Category: Uncategorized

Kadeane Mooyoung

SPCH 142

October 25, 2020.

Black Lives Matter Persuasive Speech

Imagine being beaten, stereotyped, murdered, and even profiled just because your skin is different from the others. Imagine walking in the streets and hear the police say that “you look like a bad guy,” just because your skin is black. How would you feel? This is what Black people go through all the time. All that is needed in America is the equality for all races, whether white or black, none should be subjected to special treatment. The United States Constitution provides for equality of all people regardless of their race, but this has not been the case for the people of color as they have been murdered in cold blood by the police and continue to witness mass incarceration.

Unfortunately, people of color have been stereotyped and continued to be treated as inferior to the whites, and their lives have been downgraded to not being sacred anymore. Families in the current American setting have to deal with family members being killed unjustly by the police, who are meant to protect us. It is important to note that all lives are sacred, and all lives matter: We are all equal, not only before the U.S Constitution, but also in the eyes of God. We all have the same rights as guaranteed by the United States Constitution, and this doesn’t mean that some people are more special to others. A black person has the same rights such as right to live, freedom of speech and expression and that of movement, in the same way a white person is entitled to by the American constitution. Based on this, we are all important in that we need each other for survival. My rights cannot be fully enjoyed without your existence, and this applies whether a person is black or white. All lives are important regardless of the skin color.

All people are equal and have the same rights as humans, but we are still not equal. Most people don’t understand the Black lives Matter movement, and this has been another reason why black people have continued to be discriminated. The primary goal of the movement is to stand up against institutional racism, and this purpose has been in existence for decades especially during the Ku Klux Klan, when white supremacy was evident in United States. We understand that all lives matter, but the people who say ‘All Lives Matter’ do not understand the reason why ‘Black Lives Matter.’ It is unfortunate that some of the people do not understand the course of the black Lives’ movement. All lives are equal, and are equally important, and this is one reason that all lives matter.

However, in the present times, blacks’ lives have been on a thin edge, and this has been due to such incidence of police brutality where thousands of black people are murdered in cold blood by the police without having committed any crime. Currently, being a black person in United States can be a ticket to the morgue or several years in jail. For example, George Stinney Jr. was executed only to be later exonerated after more than 100 years implying that he served a sentence for a crime he did not commit and this is the story for many black people in America. Another instance is Breyona Tylor, a nurse who was killed by the police and also George Floyd who as well died in the hands of police is evidence enough that black people are unfairly targeted by the police, and this is why black lives matter comes into play to help advocate for the plight of black Americans.

Despite the fact that many people claim that all lives matter, many do not understand the reason why Black lives matter. Mass incarceration of black people is one of the reasons why the lives of black people are said to be in danger. The 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution states that “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Blacks account for the highest rates of incarceration despite having a smaller population. Prisoners provide free labor to the state and therefore, the higher the number of arrests, the higher the workforce. Currently there are many black people who are incarcerated for minor crimes such as being in possession of marijuana. The government takes advantage of the mass incarceration to subject black people in to slavery but in pretense of punishment, and this is against the 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution which prohibits involuntary servitude.

In conclusion, people of color are unjustly targeted by the police as there is a high number of prisoners who are blacks than whites despite the black population being fewer. The reason behind mass incarceration is to provide labor in state run institutions with cheap labor, and this undermines the constitution. The United States Constitution provides for equality of all people regardless of their race, but this has not been the case for the people of color as they have been murdered in cold blood by the police and continue to witness mass incarceration. America is a diversified nation, and we need to embrace our diversity. Having a different color doesn’t mean I am different from you, and therefore we should cease stereotyping. All we want is equality and respect for all!

Works Cited

Carney, Nikita. “All lives matter, but so does race: Black lives matter and the evolving role of social media.” Humanity & Society 40.2 (2016): 180-199.

Hope, Elan C., Micere Keels, and Myles I. Durkee. “Participation in Black Lives Matter and deferred action for childhood arrivals: Modern activism among Black and Latino college students.” Journal of Diversity in Higher Education 9.3 (2016): 203.

Page, Marianne E., and Ann Huff Stevens. “Understanding racial differences in the economic costs of growing up in a single-parent family.” Demography 42.1 (2005): 75-90.

A review of “Book War” by Wang Ping

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This is a short story by Wang Ping detailing his reading interests in classics in 1960s. The detailed incident took place in the 1960s during the intense “Cultural Revolution” in China. The government under Cultural Revolution banned people from reading books and going to school. People, in turn, opted to read secretly. The voice in the story secretly exchanged books with her neighbor (girl), and this was done at night. On realization that her daughter engaged herself in secret readings, she banned the book and buried them. Tireless, at twilight, the author continued with the war on books by retelling classic stories to relations, friends and making of stories of his own.

The story is an illustration of the power of regime in banning readings in a country. It is unaccepted for the government to ban schools and books. According to the government by then, the books and other educational resources from other countries “poisoned” the nation and so was catastrophic. Even the author’s mother buried such books and concealed them from her daughter.

Fearing the actions from the government, the authors’ mother hid the books. Upon realizing that her daughter had discovered and was secretly reading, she destroyed the books, in fear of the government. It is usually people to behave in this way when such occurs. The author, Wang Ping, uses many metaphors. For example, he says “time bomb” for the books her daughter read and also uses “Book war” for reading and telling stories to his siblings, friends, and neighbors.

The story is painful consequences following the government’s ban on books and school in China in 1960 regime. The majority of the public maneuvered their ways to read free publications on their own. The author is delighted in playing a successful part of his own in this “Book War”.

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The Black Lives Matter Activist Hashtag

Introduction

Black Lives Matter is a slogan chanted by hundreds of thousands of people in various places worldwide. Over the years, the Black Lives Matter movement has sparked hashtags, led to networks of grassroots organizations, and the emergence of collective activists. Within a few years, the hashtag has grown from a mere social media post into a global phenomenon. The Black Lives Matter movement is not renowned because of its leaders but rather because of massive racism issues currently affecting society. So many people continue to lose their lives under unacceptable circumstances at the hands of the police, among them Breonna Taylor, George Floyd, Michael Brown, and Eric Turner just to name a few. The Black Lives Matter Movement dates back to 2013 when 17-year-old Trayvon Martin was shot dead by George Zimmerman at a shop. Mr. Zimmerman said the black teenager looked suspicious despite being unarmed. He was later acquitted of the murder after being found not guilty by an American court. The occurrence sparked outrage and action on social media. The Black Lives Matter Movement is a non-violent global social movement dedicated to fighting racism and anti-black violence, particularly police brutality. It condemns the unjust murder of black people by the police and demands that society values humanity and the lives of black people as much as that of its white counterparts. This essay analyzes the effect of the Black Lives Matter hashtag on the success of the Black Lives Matter Movement.

Internet and Social Media as a Tactic

The Black Lives Matter movement employs the #blacklivesmatter hashtag across various social media platforms, particularly Twitter, to rapidly reach multitudes. It is the perfect example of an activist movement that has been amplified through social media. A recently released Pew study found that the #blacklivesmatter hashtag has been used over 30 million times on Twitter alone which is an average of 17 0003 times each day (Ransby, 102). The reason why Black Lives Matter is successful is that it has embraced new and diverse tactics. From organizing overwhelmingly peaceful protests, the movement started capitalizing on social media to push its agenda. The movement has been portrayed as being falsely violent and since its emergence, it has never used violence in its demonstrations. In 2014, the black lives movement was among the ten hashtags that changed the world. Khadijah White, a Rutgers University professor, noted that the Black Lives Matter movement was critical as it ushered in an era of movements of people of color in universities and other learning institutions. Without a doubt, social media has revolutionized the face of activism across the globe, as evidenced by the bystander effect. Bystanders are no longer sitting back and doing nothing if they witness violence. People have become more empowered to use their smartphones to document violence and mistreatment of black people by the police as was in the case of George Floyd who died at the hands of a Minneapolis police officer in June 2020. By posting these videos on social media, people are unmasking the rot in law enforcement and justice systems. Using the #blacklivesmattermovement has brought attention to the high-ranking politicians and assisted in rallying support for the movement.

Use of Direct Action

Direct action is another reason that is attributed to the success of the Black Lives Matter movement over the years. This involves carrying out actions that make people uncomfortable such that they can no longer ignore social issues. Direct actions leave political parties with no other option rather than to act on necessary action to resolve the problem. While the movement is largely renowned for building power through protests and rallies, in the Twin Cities Marathon of 2015, the movement carried out a lie-in protest where the protesters mimicked being dead (Mundt, Karen, and Charla, 46) Protesters have also resulted to using famous political slogans such as “Hands Up, Don’t Shoot” which is linked with Michael Brown. Other common slogans include “I can’t breathe,” used by George Floyd before his death. Other famous slogans include “White Silence is Violence,” “No justice, no peace,” and “Is my son next?”. These slogans are effective as they call out people on their wrongdoings and are the reason that the Black Lives Matter movement has become successful in its mandate.

Formation of Broader Movements

The Black Lives Matter hashtag has also led to other broad movements which align with their goals. The hashtag has led to the emergence of movements including the #Bluelivesmatter and #Alllivesmatter, and Campaign Zero. Campaign Zero is a movement formed under the Black Lives Matter movement with the goal of pushing for policy reforms geared towards putting an end to police brutality. The movement has since come up with a ten-point agenda and recommendation that seeks to end the broken window policy and improve community oversight by the police department. The Blue Lives Matter emerged after the #blacklivesmatter and is geared to advocating for the lives of police officers. The #Alllivesmatter movement is used across the board by nearly all social activists groups that advocate for human rights. Noteworthy, the Black Lives Matter movement also advocates for other causes that do not have links with police brutality, including immigration reform, feminism, economic justice, and Lesbian Gay, Bisexual Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQI) issues.

Addressing Excessive Use of Police Force

The Black Lives Matter hashtag has also played a critical role in pushing for change within the police force. According to a study conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, out of all the people that had altercations with the police between 2002 and 2012, 2.8% of black people were more likely than white people (1.0%) and (1.4%) to be arrested or perceived as a threat by the police officers (Ince, Fabio, and Clayton, 1814). Additionally, a study by the Washington Post revealed that police officers murdered 1,001 people by just shooting at them in 2019. Essentially, black people are more likely to die fatally compared to their white counterparts. There is a substantial racial bias, particularly in shootings involving unarmed black men by white police officers. The bias is non-existent when the suspect is white or identifies with other race. People of color and Hispanics are 50% more exposed to lethal police interactions. Worth noting, The bias is non-existent when the suspect is white or identifies with other race. The movement has shed light on how the police system is prejudiced against black people. White supremacy still exists and with majority of police officers being white, it places the lives of black people at risk. Police training is also failing society because police are taught that they should shoot at suspects who refuse to cooperate during arrests.

Conclusion

In closing, the Black Lives Matter hashtag is among the most renowned social activist hashtags globally. The Black Lives Matter Movement attributes its success to the growing popularity of the hashtag on social media. Social media is becoming an increasingly effective tool in pushing social issues, as evidenced by the #blacklivesmatter hashtags, which are mentioned over 17003 times daily on Twitter. The hashtag has proved critical in unmasking the extent of rot in social situations such as the police who use excessive force during arrests and have a racial bias against minority groups like black people and Hispanics. Direct action tactics and broader movements have also proved successful in pushing the movement’s agenda. In the future, social activist movements should follow in the footsteps of Black Lives Matter and capitalize on social media as a tactic to push their agenda.

Works Cited

Ince, Jelani, Fabio Rojas, and Clayton A. Davis. “The social media response to Black Lives Matter: How Twitter users interact with Black Lives Matter through hashtag use.” Ethnic and racial studies 40.11 (2017): 1814-1830.

Mundt, Marcia, Karen Ross, and Charla M. Burnett. “Scaling social movements through social media: The case of Black Lives Matter.” Social Media+ Society 4.4 (2018): 2056305118807911.

Ransby, Barbara. Making All Black Lives Matter. University of California Press, 2018.

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A Review of “Phylogenetic concordance analysis shows an emerging pathogen is novel and endemic.”

The article is a report on an experiment that describes whether pathogens are novel or endemic in controlling infectious diseases. To illustrate this scientists’ experiment on tiger salamanders and the emerging Ranavirus in Western North America. They sample sites in Canada and the US where there have been salamander die-offs. The scientists then isolate viruses in pure culture from the animals that were diseased at every site and took the salamander tissue for genetic analysis. The scientists conduct different experiments on the salamander tissues; concordance testing, and the infection experiment. Ultimately, use uninfected mice as the control group of the experiment. Ultimately, the scientists identified that pathogens are highly novel and endemic in controlling emerging infectious diseases.

An understanding of the coevolutionary relationships between the viruses and salamanders is quite important. Pathogens and hosts provide environments that are ever-changing for one another, and this creates dynamic patterns of reciprocal selection that helps in driving the coevolutionary process. Apart from human beings and species that are economically important, little is known about how diseases and infections affect populations of wildlife, but with emerging infectious diseases that affect both humans and wildlife, a comprehension of the evolutionary dynamics of wildlife diseases is becoming significant.

This study is essential since it details how pathogens are endemic and novel for the emergence of diseases among the populations of tiger salamanders in western North America. The study shows that ranaviruses are more endemic in the tiger salamanders and the bait salamanders that are infected are moved by human beings thus result in perceptible host-switches. Pathogen and host trees are non-concordant and very different, thus proving pathogen novelty. The next experiment that the scientists could undertake should involve if host defenses that are evolved can be used to treat different host populations.

A Review of Goodbye Solo

Goodbye Solo (2008)is Ramin Bahrani’s attempt to show the desire for one individual to help the other and the reluctance of the next person to accept help. Solo is a cheerful cab driver who befriends a client, William. The latter is a bad-tempered and rheumy-eyed geezer whose main occupation was being Elvis’ bodyguard and a former marine. Solo is offered a hefty sum of money by William to be driven up a mountain, an action that leads the cab driver to conclude that the bodyguard has intentions of committing suicide. With little hesitance, Solo now makes it his duty to attempt to save William. The rest of the movie is about forming an unlikely bond and friendship between the two very radically different individuals. Throughout the film, racial differences emerge. The director attempts to show a subtle theme of living in exile and in diaspora, long ways from home. Solo takes William to his house where the former’s Mexican wife and stepdaughter live. He turns detective tracking William’s movements and even analysing his pills. Solo is still fixated on his American dream and wants everybody to share in with him but William is done dreaming.

In the end, the plot, performers, and director all come together to produce people that are readily sympathized. Solo epitomizes the sort of man that we all aspire to be, as a Senegalese migrant who pursues his American Dream regardless of the fact that it isn’t without flaws. His philosophy is that in everyone, there will always be something good to be found. So, assuming William fits this description, he may be the sort of person that most of us dread being: severe and reclusive. In spite of the fact that he and Solo never become “friends” in the typical buddy-movie sense, the camaraderie they develop – no matter how fragile and unpredictable it may be – proves that even complete strangers may form profound and lasting bonds.

In this film, the bonds that bind people together across borders also separate them. No matter how strong and deeply buried those lines are in the film’s portrayal of that relationship, there will be ambiguity, connections, and unpredictable outcomes. It brings together persons who seem incongruous. The film Goodbye Solo (2008) portrays genuine individuals grappling with real life issues. The filmmaker’s unique combination of comedy, sadness, and insight improved the stories. A filmmaker from Iran can take an Iranian film premise, situate it in North Carolina, and cast it with an African model and Elvis’s bodyguard, and transform it into something unique and appealing, signaling that international cinema has potential. One man has given up on life, the other is endlessly and surprisingly resilient. Their relationship reminds me of films where an alienated and sad Caucasian is redeemed from himself by a spiritually grounded Third World messenger. Who knows what happened in William’s background to get him here, or why Solo’s usually bright grin periodically sags in despair.I personally connect to the theme of forming relationships, life in diaspora, and chasing the American dream. I can see how and why Solo was very interested in making a difference. An Accented Cinema by Hamid Naficy (2001) is an interesting look at a burgeoning trend in modern cinema: the works and efforts of emerging filmmakers from the postcolonial, developing world, and other underprivileged communities who have relocated to the West. When it comes to movies, Naficy (2001) is particularly interested in how aspects of diaspora or exile are represented in the work of other artists. There are stylistic similarities among the films when it comes to their open and closed-form aesthetics, their nostalgic and memory-driven multilingual narratives, and their emphasis on political agency as well as identification and violation of identity.

The composition and execution of the film helps to bring out the emergent themes as discussed above. The shots in the cab employ close-ups and shadows to illustrate the intricate dynamic at work. The front and back seats are well separated. William’s unwillingness to engage in the driver’s ecstatic chatter reflects his wish to drift away for two weeks, closing up loose ends before his travels. Throughout the film, Bahrani keeps his camera on the faces of the performers. Therefore, the main actor can convey Solo’s increasing desperation without saying anything, while William’s sad expression, complete with wrinkles and puffy eyes, conveys plenty.

References

Bahrani, R. (Director). (2008). Goodbye Solo [Film]. Roadside Attractions, Axiom Films.

Naficy, H. (2001). An accented cinema: Exilic and diasporic filmmaking. Princeton University

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A few qualities of the vehicles industry incorporate prevalent quality, brand recognition, and is said to have high pay versatility of interest. As individuals get to be wealthier, they have a tendency to purchase more valuable and luxurious products. In any case, this also implies that as the wealth or individual possession declines, as does the interest for these cars. The luxurious cars can be considered as a symbol of wealth.

Eye-getting usage of their items by respectable figures in the public eye prompts expanding requests for luxury cars, and it is a growing industry with the worldwide extravagance merchandise business sector developing 9% for every year. These consumers purchase their items for fulfillment and to support their respect toward oneself instead of for ease or solace. In spite of the fact that a contention can be made is that fulfilling their respect toward oneself issues comforts them or provides for them comfort (Han, Jee, Nunes, and Drèze 20).

The luxurious car is under exceptional change and at diverse levels. For example, Toyota cars with its split personality, the stiff competition in the luxury car industry is half strong and intense. Competition is genuinely solid, yet not serious at the top of the line level for flagship store and full-priced stores. There keeps on being a growing demand in emerging markets and an increase in wealth which makes competition less savage. The interest for luxury cars in developing markets keep on growing particularly in UAE because of the development of the working class. With the developing requests for luxury cars in UAE, automotive industry members ought to be fulfilled enough not to dispatch any real hostile systems which could prompt striking back.

One of the aggressive constraints that have an incredible impact on luxury car industry engaging quality is the risk of new participants and that it is so tricky to develop a brand name that can rival any semblance of BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Lexus, and Audi. It takes profound monetary pockets and incredible duty to make extravagance picture with the well-known brand and predominant quality. As a result, it is very difficult for new companies to gain market share and exposure. Luxury cars are known for their better quality and to some individuals, the status that they convey. New companies must form this status from the beginning, which can demonstrate difficulties without sufficient assets.

Another competitive factor can be a strong bargaining power with suppliers. A high-end car manufacturer might want to be interfaced to the luxury brand names e.g. Lexus and Audi. The automotive industry members have over suppliers is supportive of the internationally known luxury brand which is known to create quality products (Theo, et al,. 240).

In the other hand, some approaches, advancement and promotion technique set by the manufacturers are not suitable in UAE’s automobile industry, for example, one of Ferrari’s arrangement is that after the client purchase a Ferrari car the distribution ought to open a bottle of champagne for the purchaser, yet this can’t be applicable in UAE market, in light of the fact that the residents of UAE are Muslim and alcohol is banned in Islam. Some policies tend to discourage buyers since it might be too harsh or too procedural.

Works Cited

Han, Young Jee, Joseph C. Nunes, and Xavier Drèze. “Signaling status with luxury goods: the role of brand prominence.” Journal of Marketing 74.4 (2010): 15-30.

Lieven, Theo, et al. “Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 16.3 (2011): 236-243.

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Lynching Gyneolatry

Introduction

Gyneolatry may be defined as the worship of women or simply as the adoration of women with some kind of a religious zeal. Lynching gyneolatry in American literature will call attention the murders, rapes, and assault related to racism in America. In the American history, the lynching or the acts of killing people by extrajudicial means occurred many times in the late Eighteenth century up to the 1960s.

Angela, (194–195) argues that these launchings were mainly associated with black supremacy chiefly in the southern parts just after the American Civil War during the reconstruction era between 1865 and 1877, civil rights were being granted to freed men which aroused anxieties within the white communities. These anxieties were mainly about white men blaming the black folks for the hardships, economic downfall, and loss of social privilege. The amounts of the lynching peaked in between 19th and early 20th centuries, before the southern state enacted the segregation laws and Jim Crow laws to reaffirm white supremacy. The freedmen or former slaves were black folks who had been released from slaver either by legal means; slaves became free by either manumission where they were granted freedom by their owner or emancipation where freedom was granted as part of a larger group. Slaves were also able to earn freedom if they were well educated and trained, as a reward for long dedicated service, or at the attrition of their owners. Some became free by buying their freedom through their peculium money personal possessions.These freed slaves was generally referred to as the Free Negroes.

Motivations of the Mob killings

A great number of lynchings of civil rights workers in Mississippi in the 1960s, contributed to galvanizing public support for civil rights legislation. The civil rights movements mounted resistance to these murders in a number of ways. Intellectuals and journalists came out to encourage public education to advocate for, protest, and lobby against the killings by mob violence together with the complicity of the government to the mob violence. The term lynching probably originated during the American Revolution when Charles Lynch who was a Virginia justice of the peace, mandated extralegal punishment for loyalist. Within the southern states before the civil war, members of the abolitionist movement and those opposed to slavery were always targets of lynch mobs.

According to Davis, (123), the motivations for these racially instigated mob killings, particularly, in the southern states was the the enactment of social conventions, which enforced punishment of those perceived to have violated the customs, that were later known as Jim Crow Laws that supported the segregation of blacks and whites. Another motivation could have been the ability to establish economic and political control, and financial gain. The properties of the lynched African American Farmers or the immigrant merchants often became available to whites. These lynchings could also occur in frontier areas where legal recourse was remote. The law enforcement authorities participated and operated to promote white social dominance. During the 21st century, the dispute between the Cherokee Nation and the descendants of Free Negroes of Cherokee masters over the rights of Free Negroes to citizenship. This dispute arose because of the benefits that citizenship or membership of freedmen came with.

Real lynchings that occurred in early years of Western United States in the violent American history were not so focused on crime prevention, but shared many racists and partisan dimensions as compared to lychnings in the south. The mob killings in the Old West were mainly carried out to accused criminals in custody, and did not particularly favour a social class or racial group. The lynchings might have occurred not just because of the absence of law, but also because of the social instability of those societies, and their dispute for property, position, and the description of social order. The mob killings after the civil war were mainly associated with the southern states, especially during the period of the reconstruction. This saw the founding of the Ku Klux Klan in 1866 and was associated with heavy violence. White democrats waged attacks to both black and white republicans, which were the result of the mob violence by the insurgent secret vigilante groups. This heavy mob violence was associated with the partisan political under tones which was followed by more acts of violence that was purely racial. During the mid 1870s, the Democratic Party worked with White Line groups like the White Camellia to terrorize, bully, and slay African American in an effort to regain power. They suppressed black voting and control voting using armed militia to assassinate political leaders, community members, and suppressing civil rights (Jane, 83)

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Most lynchings in the the early 20th century of African Americans, after the Democrats had regained political power, occurred in the south forcing most blacks off the voters lists, and preventing them from serving on juries. Between 1880s and 1890s, lynchings took a seasonal pattern, with the coder months being the most deadly, due to increasing economic pressures. By the late 19th century, lynching was performed by small groups of white vigilantes at night, where they were like mass spectacles with a festival like atmosphere. Children also attended these public lynchings, and were announced in the newspapers. Even photographs were taken of the lynching processes

Lynching Gyneolatry

Lynching gyneolatry is associated with the killings of black folks by white folks in a mythological sense to uphold the supremacy of the white woman. Some of the most intriguing aspects of the white image of the black mind in representing the white women is idealization. In the African American literature the supremacy of the white woman by the media, those defending racism, and black writers, has been clearly against the idealism of the white woman. Many white feminists have been particular of the irony that this idealization has imprisoned to the pedestals of serving the interests of the white man. Many black folks have responded to this psychosexual representation of the white female image by both white men and white women against blacks (Angela, pp. 194–195)

Whatever lies behind the mythology of the purity of the white womanhood, and the myth of the desirability of black men by white women is the demystification priority of black writers. These myths probably arise out of white women to become a liberating condition for black male to white female relationships. The image of the white woman has been used in defence of racism, a part of an ambition towards psychological and physical freedom from racism. Many literary works such as “The ways of White Folks” and others have tried to expose this image as a black liberating mythology.

In most cases where the aspect of blacks liberating mythology against the white woman’s image is that psychological liberation is equated to violence against white women. The American killings and violence against the black folks does not reign on sex, such that where there sex, there is violence. According to Richard Wright novels, The Long Dream (1958) gives the understanding of the representation of the white woman. Many cases of lynching gneolatry happened both in the northern and southern states. For example, in 1892, a police officer who attempted to end the lynching of African American blacks man around Port Jervis, New York, and the lynch mob put a noose round his neck to scare him. The black man was wrongly accused of assaulting a white woman, even at the inquest the police officer was able to identify eight people who were involved in the lynching, and the jury still determine that the murder was committed by unknown people (Pfeifer, 2004).

In 1920, Duluth, Minnesota, three young African American travellers were killed after the community accused them of rape and violation of the rights of a white woman. The justifications of protecting white woman and the rhetoric around the lynchings were actions that attempted to to maintain the domination of the whites in a fast changing society, and the anxieties brought about by social change. These lynchings created victims who were just mere scapegoats of other wider societal problems such as the white man’s attempts to control the economy, agriculture, labour, and education.

In Harper Lee’s novel of 1960, To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson was a black man who was wrongly accused of rape and narrowly escaped lynching. He was later killed while attempting to escape from prison. Another artistic work that epitomized with lynching is the song “Strange Fruit” by Billie Holiday, and was then written as a poem by one Abel Meeropol in 1939. The song was popular with the anti lynching movement, and contributed to the activities of the American Civil Rights Movement.

Conclusion

Lynching or acts of violence committed by a mob targeted at black folks were very common in America, but historically they are virtually non existence today. The logic of lynching gyneolatry in essence is the promotion of the white woman as the ideal, and the quintessential attraction or repulsion complex held by some blacks against the whites. The portrayal of the white woman as the ideal to the blacks creates a feeling of resentment and hatred of the black folks by the whites and promoting the white supremacy.

Works Cited:

Pfeifer M. Rough justice Lynching and American society, 1874-1947. University of Illinois Press, (2004). Print

Davis W. Goodbye, Judge Lynch: The End of a Lawless Era in Wyoming’s Big Horn Basin. University of Oklahoma Press, (2006). Print

Jane D. The white image in the Black mind: a study of African American literature. Volume 194 of Contributions in Afro-American and African studies Greenwood Press, (2000) Print

Angela Y, Women, Race & Class. New York: Vintage Books, pp. 194–195. (1983). Print

MEDIUM SECURITY CORRECTIONAL FACILITY

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Creation of a medium-security correctional facility

Introduction

A correctional facility is a facility that is used to correct the behavior of wrongdoers. It is most likely a prison whereby the people who have failed to fit into the society are taken, their behavior corrected in confinement then they are later released after they are okay when they can interact with the other people in the society. This correctional facility will help in making sure that the behaviors which are not good according to the standards of the society in penny Sylvia are corrected accordingly for the society to stay at peace.

Location

The location of the correctional facility will be a suburban location. This is to make sure all the services and products needed to run the correctional facility can be accessed from the town with ease and very fast. It is one of the best locations for this as it also teaches people to be responsible. This is because the inmates will be able to see the other people around them but they will not be able to interact with them. It will create the urge for community life in their minds and therefore through this, they will try to change fast to go back to society. In contrast, if it would be located in a rural area it will be difficult to get services and products to run the correctional facility. At the same time, it would be difficult to make sure the correction is perfect because in a suburban environment the inmates will have people around them and they will desire social life which will push them to change. This is not possible in a rural setting. (Johnson, 2006)

Auburn system

Auburn’s system of correction will be employed in this type of correctional facility. This is because it is one of the best correctional methods to exist. It is also called as New York system and concrete system. In this type of correctional facility, the inmates are supposed to work throughout the day then they are kept in total silence all the time and they are involved in work during the day. This type of correctional method is very good and very important not only for personal benefit but also for society. It can be referred to as more rehabilitation than compared to imprisonment. Therefore the inmates will be encouraged to work and in doing this they will do everything for themselves without the need to bring in outside help to help in work inside and this will not only reduce the cost but will make sure they get the necessary skills as well as teach them responsibility. This means that by the time their confinement period is over they will get out and go to be beneficial to society while at the same time their behavior corrected. (Klein, 1920)

Number of inmates

In this type of correctional facility even though flogging will not be allowed there will be other types of correctional methods like a shower bath. This is a type of punishment whereby a person is bathed in cold water.

For this facility, we shall have a maximum of 300 inmates. This is because it will be located in the suburbs and getting a good spacious environment is not easy. In addition to the management of the correctional facility becomes difficult when the inmates are many and therefore having 300 inmates will allow the correctional facility to correct the behaviour of the inmates in the best manner possible with the resources available.

Number of staff

In this correctional facility, the number of staff will be few. This is because the auburn system will be used and therefore the inmates will do most of the work. We shall have a maximum of 20 employees in the management and running of the correctional facility. These include people like security officers, office staff, and others who will enable the perfect running of the correctional facility. These will be the ones supposed to make sure the inmates work as they are supposed to do so that the results needed and the work which needs to be done in the correctional facility is done in the right manner.

Services

The general term which can be used for this term is rehabilitation facilities and therefore there will be different types of rehabilitation services. These include denial of certain types of freedom like freedom of speech whereby in the Auburn system there will be total silence enforced. This will make the inmates obedient to their masters and superiors thus making the running of the correctional facility easy and better. Other rehabilitative services will include services like counseling and psychiatric measures to make sure the inmates are mentally okay (Fazel, Doll, & Långström, 2008). There will be responsibility training as well as making sure the inmates are conversant with the common works a person is supposed to do in the home environment as well as other types of environments. This will be possible through the daily work the inmates will be engaged in. (American Psychiatric Association, 2015)

The institution will be a state facility and therefore it will only correct inmates from this specific state and not any other. Therefore it will be under the state and the state will be responsible for everything that happens within the correctional facility. The security will be provided by the state and the facility will be completely safe and secure.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is imperative to state that this type of facility will enable the correction of behaviors and will lead to a more peaceful and better society for people to live in. it will be one of the best correctional facilities and thus it will lead to the shaping of the change of mindset about correctional facilities.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2015). Psychiatric services in correctional facilities. American Psychiatric Pub.Fazel, S., Doll, H., & Långström, N. (2008). Mental disorders among adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 25 surveys. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1010-1019.

Johnson, M. P. (2006). Decision models for the location of community corrections centers. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 33(3), 393-412.

Klein, P. (1920). Prison Methods in New York State: A Contribution to the Study of the Theory and Practice of Correctional Institutions in New York State (No. 205). Columbia university.

Name

Institution

Date

Megan’s Law: A Policy Review

7-year old Megan kanka and her parents lived in Hamilton Township without knowledge that a twice-convicted sex offender was living across the street. Megan’s parents only knew when it was too late during the arrest of the man after the brutal rape and murder of their daughter (Weiss & Watson, 2008). A similar incident had occurred in Monmouth county two months prior, promoting the passage of laws requiring the notification about sex offenders who may be a risk to the community. This gave birth to the “Megan’s Law,” New Jersey’s Law requiring sex offenders to register with the local police.

The Law also establishes a three-tier notification process giving information concerning sex offenders to law enforcement agencies, and when suitable, to the community. The notification depends on the an evaluation of the risk the a particular sex offender poses to the community. The evaluation is carried out by county prosecutors who are given the factors used in the determination of the level of risk an individual poses by a 12-member council in consultation with the Attorney general’s office (Wilson, 2010). With this information, communities will be able to protect their children better.

The sex offenders are given a form that is filled out and submitted to the local police department. The information requested in the form includes the personal information of the sex offender, including their home address and place of employment. A Division of State Police confirms the information and keeps it in a sex offender registry.

The following offenses are required for registration:

Sexual assault

Criminal sexual contact with a minor

Aggravated sexual assault

Aggravated criminal sexual contact

Engaging in sexual conduct endangering the welfare of a child by possibly impairing or debauching the morals of the child

Kidnapping

Promoting child prostitution

False imprisonment of a minor

Endangering a child’s welfare through pornography featuring a child

Criminal restrain

Luring or enticing

People required to register include:

Sex offenders convicted after Megan’s Law took effect on October 31, 1994

People serving a sentence for a sex offense when the Law took effect

Repetitive offenders

People found compulsive by courts and experts regardless of the date they were convicted

The Law also requires juvenile sex offenders to register as well. If convicted in other states, sex offenders are required to register within 10 days of moving to the state of New Jersey. This registration is compulsory even for individuals who are only attending school or working in the state. When they change address, they are required to notify the locals police 10 days before they move to the new address. Law enforcement monitors whether these people have changed address and whether they reported it. Some offenders a required to do annual verifications of their addresses while others are required to do so every 90 days.

People subject to Megan’s Law are required to register for the remainder of their lives. Those wishing to be removed from the register may send an application to the court if they are one-time offenders and have not committed the offense within the last 15 years and have proof there is no likelihood of them reoffending or pose a threat to the safety of the community. Juvenile sex offenders convicted under the age of 14 can register when they attain the majority age of 18 years.

The Law only permits the information on all high risk (Tier 3) offenders and particular moderate risk (Tier 2) offenders to be published on the internet. The Law excludes most juvenile sex offenders excluding Tier 3 Juvenile sex offenders, a majority of Tier 2 sex offenders who committed the crimes against members of the same household or their families, and most moderate sex offenders who committed statutory crimes or crimes considered so because of their age.

Failure to register or to comply with the Megan’s Law is a third degree offense.

The original Megan’s Law has been strengthened over the years particularly in 2006 where Senator Skelos the pioneer of the laws wrote a new law that kept 3,579 people convicted of sex offense from escaping the sex offender registry kept by the state in 2006. Tier 2 and Tier 3 sex offenders are required by these laws to register for life and be able to petition the court for removing after 30 years. Tier 1 sex offenders are also required to register for 20 years. The old Law removed Tier 1 and Tier 2 sex offenders from the register automatically after ten years. It also allowed offenders registered before March 11, 2002, and not designated as a heightened risk by Federal Law to petition for removal after 13 years.

These sex offender laws have, however, been criticized for doing little or dealing with the actual sex offenses particularly those that go unreported. Megan’s Law and civil commitment and emerging trend in in anti-sex offender legislation, or banishment zones, which keep criminals away from certain geographic areas, all play to the fears of the public. When it is about preventing sex assaults, these measures do more harm than good.

The Megan’ Law Reform Act

After three hearings in Albany, Brooklyn, and Long Island, the Megan Law Reform Act (Senate Bill 4793-B) was written (Zgoba, 2011). Senator Skelos strengthened the Law in twenty-five areas, including being the police creating a notice once a sex offender joined the community, registering sex offenders for life, requiring comprehensive information about sex offenders being published on the internet, and the monitoring of worst offenders by GPS.

The legislation was drafted to consider the inputs of teachers, parents, law enforcement officials, school representatives, and advocates before being presented in Senate where it passed. The first hearing featured a speech by Megan’s mother, who worked with Senator Skelos during the original enactment of the Law in 1995. Since the enactment of the Law, the New York State Senate has acted upon on Megan’s Law on 100 different occasions and 200 times of other laws concerning sex offense.

An Empirical Analysis and Review of the Policy

Megan’s Laws are based on Sex Offender Registration and Notification (SORN). Research exploring the success of SORN laws to particularly reduce recidivism in convicted sex offenders monitored under Megan’s Laws, or the overall rate of general sexual crimes, has reported little to no deterrence effect. As a result, most researches have concluded that these laws have not reduced sexual offending by first-time offenders nor impacted the reoffending of convicted rapists, molesters, and other offenders in a meaningful way. Only a few studies have recorded limited positive results with SORN.

There is significant evidence to indicate that SORN legislation for crooks sentenced for sexual offenses does not have a palpable effect on future offending. A study by Zgoba, Jennings, & Salerno (2018) indicates that the effects of SORN are not just limited to the short term but also the long term, as these researchers find no evidence in the differences in recidivism rates in cohorts of criminals released before and after the enactment of Megan’s Law in New Jersey. The researchers, however, collected evidence that showed being subjected to SORN laws have impacted on the trajectory of offending within a decade of release from prison where high-rate offenders released under these laws appeared to commit crimes almost immediately before decreasing offending to almost zero after a period of about seven years. Although SORN laws such as Megan’s Laws may not affect recidivism rates, they may have a small effect on the timing of crimes committed after a prison release. This does not, however, provide a guarantee for the safety of communities.

Why SORN Measures May Be Doing More Harm than Good

To understand why these measures do more harm than good, we should look at the realities of sex offenses in New Jersey and the nation as a whole. Most sex offenses are committed by trusted people such as family members, the clergy, and friends, and they go unreported because the victims are manipulated or the reprehensible decisions by other adults or a combination of the two. This is evident when a string of lawsuits uncovered that the Catholic Church and its hierarchy chose to cover up sex assault cases with child victims for decades by choosing to protect its reputation over the minors put under its care (Wilson, 2010). Unfortunately, this is more common in family hierarchies.

Because most cases of a sex crime are not reported, the majority of offenders are never subject to Megan’s Law. For this reason, the public feels a false sense of security where they believe sex offenders have been banished from the community. This belief appears to be a disservice to the children because this sense of security means child supervision is not strengthened as it ought to be because sex offenders are in every community in American, whether registered or not. Children need supervision regardless of the case.

Megan’s Laws make neighborhoods less safe because they hinder offender rehabilitation and increase the likelihood of re-offense (Chaudhuri, 2017). People transitioning from prison into society are faced with unimaginable challenges such as limited resources, financial or otherwise. Those seeking to lead law-abiding lives after serving time cannot be able to establish stable homes, families, or get jobs. The consequences of stigma increase the hardship or hinder the achievement of these things. The fear of the stigma of Megan’s Law leads offenders underground under the watchful eye of law enforcement.

Offenders move from environments where they can access a support system to communities where they have none, putting the residents of these communities at risk. Considering everybody in the community can point to a sex offender, these people get the worst treatment; they lose jobs, are beaten up, and sometimes get their houses burned down. Some suffer from acts of vigilantism. Although their actions are not remotely excusable, coping with this kind of stress causes a relapse, most are doomed to fail, and when they do, then the community will most likely count another victim and more severe case (Levenson, & Cotter, 2005). If people doubt whether the stress of sex offenders should be their concern, they should consider the consequences if such an individual fails. When nothing works out, mental torture results in giving and increases the probability of reoffending significantly.

Recommendations for Improving These Policies

It would be better to focus resources on programs and policies that rehabilitate offenders because either way, they are let back to the society when they have served their sentence. Megan’s Law, similar to banishment laws, ask people to survive in a hostile environment, and expect them to reform. The laws are not doing enough because they do not cover even half the number of offenders. To raise this number, there should be programs that educate the public on the effects of sexual abuse and the importance of reporting it. Even if the names of these people are recorded, it should be for the purposes of helping them integrate back to society through beneficial parole procedures rather than introducing them back to society the way they left and having them in an environment that would increase their threat probability to the community.

These improvements do not call for the repeal of Megan’s Laws but the introduction of certain sections that improve the handling of reported abuse. Wynona’s House in Essex County is a good model because it brings together relevant agencies to ease the burden of reporting abuse on victims. Mental health treatment for offenders and victims should be paramount; otherwise, allowing offenders to live in the same society would be reckless and talking about having people aware of the presence of a sex offender in their neighborhood so as to closely monitor their children is rather naïve. Megan’s Law considering it was named after a girl whose young life was ended tragically, should be something meaningful in actually ensuring whatever happened to Megan does not happen again.

Fixing the devastating problem of sexual abuse is not a simple issue. Instead of pursuing measures that are politically popular but make no difference or, in fact, make the community less safe, the authorities should turn their attention and resources to measures of addressing the epidemic that is sexual abuse. These measures are not popular but will actually work to spare potential victims.

References

Chaudhuri, T. (2017). Megan’s Law and Durkheim’s Perspective of Punishment: Retribution, Rehabilitation or Both?. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 6(7), 62-73.

Levenson, J. S., & Cotter, L. P. (2005). The effect of Megan’s Law on sex offender reintegration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 49-66.

Weiss, K. J., & Watson, C. (2008). NGRI and Megan’s Law: no exit?. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 36(1), 117-122.

Wilson, M. G. (2010). The Unintended Consequences of Megan’s Law for Citizens, Law Enforcement, and Offenders: An Empirical Analysis (Doctoral dissertation, Kent State University).

Zgoba, K. M. (2011). Residence restriction buffer zones and the banishment of sex offenders: Have we gone one step too far. Criminology & Pub. Pol’y, 10, 391.

Zgoba, K. M., Jennings, W. G., & Salerno, L. M. (2018). Megan’s Law 20 years later: An empirical analysis and policy review. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(7), 1028-1046.

Israel Hernandez

English-1302

September 19, 2020

Meeting the Expectations of Academic Writing

As an upcoming writer, I support this information about academic writing since I struggle to be perfect in my essays. I have been enlightened, especially by the idea of focusing on the topic sentence and explaining it from a general level to specific details (Lunsford, et al). Out of all my writings, this has been the main issue I have been working on to rectify. The quote from the rhetorical elements ‘choose evidence your audience will trust’ is a contradicting point for me as it leaves me with many questions to answer. For example, the type and amount of information needed to gather to support my ideas fully. However, this will motivate me as I will ensure my readers get the best experience from my work by giving citations that create room for arguments.

I have used the following habits of mind; curiosity, open-mind, creativity, persistence, and responsibility. Creativity and open-mind applied here as I tried to figure out through the best information my readers would consider acceptable and not contradict my data. I regularly write during my free time. Writing is my hobby, and anytime an idea hits me, I try and convert it into a paper document. I do this for fun and not necessarily follow writing guidelines. Academic writing differs from my regular writing in three different ways; it is based on facts and issues rather than my own opinions, uses formal style, and third-person contrast to my first-person use. The audience targeted are researchers and professors. In contrast, most of my pieces target family and friends.

Works Cited

Lunsford, Andrea A., et al. Everyone’s an Author. WW Norton, 2017.