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A Review of No. 78 Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton sought to explain the powers and duties of the American judiciary department as proposed in the Article III of the Federal Constitution. Hamilton through the Federalist paper 78 sought to highlight what the Constitution had in mind about the composition of the federal courts. Through the Federalist paper 78, Hamilton was explaining to the American citizens that the judiciary had its role to play and would not end up going out of control in execution of its mandate. He did this by explaining to the public that the powers of the judiciary would have checks and balances to ensure that they play a leading role in the running of the constitutional government.

In the Federalist paper No. 78 commonly known as No. 78 Hamilton, Hamilton presents two major arguments about the proposed Judiciary structure. The first argument about the structure of the judiciary is to guarantee its autonomy from other arms of the government, legislature and the executive. In arguing the need for an independent judiciary, Hamilton concluded that there was the need for the strengthening of the Judiciary to ensure it is independent. He proposed that the judiciary should be provided with more power that can enable it to oversee the functioning of the legislature. It should be empowered to ensure that it could have powers to declare laws passed by Congress as null and void if it deems them ‘contrary to the manifest tenor of the American constitution.’

In the Federalist paper No. 78, Hamilton suggested the need to empower the judiciary so it would protect the rights and privileges of the citizens. Hamilton argued that the main function of a judiciary in a democratic country is to protection of the rights and privileges of citizens as outlined in the Constitution. In advancing the argument on how the judiciary will ensure the protection of the rights and privileges of citizens, he wanted the judiciary to have powers to review laws. He argued that powers of Judicial Review would ensure that the courts can be able to critically analyze laws passed by the Congress and declare those that are unconstitutional null and void. In responding to those who criticized the need for the judiciary to have Judicial Review powers, Hamilton argued that the role of the judiciary is to ensure that Congress is a servant of the American constitution and the citizens.

The term ‘Judicial Review’ is not mentioned in the American constitution though it got it legitimacy from a Supreme Court ruling in 1803. In the case of Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L. Ed. 60, the American Supreme Court declared an act of Congress null and void. This ruling by the Supreme Court in 1803 has been used in many cases by the courts to give judicial review legitimacy. Critics have been quick to term the judicial review powers as ‘judicial activism’ arguing that the judiciary has been used in overturning Acts of Congress without the due process being followed.

I think the most important part of the ‘Federalist paper No. 78’ is where it states that, ‘the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents.’ This statement emphasizes the supremacy of the Constitution over the acts of Congress or any other statutes. It also acknowledges the supremacy of the citizens over their elected representatives in the Congress. This provision ensures that in its conduct, the judiciary should always uphold the supremacy of the Constitution over other statutes. It also reminds the judicial officers that, the citizens’ will always prevails over that of their elected representatives.

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Introduction

Lysistrata is a story that outlines a plan made by women in ancient Greece to put an end to the Peloponnesian War. A woman named Lysistrata comes up with a plan and incites fellow women to take part in it. This plan entails starving their husbands sexually so that they can come to a speedy conclusion. At first, the women are reluctant to take part in the plan saying that their husbands may beat them or force them to have sex. Eventually, they agreed not to give in to their husbands’ advances, forcing the men going to war to petition their leaders to make a pact. It is noteworthy that, at the play’s tail end, it is Lysistrata who is called to make the treaty between Athens and Sparta. This is a fictional part in the play as women did not have any voting privileges in ancient Greece.

1.

Lysistrata takes up the role of Alazon, the imposter or self-deceiving braggart. It is worth noting that as much as Lysistrata gives directions to the women on how to deal with their husbands, she does not participate in seizing Akropolis or even the sex strike. She does not seem to exhibit sexual desire or even have a husband or lover.

The Commissioner of Public Safety takes the role of Eiron. He is central to the contest since he holds the key to ending the war. It is worth noting that once the women overwhelm the policemen, Lysistrata tries to convince the Commissioner of Public Safety as to how easy it is to finish the war. Unfortunately, his self-derogatory and understating character blinds him from understanding the logic in Lysistrata’s words.

Kinesias takes up the role of bomolochos who is introduced to enhance the comic effect. He is the first person to be put down by the sex strike and is subjected to trickery by his wife. Kinesias is a misogynist, a poor father and a buffoon-extraordinaire. Kinesias, only looks for his wife because he is suffering from a painful erection. Not only is he unable to take care of his children, but his playful wife also outwits him.

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What makes the competition between the Chorus of old Men and the Chorus of the old Women is the fact that it pits two groups of people, with the one that comes out triumphant having been trampled upon for quite a long time. It is worth noting that, the old men had aimed at smoking the women out only to have their fire put out and even coming out wet. The pathetic part in the competition is where the men appear as if they had urinated on themselves as they had been dowsed with water (Aristophanes, 13). The LOL funny part in the competition is where the Scythian guard charged with the responsibility of tying Lysistrata’s hands defecates on himself after being threatened by Lysistrata.

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Aristophanes convinces his audience as to the role that war plays, as well as the things that trigger the war. It is noteworthy that, the leaders of the two countries are able to come together and find a lasting solution to the war once the women starve their husbands of sex. They look at the things that bring them together rather than the things that divide them, thereby finding a lasting solution to the war. The depiction of women and men as sexually rapacious does not come in the way of the satire as it shows that women and men have equal needs, or rather need each other and complement each other. The introduction of Peace serves to show or bring out the deep desires of the men. As much as they have been fighting, they have always yearned for peace and the prospect of having peace is enough to make them make a lasting treaty. This satisfy’s use of the name Peace.

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The play revolves around the resolution of the war between Athenians and Spartans. However, the opposing groups in this case are women and men. Men are concerned about victory in wars between nations, while women would want a restoration of peace so that their lives as families can be the same. In essence, the women use sex as their main weapon so as to imbue some sense in their men. Men, on the other hand, use force to suppress the voices of women as shown by the magistrate. The magistrate tries to quell the victory of the chorus of women over the chorus of old men through the use of force, only to have himself dowsed with water (Aristophanes, 26). Wool is used as a symbol of the intricacies surrounding societies. Lysistrata uses the metaphor to show how the matters between the two warring communities should be resolved. She talks of cleansing the people, ensuring that there is equality, and then bringing people together through the convergence of their interests.

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Aristophanes uses the play to ridicule the selfishness of the people in Athens and Sparta. It is worth noting that even when the women were invited to take part in the sex-strike, they were unwilling not only because of the resistance of their husbands but because of their own sexual urges. To them, their sexual satisfaction comes before the welfare of their entire nations. In fact, the simplicity with which the leaders come to a treaty arouses the question as to whether there truly was any reason to fight. In addition, it is worth noting that the men only petition the magistrate and their leaders to make a pact after they were denied sex.

Works cited

Aristophanes. Lysistrata. The EServer Drama Collection, Web 2012 retrieved 22nd July 2012 from HYPERLINK “http://drama.eserver.org/plays/classical/aristophanes/lysistrata.txt” http://drama.eserver.org/plays/classical/aristophanes/lysistrata.txt

(Aristophanes)

Membrane Transport

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Membrane transport involves the collection of various mechanisms to regulate the passage or movement of small molecules and solutes across the cell membrane. The mechanism by which molecules are transported into or out of the cell depends on whether the molecule is being absorbed by a macromolecule such as proteoglycan, protein or peptide, or is being excreted as a waste product.

The four main types or mechanisms of passive transport are filtration, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, and osmosis. Transport is sensed by the influx of a solute into the cell by any one or all of these mechanisms, depending on the molecule, then this will cause a number of signals to be made, which will start or stop a transport cycle. Transport is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis within living organisms. One example would be the transport of glucose, which is required for all living cells to survive and perform their functions. Insulin, which is produced by beta cells in an inactive state and stored in vesicles called granules located within its cell membrane.

Membrane transport also involves passive mechanisms where molecules are carried in one direction across the membrane without using any energy to move them along; these include diffusion and osmosis. Additionally, there are active transport processes that use energy to move those same molecules from place to place across the membrane; these include facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated transport.

For active transport processes the particles pass from a lower concentration to a higher one across a cell membrane. For facilitated transport, the molecules already have sufficient surface charge to move through the membrane and are then actively transported. This is a very efficient mechanism as it uses relatively little energy.

Membrane transport can also be described as a process of entry into the cell followed by a process of exit from the cell, however, this does not completely describe membrane transport. The distinction between active and passive transport is made here mainly for clarity; in practice all three types occur simultaneously in all cells and systems in which molecules must cross membranes, excluding extremely small molecules. Transport occurs both ways across most membranes (inside to outside or outside to inside).

Exocytosis and endocytosis are the main bulk transport processes that are used in eukaryotes. Exocytosis is a process by which signals from either outside or inside of the cell initiate exocytic vesicles, which transport molecules out of the cell. In contrast, endocytosis is used by cells to absorb extracellular molecules into vesicles that form within the cells and then travel through the cell’s membrane. This process closely resembles exocytosis in that it requires an extracellular signal for it to occur as well as a lipid bilayer with receptors on its surface for targeting molecules within a specific range.

The major similarities between passive transport process and active transport process is that both passive transport process and active transport process happen in cells. Passive transport process usually occurs in the lumen of cells, while active transport process usually involves moving solutes against their concentration gradient across a cell membrane. In passive transport, the energy needed for movement is provided by osmotic pressure (difference in solute concentration) or energy released by ATP molecules. Active Transport requires a high amount of energy whereas passive transports requires little to no energy. There is a concentration gradient required for active transport whereas there are no concentrations necessary for passive transportation.

The major differences between passive transport process and active transport process are that unlike passive transport, active transport is a specific type of cellular movement in which substrate or solute molecules move against their concentration gradient. This is done with the help of proteins embedded in a biological membrane. In contrast, many substances can go through a membrane by diffusion as long as their net concentration (concentration on both sides) is equal to or higher than that at equilibrium outside the cell (allowing water to pass through).

Reference

Stillwell, W. (2016). Membrane transport—Chap. 19. An introduction to biological membranes: Composition, structure and function, 423-451.

Memo; Political Policy Making Strategies

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Memo; Political Policy Making Strategies

The most important thing in enhancing success in the political field adapting sound strategies that results the accomplishment of the major objectives promised during the presidential campaign platform. The major actions during the ruling term determine the citizens’ reaction and interests. Proper scrutinizing of the projects and other policies that the ruling party promised the nation at the campaign background level is an essential technique of developing reliable strategies. However, it requires knowledge and skills as the experience all the times comes vital in determining success. It is right that the power is on the party hands you being the head, but what about the publics’ satisfaction who at this stance can be regarded as the customers. It comes to my acknowledgement that the presidential platform promised to put in place the innovative approaches that will significantly increase enormously the number of unorganized workers who join the union per year. Also, the other thing to be adhered to is shifting the balance of political power at the national and state levels to protect policies that improve the income, security and quality of life of working people whether union members or not. Coincidentally, these become the primary motifs that induced the motivation of putting extra efforts that could significantly grant the opportunity of deploying the knowledge and experience in the political field apart from only being a member as a way of taking part in establishing the party’s success (Milkman, 2006).Therefore, considering me to be one of the party’s policy advisor will a vital action in the process of achieving the objectives.

In politics, people are the key factors that lead to the delegate’s success. It is a definite yes answer that your will as the president is to serve the nation to the best and if possible stay on the seat for a maximum number of sessions a per the union’s constitution requirement. In these days, the civilians are very keen at looking at the ruling political party efficiency in putting its strategies in place, and its excellence motivates them to give the leader another opportunity by voting her or him another time during the upcoming general election. It is evident that at the end of this ruling session another delegate will rise with similar manifestos with an aim to emerge winners and enhance stiff competition (Kwak, 2017). However, by keeping and establishing the party’s manifesto, as well as other promises made during the campaign platform, will stand as the pillars of securing the leadership and people will turn out in large numbers to elect the active and dependable leader another time to bring change in the nation. The public puts in consideration the development in all dimensions regarding the economic, political and social perspective. It is crucial to note that leadership is not made to interfere with the peoples’ culture or to degrade their state of well-being but making their sound elements reliable as well as making sound rectification that will improve their living standards and national cohesion.

The fact remains that this national union is composed of around one million members where many of them tend to come from different sectors such as private institutions, different ethnicity and more significantly all genders are inclusive. The issues about gender inequality and racial segregation are sensitive matters not only at the national level but also at the union bases as a significant number of its members are from the low skilled jobs, women, and people of color. Therefore, in addressing the union’s policies, it is essential to ensure that all their rights are reserved as failing to do so will make them feel oppressed and may end up reacting furiously or ending their membership. The act of not enhancing equality and fairness in ruling might make these special groups fee; as is the societal segregation has been transformed into the union ending up with the notion they do not fit in the group. However, with proper consideration of their civil rights and involvement in the movement can be the best technique to keep the group moving and ensuring participation of all the members as well as other nonmembers involved in its activities in the community.

In every union, the political resources are significant in enhancing the political behavior through shaping as well as controlling the first decision makers in the public policies adopted by the group. The power resources are the bases and sources of political power that is significant in the allocation of the strategies that the members will value. Among the considerable power resources that the union has included political support and votes, regulation of a particular a portion of the economy, reputation and standing in the community, skills, information, and knowledge as well as the capital and other material possessions. It is right that the mentioned above have been prior put in place to empower the association, but how can there be an improvement regarding the union’s functionality as well as members and other peoples living standards (Judis, 2016). Among the power resources that the union will be capable of achieving include securing its economy enhancing its growth at the national level, improving the quality of life of the working people as well as improving peoples’ income and social security regardless of the race or gender.

Among the best things regarding the union’s functionality, is that it works at the national level where it is not only inclusive of only the dedicated members but also the nonmembers who might even be not willing to join it at any moment. With this, its repercussions are heard countrywide, and one cannot ignore the voices of the minority who in this instances tend to be the marginalized in the community. Therefore, in consideration of the power resources significant portion the political policy to be adhered to will result in the coverage of a substantial number of the objectives laid during the campaign process. In regulating a significant sector of the state’s economy, the union plays a vital role in enhancing the nation economic stability as well as its growth. Considering the enormous number of members as well as nonmembers who in a way or another benefit in the union’s existence, it plays an essential role of contributing to the gross domestic product of the country where every member of the states plays a part in its establishment. It builds a firm stand in the community that cannot at any instance be taken for granted as these community members are the ones resulting in its survivability.

The votes and other political support are among its most influential power resources that keep the union and will significantly determine its growth. Therefore, it is clear evidence that the leader’s productivity will evaluate her retention in the seat as the members will at rare instance retain a person who is not appropriately planning the political strategies. Information, skills, and knowledge are other empowering resources that the union has that at all the times enhances its development. Considering the relevant information relates to the social-economic and political know-how as they are the essential elements that determine the civilian’s state of well-being. At this stance, apart from advising the members on the innovative and other viable ideas that could lead to their state of well living, the union also interacts with the national government and other non-governmental organizations (Jaffe, 2016). To ensure proper running and fulfilling community development it must involve these other bodies as they also cover significant societal parts that touch the member of the public lives at large. After acquiring the right information, the union takes the appropriate actions that could lead to its development through the application of the knowledge and skills the policymakers and other involved bodies have regarding running political based movement.

The power resources that the union will have to acquire cannot be ignored as they are the critical drives in creating members incentives as well as in postulating the group’s potentiality. Quality improvement of the life of the working people as well as improving peoples’ income and social security is the fundamental elements have to the scrutinized appropriately in the political strategies. It is right that a significant number of the members tend to be people of color and the women as well as the people in the lower community level. These are the same people subjected to inequality and other social injustices in the society where they feel insecure as well as having a mere sense of belonging. Therefore, improving their living standards through economic empowerment is one of the best ways to make them develop and feel being part of the community. The people who frequently be victims of racial segregation whether in the place of work or accessing other social amenities such as learning institutions and health facilities can tell this well regarding the disparagement they incur. These issues have been there and the fact of the victims joining the union signifies that they have the hope that justice and equality are among the core principles based to its running.

Ensuring equal possibility of the white and people of color securing a similar job opportunity will be the aim of the union as all people have the capability and efficacy of being productive in the nation. The people defending inferior jobs such as construction are diminished in the community, but in this union, all are considered equal. It shows the public that every person in the society has the civil rights and there is freedom of expression and empowering others is the fundamental drive towards national growth. Women on the other side are a particular group that has been fighting for its equality rights since the independence era. It is evident that various improvements have been put in place today. However, their attention regarding gender representation must be considered. For instance, regarding the ruling panel gender equality must be found where a significant percentage of women must be included. They are useful in enhancing the coverage of the gender-sensitive projects as well as encouraging others in the community to work hard for their empowerment and proper living standards. Not only considering women empowerment at the workplace but also at the family level where they have to end male chauvinism as it has become an irritating threat to the society.

According to Jane F. McAlevey, she argues that change can only occur with adopting policies that consider the ordinary people at the basis of their struggles. Change is inevitable, and there are no shortcuts for a social change that can last for a long while (McAlevey, 2016). This signifies that the act of the Union putting into consideration the people at the low social class as well as the segregated regarding color and gender is sound and it effectively touches the roots of the community. With regards to McAlevey, it is the responsibility of the union to understand its sources of power to enhance effectiveness and proper running. Therefore, the analyses of the power resources are crucial as at the end it is the determiner of planned strategies efficiency. Furthermore, the public sector unions have the foreseeable future for the public agenda regarding gender and race equality as they have the capability of touching the local people at ease as well as in large numbers. Therefore, there are the active vessels to spread social cohesion in the society resulting in significant consideration of civil rights in all the sectors in the nation.

Reaching the working people who are not union members and those that are not likely to become members is a significant way of strengthening the political power as it involves them in mobilizing and organizing the political movement work. The “Big Organizing” by developed in the Bernie campaign puts it clear that there is a need for changing the no-profit and traditional campaign strategies that only considered the movement members (Bond & Exley 2016). This postulates that the best way of accomplishing the union’s objectives is not only through the use of movement members but also non-members who in many instances be pinpointing the flaws and niches that require extra attention. Bernie even put it right that the white people must understand that materiality support of the black people is a vital section of any political revolution. The nation has reached a level that all people must be involved in a movement regardless of the ethnicity as the people at the ground community level also counts in political development. Also, recruiting new people as well as putting in place training programs as the managerial responsibility increases are essential bits in enhancing union development. The administrative staff must not be the union members as there is need of diversification in the experience field as skilled people will come up with new technicalities efficient in the movement developed as well as taking responsibilities (Wilson-Hartgrove, 2016).

As discussed above, the decision of the union adopting appropriate strategies that enhance the empowerment of all people in the community regardless of the color or gender is useful in ensuring its development. It is the responsibility of the union to promote the people of the low social class in the society as they are significant power sources regarding votes as well as enhancing social cohesion and liberation. Gender equality must also be considered in the union’s ruling as it is a sensitive matter that dramatically affects national development. In policy making the members and nonmembers must be inclusively included as it helps in diversifying the managerial structure as well as the introduction of new viable ideas that are significant to the union’s development. Working together with the national government as well as other non-governmental organizations is vital in ensuring societal social-economic and political development.

References

Bond, B., & Exley, Z. (2016). Rules for revolutionaries: How big organizing can change everything.

Jaffe, S. (2016). Necessary trouble: Americans in revolt. Hachette UK.

Judis, J. B. (2016). The populist explosion: How the great recession transformed American and European politics. Columbia Global Reports.

Kwak, J. (2017). Economism: bad economics and the rise of inequality. Pantheon.

McAlevey, J. (2016). No shortcuts: Organizing for power in the new gilded age. Oxford University Press.

Milkman, R. (2006). LA story: Immigrant workers and the future of the US labor movement. Russell Sage Foundation.

Piore, M. J., & Sabel, C. F. (1986). The second industrial divide: possibilities for prosperity.

Wilson-Hartgrove, J. (2016). The Third Reconstruction: How a Moral Movement is Overcoming the Politics of Division and Fear. Beacon Press.

M.W Kellogg

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Introduction

Kellogg is a firm that specializes in building and engineering works. It builds petrochemical as well as gas and other energy handling plants. Its services ranges from designing work, procurement of materials and equipment such as civil, electrical, structural engineering as well as project management services. The company provides maintenance services to processing plants, offshore and onshore pipeline, production facilities as well as natural gas plants. The company has undertaken projects in more than 30 globally and has worked in all the continents other than Antarctica. It has a labor force of approximately 27,000 workers in roughly 70 countries in five different continents (Sutton, 2005).

Kellogg was a leading construction and engineering international company two decades ago. It had contracts all over the world worth billions in US dollars. However, the company started facing various problems in most of its branches in late 1990s with its parent company in USA experiencing a series of unmet challenges. Some of the problems that significantly tarnished its name and affected its performance were the issue of asbestos as well as investigations to its accounting practices. According to Engineering News Record year 2013, AECOM was the best company with Kellogg being number 17 with revenues worth $7.92 billion.

It faces stiff competition from other leading companies such as AECOM, Bechtel Group Inc. Balfour Beatty plc, JCG Corporations, Foster Wheeler Ag, and Parsons Brinckerhoff Ltd among other world leading corporations. Bechtel Corporation is ranked number 5 among the major privately owned corporates. By year 2010, the company had revenues of over $30.8 billion and had approximately 49,000 workers hired in its various projects being undertaken in more than 50 countries. Flour Corporation has its headquarters in Texas USA. It is a public company that deals with procurement and maintenance work. It has employed over 41,000 workers.

Kellogg had a number of competitive advantages over its rivals especially in the mid-1900s up to 1990s before starting to experience problems. First, the company was well dedicated towards doing thorough research in the energy industry which enabled them to always come up with new ideologies that would make a difference in the market. The company had a team of highly trained professionals in the mechanical department who were committed towards developing new or upgrading the existing gas production mechanisms. In addition, they had a highly equipped laboratory and the application of their high tech chemical and mechanical engineering techniques always gave them an upper hand in the industry. Kellogg Corporation made a number of differences in the engineering and energy industry.

This was the first company’s business that it had been awarded by the Power Industry. Its work was highly commendable and made it win some tenders that made it make a gross profit of over $28,399 in 1919. This made it to start getting business with leading corporates such as The New York Central Railroad that wanted their piping to be prefabricated. This tender made the company more popular and its business started flourishing (Blout, 1996). In 1919, the company started in focusing in petroleum refinery and introduced the cracker technique, which enabled production of more gas and petro from crude oil. It made a remarkable difference by significantly increasing the percentage of gasoline obtained from crude oil from 30% to 45% by the year 1939. This was achieved as a result of introduction of sophisticated technologies such as the high-pressure thermal cracking process. With the technology, the company was able to open 130 new cross units in a period of ten years in United States alone and more than 20 others overseas (Blout, 1996).

With the establishment of a research laboratory in 1926, the company highly improved the thermal cracking process. The technology was later accredited and made commercial. This was followed by opening a branch in London where the company embarked on developing a four catalytic cracking unit. Many companies adopted the technology, but were paying loyalties which were roughly $5 million per annum (Jeffers, 2003). In 1940, the company played a major role in the development of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking technology in alliance with other companies, which were upcoming. However, it was the first company to develop a Catalytic Cracking unit in Louisiana in the year 1942.

Other remarkable achievements include the improvement of the ammonia, ethylene and nitrogen production process. This made the company win many awards such as the Kirkpatrick Chemical Engineering Award in the 1960s. The award made it the first engineering contracting firm to be awarded for improving technology. By 1975, the company was ranked number 18 out of the 400 engineering contractors (Jeffers, 2003). Then the company was ranked as the best engineering company in 1984, 1985, and 1986 with its contracts ranging from $6.9 to $10.9 billion.

Lump sum is a term that is mostly used in the building among other related industry. It is a situation in which the possessor or the client pays stipulated amount (lump sum) to the supplier. Under the lump-sum contract, suppliers or contractors are required to a sign agreements stating that they will supply or provide specific services for a clearly stated and fixed price. This is done without regards to the actual expenses and other related costs incurred by the contractor. On the other hand, cost-plus involves a scenario whereby the client pays the contractor the actual cost of the project including cost of works done by the subcontractors and the main contractor. Other costs such as outgoings and the profit are included in this model. Contractors are required to procure all the trade deals by lump-sum competitive bid under this model. Contractors may take assignments of the subcontractors even though this is not very common in United States of America (Benton & McHenry, 2010).

Lump-sum contracts are often meant for reducing contract administration costs as well as design costs. In this case, contractors are required to submit a global and gross price rather than tendering for individual items. This model is very common in the construction and other related industries, particularly for small projects. All possible risks that may be encountered in the project are assigned to the contractor. Lump sum contract has numerous advantages such as posing the owner to lower risk, minimizing changes in orders, less supervision by the owner, and completion of the project over a short period. Its main disadvantages include posing the contractor to a higher risk, quantifying changes is difficult, owner rejecting changes in the order among others (Benton & McHenry, 2010).

Kellogg won the confidence of the Chinese government by selling their efficient ammonia and urea production technology in early 1970s. Demand for nitrogen in China had radically increased and Kellogg was among the top leading companies that had the expertise of handling such projects. In addition, among the companies that Kellogg was competing with was the Japanese firm, which was using Kellogg’s technological knowledge under a loyalty. This gave the company an upper hand over their competitors and won eight contracts in total concerning construction of ammonia plants.

References

Benton, W. C., & McHenry, L. F., (2010). Construction purchasing & supply chain management. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Blout, E., (1996). The power of boldness: Ten master builders of American industry tell their success stories. Washington, D.C: Joseph Henry Press.

Jeffers, J. O., (2003). Reflections: Glimpses of the past. Victoria, B.C: Trafford.

Sutton, G. P., (2005). History of liquid propellant rocket engines. Reston, Va: AIAA, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Black Women: Liberating their Voice & Spirituality

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Black Women: Liberating their Voice & Spirituality

Introduction

Historically, African American women have endured racial and gender barriers. The perceived problems could positively impact African American women concerning their actual leadership practices. Duality in their roles is one of the challenges that African American women have to experience daily. In other words, they are judged based on their gender and the color of their skin. The problem of looking around the globe based on race and skin color continues to act mainly in the African American women’s lived experiences, putting them at a cross point between race and gender through particular social contexts. The shaping of group experiences is actively aided by intersectionality. African American women are categorized based on race and gender duality, hence placing them in marginalized positions and excluded as agents of knowledge. The challenges that African American women and girls have to deal with daily are documented.

The cases of high unemployment rates for African American women talk more about how harder at times it can be for them to be considered at a given job position. The existence of a vast wage gap between African American women and other women shows how Black women are undervalued and underpaid even though they go to work every day. The challenges that African American women endure should serve as a reminder that they can use their voices to find success even though how African American women are supposed to act in different places and roles is still subject to the unspoken rules. For instance, African American girls are disproportionately suspended at schools, and it shows how early the silencing of Black women begins. African American women are slowly changing the narrative by making their voices heard in contemporary society. More than any other group of girls, Black girls stand high chances of seeing themselves as leaders. The paper explains how black women have used their voice, cultural beliefs, and spiritual practices to be seen as pivotal within and outside of their minority while projecting a positive, impactful and a new narrative of African American women.

In a school setting, the qualities that women of color consider as leadership skills are regarded as defiance or rather “talking back.” Girls’ rights to learn should not be forfeited based on their assertiveness, loudness, or even holding a particular opinion or belief. Its more than a privilege to work in an organization that is dedicated to breaking down all the possible obstacles for African American women and girls, concerning letting the Black women air their voices and speak on areas that need to be readdressed. In academic administration, African American women are suffering double phenomenon oppression, first as women and secondly as women of color. The traditional customs, restrictions, and American history, intimately ties the small numbers of women of color (Wilson, 1989). Although women of color have been substantially underrepresented in terms of the academic field, making their voices heard has led to a significant increment of minority numbers in higher education, most fueled by legislation and executive orders, among others. As a portion of all Ph. Ds, there has been a growth in African American women administrators and women Ph. Ds, although to a lesser extent. However, sexism, lower wages, and professional impediments are some of the burdens that need to be addressed to achieve parity for African American women and girls in academic administration. The laxity of affirmative action enforcement has mainly orchestrated the slow growth of these numbers.

Higher education opportunities for a given person can be shaped by living with multiple marginalities. To begin with, African American women are struck by lived contradictions. As a professor, one should be an Anglo; being an African American woman is not being an Anglo. In other words, Black women should portray two identities, and they should act like them and unlike them. Living in a world that is dictated by discourses that fail to address the realities of Black women, do not affirm their intellectual contribution and a close examination of their societies (Turner, 2002). In a real sense, can an African American woman be both women color and academic professionals without compromise? Readers who have come across the discussions of professional Black women discussing matters related to their job experiences might find the stories of ambiguous empowerment familiar. Same as how other great women professionals work their way up in male and white-dominated jobs, African American women with high job positions have many stories to tell concerning their struggle based on the anomaly of gender and race. It is through confidence development that they can execute competence and authority, hence accomplishing the exercise of their professional power. Black women bravely endure gender and race inequality and confidently deal with discriminatory treatment to achieve greater heights in their professional careers.

Historically, the participation of African American women in the labor force has projected higher rates and more consistency as compared to White women and those of other races. Even with the projection of high levels of employment, African American women have struggled to achieve the economic equity with the perceived majority groups due to workplace double burden they have to endure based upon ethnic and gender discrimination. Such indecency is the basis for significant job-related stresses that African American women have to go through to achieve the little sums. Perhaps, such challenges make African American women at any cost outstanding, concerning their advancements and finance status as compared to other women. Although there few studies that specifically highlight the African American women and the kind of stress they face in their work, some investigations have been conducted with White women being the frame guide. Generally, women’s psychological well-being is primarily benefited by work. Still, the existence of social classes, ethnicity, interpersonal surroundings, status, and quality of work are subject to the existing differences and stresses.

There more daily report stress reported among the working Black women as compared to non-working Black women. Working African American mothers stand higher chances of suffering from coronary heart problems with an increase in the number of children. In other words, there are numerous potential sources of stress among African American women, although the research is methodologically flawed. African American women stand high chances of engaging in less secure jobs compared to their White women counterparts, with little benefits and low wages than those held by other races. Despite higher rates of participation of African American women in the labor force, their pay and occupational job status are lower than any other race or gender group. Lewis & Neville (2015) argued that perceived discrimination negatively affects Black people, more specifically, women. According to numerous studies, job salaries and economic rewards as some of the enormous source of pressure among the African American women despite their efforts to liberate themselves from financial need.

American society myth has long been categorized by open mobility and credo of quality; however, those elites who have been entrusted in decision making have remained rooted in favor of the like-kind. To be specifically an African American woman, one faces exclusion from getting legal rights, healthcare, civil services, among others. It is the only small percentage on the perceived “majority” believe that the “wrong” gender and ethnic minority can produce qualified personnel to work in various industries (Epstein,1973). Some notable figures, such as Oprah Winfrey, Serena Williams, Michelle, among others, are few of the African American women who have managed to influence the majority or somewhat change the narrative of the perception of Black women. For instance, Oprah Winfrey had faced racial and gender discrimination in her efforts to be one of the standout Black women actresses and a talk show host. Oprah has changed the narrative of the more significant population while influencing the society at large on the view of African American women. As a Tv producer, philanthropist, actress, and media executive, she is a role model for the majority of the people aspiring to reach even greater heights.

Many African American women have tried to change the societal perception of Black women as inferiors through the creation of brands. In other words, most African American women are striving to achieve financial success and prove to the larger population that they should not be judged based on their skin color. As a result, society at large is slowly trying to integrate the Black women in the workforce since the whole narrative is changing. In the United States, Black women have fully committed a considerable number of fashion trends and beauty, which has received applause and endorsements in various magazine pages, not mentioning their recycling on the contemporary fashion runways. Fashion has played a significant role in liberating African American women to creatively impress the world, despite the denial of their civil liberties (Govers, & Schoormans, 2005). In the past, the contribution of Black women in various industries was largely downplayed despite the visible difference they made. The ability of African American women influencers to symbolize hope and racial progress is something that has created a positive impact on the vast majority of people in society. Many Black women have struggled to achieve what is now celebrated as a success.

The spirituality of Black women has strongly been linked with numerous positive outcomes. Thinking and believe among Black women is significantly influenced by their spirituality. Raging from high rates of mammography, improved status of health perception to the ability to fight poverty, spirituality plays a part in ensuring a positive, healthy outcome among African American women (Mattis, 2002). Both spirituality and healthy relationship are the basis for public health intervention. African American women form part of the most significant women color groups who actively engage in religion. It isn’t easy to elaborate on what religion entails specifically. However, spirituality may refer to an internal quality that eases the factor of connectedness with one’s self, nature, and other people. People may also regard spirituality as one’s acceptance of a Supreme Being. To African American women, they approach spirituality as an inherent quality of all humans that concerns the belief and faith that affirms eternal life as opposed to self-believing. For many Black women, spirituality and religion are more relevant concerning overcoming life challenges.

The survey conducted by the Washington Post stated that nearly all African American women are religious or rather believe in Supernatural powers. In the United States, extensive research on Black women revealed that the most religious group in the nation is African American women. According to the same survey, 74% of African American women emphasized the importance of “living a religious life.” Remaining on the same matter, only 57% of white women saw the need to live a religious life. However, in the time of desperation, difficulties, and turmoil, a staggering 87% of African American women turned to their faith to help them get over. The number is way too far from any other group. Across both the education and income levels, the higher priority to Black women is living a religious life as opposed to bearing children or even committing to marriages. The calling of faith surpasses the life goal of having a good career.

Many African American women cannot be separated from their faith. Religion is such an integral thing in their nattering through Bible study. The majority of White women are as well religious, but what accounts for the racial gap is probably cultural influences. Even playing a significant role in linking the religion and African American women is the kind of gospel music they play in the church. Black women are more likely to have spent their childhood listening to gospel music, not mentioning their guardians who emphasized spending the whole Sunday in the church or Bible school during the summer periods. Irretrievably intertwined into their culture, the devotion and spiritual faith of African American women concerning God connect and help them to sustain their dignity in the presence of unjust confrontation and discrimination (Bacchus & Holley, 2005). According to theologians, oppression is one factor that renders the majority of women into religion as compared to men. In the history of the United States society, the women of the African American race have been scandalized and mistreated the most as they strain to collectively and individually wrestle the jeopardy of social status, racism, and sexism. Such cases may play a pivotal role in African American women turning to their religious faith to seek relief and redemption.

The issue of racism between African American women and other minority races still exist, though not so often and frequent. Some of the minorities are deeply rooted in old beliefs that Black people are of the lowest class. The fact that all the minority races face discrimination in their day-to-day lives makes it even harder for them to engage in racial profiling cases (Newton,1973). Being discriminated based on one’s race is heartbreaking; thus, the majority of them learn through the experience that they too face racial discrimination at one point or another. Also, in a society where once is considered a minority, it is hard to influence your race to turn against other races. For instance, in the United States, the majority of people from the Hispanic race are uneducated; thus, they stand next to zero chance of discriminating their African American counterparts, who are more economically well situated as compared to them. There is significant support among the minorities in their quest to adopt ethnic and racial diversity in social sectors.

The predominant White supremacists are perhaps the more significant influencers of racism and discrimination than other minorities. In the various workforce, Black women make their voices heard in an attempt to influence the diversity at work placed based on race and ethnicity despite the unfair treatment they come across on matters related to hiring decisions, promotion, and work advancements. What makes the issue of race to be a common thread is American society’s historical tapestry. Race discourse tends to incline on the African American women’s lived experiences based on “peculiar institutions” of captivity in the United States (Newton,1973). In other words, it is mostly in the face of white people where Black women are considered different and who require special treatment as compared to that of the whites. The generalization of people of African decency contextualizes Black people as different species other than humans, thus justifiable by enslaving them. In other words, the majority of the minorities treat African American women with respect on the basis that their respective races are as well not regarded as superior.

For quite a long time, African American women have been subject to scrutinization that rendered every important decision toward influencing society at large. Despite all the life pressures, Black women have managed to shape their life choices in various ways. In games and sports, Black women have helped to instill confidence and self-esteem in society at large, thus lowering the levels of depression. In the past, women of the African American race faced both gender and racial discrimination. Over the years now, female athletes of the African American race have the narrative of their particular sports and are trailblazers of the same. The obstacles faced by the Black women sports pioneers to earn the glorification paved the way for the current generation of the sport’s greats and what everyone celebrates. For instance, Louise Stokes and Picket Tidye were racially discriminated against taking part in the 1932 Olympic games that were held in Los Angeles despite their qualification for the event (Darvin & Sagas, 2017). However, in 1936, the two were allowed to participate in the 1936 Olympics that were held in Berlin, and they became the first women of African American decency to participate in the Olympic games. Their bravely and confidence cannot be downplayed as it created a way to other Black women superstars who represent their countries in various sports avenues.

In the political avenue, the first African American woman to be elected to the Texas Senate was Barbara Jordan. Barbara actively fought for the rights of immigrant citizenship. The courage portrayed by some of the African American women politicians created a fathomable reality that Black women possess’ qualities of being great leaders in society. Their contribution to issues relating to social distress and democracy reimagining created a landscape that represented all the races. Their acknowledgment accompanies the impacts of African American women in the United States democracy and political avenue. Untiringly, some African American women politicians redefined the transformation of the United States.

Michelle Obama is one of the Black women communication icon who is an American attorney and was the United States first lady from 2009 to 2017. She is a role model for the vast majority of women and actively advocated toward poverty awareness, education, and public health. Besides, Michelle offered support to the American designers and was regarded as a fashion icon. Her passion for education is outspoken. She has also managed to change the lives of many people by increasing women’s access to careers related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) (Van & Zeidenberg, 2014). Atima Omara is one of the notable Black women at the intersection of pollical influence. Omara is the founder of the Omara Strategy Group, which deals with consultancy practices, aimed at empowering Black women politically through the strengthening of advocacy organization and winning of political campaigns. For 15 years, Atima has dedicated herself to helping women and youths in the political processes.

In social media, there numerous African American women who have a significant influence. Oprah Winfrey, in particular, has more than 41 million followers on twitter alone. It shows that her influence on social media can impactful to her followers. Oprah uses multiple social media avenues to update her followers about global issues, advertising her works, and of course, giving insight to people. She always holds a relentless word of positivity and individual-empowerment. In matters relating to religion, Rev. Austin Channing Brown is one of the greatest African American women spiritual ministers. Through her ministry, Channing helps schools, nonprofit organizations, and religions to exercise genuine inclusion. Her book s” I’m Still Here: Black Dignity in a World Made for Whiteness,” influences many people as talks about her experiences as an African American woman in white evangelical spaces.

Conclusion

To conclude, African American women are still underrepresented in multiple avenues of society. They are racially discriminated at schools, workplaces, and even in the social context. The participation of Black women in a social and professional setting is slowly changing the perception of people toward African American women. A good number of African American women have come up with byproducts and brands that have not only influenced the Black community but also the society at large. Their inventions and hard work have portrayed nothing less than greatness. Also, Black women have proven to be strongly intertwined with their spiritual beliefs. More than any other race and gender, women of African decency turn to religion in the time of turmoil to seek relief and redemption. On matters relating to the securitization of Black women by other minorities, there are very few cases where minority races directly provoke African American women. Moreover, Black women have managed to influence sporting events, politics, music industries, among others. Many Black women are active in communication, politics, social media, and religion, and their influence in society is fathomable.

References

Bacchus, D. N., & Holley, L. C. (2005). Spirituality as a coping resource: The experiences of professional Black women. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 13(4), 65-84.

Chin Evans, P., & McConnell, A. R. (2003). Do racial minorities respond in the same way to mainstream beauty standards? Social comparison processes in Asian, Black, and White women. Self and Identity, 2(2), 153-167.

Darvin, L., & Sagas, M. (2017). Objectification in sport media: Influences on a future women’s sporting event. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(2), 178-195.

Epstein, C. F. (1973). Positive effects of the multiple negative: Explaining the success of black professional women. American Journal of Sociology, 78(4), 912-935.

Govers, P. C., & Schoormans, J. P. (2005). Product personality and its influence on consumer preference. Journal of Consumer Marketing.

Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A. (2015). Construction and initial validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women. Journal of counseling psychology, 62(2), 289.

Mattis, J. S. (2002). Religion and spirituality in the meaning–making and coping experiences of African American women: A qualitative analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 309-321.

Newton, L. H. (1973). Reverse discrimination as unjustified. Ethics, 83(4), 308-312.

Turner, C. S. V. (2002). Women of color in academe: Living with multiple marginality. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(1), 74-93.

Van Noy, M., & Zeidenberg, M. (2014). Hidden STEM producers: Community colleges’ multiple contributions to STEM education and workforce development. Barriers and Opportunities in Completing 2-and 4-Year STEM Degrees.

Wilson, R. (1989). Women of color in academic administration: Trends, progress, and barriers. Sex roles, 21(1-2), 85-97.

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The real All Americans

The focus of this paper is to provide a review of Sally Jenkins, “The real All Americans”. The paper summarises the books thesis through the provision of arguments presented by the writer. The review starts with the background information of the writer and her inspiration for writing the book. It later looks into the strengths and weaknesses portrayed in the book followed by recommendations.

Sally Jenkins, The real Americans is a book reflective of the American history in relation to the football sport. Jenkins is well known for her work in the American post as a sports columnist. This background gave her the jurisdiction to write books on significant sports figures in books like It’s not about the bike and The real All Americans. The main thesis of the book is based on the history of the American football and its growth into the countries national sports. The author focuses on the role of the Carlisle Indian School and their monumental role in defining football as a sport (Jenkins, p. 213).

The book was written in 2008 which is considered recent in terms of the date of publications. Despite this Jenkins reflects on the inception of the sport into American colleges which dates back to the late 1890s. During this time, America was still finding its identity due to the existence of different nationalities. Amongst the cultures that were seeking integration were the native Indians. The Carlisle Indian School was pivotal in the representation of native Indians in the country. The school was founded by Col Richard Pratt in 1879 making it a recognized educational institution. The author focuses on the history of football in regard to the college competitions. The games comprised of immense violence amongst different college teams during the competitions. Most of the current rules had not yet been established making the players vulnerable to a number of injuries, maiming and even death. The author derives a large part of the information from the national history books, school colleges and former football figures. This helps her interpret the situation despite the time of its occurrence. Jenkins shows a concise interpretation of the content of the sport in relation to its history. This displays her knowledge and professionalism in the world of sport as a whole (Jenkins and Stauffer, p. 246).

One of the advantages of the book is the revelation of the stages that the sport underwent to become part of the American culture. The native Indians played a significant part in the creation of this culture. They did this by defying the odds to compete amongst the Ivy League schools at the time. The book not only focuses on sports but looks at the fighting back of the Indians to regain their place as true Americans. One of the disadvantages of the book was that information was mostly one-sided. This formed provision for bias against in that the reader does not get the opinion of other involved parties (Jenkins and Stauffer, p. 126).

One of the recommendations of the book is the involvement of more third parties so as to increases the level of credibility. Despite this, I would highly recommend the book to my peers due to the amount of education received in all aspects of the country’s history. It is essential to recommend this particular group due to their lack of appreciation for American culture. The book removes the ignorance that a majority of the population has by giving readers a new perspective.

Works cited

Jenkins, Sally. The Real All Americans: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation. New York: Broadway Books, 2008. Print.

Jenkins, Sally, and John Stauffer. The State of Jones: The Small Southern County That Seceded from the Confederacy. New York: Doubleday, 2009. Print.

Norvelin Pichardo

Donna Fischer-Williams

Critical Thinking/Ethics – PHI2604

February 26, 2022

Blackfish Film and Animal Rights

The documentary ‘Blackfish’ focuses on the captivity of orcas, also known as killer whales. The Blackfish film illustrates the segregation, hunting practices, and destruction that faces the sea world, which comprises the whales and other animals. These practices are effectively demonstrated in the Tilikum captivity ordeal, the dolphin hunting procedure, and many different ways the hunt practices are conducted during whale hunts of sea creatures. The documentary makes an emotional appeal regarding the cruelty with which the orcas are treated. Therefore, the film helps to directly confront the spiciest ideas.

From an ethical perspective, it can be noticed that the trainers were faced with various ethical choices to be made. The first choice that they made was to work at SeaWorld. When they signed up to work at the center, they knew their job description. At the point of agreeing to work at the center, they were morally obligated to treat the Orcas as best as possible. This treatment included feeding the orcas and training them. However, as they developed relationships, they must have noticed that SeaWorld was not the natural habitat for the Orcas. The trainers, therefore, had firsthand information on the psychological stress that the orcas were experiencing while living in captivity. The trainers must also have been aware of the cruel procedures used to acquire the whales. This meant that the more they worked at the center, the more they had to improve the procedures at the center or become complacent with the status quo. According to virtue ethics, one is obligated to develop a moral character. This moral character develops with experience. For example, if the trainers had tried to develop their moral character while working at the center, they would have tried to improve the procedures for obtaining the orcas or treating them in a series of consistent efforts. For example, the film well documented that some of the orcas, Tilikum to be specific, seemed to act violently to negative conditioning during training. Such an observation should have led the trainers to look for better approaches to training the specific orca.

The film, therefore, approaches the topic of ethics from a speciesism perspective. Speciesism refers to the preferential treatment of some species at the expense of others. Speciesism arguments develop in various ways. For example, there are usually arguments that critique the human behavior to treat some animals such as cats and dogs as pets while reserving cattle for beef production, whereas all animals can perceive pain and should therefore be treated similarly. On the other hand, some speciesism arguments confront the apparent power that human beings reserve to hold other species captive simply because the human species is considered more intelligent. In the case of the SeaWorld orcas, animals considered to be highly intelligent, it shows how human beings cruelly treat the animals to have entertainment at the expense of the wellbeing of the orcas. The whole idea of capturing orcas in their infancy, separating them from their herds whereby they would have been properly cared for, and raising them in captivity under rigorous training sessions seems to be very unethical from a speciesism perspective.

Even though the trainers at SeaWorld initially failed to develop their virtuous moral character while working at the center by making the decision to be complacent, their participation and involvement in the production of the film marked a significant development in their moral character. For the film to be produced, some trainers had to share critical information about what transpired at SeaWorld. The death of their colleague most likely triggered them to finally start acting in a way that would improve the situation at the SeaWorld marine park. Although they were narrating how the captivity of the orcas may have affected the animals, it was likely out of the realization that the captivity posed harm to the animals and the trainers themselves. Therefore, it is likely that guilt was a potential motivator for the trainers and other employees at SeaWorld to participate in the film’s production while even risking their employment at SeaWorld.

Speciesism ethics have been widely popularized by philosophers such as Peter Singer and Richard Ryder. Speciesism is usually criticized based on rational arguments and analogies. Usually, speciesism is analogously compared to other irrational discrimination such as sexism, racism, and even ageism. Just as it is irrational to subjugate members of different sex or race based on superficial differences while ignoring more fundamental similarities, it can also be concluded that the subjugation of different species which are sentient enough to perceive pain like human beings is irrational CITATION Dui13 l 1033 (Duignan). Since virtue ethics are based on moral character development, it should be done rationally where mistreatment of other sentient beings should not be allowed.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Duignan, Brian. Speciesism: Philosophy. 22 May 2013. <https://www.britannica.com/topic/speciesism>.

A Review of the Article’ Social Media and Mental Health written by Steven A Sumner, Daniel A. Bowen, and Brad Bartholow Published on May 8, 2019

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Introduction

The article ‘Social Media and Mental Health’ written by Steven A Sumner, Daniel A. Bowen, and Brad Bartholow, Published on May 8, 2020, discusses factors that project the spread of positive messages on social networks and why it is important for individual’s mental space. According to (Sumner et al., 2020), individuals or organizations seeking to promote positive messages online need to know the factors that affect the spread of positive health messages. This paper will discuss the factors that predict the spread of positive messages on social media platforms.

The consumers’ routine use of various social networks is influenced by their emotional connection and the positive mental health outcomes derived from the respective platforms (Liang, 2020). Social media users are drawn to platforms that promote their mental headspace by allowing them to explore and express themselves freely.

Social networks enable users to access resources like social support from other platform users and efficient information, thus forming and maintaining social capital (Bekalu et al., 2019). Social media platforms propagate positive mental health messages by providing relevant information, and social support individuals and the community need to grow mentally. Finding common ground and other people one can relate to in the social networks gives a sense of belonging to users, stabilizing their mental health.

Conclusion

Social media plays a vital role in promoting mental health. Individuals’ mental health is essential for their overall well-being and social interactions in society. Their association with the right people on the platform and content provided by social media erases the fear of being left out. Therefore, active social media consumers need to beware of the content they expose themselves to, as it is critical to their mental health and consequent productiveness.

Reference

Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use with Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use from Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768Liang, H. (2021). Decreasing social contagion effects in diffusion cascades: Modeling message spreading on social media. Telematics and Informatics, 62, 101623.

Sumner, S., Bowen, D., & Bartholow, B. (2020). Factors Associated with Increased Dissemination of Positive Mental Health Messaging on social media. Crisis, 41(2), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000598

M2M and the internet of Things in the Mining Industry

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Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621452” 1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc410621452 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621453” 2.0 Streamlining computerization in the mining industry PAGEREF _Toc410621453 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621454” 3.0 Different improvement for the Mining Industry PAGEREF _Toc410621454 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621455” 4.0 The Benefits of Automation in the mining industry PAGEREF _Toc410621455 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621456” 4.1 Shorter process durations PAGEREF _Toc410621456 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621457” 4.2 Decrease workload PAGEREF _Toc410621457 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621458” 4.3 Measure work PAGEREF _Toc410621458 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621459” 4.4 Eliminate Human Errors PAGEREF _Toc410621459 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621460” 4.5 Consistence PAGEREF _Toc410621460 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621461” 5.0 The internet of things in the Mining Industry PAGEREF _Toc410621461 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc410621462” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc410621462 h 12

1.0 IntroductionAutomation is the utilization of different control frameworks for working supplies, for example, apparatus, forms in plants, boilers and high temperature treating stoves, exchanging in phone systems, guiding and adjustment of boats, airplane and different applications with insignificant or decreased human intercession. A few methodologies have been totally mechanized. The greatest profit of mechanization is that it spares the work; in any case, it is additionally used to spare vitality and materials and to enhance the quality, exactness, and accuracy.

Automation has been accomplished by different means. Confounded frameworks, for example, present day processing plants, planes and ships ordinarily utilize all these joined systems. There surely is a considerable measure of enthusiasm for the Machine to machine (M2M) market. Machine to Machine (M2M) alludes to advances that permit both remote and wired frameworks to speak with different gadgets of the same type. M2M is a broad word that do not place meaning in a particular remote or wired systems administration, data and interchanges innovation. This wide term is especially utilized by business administrators. M2M is viewed as a necessary piece of the Internet of Things (IoT) and brings a few advantages to industry and business all in all as it has an extensive variety of uses, for example, modern mechanization, logistics, Smart Grid, Smart Cities, wellbeing, barrier and so forth basically for observing additionally for control purposes. So as to back the quick new advancement and the overall appropriation of the Internet of Things and in addition the proceeded with development of M2M innovation and its expansive scale applications later on, a worldwide selection and arrangement of the Internet Protocol Version 6 (Ipv6) are obliged for the reason that the larger section of the sensors and machine-discernable identifiers expected to make the Internet of Things a reality will require a greatly huge location space. Regardless of the fact that the current supply of Ipv4 locations were not to be depleted soon, the measure of Ipv4 itself is not sufficiently extensive to backing the future necessity of IoT.

Hence, the future accomplishment of M2M, as an essential piece of the IoT, will generally be dictated by the effective worldwide selection of Ipv6.M2M can incorporate the instance of mechanical instrumentation – embodying a gadget, (for example, a sensor or meter) to catch an occasion, that is transferred through a system to an application that create an appreciation of the attracted situation into important data (for instance, things need to be restocked).Such correspondence was initially fulfilled by having a remote system of machines hand-off data again to a focal center point for investigation, which would then be rerouted into a framework like an individual computer.

Be that as it may, current M2M correspondence has extended past a coordinated association and changed into an arrangement of systems that transmits information to individual apparatuses. The extension of IP systems over the world has made it far less demanding for M2m correspondence to happen and has reduced the measure of force and time fundamental for data to be conveyed between machines. These systems additionally permit a show of new business open doors and associations in the middle of buyers and makers regarding the items being sold.

The vast majority of the M2M exercises are occurring unnoticed, and their numbers are commonly more prominent than those being advanced via analysts and administrations organizations. The explanation behind is computerization has been being worked on for more than two decades. The issue, then again, was that the advances were costly, and network was troublesome. Both of these issues have now changed – innovation has gotten to be very economical, and portable administrators have opened up their systems and are putting forth administrations focused on expenses that make M2M organization much more reasonable. Much of the time incorporating an M2M capacity in another item adds stand out every penny to the expense.2.0 Streamlining computerization in the mining industryThe universe of correspondence innovations is developing by a wide margin. Simply a couple of years prior, the thought of having Internet network just about any place was unbelievable, keeping in mind there has been an immense progression, progress doesn’t appear to be ceasing at whatever time soon. Among a percentage of the rising patterns that both organizations and shoppers are getting to be more intrigued by and eager about are machine to machine (M2M) arrangements, which help gadgets correspond with each other to make some genuinely unimaginable comforts. So what we now see is that numerous associations that have been included in these computerization forms for a long time – and with a decent understanding of what they can do with M2M are presently accelerating their arrangements. These incorporate makers, the mining industry, transport associations, foundation associations et cetera.Moreover, all new electronic gadgets are currently M2M gadgets. A huge number of savvy meters have as of now been conveyed by the power business, with truly countless them in the pipeline. The late obtaining by Google of NEST, the producer of shrewd home gadgets, for example, thermometers, will see an alternate blast of M2M gadgets.

Medicinal services are an alternate key industry. All new doctors’ facilities now work huge scale M2M operations, following their supplies with ongoing data of what is the place. Telemedicine is an alternate zone, with keen pills giving a much more successful treatment. Most districts comprehend the requirement for keen urban areas. With more individuals moving into urban communities in which the downtown area can’t expand its size the inquiry is the way to handle more developments, exchanges and exercises inside a constrained space. Throughout the most recent 20 years most chambers have put enormously in mapping their benefits; this is presently being caught up by adding network to these advantages – whether it is streetlamps, waste, sewerage or trees, all are at the present time getting to be a piece of a shrewd city.

3.0 Different improvement for the Mining IndustryMachine-to-Machine (M2M) correspondence is a progressive innovation that permits viable supervision and upkeep of physical resources. M2M correspondence has verifiably spoken to the incorporation of chip, microcontrollers and sensors with interchanges, observing and control frameworks to enhance efficiencies and viability of business operations. Exceptional reason M2M gadgets go in a multifaceted nature, from single reason to multi-reason. For most cases, they are intended to work self-governing as per a foreordained set of operational managers free from outside impedance, subsequently upgrading the profit for M2m speculation. M2M gadget suppliers not just insert their M2M modules with firmware that oversees fittings parts, yet they normally supply them with design programming that empowers experts to characterize decides that represent the conduct of M2M gadgets, for instance associating occasion information with particular activities.

Early adopters of such joined frameworks report every day about ‘wow minutes’ – discovering things about their associations that they didn’t have even an inkling, and hence empowering these associations to be more successful and productive. A large portion of the expenses of M2M activities is in connection with this framework combination process; interestingly ten every penny is system costs, with applications and administration part generally similarly to make up the staying.

4.0 The Benefits of Automation in the mining industry4.1 Shorter process durationsDisplaying permits organizations to characterize and streamline business forms, by dispensing with unnecessary assignments, realigning steps and streamlining data stream. While this commonly abbreviates process durations massively, the enhancements frequently aren’t sufficient to achieve a dependable game changer. Manual procedures have a common constraint to how quick they can stream. With procedure mechanization, assignments can be executed in parallel, are in a flash exchanged to the following venture on finishing and consider warnings and accelerations when due dates arrive. In the event, that your organization needs to achievement manual procedure constraints or your workers experience issues staying aware of the workload, you ought to consider supporting them with methodology computerization programming.

4.2 Decrease workloadApplication programming today gives gigantic esteem that we wouldn’t have any desire to miss anymore – from a straightforward spell checking to information examination or broad estimations. In manual methods, individual’s behavior steps and undertakings that could pretty much also be taken care of by procedure mechanization programming, much the same as application programming helps us accomplish the work quicker. Manual methodologies are restricted to the capacity of use programming to help representatives accomplish the work. Procedure of automation arranges for workers from work that can be taken care of all the more effectively by frameworks so they can concentrate on developing the business.

4.3 Measure workOrganizations are putting intensely in the zone of Business Intelligence to create information that is obliged to settle on keen choices focused on business information. While information can be extricated from applications, manual procedure stream can’t be measured consequently and in this way organizations are as yet driving their organizations absolutely focused on sound judgment, experience, and guts feeling. By executing methodology mechanization, process information is gathered naturally and is accessible for observing and examination. This information helps you settle on significant choices and furnishes you with ahead of schedule signs about methodology deviations inside your operation.

4.4 Eliminate Human ErrorsIndeed, the best manual procedure does not keep individuals from committing errors. There are unending conceivable outcomes of what can happen. Expanding workload surely is a key driver of human blunder creating a great deal of revamp and disappointment and forcing hazard on the organization. Frameworks can help forestall human slips on information entrance through credibility checks and are intended to perform the same assignments again and again with the same amazing result, which is a key preference of procedure mechanization.Quality is a key differentiator in numerous markets since consumer loyalty is nearly interrelated with it. Since there are approaches to give excellent, lapse free results it has turned into a basic for organizations to robotize business forms with business process administration programming.4.5 ConsistenceWhile numerous exchanges around agreeability today concentrate on tenets and regulations forced on organizations, usage really is the all the more difficult part – comparatively to business forms:Effective techniques can just convey the expected results if workers conform to the characterized methodology stream and assignment taking care. Business process administration programming guarantees that administer are emulated, characterized steps are taken, and methodologies get to be straightforward.

In today’s aggressive business environment where we are asked to cut expenses and accomplish more with less, transform change and mechanization is fundamental to staying alive and gathering our key destinations. Process mechanization can encourage process execution and change, give consistency in execution, guarantee consistency, and permit us to change in light of quickly changing conditions and requests. A decent automation framework will give a simple approach to computerize procedures, direction assignments, and move information between procedure players. It will likewise give the adaptability and nimbleness to backing a steadily evolving environment. Are you prepared to stretch out beyond the opposition, move your organization to the following level of execution; you owe it to yourself to “examine process mechanization.5.0 The internet of things in the Mining IndustryA thing, in the Internet of Things, can be an individual with a heart screen embed, a ranch creature with a biochip transponder, a vehicles that has inherent sensors to alarm the driver when tire weight is low – or whatever other regular or man-made question that can be allocated an IP address and gave the capacity to exchange information with a system. As such, the Internet of Things has been most nearly connected with machine-to-machine (M2M) correspondence in assembling and power, oil and gas utilities. Items constructed with M2M correspondence capacities are regularly alluded to as being brilliant.

Ipv6’s tremendous increment in a location space is a vital component in the improvement of the Internet of Things. As indicated by Steve Leibson, the location space extension implies that we could “appoint an Ipv6 location to each particle on the surface of the earth, and still have enough delivers left to do an alternate 100 earths.” as it were; people could undoubtedly relegate an IP location to each “thing” on the planet. An increment in the quantity of shrewd hubs, and also the measure of upstream information the hubs create, is required to raise new worries about information protection, information power, and security.

In spite of the fact that the idea wasn’t named until 1999, the Internet of Things has get created for a reasonable duration of time. The primary Internet machine, for instance, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Melon University in the early 1980s. The developers could associate with the machine over the Internet, check the status of the machine and figure out if or not there would be a frosty beverage anticipating them, if they select to create the move down to the machine.

Today machines – and, in this way, the Internet – are very nearly completely subject to individuals for data. About the greater part of the approximately 50 petabytes (a petabyte is 1,024 terabytes) of information accessible on the Internet were initially caught and made by people by writing, pressing a record catch, taking a computerized picture or checking a scanner tag. The issue is; individuals have restricted time, consideration, and precision – all of which means they are bad at catching information about things in this present reality. On the off chance that we had machines that knew everything there was to think about things – utilizing information they accumulated without any assistance from us – we would have the capacity to track and number everything and enormously diminish waste, misfortune and expense. We would know when things required supplanting, repairing or reviewing and whether they were crisp or past their best.”

There are numerous points of interest of consolidating IoT into our lives, which can help people, organizations, and society regularly. For people, this new idea can come in numerous structures including wellbeing, security, monetarily, and consistently arranging. The incorporation of IoT into the social insurance framework could end up being inconceivably advantageous for both an individual and a general public. A chip could be executed by every person, considering healing centers to screen the key indications of the patient. By following their essential signs, it could help show whether genuine appraisal is fundamental. With the majority of the data that is accessible on the Internet, it can likewise alarm individuals into accepting they require more care than what is truly required. Healing facilities as of now battle to survey and deal with the patients that they have. By checking singular’s wellbeing, it will permit them to judge who needs essential consideration. The Internet of Things can likewise aid individuals with their individual wellbeing. ADT, which is a home security framework, permits people to screen their security frameworks at home through their telephones, with the capacity to control it. Additionally, an alternate innovation that has as of now been discharged is GM Onstar. This is a framework that is installed in GM autos that can identify if an accident has happened and it naturally calls 9-1-1. It can likewise track the development of the auto.IoT can likewise work as an instrument that can spare individuals cash inside their family units.

On the instance that their home apparatuses have the capacity impact, they can work in a vitality productive way. At last, IoT can support individuals with their ordinary arrangements. A fascinating case that was given to a feature was the correspondence between numerous gadgets that consequently changed in accordance with let an individual rest in. Despite the fact that this may sound immaterial, the abuse of time expenses us “$135 billion a year” (Koreshoff, 2012). By permitting physical gadgets to convey, it is taking the information that is separately gathered, imparting it, and afterward making an interpretation of the data into approaches to make our current frameworks more productive.

Organizations can likewise harvest numerous profits from the Internet of Things. IoT can be helpful in various classes including resource following and stock control, delivery and area, security, individual following, and vitality protection. As said some time recently, IoT considers the correspondence between gadgets, regularly alluded to as Machine-to-Machine (M2m) correspondence. With this being conceivable, physical gadgets have the capacity impact of individuals telling them their condition and where it is found. Gadgets, for example, trucks or boats take into consideration the most extreme ability to be filled with correspondence among gadgets and after that transferring that data to an individual to exploit the information supplied. These consolidated expand income by cutting expense of inefficiencies inside the business. A particular sample from “A Successful ‘Web of Things’ Hinges on M2M” article, is the operation of Nestles Nespresso Coffee Machine, which has “the capacity to screen components, for example, temperature setting, vibration, and weight aides guarantee quality yield, possibly prompting more noteworthy consumer loyalty and proceeded with rehash business” (Frenzel, 2012). In spite of the fact that the thought appears to be truly straightforward, it can be extremely profitable for an organization to use the IoT to guarantee quality administration is given to their clients.

ConclusionIn conclusion, an alternate focal point of IoT is the capacity to track singular customers and to focus on these purchasers focused on the data supplied by the gadgets. As it were, it gives a more “customized” framework that could conceivably expand business deals and expands their demographic all spheres including the mining industry. Moreover, with the expanded measure of gadgets joined with the Internet the Smart Grid extends, preserving more vitality (Frenzel, 2012). Gadgets can settle on choices and adjust without human direction to lessen their vitality use. The IoT has numerous favorable circumstances to organizations, people, buyers, the earth, and society, however as with any engineering, there are dependable repercussions and contentions that emerge.

Organizations can likewise harvest numerous profits from the Internet of Things. Iot can be helpful in a wide range of classes including resource following and stock control, transportation and area, security, individual following, and vitality preservation. As said some time recently, Iot takes into account the correspondence between gadgets, usually alluded to as Machine-to-Machine (M2m) correspondence. With this being conceivable, physical gadgets have the capacity convey to individuals telling them their condition and where it is spotted. Gadgets, for example, trucks or boats take into consideration the greatest ability to be filled by correspondence among gadgets and after that transferring that data to an individual to exploit the information supplied. These consolidated augment income by cutting expense of inefficiencies inside the business.

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