. The first segment looks at a number of causes of the down sides at the moment facing this Kelly’s business. The next segment offers suggestions that could allow Kelly to be able to address the difficulties she is facing so as to make her business even better.

Reasons why Kelly’s business is doing well

Kelly’s passion as well as skill for producing dependably refreshing, yummy lunchtime fare well-liked amid a company customers, largely workers as well as shoppers, has made her little business the thriving achievement. Through her skills, she has made her products popular with employees as well as other consumers.

Kelly’s strategic framework

Tushman along with O’Reilly outline proper wording as about three essential elements which guide supervisors realize the particular options in addition to restrictions which lie before their particular businesses. The elements tend usually are: environmental surroundings that the business performs in, the particular sources of their resources, in addition to a history on the business. The proper wording is the critical first part of Tushman alongside O’Reilly’s congruence product. Once the proper wording is usually comprehended, strategic alternatives might be created, vital chores described, in addition to place examined among people vital chores and also the organization’s men and women, organization, in addition to lifestyle. In case which proper wording is usually changed, nevertheless, alternatives might be incorrect, vital chores away concentrate on, in addition to interactions out of alignment. Kelly’s ideal circumstance has been through stunning improvements lately. Its aggressive surroundings, the customers, the marketplace situation, and its record are blended to change the proper framework.

Kelly has used several strategies to ensure that her business is well known to the consumers. First, through her passion and talent, she has made sure that all the customers near her concession know her lunchtime menu as the best in town. She has gone further to introduce a bicycle-towed concession to reach out to the customers who are outside walking distance from her business. This strategy has made her business grow even further. Kelly has advertised her small business through facebook to ensure it reaches as many as possible. The probability of achieving profitable growth is heightened whenever an organization has a clear growth strategy and strong execution infrastructure.

The main reasons for this small success in business growth are:

Inadequate consideration of opportunities within the core business, adjacent to the core business or within new customer sub-segments.

An organizational infrastructure that cannot support successful execution.

When any business develops, there is a predictable procedure of how things happen. For a business to achieve its goals and develop, there are several factors which should be taken into consideration. They include:

Sales

Each time a business evolves, finding revenue is usually every little thing. The actual promoting department uses the majority of management’s efforts.

There are several strategies managers can employ to increase the probability of success of a small business and Kelly being the manager of her business should take them into account.

Initiate a process to identify strategies with a high probability for success.

They include: Increasing the particular core enterprise, increasing by sub-segmenting buyers and also increasing nearby opportunities. It is strongly recommended that the chief leaders start the procedure by considering the progress likely from the found core enterprise and/or the particular opportunities and also progress likely connected with creating revolutionary price propositions at under functioned buyer organizations.

Strengthen the actual performance national infrastructure

Strengthening the performance of her business throughout the town and in the suburbs can make her business returns even more pleasing, using adverts and strengthening the sales and marketing team is also one of the key factors to her business success. In addition, hiring professionals, though it may be expensive for her business, in the long run can give her business a strong base to make her business a success.

Business form

A business form will make sense to Kelly’s business as it is undergoing expansion. In the form she should consider all the risks involved in expansion as well as the inputs and methods used to ensure the business prospers even better in the new environments.

Financial assistance

Through the equipment Kelly is using, we notice that she has financial constraints which can be addressed to ensure that her business gains a strong market share, not only in the town but also outside.

Kelly’s growth prospective will need be prepared for as well as obtaining suitable varieties of additional money, and this can be a key side to side design operating all through quite a few small enterprises. There are several sources of finances which aid in the growth of small businesses. They include but not limited to: grants from government, loans, and personal savings.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND STAFFING

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The type of organizational structure that a business may use is determined by the type of business and the environment that it is in. Task allocation, supervision and coordination and goal achievement are all aspects to consider when designing an organization structure for a company. While some organizations may use hierarchical structures, smaller businesses may opt to use a more informal system. For example, Kelly’s business has the owner, Kelly, who also functions as the operations manager. As the business grows, managers may be added to supervise staff in specific areas of the business.

STAFFING

To determine staffing needs, businesses could use career operations to spot the particular varieties of abilities needed for each position. Period estimates as well as supplies necessary for each career ought to be described, along with the level of ability essential. Kelly’s business needs more staff as it goes through this time of upgrading and as we have noticed, she has considered hiring professional business consultant to assist her in her strategy of expanding.

CUSTOMERS AND PROMOTIONS

Customers are the kings in a business. For it to prosper, the managers of a certain business should make sure that the customers get value of their money as well as motivating them to be loyal to the business. For this reason the Kelly may use several promotions as incentives to the customers

The promotions include

Seasonal reduction of price. This works well in motivating the buyers to buy more.

Personal selling involves direct personal interactions between a potential buyer and a salesperson. Personal selling can be a powerful promotion method

Advertising in business is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience to take or continue to take some action.

5. ETHICAL ISSUES AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

5.1.1. Ethical issues

Integrity and believe in

A rudimentary perception of integrity incorporates the concept of doing your company affairs together with loyalty plus a motivation to be able to treat each consumer well. As we may notice Kelly is much sensitive to her relationship with her customers, employees and the community in general.

Diversity issues

The world is a rich and diverse place full of interesting cultures and people, who should be treated with respect and from whom there is a great deal to learn. An ethical response to diversity begins with recruiting a diverse workforce, enforces equal opportunity in all training programs and is fulfilled when every employee is able to enjoy a respectful workplace environment that values their contributions. . ( HSBC Group,2011) As Kelly thinks of expanding her business outside the town, diversity is a challenge she should address through hiring people from different places to counter this issue.

Decision making issues

Honorable decision-making procedures ought to target guarding member of staff and buyer rights, ensuring most enterprise functions are generally reasonable and just, guarding the most popular excellent and ensuring personal values and morals regarding workers are generally guarded. (Santa Clara University, 2013). Kelly as we can notice is careful when dealing with her employees as they are key to the success of her business.

Government compliance issues

Companies are likely to fully stick to the environmental legislation, federal government and also point out protection restrictions, fiscal and also personal exposure statutes and also just about all suitable municipal rights legislation.

5.1.2. Social responsibility

Small businesses have various social responsibilities which include: recycling of waste materials, reducing the energy consumption, establishing a foundation, volunteering in the community, offering help in global causes and collaboration with other businesses.

6. SUMMARY

There is a correlation between how growth strategies are employed in a small business and the consequent development of the business. Businesses engaging in social functions as well as practicing ethics make them grow even further.

Complying with the government rules is also important in the well-being of the business.

References

The role of exports in small business growth and job creation hearing before the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, August 11, 2011.. (2012). Washington: U.S. G.P.O.

Aaker, D. A. (1984). Developing business strategies. New York: Wiley.

Moon, C. (2001). Business ethics. London: Economist.

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Bondy, Elizabeth, and Dorene D. Ross. “The teacher as warm demander.” Educational Leadership 66.1 (2008): 54-58.

In this article, the author discusses ways a teacher can engage a classroom. Let students believe that you care-and will not stop to. “Many teachers in high-poverty schools struggle to establish a positive classroom environment” (4). Their level of caring does not match the needs of these disengaged children and it thus does not make a difference. “What is missing is not skill in lesson planning, but a teacher stance that communicates both warmth and a non-negotiable demand for student effort and mutual respect” (5). This is what is referred to as the warm demander, a stance used to sustain engagement in high poverty schools. “Although warm demanders may become frustrated by student behavior, they accept problems as normal, and they believe in students’ ability to improve” (23). This article had me believe that teachers despite having little control over various aspects of school engagement, they have the capacity to create supportive climates that allow for engagement among these group of students

Student’s Na me

Professor’s Name

Subject

Date

A Rose for Emily Literary Analysis

Faulkner’s most famous and popular short story, ‘A Rose for Emily” is a story which evokes strong emotion through the use of a good blend of plot, character, setting and other literary techniques to enhance the effectiveness of the story as a whole. The main character Miss Emily Grierson’s deranged behavior elicits many questions on the mind of the reader regarding her mental faculties. On a whole perspective, the story centers on Emily who is deeply admired by the community which is defined as a tradition or a fallen monument. On the contrary, Emily is a person who has a very dark heart given the way she handles her lover. The act of poisoning and killing her lover shows that she has a dark heart inside. The story is an exposé on the life of Emily who is a character that is aristocratic on one part in addition to harboring secret unspeakable secrets. Different literary devices are used to enhance the effectiveness of the message by making it be delivered in an easily understandable form.

Setting

The theatre upon which the story is based is in and old house and in an equally old town. The setting is comparably rich in Faulkner. He creates his town to be the auditorium of his story. Mississippi Yoknapatawpha is the setting upon which all the action takes place where it encompasses the last living days of Grierson. Major of the action that unfolds in the story is based on the situations that arose when their way of life changed drastically making them more confused on how to change their life to incorporate a new cultural perspective. On the essence of the time setting of the story, the story runs from the time Miss Emily Grierson was born to a time when she died of old age. As such, the story covers over sixty years of the life of the main character. Major events unfold during those years as depicted in the story. For instance, some of the major events that dot the time frame include the short illness and eventual death of her father and the time she met her lover during the summer to be specific. It was at this time that slavery had just ended and the middle class was gaining relevance by the day. Emily and her family were rich and with lots of slaves. As a result, the story quite compares the traditional versus the nontraditional and the conflict of the old versus the new. After the death of Emily’s father, their life is bleak since everything that they once held close to their heart was changed in a moment. Her father meant a lot to her as evidenced by the emptiness of life that she had to grapple with after he left. She is left to figure life on her own. This contributed greatly to her madness and a poor sense of judgment. For instance, due to the controlling nature of her father, she found it hard to live with Homer. She felt that she needed someone to lead her again that eventually causing her to kill him. Additionally, the author effectively depicts how Emily thrives in a world of timeless vacuum and of her creation. Literary speaking, the story is a rich blend of setting as it richly unfolds in the life of Emily.

Symbolism

William used symbols in a way that creates meaning and emotion in the story. There are different ways that the author has used to symbolically represent different aspects of the story. One of the ways through which the author achieves this is through the use of metaphors and allegory. Emily’s house just like the owner is a perfect representation of a world which is dying around her. The house was built during and after the era of reconstruction that was in the 1870s. Southern aristocracy was slowly diminishing. The house is an extension of the life of Emily. For instance, it owes its, “stubborn and coquettish decay” to the residents of the town. It depicts the tradition of both fortitude and preserving the culture that was seemingly getting out of the town’s people. Emily’s ‘house is an emblem of alienation, mental incapacity, and eventual death. For instance, the author notes that it is a shrine which still thrives it its past .

The past is a slave of the present time. The house depicts the past life which Emily was not ready to leave behind. Just as the house is ugly on the outside, the inside is not very different. The inside is purely nightmarish. Literary is was a tomb. Through this, the story gains relevance in an ever-changing cultural landscape. Many residents of the town were fascinated by the house just like the owner. It was a fascination to many. It is evidenced to a time when they sprinkled lime on the foundation of the property which would, in turn, counteract the stench of the foul that emanated from the bedroom of Emily which harbored a dead man. It is a struggle to leave the past as evidenced by the author. The past is, therefore, a symbol of oneness and togetherness. Each of the town people has their interpretation of the happenings in the bedroom of one of their neighbors. Ultimately, the death of Emily represents a time when the residents of the town had the freedom to pore into the secret life of Emily and understand her wildest notions and logics upon which her thoughts were centered on. Effectively, it was upon them to break the realm of the past and embrace the future.

In addition to that, the strand of hair is a symbol of love and the tricky things that people engage in in the pursuit of their happiness. Consequently, a strand of hair is effectively used by the author to remind of lost love. Moreover, it reveals the inner life of a woman who is committed to living life as defined by her way of thinking without the influence of the society and neighbors in general. She did not live with the approval of others. Symbolically, the strand of hair is an emblem of a person who undergoes a struggle of subscribing to the status quo. Emily lives in her world where she is not easily influenced by the definition of others, and it’s very shocking considering her definition of life. The narrator effectively uses foreshadow to symbolize a life of transformation as she passes through life. As a symbol of aging and change, the story shows how life has changed over time. Her hair grows changes slowly until it becomes a “vigorous iron-gray”. It is a representation of the fragility of life. Her hair becomes more grizzled as she ages.

Motifs

A motif is an idea or image that is recurring thus helping to develop the theme in a piece of work. Eventually, as seen in the story, this is achieved in through different ways. One of the major ways this is achieved is through the recurrence of ideas and images. The dust has been consistently used by the author to show the decay and decline that prominently takes place in the story. The dust as it is depicted by the author is in a perfect accompaniment of the life of the residents as it fades into uncertainty. For instance, when the elected city council members come to secure Emily’s annual tax payments, her house has a unique smell which resembles that of dust and disuse. It is an air of unconditional change and periodic laxity. Dust collects as the aldermen frequently move around the room. As it rises, it obscures the men from understanding the kind of life as envisioned by Emily. The dust serves to protect the main character of Emily from the men. As a result, the men cannot understand the relationship that Emily has of obscurity in the face of uncertainty. The true nature of Emily does not come out clearly since the presence of dust is oppressive. Despite being everywhere, it is more ominous here given the magnitude of the current situation.

Another motif that is prevalent in the story is the act of watching. The author of the story has used this motif to amplify the importance of the changing nature of events in the life of Emily. Emily is under intense scrutiny from the narrator and the general public. Consequently, the life of Emily undergoes a multifaceted and intense speculation from the neighbors. The towns’ people are often interpreting the life on one of them despite having little knowledge of her. Attending her funeral in full glamor of respect and honor show that the intention of the people is to satisfy their inner curiosity of the woman underscores the main point of loyalty to their own. However, despite all the scrutiny, they never get close to knowing the true nature of Emily’s life in any perspective. As a result, Emily becomes a figure that is observed only from the eyes of onlookers with a vague picture of reality. The author has succeeded in making the true nature of Emily a mystery to the people of the town. As a result, the story creates a feeling of emptiness and that of satisfaction on the mind of the reader. She is an idol of admiration and anonymity. Despite giving clues, she is a secret. They don’t grasp the true identity of Emily. It is only after she is dead that her true identity is revealed (Vanhelleputte, 16).

Irony

Irony’ Irony is prevalent throughout the text.one of the prominent instances of irony in the story is that of Emily claiming to loving Homer. Instead of death separating them, it forms their union. This is ironic. She murdered the man she loved to create a bond that lasted through eternity. Situational irony is where something happens in a story that is quite the opposite of what the reader expects. In the story, the reader does not think that the dead body of Homer is packed in the house. Following the death of Emily’s father and the hardships that follow, she is still well revered in the community. She is considered an upper-class citizen. Once Homer moves into the town, he begins dating Emily. He represents the north during the civil war era. It is ironical that Emily accepts a man with a very different cultural background into her life. Love is a beautiful thing that surpasses thoughts and traditions. Emily knows this too well and would like to experiment on it. She is not expected to court a man of that social background. The type of irony, in this case, is referred to as situational irony. It is very ironical given the turn of events. Faulkner effectively utilizes this device to bring about an air of uncertainty in the story. Effectively, this strengthens the relevance of the message. When something completely frustrates the expectations of the reader, it is a shift in the plot of the story. Shifting the story consequently brings about an insistence on a major theme. As a carpetbagger, he was not expected to court one of the most revered women in the town. The irony of the situation is that the Southerners were only expected to marry the southern men (Muecke). He broke out of this cocoon and ended up with a woman with deeper desires than he would provide eventually.

The narrator effectively exemplifies the use of the pronoun “we.” This effectively creates a different picture in the mind of the reader by incorporating all the thoughts of the people of the town. She is thus given the idea of a heroine. A collection of images is thereby created, thus creating a communal thought on a perspective. Effectively, the narration successfully creates a notion of communal consciousness and peculiar sapience. Being the only point of focus causes her to be the main character amidst the multitude of people with different vested interests. The narrator contributes to the development of the plot by impacting on the overall objectivity of the story. This is because, despite the first narrator speaking as a single narrator, he speaks on behalf of the people of the big town. Unity and togetherness are witnessed here. Consequently, the story takes an impersonal approach. Making it impersonal creates an air of imbalance since the reader is left to read the story in a multifaceted approach.

Effectively, the plot moves forward thus instilling more interest in the mind of the reader. The reader is thus left to make assumptions and thoughts. The author was objective in using the first person narrator and thoughts in the story. A major unexpected twist of events takes place at the end of the story. The author knew perfectly well that the end of the story would make all the difference. A difference not seen by the reader even without making guesses. The nature of Emily’s life is full of mystery and darkness. She us the only one who knows her deep longings which she cannot share with anyone. There are many ways of fighting hopelessness and she knew none of it. This effectively exemplifies the nature of Emily’s life. This creates an impact that is powerful encompassing the whole story.

The story is not driven by events. Instead, they whole point of the plot of the story is to reveal the character of Miss Emily and the circumstances of her life. For instance, she runs of from the people who are sent by the authorities to ask her to pay her tax. When the men come sprinkling to counter the horrible smell, she is seen watching them from a distance. The story is a reactionary story driven by circumstances quite contrasting the common nature of stories that are action driven. It is not sequential. Most of the actions that she makes sparks interest in the interest of the town’s people. On the other hand, the people of the town are left to explain the kind of life one of them is living. Her actions are simply for sparking interest in the minds of the people of the town. The story has been effective in detailing the life of a selfish and lonely woman. The use of motifs, imagery, irony blended in a perfect setting effectively conveys the major themes in the story of change and death. Death looms throughout the story. This is brought to life by using literary devices which effectively pass out the message in the story.

Works Cited

Muecke, Douglas Colin. Irony and the Ironic. Vol. 12. Taylor & Francis, 2017.

Vanhelleputte, Michael. “The Concept of Motif in Literature: A Terminological Study.” The Return of Thematic Criticism(1993): 92-105.

Economics

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Question 2

Figures 1 and 2 prove that no economic profit is possible for firms in a perfectly competitive market, any gain in profits a firm makes by alterations in the equilibrium price or quantity by a single firm will be offset by a loss in efficiency, price or quantity produced. The equilibrium in the long run will always remain at the point where MR = MC.

In choosing the best production mix, we are assuming that the firm’s management is rational in making the decisions they make and that consumers are also rational and will choose the product that best suits them at the best suitable prices.

Profit maximization occurs at the output level which corresponds with the equality point between marginal costs and marginal revenue given that a profit maximizing firm operates at a point where total revenue less total cost is highest. In the Long run the firm will have to explore different options.

Output Q1 with Average cost 1

Output Q2 with AC3

Output Q3 with AC3

Output Q4 with AC2

All the production combinations above the LRAC are attainable but not realistic, while all the combinations below it are unrealistic for a firm focused on profit maximisation.

At Q1 the firm is producing but at a level below potential, given the resource mix present. As the firm takes advantage of economies of scale and becomes more efficient, it will start enjoying increasing returns to scale. As firms expand, the economies of scale will come from factors such as more availability of cheap credit, more specialization of its labour, more discounts and bargaining power among others. The point Q2 is referred to as minimum efficient point, which is the point at which a firm has exhausted its economies of scale.

Over a certain range of output (Q2 – Q3), the Average cost could be constant but after some time, the benefits brought about by the economies of scale will start getting eroded. The erosion will arise from factors such as rising administrative costs, increased investments in capital goods such as space and equipment. The management will also start meeting challenges and this and other factors will cause the average cost to rise from here. The returns to scale will also start to decrease resulting to diseconomies of scale.

Question 3: The Perfect Market

A perfect market or perfect competition is hypothetically a market where competition is at its best. The neo-classical theory proffered that this is the market form that would yield the outcomes that would best suit all stakeholders; society, consumers and producers. The competitive market theory operates under certain assumptions.

Assumptions behind perfect competition (Miller 2001)

Conclusion

In the world today, there exist very few markets that can be said to be perfectly competitive. Although the model can be termed as unrealistic, it is applicable in some instances, for example, in most of the primary markets and commodity markets especially coffee and tea, the assumptions are not very farfetched. This is especially when you consider the number of producers involved and their lack of power to influence prices. Even though this type of competition has been challenged in the manufacturing and other industries, it still remains important as a yardstick for evaluating the competition levels in real markets.

References

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Baumol, W & Blackman, S 2001, Perfect markets and easy virtue: business ethics and the invisible hand, Cambridge, Mass., USA, B. Blackwell.

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Cassidy, J 2009, How markets fail: the logic of economic calamities, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Black, J 2002, Perfect Markets and Economics today,Top of Form Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.

Miller, R 2001, Paving Wall Street: experimental economics and the quest for the perfect market, New York, Wiley.

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Mental Health and a Propensity of Homicides and Serial Killing

Homicides and serial killing are among the worst crimes which are tackled by the criminal justice system. As a result, a lot of scholarly research has been directed towards the investigation of homicides and serial killers, within the domain of criminal justice. Most of the research published in criminology journals usually point to transdisciplinary findings which correlate homicides and serial killing to mental health conditions and illnesses. Since mental health falls within the domain of healthcare, it presents a situation whereby the burden felt by the criminal justice system could be alleviated by efforts from the healthcare system (Sturup). This shows that incidents of serial killing and homicides could potentially decline if mental health is prioritized in healthcare agenda setting. However, since the rates of homicides and serial killing have been on a rising trend, it can be attributed to the limited access to mental healthcare services.

Homicide propensity can be correlated to diagnosable mental health conditions. That is, the mentally healthy have less likelihood to commit homicide or serial killing compared to those afflicted with psychosis or sociopathy. If one does not have an appropriate treatment plan in place, and there are also other stressors present in one’s life (especially family-related), then one’s likelihood of committing homicide increases dramatically (Skeem et al.). Based on data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, it has been determined that up to two-thirds of those incarcerated for homicide had some diagnosable mental condition when the crime was committed (Sturup). This includes all types of mental illnesses, from psychotic disorders to sociopathy. What is striking about this data is not so much the correlation between mental health and future homicidal behavior, but in many cases one can see the genesis of homicides. Most homicides will start as a psychopathic-fueled urge that builds over time, eventually becoming overwhelming and leading to action. The urge can be triggered by a stressor, particularly when it is associated with some past trauma or an unresolved conflict or resentment.

While highlighting the correlation between mental health conditions and the propensity of being involved in homicides and serial killing, it is important to acknowledge the influence of additional mitigating factors. For example, whereas the rise in cases of homicides and serial killing can be attributed to mental health conditions, other mitigating factors include gun laws and regulations also affect rates of homicides and serial killing. In locations where ownership of firearms is widespread, there tends to be high rates of homicides and serial killing (Fox and Fridel). However, the relationship between possession of firearms and a propensity to commit homicides or serial killing is not as strong as the correlation between homicides and mental health.

The criminal justice system has not followed a strategy focused on mental health services. Specific emphasis on targeting mental health services has not been done by the various key players in the criminal justice system. One main reason for the inadequate efforts is that resources are limited and focused attention would either be given to other areas or on other high priority initiatives (Freudenberg and Heller). In cases where governmental decisions are based on private sector interests, the medical system could prioritize medical insurance or prescription drugs instead of mental health services. Therefore, law enforcement agencies and criminal justice systems should have more involvement in healthcare policies to ensure that proper medical care is provided to individuals with mental health issues.

To address this issue, there are certain strategies which could be put in place to decrease the crime rate. One of them is by raising the priority given to mental health in healthcare policymaking. This would also lead to improvement on the accessibility of mental health services, especially for those who face financial constraints. In order for this strategy to work, there is a need for researchers and policymakers to come up with policies which facilitate the broader access of health services. This can include making sure that mental healthcare practitioners are sufficient in number so as not to hinder the delivery of mental healthcare services particularly in rural areas (Sarteschi). In addition, hospitals and health centers should work harmoniously together to facilitate the delivery of mental healthcare services.

Whereas lack of access to mental healthcare is problematic to the whole society, there are populations which are affected more. And some of these groups are vulnerable to negative effects of lack of access to mental healthcare services. For example, people living in poverty or rural areas. People living in poverty are at a higher risk of experiencing mental disorders as they are exposed to higher risks of stressors such as life stressors (e.g. financial difficulties, divorce, abuse), and chronic illness (e.g. diabetes, osteoporosis). At the same time, the chance of having access to healthcare is lower compared to those who live in better off circumstances and can pay for medical services necessary for treating their mental illnesses (Skeem et al.). Health insurance premiums may be expensive for them and thus it is harder for them to seek treatment.

Also, due to financial difficulties, people living in poverty are less likely to receive adequate medical treatment for their mental illness. Many people may be reluctant to accept those in poverty as patients, and thus they may prescribe more drugs but not take time to figure out the underlying reason behind the mental illness and come up with a holistic treatment plan. If a person living in poverty seeks private mental health care, the cost of such services can cause them to fall into deeper debt (Cook et al.). Moreover, they may avoid seeking health care due to fear of stigma as many believe that there is no hope for them. Thus many stay with their mental disorder un-diagnosed and untreated.

People living in rural areas are also at a higher risk of mental disorders due to isolation and limited resources to seek medical treatment. When there is little social support, the likelihood of depression is greater. Moreover, there are more obstacles in seeking mental health care services as they may have to travel long distances to reach a clinic that offers mental health care services (Cook et al.). Additionally, there may be fewer clinics which offer mental health care services. Additionally, those who live in rural areas may be reluctant to seek help due to fear of stigma and other factors mentioned above.

Mental healthcare services are hard to come by in many parts of the world. In the developed world, it’s a little easier to get help when you need it. But there is still a long way to go before mental health matters anywhere near as much as physical health does. However, there are many things that can be done to improve mental healthcare access. The first step is to make mental healthcare more widespread and accepted (Sugie and Turney). This could be done by publicizing the issue more and encouraging people to seek help sooner.

Another thing that needs to happen is that families need to be able to recognize the signs of mental health issues, rather than assuming it’s just youthful rebellion or "just stress" and doing nothing about it. If mental health problems are recognized early, then there may be a chance to treat them. This is an example of a proactive measure which emphasizes prevention. Mental problems are just as treatable and preventable as physical issues (Sugie and Turney). But if there is, again, the common attitude that all mental health problems are ‘just stress’ or ‘youthful rebellion’, then people will assume they don’t need to seek help, and the problem will only get worse, potentially resulting in cases of homicide and serial killing.

Another step in making mental healthcare more widely available is to make people more aware of it–not just the general public, but doctors too. Making them aware can be done through publicizing it and also by government regulation. Mental healthcare needs to be considered a necessary part of any decent standard of living or quality of life. It needs to be considered as important as physical health care. Such prioritization will even lead to the setting aside of adequate funds to finance mental health programs.

The criminal justice system, therefore, has an important role to play when it comes to proactively addressing the problem of rising cases of homicides from a healthcare perspective. Criminal justice agencies need to provide access to basic mental healthcare for first-time offenders and keep them engaged with their providers so that underlying mental health conditions can be detected before it escalates (Culhane et al.). They also need to work closely with the caregivers and clinicians who treat people with a serious mental illness to ensure that these patients receive the help they need, whether in or out of prison (Skeem et al.). This will not only promote stability for these individuals but will also lead to falls in cases of homicides, serial killings, and other crimes related to mental health uncertainties.

Criminal justice agencies must also be able to identify mentally ill individuals who are in danger of harming themselves or others, and provide an environment where they can receive the help that they need. As mental illness is often a generational thing, this means placing at-risk individuals in facilities that have been designated as high security. Proper measures must be put in place to prevent staff members from getting access to these individuals’ medical records (Skeem et al.). This will ensure that the people with a severe mental illness who may pose a danger to themselves and others are continually monitored while they receive healthcare.

Lastly, criminal justice agencies must encourage local government officials to work on developing programs that proactively address mental health issues such as poverty, unemployment, and drug abuse (Freudenberg and Heller). These conditions may be the underlying reasons for the rise in cases of homicides and serial killing in many impoverished communities. Programs like these will allow community leaders to identify individuals who are at a risk of committing criminal offenses and provide them with the help they need to lead stable lives.

Works Cited

Cook, Benjamin Lê, et al. “A Review of Mental Health and Mental Health Care Disparities Research: 2011-2014.” Medical Care Research and Review, vol. 76, no. 6, June 2018, pp. 683–710, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558718780592.

Culhane, Scott E., et al. “Serial Homicide Perpetrators’ Self-Reported Psychopathy and Criminal Thinking.” Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, vol. 34, no. 1, Nov. 2017, pp. 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-017-9245-x.

Fox, James Alan, and Emma E. Fridel. “The Tenuous Connections Involving Mass Shootings, Mental Illness, and Gun Laws.” Violence and Gender, vol. 3, no. 1, Mar. 2016, pp. 14–19, https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0054.

Freudenberg, Nicholas, and Daliah Heller. “A Review of Opportunities to Improve the Health of People Involved in the Criminal Justice System in the United States.” Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 37, no. 1, Mar. 2016, pp. 313–33, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021420.

Sarteschi, Christine M. Mass and Serial Murder in America. Springer, 2016.

Skeem, Jennifer L., et al. “Applicability of the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model to Persons with Mental Illness Involved in the Criminal Justice System.” Psychiatric Services, vol. 66, no. 9, Sept. 2015, pp. 916–22, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400448.

Sturup, Joakim. “Comparing Serial Homicides to Single Homicides: A Study of Prevalence, Offender, and Offence Characteristics in Sweden.” Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, vol. 15, no. 2, Mar. 2018, pp. 75–89, https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1500.

Sugie, Naomi F., and Kristin Turney. “Beyond Incarceration: Criminal Justice Contact and Mental Health.” American Sociological Review, vol. 82, no. 4, July 2017, pp. 719–43, https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122417713188.