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Black Lives Matter

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Black Lives Matter and Use of Body Camera

Introduction

Black Lives Matter Movement was founded in 2013 after the death of Trayvon Martin. Talk of the killings and maiming of minority groups including statistical representation. 31% of police brutality cases accounts for killings related to African Americans.

Police brutality is the use of excessive force by police officers on its citizens. We live in a world where we thrive on law and order and part of the order is often maintained by law enforcers including the police. In a world where there is no law and order then anarchy would really thrive which may pose to be an unfavorable environment to live in. It is for such reasons that often law enforcers play a huge role in a country and they have been granted the power to do so. However, more often than not some officers often misuse their power by brutalizing the innocent. Police brutality is an issue that is often brought up in almost every country including the United States (Vanessa, 2018).

With the recants movements on black lives matter there is need to look on the matter. There are debates on all lives matter issue as well as black lives matter with all lives matter wanting to diminish all lives matter movement (Monica, 2018).

Thesis statement: This paper will generally examine Black Lives Matter movement, extensive research has been conducted on effect police brutality has on African Americans including fatal injuries inflicted, adverse psychological effect, racist public reaction, high incarceration rates and arrests and integrated oppressive structure.

Body: Extent of police brutality.

A good example is Dondi Johnson who was arrested in Baltimore and suffered injuries from police including broken limbs that he later succumbed from these injuries. Cases of African Americans that have succumbed from gunshots are quite too high as a result of brutality. The second reason is Psychological stress as most African Americans are often stressed if they may be the next victims. laws in place that seem to contribute of police brutality such as Stop and Search laws.

On the job trouble refers to the problematic encounters that law enforcers may encounter while carrying out their job. If protest occur, police are tasked with ensuring there is law and order and that protesters carry out the protest peacefully without causing harm or vandalism to others. In the job trouble refers to dealing with police as well as the legal bureaucracies where one has to explain their actions on the job. This may include an inquiry of police conduct after a protest. Police may create ‘in the job’ trouble for themselves when they become repressive as they try to maintain law and order avoiding “on the job” trouble (Jelani, 2017). In cases where police officers may avoid to use more of hands-off approach especially in a protest that has violent tendencies, then there is likelihood of lawlessness.

George Floyd’s murder led to a lot of protests all over United States most people stating the protests are no longer peaceful. Colin Kaeprick did a protest where he knelt and got a lot of back lash including the fact that it was disrespectful but now people believe he was right. He lost his job including the NFL for taking a stand and later on in life people do believe that he was right and needed to be acknowledged. This brings the discussion on peaceful vs. non-peaceful protests. People pointed out that police officers may be using force to try calm BLM movements yet while the whites were protesting on need for the border to be opened they were treated differently.

Incorporate ideas of Malcolm X and Martin Luther on peaceful protest when it comes to matters of racism. While Martin Luther supported Gandhi on peaceful protest, Malcolm was seen to support violent protest.

Implementation of body cameras to help reduce police brutality. These cameras have been suggested as best ways to capture brutality cases (Dorothy, 2015). Capturing how all police officers get to interact with the citizens may help reduce police brutality cases.

Most police brutality cases are usually the words of the officer against the police use of cameras would help. Use of body cameras will help show the side of the story if excessive force will be used. Blue Code of silence is the leading reason as to why most police officers get away with brutality (Anthony, 2017).

Police will respond to various protest with different force depending on a couple of factors. Law enforcers protect economic as well as political interest of certain elites. Depending on the issue being protested against the force may be minimal or brutal. Issues such as police brutality are sensitive issues these is because a country like America has gone through years of changes in a bid to achieve racial equality (Alese, 2020)

Conclusion

Although racism has greatly reduced the issue of systemic racism is now visible when it comes to police brutality. Media serves as one key role in looking at police brutality cases as well as their effects.

Achievements that have been achieved by the BLM including firing of police officers implicated in George Floyd murder. There are several petitions that are being signed pertaining black lives matter.

There is need to eliminate laws that are targeting the minorities. Although all lives matter there is evidence that black lives do not matter is reason enough to protest.

Social media and improvement of technology has also helped in dealing with police brutality as now evidence can be captured where police are using force thus promoting transparency and accountability

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Alese Wooditch, C. D. (2020). Perceptions of Body-Worn Cameras: Findings from a Panel Survey of Two LAPD Divisions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 426-453.

Anthony Braga, P. J. (2017). The Benefits of Body-Worn Cameras: . National Criminal Justice journal, 45-50.

Dorothy Charlse, Kathryn Himmelstern, Walker Keenan Nicholas Baried. (2015). White Coats For Black Lives: Responding to Racism and Police Brutality. Journal of Urban Health, 88-102.

Jelani Ince, F. R. (2017). The Social Media Response to Black Lives Matter: How twitter Users Interact with Black Lives Matter through Hashtag Use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 14-30.

Monica Anderson, S. T. (2018). An Analysis of Black Lives Matter and other Twitter Hashtags related to political or social issues. Pew Research Center, 50-62.

Vanessa Williamson, Kristella Trump and Katherine Levine Einsten. (2018). Black lives Matter: Evidence that Police caused Deaths Predict Protest Activity. Cambridge University Press, 400-415.

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A review of “Dietary Fiber Confers Protection against Flu by Shaping Ly6c-Patrolling Monocyte Hematopoiesis and CD8+ T Cell Metabolism.”

The article is a scientific report on an experiment that illustrates the beneficial outcomes of SCFAs and dietary fiber in protection against infections such as influenza infections. To exemplify this, scientists conduct few experiments on laboratory mice. In the first experiment, they conduct an experiment that shows how the short-chain fatty acids and the fermentable fiber insulin protects against the pathology induced with influenza. The second one shows how short-chain fatty acids alter hematopoiesis by accelerating the bone marrow’s macrophage precursors. In the third experiment the scientists show how the short-chain fatty acids shape the functionality of the macrophage to lessen the damage on the neutrophil-mediated tissue. Ultimately, the last experiment shows how short chain fatty acids enhance the functionality of the CD8 + T cell by altering its metabolism.

An understanding on the beneficial roles that both short-chain fatty acids and dietary fiber have on protecting immunity against infections is very important. From the experiment, it is quite evident that dietary fiber and the short-chain fatty acids have benefits that allow the laboratory mice to control themselves against the influenza infection effectively. Additionally, this involves both dampening and enhancing the immune system’s discrete components such as the immunological tone that is set at a level that allows viral clearance and also avoids excess tissue damage. The scientists also observed that uncontrolled immune responses upon the influenza infection lead to tissue destruction that results in severe mortality and morbidity. However, reducing the neutrophils in the airways in an indirect way, butyrate and dietary fiber prevent both alveolar damage and immunopathology. This was achieved through a mechanism that involves a gut bone marrow-lung that is quite similar to what the scientists described for asthma.

The experiment is quite important as it shows how the effect of short-chain fatty acids and dietary fiber is important in boosting immune systems. It shows how the short-chain fatty acids and dietary fiber can alter the metabolism of the CD8 + T cell to enhance and increase the effector function. Just after stimulation, the CD8 + T cells from the mice fed with the HFD show increased masses on their mitochondria and increased spare respiratory capacity and increased maximal respiration, an indicator of enhanced capacity and capability of using oxidative phosphorylation. Similarly, the glycolytic mass of the mice is increased.

The T cells rely largely on the oxidative phosphorylation pathways so as to produce energy. Therefore, during the effector cell differentiation, cell metabolism switches to glycolysis that enhances the production of metabolic intermediates that are significant for cell proliferation and cell growth. The effector phase is characterized by a high glycolytic rate and the oxidative phosphorylation activities. The effector cells from the mice fed with HFD shows augmented functionality. The CD8 +T cells functional capacity is highly dependent on the availability of glucose and uptake, as Glut-1 is the main transporter of glucose in the T cells that translocate to the surface of the cell upon activation allowing glucose uptake. The mice fed with HFD showed an increased surface expression of the Glut-1, allowing enhance glucose assimilation. The next experiment that scientists should undertake should be conducting a single role of the short-chain fatty acids in preventing infections as they have highlighted a dual role in this experiment.

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Date:A Review of “Oral NaHCO3 Activates a Splenic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway: Evidence That Cholinergic Signals Are Transmitted via Mesothelial Cells.”

The article is a report on an experiment that describes how oral NaHCO3 intake normally invigorate anti-inflammatory pathways. To illustrate how splenic anti-inflammatory pathways are stimulated by the intake of oral NaHCO3, scientists’ experiment by loading oral NaHCO3 then shifting macrophage polarization from inflammatory (M1) to regulatory phenotypes (M2) and FOXP3+ CD4+T-lymphocytes increased in the blood, kidneys and spleen of laboratory mice. The scientists then clearly prove that the same anti-inflammatory changes that were observed in the macrophage polarization in the laboratory mice was the same as those observed in human beings’ blood following the ingestion of NaHCO3.

The scientists used cytometry flow as well as mRNA markers in splenic macrophages that are isolated so as to determine whether M2 macrophage polarization in the both the spleen and the kidney is promoted by the intake of oral NaHCO3. The scientists also investigated the effects of acute NaHCO3 loading on cell profiles in the human blood. They found out that gentle manipulation so as to visualize the spleen at midline during sham splenectomy was necessary to abolish the oral NaHCO3 anti-inflammatory response. The scientists then investigated the pathways in which NaHCO3 intake signaling can be transmitted to the splenic parenchyma. In addition, the scientists use both anatomical and functional evidence in which signals that mediate for these responses are transmitted to the kidney and the spleen through a neural-like function of the mesothelial cells. The study shows how the mesothelial cells have a role in transmitting signals at distal sites and how it combines with the secretion of gastric acid in promoting an anti-inflammatory response to oral NaHCO3.

This study is important as it details how anti-inflammatory response macrophage polarization; including both M1 and M2 are promoted by the intake of oral NaHCO3. The study also explains how intake of oral NaHCO3 increases FOXP3 +CD4+ T regulatory cells within the kidney and the spleen. The scientists were able to confirm that such phenotypic changes are associated with anti-inflammatory effects of using MLR. They were able to examine tissues from the Ls-fed Dahl mice and normotensive Spragie Dawley rats. The scientists also explained how the Dahl mouse model develops both renal injury and hypertension when fed with an HS diet.

The data from the study indicates that the effect of NaHCO3 on macrophage polarization is independent of elevated blood pressure and salt diets. This agrees with the findings of the mice, that oral NaHCO3 promotes anti-inflammatory response in blood. Indeed, the data was a demonstration that NaHCO3 ingested orally can promote powerful anti-inflammatory responses in both human beings and rats. The scientists however speculated that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activated the ingestion of oral NaHCO3.

The next experiment that scientists should undertake should involve testing the efficacy of the intakes of oral NaHCO3 to regulate injury in inflammatory disease models in determining the potential of this therapeutic stimuli. This is because, the scientists in this study have only provided a cost effective and a safe method of activating splenic anti-inflammatory pathways in human beings thus may have an important therapeutic potential for the inflammatory disease.

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Black like me

John Howard Griffin defied all the odds by participating in one of the most daring social experiments ever reported. Black like Me thus exposes the double life of a man whose curiosity led the whole society questioning the situation at the time. The story takes place in the Deep South where race is a predominantly significant factor. At this period in time, the country has just gone through the Civil War and is in dire need of reconstruction. One of the factors that led to the Civil War was the opposition of the slave trade. The war resulted in the South losing to the North thus making the damaging the supremacy of the south. As a result, the white race in the South made the life of the newly freed slaves difficult making it hard to be black in the South. Griffin’s transformation is thus not only seen as a social experiment but a daring act that changed the lives of many.

The purpose of the story is to display the life of the African American through the eyes of a white man. The issue in this case mainly focuses on race which is not only a vital factor in the South but in the United States as a whole. The main characters in the story are John Howard Griffin who enjoys all the privileges of being a white member of the society. He chooses to rid himself of his comfortable state so as to take on the challenge of changing his skin color to resemble the one of a black man. Another character in the book is sterling Williams who represents the black solidarity and strength. He encompasses solidarity despite the levels of oppression he and his community have been accustomed.

The book definitely conveys its message whose theme is based on inequality and oppression the members of the black community face. The fact that Griffin changes his skin shows how significant of a factor race is in the society. At this time, people were judged not on their merit and demerits but on their skin color. This unfair culture thus denies the community their rights and privileges making blacks live in conditions that are repugnant to human life. The author brought out the lifestyle of both a white and a black man by living on both sides of the fence. He kept the reader interested in terms of educating individuals of the need for change and equal treatment in the community. His experience made a significant impact in the social setting of both the South and the North.

The climax of the book is realized when Griffin lets the public know of his six month long journey and the results of his actions. This part of the book exposes the level at which the country is divided. On one hand, his article is met with a lot of enthusiasm from his readers both black and white. This was not long lived in that he received a substantial amount of death threats of the whites in the South.

In conclusion, the 1950s were an important time for the country. The economy was changing from the agrarian system to the Industrial revolution. This changed most of the practices such as slavery which was profitable for the cotton plantations. From the time African Americans were granted their freedom, they experienced a significant amount of social injustice that left a lot to be desired. The African American community engaged in the creation of the civil rights movements. The actions of Journalist John Howard Griffin put pressure for the need for change.

Black Lives Matter

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Black Lives Matter and Use of Body Camera

Introduction

Over the past decades in the US, police brutality against African-American people in the US has risen steadily. Racial inequity issues have led to a lot of incoherence in various communities in the world, such as riots and demonstrations. Police brutality is the use of excessive force by police officers on its citizens. African-American people have always felt that cops and the entire criminal integrity system in the US target them as compared to different ethnicities. It prompted people to start Social Movement Organizations (SMOs) to fight for the rights of these people leading to the establishment of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement through the micro-blogging platform, Twitter. (Vanessa, 2018). The Black Lives Matters movement aims at fighting and breaking the racial oppression upon which the US has established herself (Bonilla & Rosa, 2015). It aims at fighting this new kind of racism by bringing together all the black people excluded by the Civil Rights Movements in the past (Bobo, 2011). A single idea started the movement in 2012 triggered by the demise of an African-American teenager, Trayvon Martin, and the acquittal of the officer who led to the death of the former, Officer George Zimmerman (Monica, 2018).

Thesis statement: In this paper, the researcher examines the reasons why the people coined the BLM hashtag and campaign through a content analysis study as well as importance on implementing body cameras by police.

Review of Previous Research

Extent of police brutality

The statistics showing that more than half of the victims of police brutality are either Blacks or Latinos in the US prompted people to formulate the BLM. Despite the black Americans making up 12% of the US population, the criminal justice system seems to target them through fatal encounters with law enforcement agencies.

Alicia Garza, Cullors, and Opal Tometi coined the hashtag BLM on July 13, 2013, through Twitter. The trio formulated the hashtag to dissent the exoneration of George Zimmerman, a police officer, who shot death Trayvon Martin, an unarmed black American youngster (Jelani, 2017).

Bonilla-Silva (2012) argued that people no longer racially discriminate based on biological factors somewhat covert or color-blind racism. He further explains that people should not see the color of an individual skin instead of a person’s social and cultural failings, giving a new base for racism in the US based on culture. People use the skin color of an individual to determine what they are in the inside (Bonilla-Silva, 2012). Bobo (2011) analyzes the colorblind racism and the criminal justice system in the US. Even though the criminal justice system wants to serve people equally, the level of black incarceration in the US tripled between 1980 and 2000. The ration of black people to white people increased to more than 8 to 1. It implies that for every one white American arrested, more than eight black Americans also faced

Problem statement

George Floyd Murder led to a lot of discussions including why often there has been need to use force especially on black men. This led to the discussion on the Collin Kaeprick as he tried kneeling to protest against police brutality as a peaceful means yet the backlash he got led to him losing his job.

The idea on peaceful protest has always been controversial in United States. Leaders like Martin Luther advocated for peaceful protests while Malcolm X on the other hand was seen as advocating for use of violence in fighting systemic racism. 2020 seem to be the year where discussion on which form of protest will seem to yield fruits.

There have been debates that only way peace can be found is if only there are better laws preventing police Brutality

Policy Effectiveness

There has been debates on the need of body cameras so that there is collaboration when it comes to the cases of police brutality (Dorothy, 2015).

Getting to capture these cases is important especially during trials as most police officers often do not want going behind their colleagues making the trial harder.

Most police brutality cases are usually the words of the officer against the police use of cameras would help.

Use of body cameras will help show the side of the story if excessive force will be used. Blue Code of silence is the leading reason as to why most police officers get away with brutality (Anthony, 2017).

Policy Recommendation

There are various police precincts that have implemented the use of body cameras most capturing the interactions between the law enforcers as well as citizens.

All officers should be made to wear body cameras

There should be review of all footage to determine the truth of the matter in cases where citizens file cases of brutality

There is evidence that police officers are far much more lenient when dealing with protests by whites as compared to when the protesters are actually black (Alese, 2020)

Conclusion

The BLM movement plays a pivotal role in raising awareness amongst the black people in American society. The police brutality and inefficiency of the US legal system have prompted the people to fight for their rights and voice their frustrations through social movements leading to a finely tuned awareness and social cohesion.

The social movement should objectify the acquisition of support and enlightening various black communities about colorblind racism. The criminal justice system should formulate laws that can replace the neutral laws that have been a subject of racial discrimination.

The fact that the cases of African Americans getting killed keep soaring then there needs to be a candid discussion on the need for laws that will protect the African Americans from the injustices most specifically police brutality

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Alese Wooditch, C. D. (2020). Perceptions of Body-Worn Cameras: Findings from a Panel Survey of Two LAPD Divisions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 426-453.

Anthony Braga, P. J. (2017). The Benefits of Body-Worn Cameras: . National Criminal Justice journal, 45-50.

Dorothy Charlse, Kathryn Himmelstern, Walker Keenan Nicholas Baried. (2015). White Coats For Black Lives: Responding to Racism and Police Brutality. Journal of Urban Health, 88-102.

Jelani Ince, F. R. (2017). The Social Media Response to Black Lives Matter: How twitter Users Interact with Black Lives Matter through Hashtag Use. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 14-30.

Monica Anderson, S. T. (2018). An Analysis of Black Lives Matter and other Twitter Hashtags related to political or social issues. Pew Research Center, 50-62.

Vanessa Williamson, Kristella Trump and Katherine Levine Einsten. (2018). Black lives Matter: Evidence that Police caused Deaths Predict Protest Activity. Cambridge University Press, 400-415.

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A review of “Dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile.”

The article is a report on an experiment that describes how Dietary trehalose enhances the virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile. To illustrate this, scientists analyze the whole-genome sequence of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027 (RT0270) strains show binary independent lineages arose in North America from the year 2000 to the year 2003. They also compared the historical, RT027 strains that revealed that both the epidemic lineages obtained a mutation in the gyrA gene, and this led to intensified resistance to antibiotics of fluoroquinolone. Conversely, the increased resistance to these antibiotics played a significant role in spreading of the stains of the RT027 and this resistance was observed in the nonepidemic Clostridium C ribotypes, and were able to identify the strains back in the mid-1980s. Therefore, other factors were responsible for the outbreak of the RT027 epidemic strains.

From the article, it is quite clear that dietary trehalose has played a role in spreading epidemic Clostridium difficile ribotypes. This is because both the strains; RT078 and RT027 were present before the outbreak of the epidemics. The strains were present even during the 1980s, but the outbreak was reported in the year 2003. From the experiments, the severity of disease by the RT027 strain metabolized the trehalose in the mouse model of the Clostridium difficile infection is entirely consistent with the intensified virulence in both the RT028 and the RT027 ribotypes as observed in various patients.

In conclusion, this study is essential since it details how dietary trehalose enhances virulence of epidemic Clostridium difficile. The ability to metabolize trehalose at relatively lower concentrations only shows the competitive advantage of growth in the existence of the intestinal community that is quite complex. The trehalose levels in the ileostomy fluid from patients that eat normal diets is quite high and is highly detected by the strains.

Lucky’s, a chain of gas stations

As far as B2b e-business, Lucky’s may have the capacity to secure products over the Internet, utilize a private mechanical system to arrange their store network with suppliers and oversee stock. Contingent upon the structure of the gas retail business, industry net commercial centers and trades may be useful. As far as B2c e-business, there are very few open doors, as it is wasteful to offer gas over the Internet. Lucky’s could verify that its stations are recorded in prevalent area based portable administrations that help drivers discover close-by corner stores.

Business – to – Business (B2b)

Site emulating B2b plan of action offers its item to a moderate purchaser who then offers the item to the last client. As a sample, a wholesaler submits a request from an organization’s site and in the wake of accepting the relegation, offers the deciding item to last client who comes to purchase the item at wholesaler’s retail outlet.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.tutorialspoint.com/e_commerce/images/b2b.jpg” * MERGEFORMATINET

Business – to – Consumer(B2C)

Website emulating B2c plan of action offers its item straightforwardly to a client. A client can see items indicated on the site of business association. The client can pick an item and request the same. Site will send a notice to the business association by means of email and association will dispatch the item/merchandise to the client.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.tutorialspoint.com/e_commerce/images/b2c.jpg” * MERGEFORMATINET

Consumer – to – Consumer (C2C)

Site emulating C2c plan of action helps shopper to offer their benefits like private property, autos, cruisers and so forth or rent a room by distributed their data on the site. Site could possibly charge the purchaser for its administrations. An alternate purchaser may select to purchase the result of the first client by review the post/commercial on the site.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.tutorialspoint.com/e_commerce/images/c2c.jpg” * MERGEFORMATINET

Consumer – to – Business (C2B)

In this model, a purchaser approaches site demonstrating various business associations for a specific administration. Buyer puts an appraisal of sum he/she needs to use for a specific administration. For instance, correlation of premium rates of individual advance/ auto credit gave by different banks by means of site. Business association who satisfies the purchaser’s prerequisite inside tagged plan approaches the client and gives its administrations (Laudon & Traver, 2007). INCLUDEPICTURE “http://www.tutorialspoint.com/e_commerce/images/c2b.jpg” * MERGEFORMATINET

Advantages to Organizations

Utilizing E-Commerce, association can extend their business sector to national and global markets with least capital speculation. An association can undoubtedly place more clients, best suppliers and suitable business accomplices over the globe.

E-Commerce helps association to diminish the expense to make procedure, disseminate, recover and deal with the paper based data by digitizing the data.

E-business enhances the brand picture of the organization.

E-business helps association to give better client administrations.

E-Commerce serves to improve the business methodologies and make them speedier and productive.

E-Commerce lessens paper work a ton.

E-Commerce expanded the gainfulness of the association. It backings “draw” sort supply administration. In “draw” sort supply administration, a business procedure begins when a solicitation originates from a client and it utilizes without a moment to spare assembling way.

Advantages to Customers

24×7 backing. Client can do exchanges for the item or enquiry about any item/administrations gave by an organization whenever, anyplace from any area. Here 24×7 alludes to 24 hours of every seven days of a week.

E-Commerce application gives client more alternatives and speedier conveyance of items.

E-Commerce application gives client more alternatives to analyze and select the less expensive and better choice.

A client can put survey remarks around an item and can see what others are purchasing or see the audit remarks of different clients before making a last purchase.

E-Commerce gives alternative of virtual barters.

Quickly available information. A client can see the significant detailed data inside seconds instead of sitting tight for quite a long time or weeks.

E-Commerce expands rivalry among the associations and as result associations gives significant rebates to clients.

Advantages to Society

Clients require not to venture out to shop an item accordingly less activity on street and low air contamination.

E-Commerce helps lessening expense of items so less prosperous individuals can likewise bear the cost of the items.

E-Commerce has empowered access to administrations and items to provincial territories too which are overall not accessible to them.

References

Laudon, K. C., & Traver, C. G. (2007). E-commerce. Pearson/Addison Wesley.

Case Study Proposal: Maricopa Medical Center Case Management

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TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc316575640 h 2Background Information PAGEREF _Toc316575641 h 3Electronic Medical Record (EMR) PAGEREF _Toc316575642 h 4Benefits of EMR PAGEREF _Toc316575643 h 5Improved Quality of Health Care PAGEREF _Toc316575644 h 6Security Breaches PAGEREF _Toc316575645 h 6Privacy Concerns PAGEREF _Toc316575646 h 6Staff and Storage Expenses PAGEREF _Toc316575647 h 7Connectivity/Communication PAGEREF _Toc316575648 h 7Standardizing Workflow PAGEREF _Toc316575649 h 7Standardizing Data Representation PAGEREF _Toc316575650 h 8Health Care Setting Variations PAGEREF _Toc316575651 h 8Funding PAGEREF _Toc316575652 h 9Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc316575653 h 9References PAGEREF _Toc316575654 h 11

Case Study Proposal: Maricopa Medical Center Case Management

IntroductionThe healthcare system in the U.S. is in difficulty. In spite of investing approximately $1.7 trillion per annum in healthcare, the health care industry is plagued with poor quality and inefficiency. Superior information systems ought to provide the much needed help. Most health care providers lack the requisite information systems in order to coordinate the patient’s care with the pertinent providers. The essential information systems are require in order to ensure that the health care providers share required information, monitor conformity with guidelines for prevention and disease-management, as well as evaluate and improve on performance (Corrigan, 2011).

This paper posits to provide a case study proposal for the Maricopa medical center case management. The rationale for choosing Maricopa Medical Center (MMC) in this proposal was because they are at present in their third year of a five year plan in implementing an electronic medical record (EMR). The MMC presents a perfect example in investigating how organizations are dealing with the changes in the current ear of change. Besides, the case management department is an excellent example to monitor these changes since they are working in numerous areas of the hospital. This includes clinical, financial, social services, as well as customer service. MMC, is able to present a good case in point of multiple spotlights of the business. The focus of the proposal will entail applications, leadership, system integration, regulations, technology, and overcoming barriers. Hospitals employ information systems with the anticipation that the systems would reduce costs, boost the quality of care, and improve the competence of operations and personnel productivity. They also expect that information systems would enlarge service capacity, and enhance the accuracy and timeliness of management information (Kotter, 2006).

Background InformationMaricopa Medical Center is presently converting to some different information systems. MMC uses the Midas program, which is not an EMR. The MMC has been implementing EPIC and Cerner information systems into the hospital in phases. Cerner and Epic offer technology solutions in healthcare systems with the intention to create accountable health care organizations.However, the use of the two systems jointly has been difficult, since it seems that the builders for financial and clinical have not been working together. Consequently, it has been difficult to have the two systems work in collaboration. In order to provide a solution to this predicament, this proposal suggests an immediate shit to EMR.

The case management department at MMC is aware of the role played by the changes to funding in healthcare and reimbursement. The department is mandated to focus on issues that relate to balancing government mandates, managing the insured patients, and managing the self pay/no pay patient. This proposal will look into the various areas of interest, and subsequently provide the necessary recommendations.

Electronic Medical Record (EMR)In the $787 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act signed by President Obama in 2009, approximately $1.2 billion included an electronic medical documentation stimulus that grants benefits for electronic medical documentation implementation. The government is working to ensure the shift to EMR integration, since it believes that this would restructure patient care and present the health sector with long-term savings. The electronic medical records stimulus provides incentives to facilitate physicians in converting to paperless medical documentation. However, several studies have proved that even in the absence of the incentives, the integration of EMR has tangible benefits (Dave & Mike, 2010).

The Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is an application setting that entails clinical data repository, controlled medical terminology, clinical assessment support, order entry, computerized provider order entry (CPOE), clinical and pharmacy documentation applications. This environment sustains the patient s electronic medical documentation across outpatient and inpatient environments. It is employed by healthcare practitioners to record, monitor, as well as manage the delivery of health care in a care delivery organization (CDO). The information in the EMR is a legal account of what transpired in regard to the patient in their visit at the CDO (Janz, 2010).

The EMR milieu is a sophisticated and complex environment. The foundation of the EMR is the clinical data repository (CDR). This is a synchronized transaction processing catalog of patient clinical data for practitioners. Controlled medical vocabulary (CMV) is vital since it guarantees that practitioners who utilize the EMR access precise and analogous information. The CMV standardizes information from a definitional and relational hierarchy that facilitates related EMR components to operate optimally. Devoid of a functional CMV, clinical decision support system (CDSS) as well as workflow components in the EMR would not perform as projected by the clinicians in the milieu. Applications of EMR setting are clinical documentation for every practitioner/clinician, computerized provider order entry (CPOE) for every clinician/practitioner, as well as pharmacy management (Janz, 2010).

There are several EMR applications foundation, necessary to develop patient safety and eliminate or reduce medical errors. These include, the CPOE, CDR, electronic medication administration record (eMAR), and pharmacy management system functionality. These applications are built and designed on similar architecture as EMR components. However, the EMR system has been implemented slowly due to lack of homogeny. Security concerns have also been a hindrance in several healthcare facilities (Dave & Mike, 2010).

Benefits of EMREMR systems are meant to monitor the patient’s entire health and medical account in an electronic and computerized format. This enormous quantity of data in this format enables healthcare professionals in retrieving and navigating crucial data. This makes the whole healthcare system increasingly efficient and secure for the patients. The principal advantages of EMR, according to several professionals in the medical field, are that the data cannot be damaged by natural disasters or fire. This has occurred on numerous occasions in the past (Corrigan, 2011).

Improved Quality of Health CareElectronic health documentation helps a doctor in instantly accessing the patients’ full medical history. This lessens diagnostic duration and reduces the probability of misdiagnosis as well as medical errors. The CPOE feature assists in increasing the safety of the patient. The system registers specific information for doctors, in prescribing medication. This greatly minimizes errors associated with medication. The CPOE approximates that there are 200,000 medication errors annually. This costs health care facilities approximately $1billion as a result of adverse affects as well as serious reactions (Janz, 2010).

Security BreachesElectronic medical documentation may be susceptible to security breaches, but in general the data is quite secure. Medical records transferred online are exchanged in the safest possible manner. When considering the enormous benefits of electronic medical records, it becomes apparent that the benefits far overshadow the security risks.

Privacy ConcernsAlthough many people are skeptical about having their private medical records over the internet, very few people have access to these records. With the expansion of the international medical environment, more persons travel to other nations for specialized surgeries or treatments. Surgeons and doctors from across the globe can instantly access a patient’s entire medical history. This radically reduces errors and saves time.

Staff and Storage ExpensesAnother benefit of EMR integration is that reduces costs for the physicians.  Avoidable staff expenses as well as, storage costs are eradicated by the EMR. This is because it consumes less space and is easily accessible than the paper versions. Furthermore, the costs of medical documentation chart materials are substituted by reasonably priced maintenance expenses, which assist in paying for investment in the long-run. Successful users of EMR decreased medical records, transcriptionist, billing, data entry, as well as receptionist costs (Dave & Mike, 2010).

Connectivity/CommunicationThree foremost areas of the implementation ought to be entirely understood so as to maximize the likelihood of its success. These three areas include variations in health care settings, standardization, and strategies for training. The implementation process of a health care automation and information system starts with modeling the health care facility in software. The level to of adaptation of the information and automation system to the health care facility if successful would designate an upper limit on the level to which the adoption would be successful. A well-designed and mature system would allow MMC to control how the software works instead of the software dictating its functions to MMC. The system would permit for a large variation in how diverse components of MMC operate. There are two types of standardization that merit consideration. These include data representation and workflow.

Standardizing WorkflowStandardization of workflow basically means, considering two or more comparable components of MMC and having them execute some work function correspondingly. Consequently, people in comparable roles in the dissimilar components parts of MMC execute similar tasks in identical sequence by means of identical tools as well as interact with the users in other comparable roles in a similar manner. Epic’s experience proposes that standardization of workflow ought to play a small role for the duration of the initial implementation. As a general rule, however, standardization, particularly in the perspective of best-practice, is best tackled in subsequent optimization initiatives rather than for the duration of the initial rollout (Janz, 2010).

Standardizing Data RepresentationEven though workflow standardization provides a small purpose for the duration of the initial implementation of successful automation system in health care, the standardization of data representation ought to occupy a great segment of the system modeling period. Data representation establishes how data that is compiled throughout patient care, registration, or related utilization of the system is accumulated and retrievable later. It also determines how it may be evaluated with related data, and the simplicity with which this can be done.

Standardized vocabulary is a prerequisite for complicated clinical studies, billing, population management and several other transformational actions that may be practiced after the initial implementation and launch (Gorman, 2009).

Health Care Setting VariationsDifferent health care settings apparently have dissimilar data collection and workflow requirements. A properly integrated system at MMC would account for the variation by employing similar pieces joined together in dissimilar manner rather than as dissimilar pieces altogether, as would be the case in an interfaced, non-integrated system solution.

Linearity of the workflows should also be considered. A properly integrated enterprise information and automation system would minimize training time. This would be through utilizing similar navigation as well as data compilation tools across the multiplicity of health care settings. It would also facilitate viewing as well as interaction with data, in spite of its source, in an analogous fashion, therefore, enhancing patient care as well as the user experience (Janz, 2010).

FundingThe present approach towards provider reimbursement is founded on a fee-for-service system. This system encourages patient over-treatment and has no incentive for health care providers in efficiently harmonizing a patient’s health care. Besides, it offers little to encourage quality care improvement. Devoid of reform, this structure would persist to perpetuate the increase of healthcare expenditure without essentially improving the health of the population. However, establishment of a system that would reward health care providers for delivering quality health care in an efficient way has the prospective to restrict the healthcare costs, at the same time as also generating improved health results (Fisher, 2009).

Numerous factors such as the expense of care, divergence in patient populations as well as,the seriousness of illness ought to be taken into consideration when developing a payment system. It is essential to consider the risk assumed by health care providers and patients dependent on system of reimbursement. The degree of risk that may be assumed by the health care provider may serve as the foundation for promoting more resourceful provision of health care (Wilensky, 2010).

RecommendationsThere are numerous functions related with patient health documentation. Not only is the documentation utilized to record patient care, but the documentation is also utilized for legal and financial information, research as well as quality improvement functions. Since all this information should be shared between numerous professionals who comprise the healthcare team, and there continues to be difficulties with the paper health documentation, it has become more obvious that developing automated health documentation is imperative.

At the MMC, connectivity and communication issues are evident. The case managers, have an obligation to pull every department involved in patient care together. They should also assist each person make the most appropriate decision on behalf of the patient. This means that, all departments ought to be connected and in constant communication. In order to provide a solution to this predicament, this proposal suggests a full and immediate implementation of EPIC in order to facilitate the technology front in regard to connectivity.

It is fundamental to consider that, the initial execution of health care automation and information systems creates part of the basis for the health care transformation. It should not be seen as transformation in itself. The appropriate emphasis of the initial implementation ought to be on the things that would facilitate the maximum benefits in the long-term. These should include realizing widespread utilization of the system in as many care environments, specialties, as well as departments as practicable. This should be done to standardize data representations and long-range interaction as well as communication plans with the pertinent user community. In the event that,a these three objectives are achieved, MMC would be well positioned to exploit the sophisticated techniques and tools that would change the manner in which health care is generally delivered.

Bearing the factors mentioned in this proposal, Medicopa Medical Center should consider developing a system that would:

Reward health care practitioners for health results and improvements in quality of health care.

Adequately compensate practitioners for care management and coordination services.

Is transparent to the facility as well as to the payers.

Is sustainable.

Regulate for risk on the basis of incidence of ill health in a specified population.

Builds on experiences of comparable restructuring at the local, state, as well as national level.

ReferencesCorrigan, J. (2011). Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Dave, G. & Mike D. (2010). Electronic Patient Records: Healthcare Informatics. Chicago: McGraw-Hill.

Fisher, E. (2009). Paying for Performance: Risks & Recommendations. New England Journal of Medicine. 29 (1), 25-32.

Gorman, K. (2009). Information Needs of Physicians. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 43(3), 729-736.

Janz, N. (2010). Health Belief Model: Health Education & Health Behavior. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kotter, H. (2006). Performance & Corporate Culture. N.Y: Free Press.

Wilensky, M. (2010). Comprehensive Payment for Comprehensive Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 21 (3), 10 – 15.

Medication Errors

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Abstract

This paper will look at one of the many issues in medicine that has affected the effectiveness of medical care for a long time. The issue under scrutiny in this case is Medical errors, something that has been found to be extremely common in medicine. For the purposes of an understanding that is comprehensive, three articles are going to be reviewed on the issues and some of the possible lessons for medical practitioners learned in the articles will be used to come up with a recommendation on how these errors can be checked.

Introduction

A medical error is a term commonly used to describe mistakes or errors that occur during medical care of a patient. These errors are usually committed by medical practitioners and they can be as a result of numerous things such as negligence, inexperience, incompetency, using wrong equipments, among others. However, it is not always that these errors are as a result of negligence or inexperience, sometimes other factors affecting the doctor such as stress can cause errors. Errors can be dangerous to the lives of patients. As it follows, they must be checked and programs must be put in place to ensure that mistakes do not occur unnecessarily (The Leap Frog Group, 2008).

Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors

This article argues that health interventions, even those meant to benefit the patient can sometimes result to harmful outcomes. Mistakes, when it comes to medical care, can result and occur anywhere in the health care system. This can be at the doctor’s office, the hospital, pharmacies, nursing homes, and even patient’s homes, and in any part or section of the process of treatment involving improper treatment, wrong medication and delayed or incorrect test results. The article perceives medical errors as an essential challenge in numerous countries. The article goes on and argues that about 78 percent of EU citizens cite medical errors as a persistent issue in their country. The study also indicates that women, more than men, in these counties perceive the problem as significant. However, no straight tendencies can be deducted when it comes to the variable related to socio- demographics of individuals who have been affected by the problem. However, the younger population seems to be in the dark about medical errors (Eurobarometer, 2005).

I have learned from this article that the level of concern and personal experiences and the perceived significance of the problem are essential in determining the individuals who have more knowledge of medical errors. The article indicates that knowledge of medical errors is essential in avoiding and preventing them in the future. This knowledge can be extremely essential in my practice. This is because I can further on knowledge about the existence and the possibility of patients suffering from or encountering medical errors. With this knowledge, patients can be in a better position to determine when they are in danger of experiencing medical errors and when they are not (Eurobarometer, 2005).

Halbach, J. L. & Sullivan, L. (2002). Medical errors and patient safety: a curriculum guide for teaching medical students and family practice residents.

The article gives examples of medical errors as missed diagnosis, incorrect dosage, premature or inappropriate discharge, waiting even when treatment has been indicated, faulty techniques, failure to review plan of treatment, and failure to convey information to the patient during sign- out. The article also provides the reader with several possible reasons why medical mistakes occur. Some of these reasons include hesitation, faulty judgment, ignorance, fatigue, system flaws, failure to carry out close monitoring, job overload, and inexperience. There are four main reasons given by doctors as to why these mistakes are common. These include physician stressors, factors in the process of care, factors related to patients, and characteristics of physicians. From this article, a number of lessons can be learned. For example I have learned that errors will always happen, systems should be created to help avoid and absorb errors, errors are not necessarily caused by negligence, and that institutions should start a supportive culture of reporting errors for the purposes of future avoidance (Halbach & Sullivan, 2002).

These lessons can be assimilated in my practice by accepting the fact that errors are common so as to design methods and systems for checking errors in advance, and for preventing and averting them. This knowledge can also be used to check for root causes of problems and errors instead of blaming or punishing the physician because some errors are not as a result of negligence. Also, this knowledge can be used to inform the concerned parties the essentiality of reporting errors as soon as they happen. This is because this can help immensely in reducing future errors (Halbach & Sullivan, 2002).

The Leap Frog Group. (2008). Computerized physician order entry.

This article argues that in US hospitals more than one million cases of medical errors occur each year. The article indicates that these errors include such things as wrong administration of drugs, overlooked interactions and allergies of drugs, wrong drugs and drug overdoses. They authors argue that these errors occur for numerous reasons such as decimal point errors, and illegible prescriptions that are handwritten. The article argues that these errors usually result to tragic consequences for the patients such adverse drug events that are preventable, 20 percent of which are life- threatening. The article also indicates that medical errors are costly and they result to financial costs that are tremendous. This article has many essential lessons for a health practitioner (The Leap Frog Group, 2008). For example, I learned that computerized physician order entry can be used to avoid and reduce medical errors. Other methods that can be used to prevent errors include such things as a CPOE standard evaluation tools. As a health practitioner, one can adapt these lessons by implementing an effective CPOE evaluation tool that can be used to effectively reduce errors in medication. Computerization of order entry can also be an essential way of reducing medical errors as it can reduce errors that result from handwritten prescriptions or details that are illegible. Decimal point errors can also be considerably condensed with the utilization of computerized systems (The Leap Frog Group, 2008).

Conclusion

As it has been seen, medical errors can result to detrimental impacts on the health of the affected patients. As a result, the task of ensuring that medical errors are kept to a minimal should be taken as first priority so as to safeguard the lives of the patients.

References

Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors. Special Eurobarometer 241/ Wave 64. 1 & 64. 3- TNS Opinion and Social. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_241_en.pdf

Halbach, J. L. & Sullivan, L. (2002). Medical errors and patient safety: a curriculum guide for teaching medical students and family practice residents. New York Medical College Department of Family Medicine. http://www.nymc.edu/fammed/medicalerrors.pdf

The Leap Frog Group. (2008). Computerized physician order entry. The Leap Frog Group. Retrieved from http://www.leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-Computer_Physician_Order_Entry_Fact_Sheet.pdf

Low Attendance in Government School

Name

Affiliation

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256279” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc392256279 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256280” Research Problem: Low attendance in government school PAGEREF _Toc392256280 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256281” Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc392256281 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256282” Research Instruments PAGEREF _Toc392256282 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256283” Research Approach PAGEREF _Toc392256283 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256284” Reviewing Literature PAGEREF _Toc392256284 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256285” The importance of good attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256285 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256286” Parents’ views about low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256286 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256287” The causes of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256287 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256288” The effects of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256288 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256289” Findings PAGEREF _Toc392256289 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256290” Physical Factors PAGEREF _Toc392256290 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256291” Health PAGEREF _Toc392256291 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256292” Definite Attitude PAGEREF _Toc392256292 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256293” Educator Related PAGEREF _Toc392256293 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256294” Classroom Atmosphere PAGEREF _Toc392256294 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256295” Home-Related PAGEREF _Toc392256295 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256296” Discussion PAGEREF _Toc392256296 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256297” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc392256297 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256298” References PAGEREF _Toc392256298 h 12

IntroductionThe issue of low school attendance is presently the center of compelling movement in schools and government schools in Abu Dhabi. It is additionally a high necessity approach concern (Abu-Samaha & Shishakly, 2008 )for which the Government has set a focus to decrease levels of low attendance by one third by 2002. In spite of these efforts, students ‘ nonattendance remains a perplexing and complex issue. This paper presents results from an investigation of low attendance from government schools. The study investigated the perspectives of more alternates that are children, folks, educators, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low school attendance, the parts that folks play in low attendance and the measures taken by Abu Dhabi government and schools to diminish unsuccessful attendance levels. Data was accumulated from 13 elementary schools and 14 optional schools in seven Abu Dhabi government in different parts of the UAE. Altogether, instruction experts, auxiliary school students were questioned, and elementary school students and several finished surveys.

Going to class consistently is urgently critical for an understudy’s instruction and social abilities. Endless low-attendant students are set off guard both socially and scholastically. They pass up a great opportunity for basic phases of social association and improvement with their associates and in the meantime affects adversely on their scholastic advancement. This can come about to low respect toward oneself, social disengagement, and disappointment that could well have accelerated low attendance in any case.

School low attendance is a disturbing issue for executives, instructors, the population, and the public largely, and for the students specifically. Unaccepted nonattendance has a negative impact on associate relationship which could result in low attendance . As indicated by Barza (2013), instructors recognized impacts of low attendance on students as: scholastic under- accomplishment, trouble in making companions which could prompt weariness, misfortune of trust. Additionally, delayed nonattendance can have malicious impacts for the youngster in later life. Students who are missing from school are at the most serious danger of dropping out of school early.

Low attendance additionally influences the instructor’s capability present class work in a consecutive and composed way. This can have an impact on the advancement of every one of students going to the class. The groups of ongoing truants can likewise endure. For a destitution stricken family, it may mean a continuation of the neediness and unemployment cycle that may run in the crew. This additionally helps family clashes.

The general public likewise endures as the offspring of school age stay nearby in the avenues. They might be discovered simply traipsing around. Since they don’t have anything to do, they depend on trivial law violations like taking other individuals’ paraphernalia and properties. Others may fall back on medication compulsion and other conduct that is adverse to pop culture. In this way, if the understudy continues being far from school for a long time, he may grow up to be an obligation of his group and of his nation overall.

It is the point of each school to reduce, if not annihilate low attendance among its learners. One method for tending to this issue is to recognize the reasons why learners get truant from school. When they are singled out, comprehended and examined, particular movements and measures could be embraced. This will in the end redound to the better execution of the learners, instructors and the school when all is said in done.

Research Problem: Low attendance in government school

Since the management of the Government Education Act of 2002, the Abu Dhabi Government has indulged students to guarantee their students go to class. Under present enactment, Abu Dhabi students have a legitimate commitment to guarantee their children go to class between the ages of 6.5 and 16 years. Folks additionally have a commitment to guarantee their children are partaking in school, preparing or ability until they turn 16 or accomplish a recommended capability. Abu Dhabi Government schools work for pretty nearly 200 days every year. Scholars are required to go to class on every a days unless there is a sensible reason. Although individual school and person attendance rates shift extensively, over late years, on any day, 8% of Abu Dhabi’s 380,000 Government school studied in 2010 indicated that were Low attendance from Government school. In light of 2007–2010 information, give or take 60% of Abu Dhabi Government School learners were missing for 80 or more days for every year.

While some learner in attendance is unavoidable and justifiable because of disease and so forth, or upheld through school disciplinary nonattendances, a lot of students are definitely not. These could be unexplained or unapproved low attendance s. Poor school attendance might be connected to various related short and long haul unfriendly conclusions for scholars including lower scholarly results, early school leaving, substance use, neediness, and unemployment and negative wellbeing conclusions. However, these elements may be interrelated in intricate ways and variables that prompt low levels of attendance may additionally freely prompt some of these antagonistic results.

Research QuestionsThe study has five principle questions points, which were to:

Carry out a redesign of late writing on low attendance

Examine the perspectives of more children students about the reasons and purposes behind low attendance

Examine the perspectives of folks, instructors, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low attendance.

Examine the parts folks play in low attendance ; and

Examine the measures taken to decrease levels of low attendance in government schools in Abu Dhabi.

Research InstrumentsThe two research instruments used in the study are surveys and interviews. The transcribing 6 Interviews will be the main source of data and surveys will be the secondary instrument.

Research Approach

This study utilized the descriptive survey method. A survey was utilized to focus the reason for low attendance among the students where they appraised every circumstance/ reason introduced. All the information assembled from the respondents were sorted out, tallied, organized and exhibited in an arrangement of tables and diagrams. Recurrence tallies, rate weight values, and weighted mean were utilized as a part of the examination and translation of information. The reactions of the students were broke down utilizing a 5-point Likert Scale with the accompanying equal: 1 –Never, 2 –Rarely, 3 –Sometimes, 4 -Very Often, and 5 -Always

It is be to be noted that the poll given to the learners were given in their local tongue with the goal them should see better what they were replying, subsequently, giving more risks of precise reactions. The adjusting of figures was carried out to mean characterization of reactions. The measure of focal propensity particularly the mean was utilized to focus the normal estimation of reaction of the students.

Reviewing LiteratureThe importance of good attendanceThe Abu Dhabi government and instructors in our example accepted that great attendance was critical on the grounds that it is interfaced to students’ accomplishment and future vocation prospects. They called attention to that poor attendance has unfavorable consequences for Key Stage 2 and 3 tests and is connected with problematic conduct. By and by the necessity given to attendance changed amongst Abu Dhabi government and schools in light of the fact that some had been more fruitful at tending to the issue. Numerous Abu Dhabi agents felt that schools were over-prepared to acknowledge the reasons given for unlucky deficiency (Dickson, 2013). Conversely, educators focused on that they emulated counsel on attendance given in Abu Dhabi rules. A few Abu Dhabi education agents and a few head teachers imagined that it was unhelpful to recognize distinctive sorts of approved and unapproved nonattendance on the grounds that folks frequently excused their children’ unlucky deficiencies. Most thought it was imperative for schools to be proactive in examining unlucky deficiencies, work in organization with different organizations, and assemble a society of adapting inside a group.

Parents’ views about low attendance

In the principle folks accepted that school-related components were the reason for students’ poor attendance . Notwithstanding, most folks still felt that their children’ instruction was profitable and accepted that great attendance was paramount. Folks of poor attenders were less positive about school and more inclined to keep their children off school (Ridge, Farah & Shami, 2012).

The causes of low attendance

37% of the 678 elementary school students said that sooner or later they had truanted without their guardians’ information. They highlighted school-related purposes behind their low attendance . Being tormented was the in all likelihood cause. Different reasons included fatigue, abhorrence of educators and evasion of tests. Most students thought their guardians would keep them off school for reasons which schools would consider adequate, however a couple of showed that their guardians approved unlucky deficiencies which were unsatisfactory to the school. Particular motivations to miss school incorporated the craving to inspire companions and surliness (Abou-Saleh, Mohammed et al., 1998).

26% of the 518 optional school students confessed to having skipped school sooner or later. In schools with all-white admissions, young ladies in Years 7, 8 and 9 were more inclined to truant than young men. Not many students from ethnic minority gatherings confessed to low attendance . Auxiliary students’ purposes behind unlucky deficiency concentrated on school as opposed to home and included weariness, issues with lessons and educators, reckoning of inconvenience, dissatisfaction at school runs, the size and intricacy of optional schools and dread of returning after a long low attendance . Tormenting, having no companions and companion weight to ‘bunk off’ were additionally said. A few students specified home-related elements, for example, trouble when folks part up, and a couple of noted individual components, for example, sluggishness and the propensity of poor attendance .

The effects of low attendance

Abu Dhabi government and educators accepted truants invested their time close home or with their guardians. They would regularly be unwinding yet some were possessed as careers of their guardians or more children. Actually when out of the house, truants were well on the way to be with their guardians or in parks, woods or open spots, for example, strip malls. Just a couple of truants were thought to get included in wrongdoing. Confirmation from self-reported truants gives a comparable picture.

Practically all the Abu Dhabi government and educators suspected that low attendance influenced students ‘ scholarly accomplishment. It could likewise detach students from their colleagues. Educators called attention to that low attendance could influence standard attenders. At the point when truants came back to class, they were more inclined to be troublesome, and interest instructors’ consideration. This upset the work of different students as well as brought on hatred.

FindingsPhysical Factors

Among the things referred to, the separation of their home to the school and the threat postured by strolling to the school has the same reaction normal or a mean of 2.04. It implies that both are not explanations behind them to be low attendant from government school.

Health

Fever/influenza is the most widely recognized reason of learners for being low attendance. It has the most noteworthy reaction normal of 4.4. It is trailed by cerebral pain with a normal reaction of 2.37. Different ailments like the runs come in third with 1.61 normal reactions. The slightest regular explanation behind them for being truant is stomachache with 3.29 averages.

Definite Attitude

That the person doesn’t wake up right on time is the most well-known motivation behind why he/she is missing. This record for 2.95 mean. An alternate reason normally referred to is that they can’t focus on their studies and that they were not ready to study their lessons. This came about because of 4.42 and 4.38 mean individually. Feeling slow and playing workplace refreshments additionally keep them far from school. The previous has a reaction normal of 2.26 while the recent has 2.24.

Educator Related

At the point when the students are reproved for their awful conduct by the instructor, this has a tendency to make them be truant from their classes. It has the most astounding normal reaction of 2.48 while the reason that they cannot comprehend their lessons takes after close behind with 1.92 mean.

Classroom Atmosphere

The most noteworthy mean of 2.57 was agreed to commotion inside the classroom which implies that this is the essential motivation behind why they have a tendency to be truant. Harassing by individual understudy takes after with 4.19 reactions normal.

Home-Related

Guardians request that I be missing from school” reason came about to the most elevated mean of 2.52. Family unit tasks come next with a reaction normal of 1.87. Alternate reasons extended from 1.18 to 1.59 incorporate having no cash to use for snacks and other little costs in school, no breakfast/nourishment, and that their guardians squabbled.

Discussion

Low attendance is accepted to have a real effect on scholar adapting, however exactly how low attendance influences scholastic accomplishment has not yet been clarified. The straightforward examination of indigenous learners’ low attendance rates shows a genuine test to teachers in Abu Dhabi, regardless of the possibility that there are different elements that impact what has all the earmarks of being higher rates. While indigenous learners’ unlucky deficiency rates are not as high as first thought, they are still higher, on normal, holding different components steady, than non-indigenous scholars’ low attendance rates by about 60 for every penny. Comparative discoveries exist for students from lower grade foundations: lower grade students ‘ nonattendance rates are higher than center/upper grade learners’ are, yet the contrast is not as extraordinary in the wake of controlling for school-level variables.

The discovering reported above about the rate of indigenous students in a school and its impact on an indigenous person’s low attendance rate offers belief to speculations expressing that instructive burden is exacerbated by centralizations of comparably distraught scholars, despite the fact that this applies in this examination to indigenous students just. It is safe to say that it is an issue of importance for indigenous scholars. Schools that select higher extents of indigenous students are placed in more remote zones of Abu Dhabi, and these schools do have higher unlucky deficiency rates than different schools.

While contrasts in unlucky deficiency rates change as per scholar foundation, this clarifies just 28 to 29 for every penny of the difference; a great part of the fluctuation in school low attendance rates stays to be clarified. Some of this change may be clarified by scholar calculates not utilized within the present study, for example, those that look at mentality to class, folks’ instruction levels and past accomplishment, among others. School considers that were excluded, for example, school association, initiative and age of the showing staff, might additionally help to clarify a percentage of the change (Ridge, Farah, & Shami, 2012).

This study has highlighted the criticalness of gathering a fitting outline for investigation of school information, particularly when the information are accumulated as a major aspect of an instructive framework’s regulatory gathering. Such information are regularly used to build oversimplified benchmarks for the framework, and for every individual site inside the framework, as a component of a responsibility program. While such a methodology may be the perfect in light of the fact that we accept that scholar foundation ought not have a negative impact on learner accomplishment, in all actuality there are still accomplishment contrasts connected with foundation qualities. In the event that benchmarks for low attendance are to be situated, they must record for a portion of the contrasts between person syntheses of the school, generally schools may be undeservedly punished.

ConclusionAmong all the reasons exhibited, health is the essential motivation behind why learners are missing from their classes. Diseases is the heading offender in this class. Oral wellbeing, which as per the Department of Education is the primary motivation behind why students are missing, is simply third among the reasons referred to in the said classification by the Grade students considering over in other government School. This means that the government should come up with policies that favor school attendance in Abu Dhabi.

ReferencesAbu-Samaha, A. M., & Shishakly, R. (2008). Assessment of school information system utilization in the ABU DHABI primary schools. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 5, 525-542.

Barza, L. (2013). School-business partnerships: the case of the ABU DHABI. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(2), 180-189.

Dickson, M. (2013). Jobs for the Boys: Teaching as a career choice for secondary school boys in Abu Dhabi, ABU DHABI.

Eapen, V., Al-Gazali, L., Bin-Othman, S., & Abou-Saleh, Mohammed. (1998). Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 880-886.

Ridge, N., Farah, S., & Shami, S. (2012). Patterns and Perceptions in Male Secondary School Dropouts in the United Arab Emirates.