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Blackfish Film and Ethics

Virtue ethics refers to a philosophy developed by Aristotle. It is a character-based approach to mortality. This theory indicates that practice is vital in the process of virtue acquisition. Virtue ethics contrasts with the view that virtue is present in the world as a natural representation of goodness. Virtue ethics being character-based means that there are different traits and forms of virtue, but all come from constant practice in one’s moral character. For instance, courage would be considered a type of bravery and resoluteness, but bravery comes from years of constantly acting bravely, whereas resoluteness is often displayed when you are angry or feel threatened. Virtue ethics also suggests that healthy interpersonal relationships can have their own virtues (Van Zyl, 46). For example, generosity would be one such virtue for many people around the world since it’s seen as a way to give and express care for others without expecting anything in return.

The blackfish film is closely related with virtue ethics. The blackfish documentary shows the lives of people working with Orcas. It follows the life of a famous orca trainer, Dawn Brancheau, who was killed by an orca in 2010 at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida. While it seems that few people would care about the death of a whale trainer, this film sparks controversy on how animals are treated in such places. This movie is praised for its engaging and emotive portrayal of animal abuse and exploitation in captivity; therefore, it can be said that it is virtuous. The film portrays the lives of whales and what really goes on behind closed doors at places like SeaWorld.

The documentary titled ‘Blackfish’ is mainly regarding natural history of whales on the basis of how they were treated by humans before shooting one’s attack against them. The Blackfish film illustrates the segregation, hunting practices, and annihilation that face the sea world which comprise of the whales and other animals. These practices are effectively demonstrated in the Tilikum captivity ordeal, the dolphin hunting procedure and many other ways in which the hunt practices are conducted during whale hunts of sea creatures. The movie reveals these incidents to the audience and tells them that there is no need to have a look at these cruel acts which are happening in the field. The people who are involved in these activities have thought it fit to kill whales and other marine animals thinking of their own safety and convenience. In this way, they also avoid being seen as criminals by the people who are watching them doing this activity.

In this film, Orca is discussed to demonstrate great aggressiveness after being incarcerated in the SeaWorld. However, SeaWorld has been fighting against that idea. Since the film was released, it has caused a great amount of controversy on the trainers working in such places and the killers have been removed from captivity. The film is not just about killer whales but also about how they are treated by humans. In general, Blackfish documentary is a great piece on how we treat animals, including whales and dolphins, in captivity at SeaWorld in John Krasinski’s directorial debut. It is an emotional documentary with power conversations to help change our perspective of animal rights and treatment.

This movie has greatly demonstrated the role of ethics in the society and how the society must truly have ethical and moral values to have a better society. The film has shown us that the real leaders of this world are the people who are kind and give love to everyone (Cowperthwaite). The people who are cruel and hate to others will be thrown away from his or her position. This has been showed by the documentary and I can’t state it more properly than that. This article discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of exotic or trained marine mammals for entertainment purposes and how Blackfish, as well as other films such as Dolphin Diary helped to raise awareness in this topic. This is an important discussion that needs to be more widely discussed.

During the film, I felt so sorry for the animals of SeaWorld, who live in small aquariums and must experience horrible things. They are beaten and forced to perform extremely unnatural acts while they were helpless and defenseless. There are stories about orcas attacking their trainers in their habitats at SeaWorld, something that is always talked about in this documentary film. No one seems to believe what really happened to these orcas before the attack or why did it happen at all. Blackfish wants to give its opinion on why those killings happened because of ethical issues inside SeaWorld company.

The film teaches us to always think twice before taking an action. This is mostly vital when those actions tend to infringe other people’s rights of expression or liberty. The people who are cruel like those in this film will never be rewarded and they will be erased from the society. The importance of showing the good and bad sides of this world can never be over emphasized, especially when you are seeing it on large screen. Those who have such values in mind must see this film to foster their ethical and moral values into what they do for a living. In a time where we have to share our opinion about many things whether good or bad, we must still remember that these opinions may not just be expressed by us but also by people around us too. Even if a few people do not support you, it does not mean that you are wrong.

From the film, we can also see how the marine family face harsh training and punishments. These shows the level of lack of empathy in the society and its effects. In this article, we can read the following: “Blackfish would probably be a better film if it had not been produced to make a point about the ethics of keeping marine animals in captivity. Yet despite its intent, Blackfish also humanizes marine animals and exposes their suffering and desperation.”

Thus, animal rights have been a major topic since the production of the Blackfish film. The movie has demonstrated animal abuse on a grand scale, with the orcas being kept in captivity and abused by SeaWorld. The documentary rightfully gained much attention from the people of the world who care about animal rights (Stokes 160). Not to mention, the film has also received criticism throughout its run-on different channels such as social media and traditional news media. When it turns out that these supposed “animal rights activists” are actually just taking advantage of this marine park, Animal Rights Organization has created an action plan for what needs to be done in order to help save these animals and make them happy once again. The Blackfish film is a must watch for anyone who is interested in animal rights or activism as a whole (whether they care about orcas or not).

The article, “SeaWorld should set captive orcas free” stipulates Jean-Michel Cousteau’s calling on the SeaWorld to release its captive orcas. The Oceanographic explorer, indicates that “They need to be released and put back into a place where we can keep an eye on them and they can reconnect with nature,”. Cousteau and his organization Ocean Future Society has been advocating for the release of marine mammals in captivity, a movement that has created conflict with advocacy groups such as People for the Ethical treatment of Animals which are calling for the closure of all marine mammal parks. The article indicates that SeaWorld is “one of the most controversial institutions in North America” due to its poor treatment of orcas. The article also mentions that this type of treatment is not limited to SeaWorld, but it is instead industry-wide phenomenon. Nowadays, there are at least 81 orcas currently held captive in marine parks, zoos and aquaria across the globe (Jean-Michel 4).

Works Cited

“Jean-Michel Cousteau: Seaworld Should Set Captive Orcas Free”. The Guardian, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/apr/27/seaworld-free-captive-orcas-jean-michel-cousteau. Accessed 1 Feb 2022.

Cowperthwaite, G., Oteyza, M. V., Despres, E., Ingalls, J., Towey, C., Beal, J., Blackfish. Magnolia Pictures (Firm), Magnolia Home Entertainment (Firm). (2013)

Stokes, Ashli Q., and Wendy Atkins-Sayre. “PETA, rhetorical fracture, and the power of digital activism.” Public Relations Inquiry 7.2 (2018): 149-170.

Van Zyl, Liezl. Virtue ethics: A contemporary introduction. Routledge, 2018.

A Review of Hotels in Jacmel Haiti

There is no doubt that Haiti remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The recent earthquake catastrophe notwithstanding, this country will give you some of the most scenic and breathtaking sights you have ever seen. From the mountains to the sandy beaches and their culture, this is the place to visit and therefore you need to research into the hotels in Jacmel Haiti for your own good.

Jacmel is a city that is located in the southern side of the Isle of Haiti and its sights are breathtaking. One will be able to see the Caribbean ocean from the windows of most of these hotels and the nearby mountains that make the scenery out of this world. People also love watching the sun rise and set on this horizon and it is awesome to look at.

This city is also one of the most popular when it comes to aspects of French music and culture. You will enjoy rare French cuisine in these hotels and this will be an awesome experience. They also have kept other cultures like the African and aboriginal cultures and traditions in the city and you will enjoy immensely experiencing them. They are as much a part of Jacmel as the buildings are.

The city is also full of great shopping malls where you can shop for clothes and rare jewelry especially if you like French fashion. This makes for a good pastime when you are not on the beaches soaking in the rich sandy waters or running up and down the beautiful shores that make great spectacular beauty. Most people love to go there for their honeymoon as it is romantic and quiet.

People also love to book accommodations to attend the numerous celebrations in the city such as the carnival, mother’s day, Independence Day, the birth of Toussaint L’ouverture day, and the Haitian Flag Day. During these celebrations, one can collect rare artifacts and get to enjoy beautiful music from all the cultures that make up the nation. This is a rare experience and everyone should look forward to it.

Among the most popular hotels in the Jacmel city is the Cap Lamandou hotel that provides scenic views of the beaches and the mountains behind. The Hotel Cyvadier is also a hot favorite with many tourists because of the unique way in which it is built and how people get to enjoy the ocean in all its beauty. Hotel le Rendez-vous is also beautiful and quiet and here you will get a peaceful getaway from all the hustle of the city.

The lavish and stylish Hotel Florita is where you will need to book in if you intend to enjoy the Haitian art and culture to the fullest. If you are looking for bed and breakfast accommodations the Hotel Kabic Beach club and the Villa Nicole Jacmel hotels are some of the best places to be.

The Hotel L’Amitie is also quite beautiful and scenic because you will be able to have a panoramic view of the ocean from there and it also offers bed and breakfast packages. Hotels in Jacmel Haiti are special and this is what you must be looking for on your honeymoon or holiday getaways.

An Analysis of Hotels in Jacmel Haiti

Haiti is one of the most visited places by international and local tourists. This is because they have amazing sights to behold. Their attracting sites involve the tall mountains, sandy beaches and their rich culture. It is a very good destination for you. Once you have decided to go there, you can book the hotels in Jacmel Haiti for quality services.

Jacmel is strategically placed at the southern part of the Isle of Haiti. This city’s sites are just magnificent. This is especially because one can see the Caribbean ocean through the windows of the hotels. When you look at it the mountains, the scenery is so mind blowing. You would love it if you observe the sunrise and its setting on the horizon.

This place is also known for French culture and music. When you visit the hotels in the town, you will be served some of the sporadic French cuisines. It will be an unusual experience in your entire life. Make sure to have a look at their cultures that include the African and aboriginal traditions which are really entertaining.

Do not leave the city without shopping in their malls. They have amazing French fashion of clothing and rare jewels. This will work for you perfectly if you had wished to wear something with a French aspect. Have sweet moments at the beach as you soak your legs in the sandy waters view the outstanding beauty. It is the best destination for a honeymoon or a holiday.

The city has got many celebrations going on. You can ask to attend one of them. They include ceremonies of mother’s day, Haitian flags day, the birth of Toussaint L’ouverture day, and the Independence Day. Here you can dance to their music and also collect scarce artifacts that will be available. It is a rare moment which you can really enjoy and remember for the rest of their lifetime.

In Jacmel city, there are many luxurious hotels. The Cap Lamandou hotel is among the very best. It provides excellent views of the seashores and the mountains near it. The other Hotel Cyvadier which people like. It is well built for favorite tourists to have a good time looking at the ocean and admiring its splendor. If you need a serene place, Hotel le Rendez-vous is the best place to dine in. It is away from all the activities in town, hence very peaceful.

If you are out to search for a classy restaurant, your best choice will be Hotel Florita. You should book in time if you would like to spend some time there. The rooms have the Haitian artwork and its culture completes it perfectly. Those in need of bed and breakfast inns can stay at Hotel Villa Nicole or the Jacmel Kabic Beach club hotels.

The Hotel L’Amitie is popular for its beautiful view of the sea from where it is located. It is important to note that it gives bed and breakfast services. Hotels in Jacmel Haiti are unique in every way and will make your stay there comfortable.

All You Need To Know About Hotels in Jacmel Haiti

If you decide to go on holiday, consider staying at different hotels in Jacmel Haiti. The Island has remained to be a top Island destination. Though the place was recently hit by devastating earthquakes, it offers some of the spectacular and beautiful scenes not found in other places. The scene includes unique mountains, beaches and the local culture. When you arrive here do your research to get the best facility.

When you arrive in this island, you have to visit the city located on the South of the country. This region offers great scenes for visitors. The first sight to see is the Caribbean ocean that forms a good view from the hotel windows you are staying. The major staying points are surrounded by breathtaking mountains that cannot be found in other places. Those who love to watch as the sun goes down benefit a lot as they watch the horizon.

When you come here, you will be amazed at the local French culture and music. In different places across the city, visitor enjoys local French dishes served in lodges that offer new experiences. The local people make visitors enjoy. Here you will also get to experience Aborigines and African culture and traditions. You will get many parts to visit in the city just like there are many buildings to see.

When you book here, you will also get places to do your shopping. These complexes offer unique jewelry and clothes designed din French fashion. When you are tired and do not have the mood to visit beaches, doing pastime activity like shopping offers the best experience from sandy water and soaking. This spectacular place becomes the ideal point for honeymoon.

For those in a carnival mood, they have to book for accommodation places. Here they participate in various celebrations like mother’s day, birth of ToussaintL, carnival celebrations, Haitian flags day and Independence Day. As you enjoy the celebrations, do not forget to become a one day collector where you get several artifacts. There is good music and local culture that defines this country. Every person should look forward to staying here.

One of the biggest and memorable places to stay when you arrive here is the Cap Lamandou. This facility allows holiday makers to see spectacular scenes like beaches and surrounding hills. Another facility you need to check is the Cyvadier that has remained a good place to the tourist coming. This is so because it has unique architecture. It allows the visitor to enjoy ocean experience and surrounding beauties. The Le Rendez-vous is another place to stay and offers a peaceful way of enjoying your time.

Florita is an ideal facility for clients who want to enjoy local art and cultures. People who want to relax, be served bed and breakfast and good accommodations must book and stay at the Kabic Beach Club or the Villa Nicolle which have remained to be the best points for one to stay.

If you want to have a feel of the ocean and the surroundings, book at the L’Amitie. This is a beautiful place because if offers bed and breakfast services. To enjoy your stay, book at the various hotels in Jacmel Haiti and get the special treatment for your holiday and honeymoon.

A Review of the Article’ Social Media and Mental Health written by Steven A Sumner, Daniel A. Bowen, and Brad Bartholow Published on May 8, 2019

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Introduction

The article ‘Social Media and Mental Health’ written by Steven A Sumner, Daniel A. Bowen, and Brad Bartholow, Published on May 8, 2020, discusses factors that project the spread of positive messages on social networks and why it is important for an individual’s mental space. According to (Sumner et al., 2020), individuals or organizations seeking to promote positive messages online need to know the factors that affect the spread of positive health messages. This paper will discuss the factors that predict the spread of positive messages on social media platforms.

The consumers’ routine use of various social networks is influenced by their emotional connection and the positive mental health outcomes derived from the respective platforms (Liang, 2020). Social media users are drawn to platforms that promote their mental headspace by allowing them to explore and express themselves freely. Social networks enable users to access resources like social support from other platform users and efficient information, thus forming and maintaining social capital (Bekalu et al., 2019). Social media platforms propagate positive mental health messages by providing relevant information, and social support individuals and the community need to grow mentally. Finding common ground and other people one can relate to in the social networks gives a sense of belonging to users, stabilizing their mental health.

I agree with the argument that social media plays a crucial role in the mental health of individuals. My contribution to the argument would be the need to focus on creating awareness on the role of media houses and platform controllers in minding their users’ mental health by encouraging them to post positive and inspiring information.

Students’ understanding of scholarship as an ongoing conversation allows them to enhance their creative skills through a critical evaluation of other people’s contributions. In addition, the scholarship helps a student change their approach to complex issues by acknowledging its characterization of different competing perspectives and giving it a more diverse response rather than discrete answers.

Conclusion

Social media plays a vital role in promoting mental health. Individuals’ mental health is essential for their overall well-being and social interactions in society. Their association with the right people on the platform and content provided by social media erases the fear of being left out. Therefore, active social media consumers need to beware of the content they expose themselves to, as it is critical to their mental health and consequent productiveness.

Reference

Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use with Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use from Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768Liang, H. (2021). Decreasing social contagion effects in diffusion cascades: Modeling message spreading on social media. Telematics and Informatics, 62, 101623.

Sumner, S., Bowen, D., & Bartholow, B. (2020). Factors Associated with Increased Dissemination of Positive Mental Health Messaging on social media. Crisis, 41(2), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000598

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Black Pride and Unity

The essay, “The Negro Digs Up His Past”, was among the works of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, in which he provided his views regarding the Negros’ history. The essay was written in the year 1925 to disapprove the claim that the black people have no history, and it is through this claim that the author bases his arguments to show the significance of recording the collective achievements by the Africans. Black pride and unity is, therefore, the primary theme that can be traced from the essay as the author puts forth various claims to which make it evident that the Africans do have a history and to which they are entitled to fight for to regain their identity.

Schomburg states at the beginning of his essay that “The American Negro must remark his past in order to make his future” (Schomburg, 670). Based on the above statement, the author emphasizes the importance of the African American to trace their origin and history so that they can mark their future. A generation or race that does not document their history has no chances of being proud in future as they are not bound to any culture of their own but rather depend on assimilation by other major cultures. The statement is a clear depiction that the American Negro should not only trace back and document their past, but also be proud of their culture as a common source of their identity and heritage.

Schomburg further urges the African Americans not to be comfortable for being in the American soil, a country that people doesn’t bother about their past, the Negros should not be in comfort like the other races in the American nation as it should be of prime necessity for the American Negro to trace their past. Schomburg states that “Though it is orthodox to think of America as the one country where it is unnecessary to have a past, what is a luxury for the nation as a whole becomes a prime social necessity for the Negro.” (Schomburg, 670). From the statement above, the author says that Negros have to dig deeper into their history for their affirmation from the continued oppression and discrimination. The Negros should not be comfortable and let other people define them and judge them the wrong way, they should not see it as a luxury lining in a foreign land but should find it more comfortable to trace their deep culture that marks their history to avoid being oppressed for lack of a past. The process of discovering the past is not an individual journey, but a collective process that calls for the union of all the Negros and this is an excellent affirmation of the black unity and pride.

Schomburg uses the works of other individuals to portray the significance of back pride. For example, Jupiter Hammon’s work of 1787, addressed to the Negros residing in New York State, emphasizing the need for black pride and identity, “If we should ever get to Heaven, we shall find nobody to reproach us for being back, or for being slaves” (Schomburg, 671). From the above statement, the author tries to sensitize the people of black origin that there is no one to blame for being black and that there will be nobody to question why they are slaves facing oppression and discrimination. It is through this that he wants the Negros to be proud of their identity for being black and fight against their oppression citing that there will be no one to be questioned or responsible for their mistreatments. For this, they should, therefore, take action and liberate themselves from the hands of the oppressor and as well accept their identity as being black.

In a way to demonstrate unity and pride among the people of color, Schomburg uses the case of the campaign against and the abolition of the slave trade. He states that “Just as black men were influential factors in the campaign against the slave trade, so they were among the earliest instigators of the abolition movement” (Schomburg, 671). Here the author shows that the Negros also have a past especially in fighting against the slave trade and played a vital role to its abolition as well as the setting of a free nation where the slaves could be settled.

In conclusion, Schomburg has illustrated through various incidences that the Negros need not complain about their color but be proud as they have a rich culture that is distinct from the rest. He further states that the Negros should not be in comfort when they are oppressed and that they should stand up in unity, just like during the fight against the slave trade and fight against their oppression. Schomburg argues through other works that the Negros will have no one to blame for their mistreatments, discrimination and oppression, neither for being black and therefore should stand firm and fight for their identity, in their realization of black pride and unity.

Work Cited

Schomburg, Arthur A. “The Negro digs up his past.” The New Negro 1975 (1925).

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Blackfish Film and Ethics

Virtue ethics refers to a philosophy developed by Aristotle. It is a character-based approach to mortality. This theory indicates that practice is vital in the process of virtue acquisition. Virtue ethics contrasts with the view that virtue is present in the world as a natural representation of goodness. Virtue ethics being character-based means that there are different traits and forms of virtue, but all come from constant practice in one’s moral character. For instance, courage would be considered a type of bravery and resoluteness, but bravery comes from years of constantly acting bravely, whereas resoluteness is often displayed when you are angry or feel threatened. Virtue ethics also suggests that healthy interpersonal relationships can have their own virtues (Van Zyl, 46). For example, generosity would be one such virtue for many people around the world since it’s seen as a way to give and express care for others without expecting anything in return.

The blackfish film is closely related with virtue ethics. The blackfish documentary shows the lives of people working with Orcas. It follows the life of a famous orca trainer, Dawn Brancheau, who was killed by an orca in 2010 at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida. While it seems that few people would care about the death of a whale trainer, this film sparks controversy on how animals are treated in such places. This movie is praised for its engaging and emotive portrayal of animal abuse and exploitation in captivity; therefore, it can be said that it is virtuous. The film portrays the lives of whales and what really goes on behind closed doors at places like SeaWorld.

The documentary titled ‘Blackfish’ is mainly regarding natural history of whales on the basis of how they were treated by humans before shooting one’s attack against them. The Blackfish film illustrates the segregation, hunting practices, and annihilation that face the sea world which comprise of the whales and other animals. These practices are effectively demonstrated in the Tilikum captivity ordeal, the dolphin hunting procedure and many other ways in which the hunt practices are conducted during whale hunts of sea creatures. The movie reveals these incidents to the audience and tells them that there is no need to have a look at these cruel acts which are happening in the field. The people who are involved in these activities have thought it fit to kill whales and other marine animals thinking of their own safety and convenience. In this way, they also avoid being seen as criminals by the people who are watching them doing this activity.

In this film, Orca is discussed to demonstrate great aggressiveness after being incarcerated in the SeaWorld. However, SeaWorld has been fighting against that idea. Since the film was released, it has caused a great amount of controversy on the trainers working in such places and the killers have been removed from captivity. The film is not just about killer whales but also about how they are treated by humans. In general, Blackfish documentary is a great piece on how we treat animals, including whales and dolphins, in captivity at SeaWorld in John Krasinski’s directorial debut. It is an emotional documentary with power conversations to help change our perspective of animal rights and treatment.

This movie has greatly demonstrated the role of ethics in the society and how the society must truly have ethical and moral values to have a better society. The film has shown us that the real leaders of this world are the people who are kind and give love to everyone (Cowperthwaite). The people who are cruel and hate to others will be thrown away from his or her position. This has been showed by the documentary and I can’t state it more properly than that. This article discusses ethical issues surrounding the use of exotic or trained marine mammals for entertainment purposes and how Blackfish, as well as other films such as Dolphin Diary helped to raise awareness in this topic. This is an important discussion that needs to be more widely discussed.

During the film, I felt so sorry for the animals of SeaWorld, who live in small aquariums and must experience horrible things. They are beaten and forced to perform extremely unnatural acts while they were helpless and defenseless. There are stories about orcas attacking their trainers in their habitats at SeaWorld, something that is always talked about in this documentary film. No one seems to believe what really happened to these orcas before the attack or why did it happen at all. Blackfish wants to give its opinion on why those killings happened because of ethical issues inside SeaWorld company.

The film teaches us to always think twice before taking an action. This is mostly vital when those actions tend to infringe other people’s rights of expression or liberty. The people who are cruel like those in this film will never be rewarded and they will be erased from the society. The importance of showing the good and bad sides of this world can never be over emphasized, especially when you are seeing it on large screen. Those who have such values in mind must see this film to foster their ethical and moral values into what they do for a living. In a time where we have to share our opinion about many things whether good or bad, we must still remember that these opinions may not just be expressed by us but also by people around us too. Even if a few people do not support you, it does not mean that you are wrong.

From the film, we can also see how the marine family face harsh training and punishments. These shows the level of lack of empathy in the society and its effects. In this article, we can read the following: “Blackfish would probably be a better film if it had not been produced to make a point about the ethics of keeping marine animals in captivity. Yet despite its intent, Blackfish also humanizes marine animals and exposes their suffering and desperation.”

Works Cited

Cowperthwaite, G., Oteyza, M. V., Despres, E., Ingalls, J., Towey, C., Beal, J., Blackfish. Magnolia Pictures (Firm), Magnolia Home Entertainment (Firm). (2013)

Van Zyl, Liezl. Virtue ethics: A contemporary introduction. Routledge, 2018.

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A Review of No. 78 Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton sought to explain the powers and duties of the American judiciary department as proposed in the Article III of the Federal Constitution. Hamilton through the Federalist paper 78 sought to highlight what the Constitution had in mind about the composition of the federal courts. Through the Federalist paper 78, Hamilton was explaining to the American citizens that the judiciary had its role to play and would not end up going out of control in execution of its mandate. He did this by explaining to the public that the powers of the judiciary would have checks and balances to ensure that they play a leading role in the running of the constitutional government.

In the Federalist paper No. 78 commonly known as No. 78 Hamilton, Hamilton presents two major arguments about the proposed Judiciary structure. The first argument about the structure of the judiciary is to guarantee its autonomy from other arms of the government, legislature and the executive. In arguing the need for an independent judiciary, Hamilton concluded that there was the need for the strengthening of the Judiciary to ensure it is independent. He proposed that the judiciary should be provided with more power that can enable it to oversee the functioning of the legislature. It should be empowered to ensure that it could have powers to declare laws passed by Congress as null and void if it deems them ‘contrary to the manifest tenor of the American constitution.’

In the Federalist paper No. 78, Hamilton suggested the need to empower the judiciary so it would protect the rights and privileges of the citizens. Hamilton argued that the main function of a judiciary in a democratic country is to protection of the rights and privileges of citizens as outlined in the Constitution. In advancing the argument on how the judiciary will ensure the protection of the rights and privileges of citizens, he wanted the judiciary to have powers to review laws. He argued that powers of Judicial Review would ensure that the courts can be able to critically analyze laws passed by the Congress and declare those that are unconstitutional null and void. In responding to those who criticized the need for the judiciary to have Judicial Review powers, Hamilton argued that the role of the judiciary is to ensure that Congress is a servant of the American constitution and the citizens.

The term ‘Judicial Review’ is not mentioned in the American constitution though it got it legitimacy from a Supreme Court ruling in 1803. In the case of Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L. Ed. 60, the American Supreme Court declared an act of Congress null and void. This ruling by the Supreme Court in 1803 has been used in many cases by the courts to give judicial review legitimacy. Critics have been quick to term the judicial review powers as ‘judicial activism’ arguing that the judiciary has been used in overturning Acts of Congress without the due process being followed.

I think the most important part of the ‘Federalist paper No. 78’ is where it states that, ‘the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents.’ This statement emphasizes the supremacy of the Constitution over the acts of Congress or any other statutes. It also acknowledges the supremacy of the citizens over their elected representatives in the Congress. This provision ensures that in its conduct, the judiciary should always uphold the supremacy of the Constitution over other statutes. It also reminds the judicial officers that, the citizens’ will always prevails over that of their elected representatives.

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Introduction

Lysistrata is a story that outlines a plan made by women in ancient Greece to put an end to the Peloponnesian War. A woman named Lysistrata comes up with a plan and incites fellow women to take part in it. This plan entails starving their husbands sexually so that they can come to a speedy conclusion. At first, the women are reluctant to take part in the plan saying that their husbands may beat them or force them to have sex. Eventually, they agreed not to give in to their husbands’ advances, forcing the men going to war to petition their leaders to make a pact. It is noteworthy that, at the play’s tail end, it is Lysistrata who is called to make the treaty between Athens and Sparta. This is a fictional part in the play as women did not have any voting privileges in ancient Greece.

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Lysistrata takes up the role of Alazon, the imposter or self-deceiving braggart. It is worth noting that as much as Lysistrata gives directions to the women on how to deal with their husbands, she does not participate in seizing Akropolis or even the sex strike. She does not seem to exhibit sexual desire or even have a husband or lover.

The Commissioner of Public Safety takes the role of Eiron. He is central to the contest since he holds the key to ending the war. It is worth noting that once the women overwhelm the policemen, Lysistrata tries to convince the Commissioner of Public Safety as to how easy it is to finish the war. Unfortunately, his self-derogatory and understating character blinds him from understanding the logic in Lysistrata’s words.

Kinesias takes up the role of bomolochos who is introduced to enhance the comic effect. He is the first person to be put down by the sex strike and is subjected to trickery by his wife. Kinesias is a misogynist, a poor father and a buffoon-extraordinaire. Kinesias, only looks for his wife because he is suffering from a painful erection. Not only is he unable to take care of his children, but his playful wife also outwits him.

2.

What makes the competition between the Chorus of old Men and the Chorus of the old Women is the fact that it pits two groups of people, with the one that comes out triumphant having been trampled upon for quite a long time. It is worth noting that, the old men had aimed at smoking the women out only to have their fire put out and even coming out wet. The pathetic part in the competition is where the men appear as if they had urinated on themselves as they had been dowsed with water (Aristophanes, 13). The LOL funny part in the competition is where the Scythian guard charged with the responsibility of tying Lysistrata’s hands defecates on himself after being threatened by Lysistrata.

3.

Aristophanes convinces his audience as to the role that war plays, as well as the things that trigger the war. It is noteworthy that, the leaders of the two countries are able to come together and find a lasting solution to the war once the women starve their husbands of sex. They look at the things that bring them together rather than the things that divide them, thereby finding a lasting solution to the war. The depiction of women and men as sexually rapacious does not come in the way of the satire as it shows that women and men have equal needs, or rather need each other and complement each other. The introduction of Peace serves to show or bring out the deep desires of the men. As much as they have been fighting, they have always yearned for peace and the prospect of having peace is enough to make them make a lasting treaty. This satisfy’s use of the name Peace.

4.

The play revolves around the resolution of the war between Athenians and Spartans. However, the opposing groups in this case are women and men. Men are concerned about victory in wars between nations, while women would want a restoration of peace so that their lives as families can be the same. In essence, the women use sex as their main weapon so as to imbue some sense in their men. Men, on the other hand, use force to suppress the voices of women as shown by the magistrate. The magistrate tries to quell the victory of the chorus of women over the chorus of old men through the use of force, only to have himself dowsed with water (Aristophanes, 26). Wool is used as a symbol of the intricacies surrounding societies. Lysistrata uses the metaphor to show how the matters between the two warring communities should be resolved. She talks of cleansing the people, ensuring that there is equality, and then bringing people together through the convergence of their interests.

5.

Aristophanes uses the play to ridicule the selfishness of the people in Athens and Sparta. It is worth noting that even when the women were invited to take part in the sex-strike, they were unwilling not only because of the resistance of their husbands but because of their own sexual urges. To them, their sexual satisfaction comes before the welfare of their entire nations. In fact, the simplicity with which the leaders come to a treaty arouses the question as to whether there truly was any reason to fight. In addition, it is worth noting that the men only petition the magistrate and their leaders to make a pact after they were denied sex.

Works cited

Aristophanes. Lysistrata. The EServer Drama Collection, Web 2012 retrieved 22nd July 2012 from HYPERLINK “http://drama.eserver.org/plays/classical/aristophanes/lysistrata.txt” http://drama.eserver.org/plays/classical/aristophanes/lysistrata.txt

(Aristophanes)

Membrane Transport

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Membrane transport involves the collection of various mechanisms to regulate the passage or movement of small molecules and solutes across the cell membrane. The mechanism by which molecules are transported into or out of the cell depends on whether the molecule is being absorbed by a macromolecule such as proteoglycan, protein or peptide, or is being excreted as a waste product.

The four main types or mechanisms of passive transport are filtration, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion, and osmosis. Transport is sensed by the influx of a solute into the cell by any one or all of these mechanisms, depending on the molecule, then this will cause a number of signals to be made, which will start or stop a transport cycle. Transport is extremely important in maintaining homeostasis within living organisms. One example would be the transport of glucose, which is required for all living cells to survive and perform their functions. Insulin, which is produced by beta cells in an inactive state and stored in vesicles called granules located within its cell membrane.

Membrane transport also involves passive mechanisms where molecules are carried in one direction across the membrane without using any energy to move them along; these include diffusion and osmosis. Additionally, there are active transport processes that use energy to move those same molecules from place to place across the membrane; these include facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated transport.

For active transport processes the particles pass from a lower concentration to a higher one across a cell membrane. For facilitated transport, the molecules already have sufficient surface charge to move through the membrane and are then actively transported. This is a very efficient mechanism as it uses relatively little energy.

Membrane transport can also be described as a process of entry into the cell followed by a process of exit from the cell, however, this does not completely describe membrane transport. The distinction between active and passive transport is made here mainly for clarity; in practice all three types occur simultaneously in all cells and systems in which molecules must cross membranes, excluding extremely small molecules. Transport occurs both ways across most membranes (inside to outside or outside to inside).

Exocytosis and endocytosis are the main bulk transport processes that are used in eukaryotes. Exocytosis is a process by which signals from either outside or inside of the cell initiate exocytic vesicles, which transport molecules out of the cell. In contrast, endocytosis is used by cells to absorb extracellular molecules into vesicles that form within the cells and then travel through the cell’s membrane. This process closely resembles exocytosis in that it requires an extracellular signal for it to occur as well as a lipid bilayer with receptors on its surface for targeting molecules within a specific range.

The major similarities between passive transport process and active transport process is that both passive transport process and active transport process happen in cells. Passive transport process usually occurs in the lumen of cells, while active transport process usually involves moving solutes against their concentration gradient across a cell membrane. In passive transport, the energy needed for movement is provided by osmotic pressure (difference in solute concentration) or energy released by ATP molecules. Active Transport requires a high amount of energy whereas passive transports requires little to no energy. There is a concentration gradient required for active transport whereas there are no concentrations necessary for passive transportation.

The major differences between passive transport process and active transport process are that unlike passive transport, active transport is a specific type of cellular movement in which substrate or solute molecules move against their concentration gradient. This is done with the help of proteins embedded in a biological membrane. In contrast, many substances can go through a membrane by diffusion as long as their net concentration (concentration on both sides) is equal to or higher than that at equilibrium outside the cell (allowing water to pass through).

Reference

Stillwell, W. (2016). Membrane transport—Chap. 19. An introduction to biological membranes: Composition, structure and function, 423-451.

Megan Burnett

I agree with your observations since the purpose of learning is to ensure an individual acquires the requisite knowledge and analytical skills t enable them to solve daily problems. Americans are among the most knowledgeable beings on the planet. Still, it beats my understanding of the sheer ignorance we have on what we consume and only become critical when it is too late for our health. For example, what would have happened if we headed to the health experts’ directions concerning the Covid19 control measure at the beginning of 2020? Could it have struck us the way it did? Absolutely no.

Kristen Istria

Indeed, that part of the argument also stood out for me. I mean, the irony in it is that even though the government puts in so much effort to ensure we consume food that meets quality standards and is also healthy and nutritious. However, as Americans, we will always find our poison by consuming substandard food and junk, irrespective of all these. Does this mean that we place so much effort on short-term pleasure over long-term safety and health as humans?

Lynching As Used By The White Supremacists

Introduction

Lynching was one of the ways used by the white supremacists so as to have absolute power over the blacks in early 20th and late 19th century. Lynching was popularized so as to make the whites a more feared society .and also to suppress the black resistance against the whites. However, all through the lynching history the whites used different ways to control the life of the black’s .Politically, socially and economically. Major factors that lead to the increase of lynching was the fear among the white male who saw the blacks as being a danger to their families. False accusations were one of the significant ways the whites used against the black male,

The crimes that the black male would be charged with was mostly rape, many men were convicted and sentenced to death without any concrete evidence and at times even without being taken to court. Such like acts of killing without approval from the courts most of time was viewed by the whites as an acceptable as it was a way of eliminating wrong doers.

Most of the death sentences were carried out by hanging, or sometimes worse acts of disfigurement such as being set ablaze alive and also castration. The most ridiculous thing was that no white man was ever accused of such crimes and the white society also perfected the act of depriving the blacks all of the basic human right like even the right to life. Although court rulings during slavery were discrimatory some were just amusing where one black man who wanted to secure freedom for his son was ordered to be baptized .some cases against the blacks

were decided on skin color like the case famously known as john punch a black servant who had escaped servitude along with other European servants but when they were caught the black servant sentenced to servitude for the of his life while the white servants were added a few years on the years that they had serve as servants

The white men even went further to portray the black man as rapists that would rape the white women unless a way was devised on how the white woman would be protected. The main reason the white man portrayed the black man as rapist was to gain total control over the black man and also to give the white society reasons to lynch the black man without raising eye brows and it worked as the rest of the world had been made to believe the black man was very bad.

Another reason why lynching becomes established was because of the ending of the Civil War, because the blacks who were fighting had nowhere to go, another fact was that slavery had come to an end and the slaves had been given freedom to make a living for themselves some now live amongst the whites who were disappointed. . and they gave various reasons to stop abolishment of slavery saying slavery helped to maintain both social and economic order, others felt the freed slaves would bring job scarcity as the freed slaves would be employed and in turn the blacks would be empowered so that meant less power to the whites politically and economically, thus the whites devised a way of going round the ruling that abolished slavery and enacted a bill in 1667 which allowed slaves to convert to Christianity but not allowing them complete freedom but the blacks would now work as servants and not slaves but still the blacks were being forced to work. Some whites also felt the blacks had no right to live among the whites, the black society was also raising fast in numbers and the white man hated the black man more, others just hated the black society because of the skin color.

The support of the society was another cause why lynching became ever more fashionable and the absence of opposition from the blacks encouraged the white to continue terrorizing the black. The entire white community was in support of social accord, which allowed the blacks to receive punishment as well as becoming subdued. Considerably different from the usual public mobs giving their views openly, the medium was also contributed helped to the rising figure of lynching. They focused on cases involving black offenders against a white, sometimes they would speak to the community and offer suggestions to the community, recommending what actions needed to be imposed to ensure white power.   The media would give powerful comments such as saying that lynching was away of revenge and discourage the black beasts against committing such an act again. Some politicians in most cases would promote lynching and racial violence. The political factors contributed to the increase of lynching during these two centuries. The three elections in 1892, 1894 and 1896 which brought on average of 17 lynching every year during the campaigns. including Louisiana which was a famous state encountered increased numbers during the campaigns.

Political parties that were perceived as detrimental to the dominance of the white race did not receive any recognition or support from the white society Conservatives were very much worried about the black organization which was gaining strength everyday. The African repression continued to reign with the predominance of lynching, the blacks now started becoming violent despite the fact that lynching was on the rise and the blacks were also been weakened.

Racial injustices are another immense cause why lynching thrived as well, the white people involved in killing the blacks knew they would go scot free even after killing a black man. Lynching became more common as a communal show; people were accepting the brutal killing of a black man in public. The terror that the black faced was brought about by lack of social protection from police.  

ConclusionLynching that took place in the 19th and 20th centuries was never studied properly to understand the impact it had in the lives of the blacks, who lived during that period. Even when there were numerous instances where life become unbearable. Obviously being in a state of regular fear, experiencing the sense of denial, lack of one civil rights and importantly the taking of life. The predominance of lynching was at times because of support of the very people who were supposed to stop the terror, who would have thought that one of could stoop so low, to the extent judging people because of biological characteristics instead of seeing what they have to offer. The past is behind but power is still an issue which elicits emotions.