Category: Uncategorized

Louisiana Purchase 1803

Introduction

The history of the United States of America is laden with numerous occasions and events, some of which were negative while others were positive. Wars and revolutions, as well as movements have shaped the country into what it is today and given the nation fundamental pillars and lessons on how to tackle varied issues in the future. However, there exist quite a number of positive aspects or events in its history, events that affected the country and shaped its destiny for years to come. These mainly involved territorial expansion. Any country acknowledges that the territory is one of its most fundamental aspects. In fact, it is recognized as one of the fundamental pillars of its sovereignty, in which case it is always guarded, with any violations of the same by any other country brewing conflicts some of which may be violent. In essence, the varied instances of territorial expansion marked a crucial instance in its history with an incredible influence on the future of the United States (Burgan, 2002). One of the most crucial territorial expansions of the United States was the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

The Louisiana Purchase (1803) refers to a land deal that was struck between France and the United States that allowed the United States to acquire about 827,000 miles square of a piece of land that was situated or lay west of the Mississippi River through the payment of 15 million dollars (Burgan, 2002). The United States president at that time, President Jefferson deemed the expansion necessary especially as pertining to the United States security. In the spread of the United States across the Appalachians, the United States acknowledged the increased importance of the Mississippi River as a conduit or channel for transporting produce from the West (Burgan, 2002). At that time, the west was a piece of land that lay between Mississippi and the Appalachians. The Spain had occupied the Louisiana territory for close to four decades (since 1762), including 828 square miles. This is the territory that today comprises or at least an enormous component of the separate states that lay between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River.

However, there were constant conflicts between the United States. These conflicts were mainly revolving around the right to plot a route in the Mississippi. It is worth noting that, a resolution to the Americans’ entitlement towards transporting or transferring their goods and produce to ocean-going vessels situated in New Orleans had already been made in the Pinckney Treaty of 1795 (Burgan, 2002). The making of the Pinckney Treaty, coupled with the weak control of the Louisiana territory by the Spanish empire, gave American statesmen the idea that the United States efforts to expand westward would face no restriction in the long run.

However, Napoleon Bonaparte had intentions of reviving the French Empire. His long-term goal was to use Louisiana territory as his empire’s granary once he had recapture St. Domingue, an incredibly valuable sugar colony from slave rebellion. In essence, Louisiana changed hands from Spain to France in 1800, taking possession of the territory in 1802, a situation that was seen as a threat to the United States (Burgan, 2002). This is especially considering that the French sent enormous French armies to St. Domingue, intending to send even more armies to New Orleans. This bred apprehension in westerners who dreaded the prospects of relatively more powerful French controlling the New Orleans. In fact, this was bound to be a point of conflict as President Jefferson acknowledged that the possessor of New Orleans would automatically be a threat, habitual and natural enemy of the United States. In essence, President Jefferson started preparing for a military conflict between the United States and France in Mississippi Valley (Burgan, 2002). At the same time, he dispatched John Monroe to France where he would join Robert Livingston and float the offer of 10 million dollars for purchasing the West Florida and the New Orleans. It is worth noting that if such attempts were to fail, the United States meant to establish a military alliance with England.

Nevertheless, the prospects of war were averted after Napoleon shelved his plans for Louisiana. In fact, he offered the two the entire Louisiana territory for 15 million dollars. This had been necessitated by the fact that his army in St. Domingue was dying in large numbers from the yellow fever, not to mention the prospects of war between England and France. The two men agreed to the deal despite the fact that it far exceeded the orders that were given as pertaining to the price. This is how the United States came to purchase the Louisiana territory (Burgan, 2002).

Needless to say, the purchase of Louisiana in 1803 had consequences both in the long-term, as well as the short-term. One of the effects of the purchase was with regard to the implied powers and authority of the Federal government. It is worth noting that, as much as President Jefferson and the United States in its entity was elated by the prospects of owning the Louisiana territory, the constitution did not incorporate any provision that gave him the power to buy any territory (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). However, the entire or a large percentage of the American public supported the purchase, acknowledging the immense value that Louisiana had for the growth of the United States in the future. In essence, President Jefferson, despite the gaps in the constitution, went ahead and made the purchase, choosing to do without the passage of a constitutional amendment that would have validated the purchase (Burgan, 2002). This, therefore, cemented the notion of implied powers of the federal government. The purchase exposed the silence of the United States constitution with regard to the country’s geographic expansion or growth (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). It revealed a number of flaws and contradictions that are inherent in the political system of the United States. These included the existence of the United States territories as a collection of states, as well as the contradiction pertaining to the definitions of, as well as rights that accrued to citizens of states and those of the acquired territories in a democratic United States (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005).

In addition, the 1803 Louisiana Purchase cultivated increased growth and development of the United States and led to or resulted in the establishment of what John Marshall termed as the American Empire (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). In fact, scholars note that the purchase of Louisiana paved the way for the position in which the United States is today with regard to its military, economic and political leviathan that incorporates both non-state and state areas in its domain (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). They note that Louisiana Purchase was a prerequisite for the Missouri Compromise, its subsequent overruling in Dred Scott, the westward expansion of slaver, as well as the 1861 ultimate conflagration of the Missouri Compromise.

In addition, the Louisiana Purchase is credited with the multicultural and heterogeneous society that the United States has become today (Levinson & Sparrow, 2005). This is especially having in mind that an enormous number of people who inhabited Louisiana did not fall under the category of Native Americans, black slaves or even the white northern Europeans, which are the categories that are associated with the early America republic.

References

Burgan, M. (2002). The Louisiana Purchase. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books.

Levinson, S., & Sparrow, B. H. (2005). The Louisiana Purchase and American expansion, 1803-1898. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Black Americans and the healthcare system

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Black Americans and the healthcare system

Different people and different cultures have different practices and ways of viewing the healthcare system and this helps us to understand why people when handled in a certain manner get anxious or nervous. It is in this same accord that this paper looks into the view and belief of different people about their own cultures as well as the other cultures. This paper, therefore, explains how black Americans view the health care system and why they view it in this manner. Therefore this paper explains from the view of one of the participants in an interview and who has been affected by racial segregation why the black American culture views the healthcare system the way they view it and what leads to this. It has always been my desire and will to know more and to interact more with these individuals and therefore through this work I was able to interact with one of the black Americans who were able to narrate to me what it means to be black in American society. Even though the interview and the conversation were majorly about the healthcare system there also seemed to be a very strong conviction and will to change the American societal belief system to value and see blacks as part of the whole story and not as outsiders (Dula, 1994).

The client whom I was interviewing being a black American had a lot of issues that were arising as his state of being black American and therefore he feared that at some point he will have to fear to stop going to hospitals and get into other methods of treatment which can serve him best. This is due to his description of the healthcare system as a corrupt one and one which is very discriminative towards the people of its own. He explained how it was difficult for him to get medical health care, especially from a white doctor or nurse. This is based on the fact that he said that black people are still considered not superior as whites are and therefore their place in the society is not as important as compared to that of the whites (Kennedy et.al. 2007).

It is from this that he views the healthcare system as one that is not efficient and inconsiderate in terms of its relationship with the black people and how it handles them. He described his category of people who are black Americans as forming a culture that is distinct from that of the whites as they are brought together by their segregation and therefore it is very easy for a black American to relate to another easily unlike how a black American can relate to a white American.

Some needs need to be taken care of and considered urgent and important when it comes to the health care system. This is with consideration and many efforts towards making the healthcare system-neutral especially for the blacks who feel left out. This is according to him as he stated that the black people also want to be treated with care, love, proper and clear communication among other factors which are very essential in the manner in which they are treated (Dula, 1994).

His perception of the way the people of his category which is the black Americans are treated in the US healthcare system was that they are never treated in an equal manner and respect as the whites and therefore this needed to be considered and changed (Feagin & Bennefield, 2014). The nurses, therefore, he suggested ought to remember that they are dealing with normal human beings whose value of life is equal to the whites and therefore they should treat each of these individuals with due respect.

References

Dula, A. (1994). African American suspicion of the healthcare system is justified: what do we do about it?. Cambridge Q. Healthcare Ethics, 3, 347.Feagin, J., & Bennefield, Z. (2014). Systemic racism and US health care. Social science & medicine, 103, 7-14.Kennedy, B. R., Mathis, C. C., & Woods, A. K. (2007). African Americans and their distrust of the health care system: healthcare for diverse populations. Journal of cultural diversity, 14(2).

A Response to 1990s Financial Struggles: DSL Case Study

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Executive Summary

It is vital to initiate a management based approach as compared to a resource based approach since a coherent inspired team will motivate resources accurately. This approach is based on the knowledge that in the 21centruy organizations tend to benefit periodically from communication since most organizations have a complex hierarchy which tends not to be effective if communication is not applied decisively. This report is based on 1995 Domestic Services Ltd (DSL) corporate situation. The report will attempt to prove that DSL 1991 crash was not a resource driven but a deficiency in the nature of management affecting the entire organizational culture. The report will assess the organizational architecture structrually contributing to the current difficulties, and how to improve it. Secondly, the report will examine the impetus behind Beyond Budgeting approach as compared to the normal financial controller approach.

How DSL’s organisational architecture is contributing to its current difficulties

After going through DSL’s current organizational culture, one will notice that DSL organizational central audit has identified tainted organizational culture as a result of an unethical behaviour. Ferrell (2014, p. 208) approach this analysis in what the text refers as a sluggish human resource development. According to Ferrell, leadership has a significant impact on the ethical decision making process because leaders have the power to motivate others. In Barlett’s case, it is notable that regional managers (who happen to be most significant) are not properly motivated. Barlett on the other lacks significant form of leadership and this explains why he did not have substantial support regional managers. Dion (2012, pp. 20) Ferrel’s opinion in what he considers as internal difficulties due to a failing organizational culture. Dion further assess the challenges in organizational culture as those which fail to generate sufficient subsequent decision which are vital in mitigating organizational challenges.

According to specific generated from the interviews, it is good to note that Barlets is also failing to generate significant support from the organizational spheres of management. This can be seconded by Dion (2012, pp. 22) who establishes failing spheres of delegation in establishing prudent management framework. Some of the sad specifics are that the staff members refer to the top management as dictatorial. Also to this, staff members argue against prevailing organizational policies; for instance, the gaming process. Essentially, the gaming process is structurally engineered to ensure that staff members are ignited towards a collective formula of operations.

Technically, Berlets suffers from capital problems from top management trickling down to other spheres down to the staff. For instance, it is undebatable to expect that the regional manager is willing to take up a job in a rivalling company at a much lower cost. Seconding this is that that some staff members are willing to stretch out to cleaning jobs to increase their revenue. In an encapsulation, the organizational architecture is failing on its principality of roles and processes. As a result, poor organizational culture is not mounting up in quality decisions, rewards and performance evaluation.

Alternative organisational architecture

In a close analysis of the interview, it is notable that the deficiencies in organizational culture are technically responsible for the failing levels of leadership. In this regard, there is a derived necessity to establish a coherent organizational mechanism. Technically, a good organizational architecture is one that enable the art framework (aspect of the organization, for example, ethical) to illuminate on a predetermined scientific approach. In the design, organizational architecture should appreciate the finite role of members from the top to the bottom (Brickley, 2007). Therefore, organizational architecture is a highly productive in respect to the creative process. Martlew (2004, p. 26) seconded by Brickley (2007) suggest the application of analogous principles as those which adhere to soundness, cultural empathy, durability and the comfort for the inhabitants. The principle approach in this strategy is technically centered in applying several principles (purpose) and execution (delivery, innovation), and performance.

Essentially, these architectural principles are complex and their complexities explain their results. Peltonen (2012, pp. 70) joins in the list of suggestions in what he prefers as client driven approach. In a research conducted by Peltonen et al. (2012), it is a clear that the market demand is technically responsible for the creation of undoubtedly organizational results through the increased organizational demand. Chief of the problems experienced in Harlets is the redundancy. Redundancy in Harlets case can be explained by the declined levels of organizing and planning and capital failures in building teams and dividing up tasks.

According to Gitman and McDaniel (2008, p. 173) organizational structure must integrate separate product lines, organizational units and managerial approaches which seek to build hierarchies while eliminating capital redundancies. In other words, it is an inherent responsibility for the top managers to contain redundancy by improving the work-flow. Callahan (2011) suggests that a potential client’s organizational structure should endeavour to drill a little more deeply into the nature of human resources policies. In fact, the signs of good organizational culture should seek enable communication messages to ensure that employees understand the logic behind an organizational and this will facilitate the development of integrity, competency and ethical behaviour. For instance, employees prefer to pursue individual cleaning activities. In response to this, it could be effective if employees considered merging their operations to the mainstream operations of the firm (Langfield-Smith, 2012).

Although these decisions appear prudent and applicable, it is good to note that achieving organizational culture should begin from the top and technicalities illuminated to the junior spheres of the organization. Finkelstein (2011, pp. 26-28) argues in this relation that; that a shift to hierarchy culture produces a sense of apprehension. Practically, abandoning expensive cultures should be instrumental in ensuring that the efficiency and marketing are skilled to match closely with shifting culture. Gamage (2006, p. 26) argues that climate and e culture are largely learned through socialization process and through the symbolic interaction among members. Secondly, culture and climate are monolithic constructs that seek to appreciate multidimensional ones. Therefore, in apprehension, organizational climate is technically responsible for building culture and subcultures. Thirdly, culture and climate are responsible in identifying the environment affects of people in the organization.

Now based on this, it is good to note that organizational climate is Lewinian concept that emphasizes the impact of social context on the members of the organization. In Lewinian concept, it is knowledgeable that the situation and contextual factors are technically responsible in influencing an individual behaviour. In seeking solutions to the DSL problems, Lewinian approach will seek to apply equation of B= f (P, E) which assess that behaviour of regional managers and staff members can only be rectified by improving the environment at which they are in. To achieve this, it is impetus that DSL executive council develops policies and procedures that are indicative of a rectifying approach, and, in fact, in this sense, there is a derived need for abstraction and thus capture additional influences either covertly or overtly.

Beyond Budgeting

Libby (2010, pp. 57) seconds Abrahamsson’s (2010) definition of Beyond Budgeting. Ideally, the two holds the view that beyond budgeting is about rethinking how to manage the organization in a post industrial world where innovative management models are represent are the sustainable to initiate a lucid competitive strategy. Technically, BB is about transferring responsibility and power from the centre to the front line units, and inversely integrating employees first, and customer seconds and the hierarchy third.

For DSL, implementing changes requires the proper operation of (Beyond Budgeting Round Table) BBRT is an independent international research and the development of the learning collaborative. As we have just realized, DSL is just recovering from the recent 1990 competition. Consequently, managers met at a seaside resort to establishing a profit plan for the regions. Now, focusing on profits seems a decisive strategy; however, it should be noted that BBRT is only significant in team building (Langfield-Smith, 2012). Time and again, there is a necessity to ensure that the organization meets structural requirements of team building. Abrahamsson et al. (2010) quotes the Lean & Agile principles as commonalities in developing a BB approach. In fact, according to Andy et al. (2003, pp. 27) DSL can only realize its full potential if it is in a position to integrate the BB approaches in its core organization architecture plan.

As identified, there is a structural breakdown in the degrees of communication, which technically affects the beyond budgeting process. Dugdale (2010, p. xiv) suggests the adoption of N-form organization to replace M-form organization. N-form stands for Networked organization while M-form stands for multi dimensional organization. DSL in any case is a multi dimensional organization, each region or individuals are pursuing individual goals. This approach is not collective since it does not promote multiple linkages in the organization’s managers; therefore, M-form should be dropped to ensure that there is an introduction of quality communication in the organization top management. As a result, regional managers would be based on the relative performance measures versus competition and not on performance related to the budget but on communication (Interview with Lennart Francke, 2003).

Based on the BB strategy, it is coherent to assess the impacts that BB instigates on the budgeting form. Primarily, there are two central concerns courtesy of Budgetary Slack and Budget difficulty. Technically, internal organizational development in relation performance measures seeks to ensure that DSL stands a greater position to engage regional managers to facilitate production and this will impact on the average revenue of the firm. In this light, the BB approach will seek to engage communication, and inversely, there is a derived impetus of created by then networking in the precise N-form approach. Thus, the budgetary slacking process will naturally improve since the financial controller will stand a better position to communicate DSL agenda to the organization top facility.

A combined approach of these stratagems ensures that the organization is in a greater position to respond to greater challenges of management deficiencies. In this light, planning will be fostered to ensure that the organization is in a greater position to respond to strategic plans that will seek to create decisive answers to the overall organizational process (Andy, 2003). Technically, planning compels managers to think about the future. In this regard, DSL executive management will be in a greater position to deliberate on solutions for upcoming environmental changes and, therefore, minimize the negative impact of hasty decisions. In an encapsulation, the BB will enable the DSL to react proactively and reactively.

Conclusion

The year is 1995, and according to the recent DSL internal organization environmental shocks of 1991, there is derivative need to implement technical approaches suggested in this report. This report has been decisive in establishing a desired organizational architecture. The organization architecture suggested in the report is impetus in scheduling analogous principle technically centered on fostered on communication. Secondly, the report has considered the role of Beyond Budgeting process as this ensures that the organization is in a greater position to respond to structural financing problems which are entirely management driven and resource driven.

References

Abrahamsson, P., & Oza, N. (2010). Lean enterprise software and systems: First international

conference, LESS 2010, Helsinki, Finland, October 17-20, 2010 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer.

Andy, N., Bourne, M., & Adams, C., (2003). Better budgeting or beyond budgeting?

Measuring Business Excellence, 7 (3), 22-28.

An Australian Perspective 6e. McGraw Hill, Chapter 9. (Chapter 5 in the AYB321 compositetext

Brickley, C. Smith and J. Zimmerman (2007). Managerial Economics and Organizational

Architecture, fifth edition, Irwin, McGraw-Hill, Chapter 11. (Chapter 4 in the AYB321

composite text.

Callahan, K. R., Stetz, G. S., & Brooks, L. M. (2011). Project management accounting:

Budgeting, tracking, and reporting costs and profitability. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Dion, M. (2012). Are ethical theories relevant for ethical leadership?. Leadership & Organization

Development Journal, 33(1), 4-24.

Dugdale, D., & Lyne, S. (2010). Budgeting practice and organisational structure. Oxford:

CIMA Pub.

Finkelstein, M. A. (2011). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and organizational citizenship

behavior: A functional approach to organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of

Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 2(1), 19-34.

Ferrell, O.C., & Fraedrich, F.J. (2014). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases: New

York: Cengage.

Gamage, D. T. (2006). Professional development for leaders and managers of self-governing

schools. Dordrecht: Springer.

Gitman, L. J., & McDaniel, C. D. (2009). The future of business: The essentials. Mason, OH:

South-Western Cengage Learning.

Interview with Lennart Francke: Managing without budgets at Svenska Handelsbanken The New

Economy Analyst Report – Febr 24, 2003.

Kim Langfield-Smith, Helen Thorne and Ronald W. Hilton (2012). Management Accounting:

Libby, T., & Lindsay, R. M. (2010). Beyond Budgeting Or Budgeting Reconsidered? A Survey

Of North-American Budgeting Practice. Management Accounting Research, 21(1), 56-75.

Martlew, C. (2004). Leadership recharged!: Business leadership & organizational architecture.

Leicester: Troubador. gage Learning.

Peltonen, T. (2012). Exploring organizational architecture and space: a case for heterodox

research. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 20(1), 68-81.

Wassim Banihashemi

ENG 111

Nov 17. 2021

Essay #3 Draft

Black and White

 

Growing up without an address has its effects on people. Colin Kaepernick just at five weeks old was given up for adoption. His address then changed once he was with his new family. He is now an American civil rights activist and used to also be a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers for six seasons.

Kapernick tells his story of how address affected his life. His mother abandoned him at 5 weeks old and he ended up with a white family in a rich neighborhood. You can see the social impact address has on Kapernick, he enjoys and feels like himself in the neighborhood that is considered low income and section eight housing. The low income and section eight housing made Kapernick feel more at home because of the black cultural and the way it was expressed in the community. You can also see how during his time, it didn’t matter what part of the country you went to try out, if you were black – you would never get picked. The people who live in Turlock, Ca consider NorthEast part of the city to be the safest. In the NorthEast part of the city Kapernick did not feel at home, was uneasy, and did not fit in due to the population being all white. He was unable to express the black cultural as he would in the community of others like him.

Turlock, CA is mainly a town of white people with a small section of colored people. You can see the character become alive while entering and being around the colored neighborhood. The street and main road that Kapernicks family was driving on daily had an officer there; his dad passed the officer everyday speeding the officer never pulled him over. While Kapernick was practicing driving with his white parents, the officer was more aggressive and racial profiling him. In Turlock, CA they had barely any police and they police they had were all white officers. In the section eight and low income community they had white and black officers, and more was around posted in the neighborhoods. When Kapernick drove the first time they pulled him over and put a gun on him. “St. Louis, still the most segregated cities in America, was, Gordon argues, the product of racial restrictions and failed city policies that isolated and marginalized St. Louis’s black community.”(Mask page 197)

Being on a team has its own problems that Kaepernick was facing. Schools are sectioned out by the different addresses and zip codes. States such as California divides up the areas and they are supposed to have one low-income neighborhood per each high-income neighborhood. In the communities and zip codes where there are more white people and less low-income housing, they have nicer things and communities are cleaner. In the low income communities they are not as clean and do not have nice things in their communities. Due to less funds going into those communities and the whites always donating and funding their own cities. “Segregation meant that African Americans often live in their own neighborhoods” (Mask pp 193) Due to the power struggle the white folks have they have divided up zip codes so that certain neighborhoods solely have all white people. Schools then success and favor the typical front page of the magazine white man. Kapernick was struggling as not many people in his school was colored and he was getting picked on, not noticed, and not given opportunities. It doesn’t have to be an address for you to get picked, if your black and note white you won’t get chosen to be on the team.

Kaepernick is a multisport athletic man has his pick of baseball scholarship offers but really wants to play football. He also wants to be like the other kids and have a “normal life” with popularity, friends, and a date. This movie tells a story by dawning awareness of differences in a town that a white friend calls “Whitey Whiteville”, by showing that different parts of the town and different addresses can affect your upbringing. Whether you live in the North, East, South or West of any city or state, there will always be a community better than another community that you may feel more at home in.  

Work Cited:

DuVernay, Ava, director. Colin in Black & White. Documentary/Show, 2021. Mask, Deirdre. The Address Book. St. Martin’s Publishing Group, 2020. 

P, James. NY Times , 27 Oct. 2021, Accessed 15 Nov. 2021.

A Response to Changes in Parenting and Gender Roles

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A Response to Changes in Parenting and Gender Roles

In the essay Parenting and Gender Roles, the author seeks to outline the various changes and transformations that have occurred in the societal institution of parenting over time. Specific focus is on the shifts in gender roles of male and female parents. Thus, the essay seeks to answer questions as to which roles have changed, what changes are witnessed in homes, and their subsequent positive or negative resultant effects.

The author carries out a comprehensive analysis of the changes that have occurred in parenting and the gender roles. This starts with an analysis of developments in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transsexual (LGBT) relationships. Noting that some children must grow in such relationships, an analysis of emotional effects, psychosocial impacts, and the fact of the possibility of more adoptions is also assessed. Reviewing the stereotypes of men’s involvement in mothering and child caregiving, the author notes the rising cases of single fathers and mothers and the challenges associated with it. Again, it is notable that couples or individuals change their parenting role by choosing not to have children, irrespective of societal prejudices. Ultimately, the author assesses increased participation of women in careers necessitating the sharing of household and parenting chores.

At almost every point, the author backs up their points with reputable academic sources. Three different sources used here include Aulette (2010), Ehrenberg et al. (2001), and Turner and Smith (1983). The timeline distribution of these sources is varied in a way that the views provide wholesome considerations. Again, the author views different situations, each in its context. For example, an analysis of LGBT and all associated facts, then the influence of career and all the rest. In essence, the author manages to answer the questions intended. Nonetheless, the essay does not have a summative introductory clause or conclusion. Again, it leaves out the aspect of families employing the assistance of the house helps and home-based caregivers.

References

Aulette, J. R. (2010). Changing American Families. Allyn & Bacon. Third Edition.Ehrenberg, Marion F. et al. (2001). Childcare Task Division and Shared Parenting Attitudes in Dual-Earner Families with Young Children. Family Relations, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Apr., 2001), 143-153.

Turner, Pauline H.; Smith, Richard M. (1983). Single Parents and Day Care. Family Relations, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr., 1983), 215-226.

Love, Forgiveness and Trust

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Forgiveness is the acceptance that although someone made a mistake it is important to reconcile with the person by looking behind the fault and maintaining a friendly relationship with the person. Forgiveness will boost morale of the individual responsible for the fault thus enhancing productivity of the person. Furthermore forgiveness creates a comfortable environment of corporation amongst different people. The act of forgiveness is deeply rooted in love and compassion of the person offering it but it does not mean that the forgiver has completely forgotten the fault or mistake done.

It is important to note that forgiveness helps people to be able to take risks and explore other inventions that are useful to an individual, business or even the entire society. Bitterness and failure to forgive may discourage one from exploring very useful ventures because it encourages personal initiative and creativity. Moreover, forgiveness may help people to address issues and challenges that may have caused fault thus improving on them.

Forgiveness should not be limited to certain boundaries however the injured party may ascertain the repetition of the act as well as the intentions of the guilty party. If the act is very repetitive even after several subsequent forgiveness then another chance of forgiving may not be a solution to the issue. Punishment may be used in such instances. Moreover, if the damage is huge and very impactful or could lead to very serious consequences then the intention of the guilty party should be attained first. If the guilty party anticipated serious consequences then forgiveness would not be satisfactory. May be punishment would be the best remedy.

Releasing negative emotions and forgiveness is very important particularly how it is exercised. Initially, self reflection is very important when considering the way to show forgiveness. An individual should understand that a lot of energy is consumed while holding grudge thus consuming our strength and that forgiveness is much better option for our mental and physical health. Forgiveness enhances positive behaviors and healthy relationships among individuals and the society. It is also important to understand why the wrongdoing occurred and try to find explanations as well as exercising self understanding while putting ourselves in the transgressor’s shoes. The forgiver should then express the emotions attached to the hurt by effectively communicating our feelings towards the transgressors and assurance that transgression will not occur again. The final road to forgiveness which is really difficult is letting go of the bitterness by understanding that they must have happened for a reason and that all humans make mistakes.

Organizations and businesses can benefit a lot from implementing love, forgiveness and trust as their important values. The employees will work as a team and strive to achieve a common organizational goal with lots of courage and trust. The organizations’ employees may be highly innovative thus improving the performance of the business. The companies practicing these values may have loyal employees who are able to take risk whenever possible for the good of the company.

Adopting the philosophy of love, forgiveness and trust is crucial to the success of the company or any other business. Employees will always be supportive to the company because they will be highly empowered by the philosophy. Love, forgiveness and trust enable individuals to feel that they are really cared for and that they are part of the bigger family of their organization. It would be easy for delegation of duties as well as training of individuals to take place where there is love, forgiveness and trust. The philosophy will give way to other ethical practices such as equal promotion and fairness as far as recruitment is concerned. There would be sufficient freedom of the employees that may boost employee initiative and innovativeness. It would be easy to follow the leader’s advice and values that are anticipated to positively influence the objectives of the business. Employees will be able to venture into risky activities because they believe that they are cared for and that they are supported by the company leadership and management.

As an ethical leader, I would encourage openness and interactive forums amongst the employees ranging from the most senior people in management and the lowest ranking employee in the organization. I would encourage employees to visit me in my office at any particular time or give them my personal phone number or emails so that they can interact with me anytime from anywhere.

Some of the steps I would take to encourage these principles are setting guidelines and informing every employee about the need of love, trust and forgiveness within the organization. I would encourage employees and all my followers to acknowledge any hurt or wrong committed by anyone and offer apologies as soon as possible. I would ask the followers on the need to clear the offenders’ conscience as well as relieving the anger or any shame of the victim. I would finally ask the employees to practice compassion for everyone and establish a spiritual practice of prayer.

Medicare for All

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Medicare for All

Medicare is a public program that is run by the government, and it was first initiated in 1965. The costs used to run the program come from the taxpayers, and this is done through the funds that are paid through paychecks for the purpose of social security. As such, these costs are known to cover the various hospital and doctors’ expenses. The best way of revamping the Affordable Care Act is through the expansion of Medicare for all. As such, this article will look at the strategy as well as the general summary of the benefits and drawbacks of moving this initiative for future use (Liu, & Eibner, 2019).

Medicare for All

This program that is still in use currently is used to cover all those Americans who have attained the age of 65 years and above. It has seen the quality of health in America improve, and the various bodies, as well as individuals, provide positive feedback about how the quality of care has enhanced since the enrolment of the program. Those policymakers are working hard day and night to expand on this concept of Medicare for All in the future to accommodate and cover all the citizens through the future plans and ensuring that the plans are incorporated in the law to make sure that it covers permanent residents. Other activists are for the fact that the law should lower the minimum age of those who can use the policy to access medication. The suggestions made by these groups are in line with the government’s plans to have universal health coverage for American citizens. For instance, in 2016, during the presidential bid of Bernie Sanders, the matter was revived even though it was not something new as the idea of universal healthcare had long been introduced. Bernie Sanders introduced the bill in 2017.

The current state of our nation is that healthcare accessibility consists of those people who have ensured themselves and others are privately insured by the private entities, who are their employers. The public sector mainly consists of Medicare and Medicaid as the insurers of the public members as there is a law that requires every member of the society to be insured. It is an implication that if the plan is improved and amended as required by the majority of the activists in the future, then the members who have been in the private form of insurance would also join the public system of Medicare and Medicaid. Of course, the plan would manage to provide a comprehensive cover to the people without copays that do not have deductibles. Also, the option of having copays and no elective as well as cosmetic procedures. Other care that needs to be included in the services includes care of emergency care, inpatient, vision, and dental services to help the healthcare sector provide quality services at affordable prices (Song, 2019).

Strategy and Concept of Medicare for All

The Socialist Party was the first group that coined the concept of universal healthcare services to America in 1904. This was strengthened in 1912 when Theodore Roosevelt, who was the candidate of the party, emphasized the idea of single national health services. Even though he did not win, his idea of universal healthcare formed the major part of the facet discussion in American politics by then. He attempted to pass and advocate for single-payer advocacy that had been intended to be part of the Social Security Act. The concept was continued by Franklin Roosevelt, who tried to pass the effort of introducing the idea of single-national health care for the people in the community. However, in 2003, the concept of Medicare for All was again reintroduced in the form of a single-payer plan.

Nonetheless, currently, the concept of Medicare is viewed to form the umbrella of the Americans to ensure that the people have healthcare coverage, and this will allow the various plans that are meant to improve the healthcare facilities to fall under this concept of Medicare umbrella. These other supplements are considered to be the public option, and they are not meant to replace any private insurance as these will still provide a guaranteed universal coverage as a single-payer system. Bernie Sanders ensured that Medicare for All covered the people universally, and about 40% of the republicans were supporting the concept, as shown by the Kaiser Family Foundation poll. According to the proposals of Sanders, it was possible for all Americans to have a comprehensive health cover without taking the responsibility of the copays, premiums, and deductibles on behalf of the people who are insured. Therefore, it would be the responsibility of the government to ensure these people. The additional services offered would include hospital care and preventative services, dental, and vision.

The Positives of Medicare for All

The greatest benefit of Medicare for All is that it has given everyone a good opportunity to access medical care. Nonetheless, the introduction of the Affordable Care Act that was introduced was meant for every individual and to enable them to have access to healthcare facilities; the system is not realistic because many people cannot afford it despite the intentions of providing an affordable act. Therefore, the benefits of Medicare are that it has eliminated deductibles, copays, insurances, and the premiums of healthcare (Johnson, Kishore, & Berwick, 2020). It gave the opportunity to people to seek medication whenever they needed it, and therefore, people can easily prevent chronic ailments due to the accessibility of these healthcare facilities. It is not only the people but also the businesses that benefited from the introduction of Medicare. It is because it has created more jobs and ensured that many people are employed, and it is also evident that it has reduced the burden of employers who have been paying for their workers. It is a possible reason as to why they need to increase the wages of their workers and creates room for more opportunities for a job. In favor of the employers, it is possible that they now have a range of opportunities from which they can select jobs. It is because an employee cannot stay with one employer if they feel that they are unhappy with them due to the benefits that they get as health benefits. It is possible for the government to create more job opportunities as the system requires complete reformation and the management of the various program (Shepard, Baicker, & Skinner, 2020).

The Negatives of Medicare for All

Despite the various positive aspects of Medicare for All, there exist some negative aspects that include the high taxation system to enable the healthcare facilities to pay for the program. Following the current proposal, it is required that 2.2% of the tax needs to be increased on every person whose salary is considered to be less than $20,000 annually. Also, the high population increases the ratio of care providers to patients, and this will lead to an extension of the time that is taken by the patients when visiting the healthcare practitioners. The most affected groups are the specialized care, whose ratio compared to the population is small. This causes burnout. The current assumption is that every individual will be required to seek medication and treatment, and this, according to statistics, shows that it will be a huge group of people visiting the healthcare facility and therefore, creating more waiting time.

Even though the new system calls for the creation of more jobs, as discussed earlier and which is a benefit, then the transformation requires resources to be implemented and make sure that the changes within the healthcare facilities are well organized (Oberlander, 2019). The resources that the government has a need to divert them to these programs to make it effective, and this is costing the government a lot. It is negative since other similar programs such as the one on national parks and the education system form parts of the resources that need to be pulled together to make sure that they have attained the target. The introduction of Medicare has eliminated the various competitions that they have been in the healthcare sector. Even though this plan would not completely eliminate the competition, then it is evident that it will reduce them. By this, it is the private sector that is being affected, and the competition that it had initially means that the sector may not provide as quality as services as compared to when there is competition.

Conclusions Regarding Medicare for All

Selected Healthcare Plan

This plan is crucial because it will help in shaping the healthcare sector. The private sector will be diminished with time as the attention of the healthcare practitioner is shifted towards the Medicare. Also, the future of Medicare is that it would be easier for the government to make these implementations if proper channels about the matter are followed. Also, the future aspect of this program is that it is likely to eliminate the future sources of insurances, such as the private entities that usually insure the workers. In the future, the triggered deficits that occur due to the worries of the expanding entitlements and the republican and democrats are likely to benefit from the system because of the imposition of taxes (Liu, & Eibner, 2019).

Since the introduction of the Medicare system, its growth has been considered to have improved by about 2.4% faster as compared to the GDP of America in the past 30 years. The projection shows that if similar growth will continue in America, then it is possible that by 2082, it is likely to have the total GDP to be contributed by Medicare in a ratio of about 31% (Housman et al., 2003). In 2010, the projections that were made about healthcare showed that there was the spending of about $2.6 trillion, and this accounted for about 17%. Therefore, it is arguable that using the historical rates; if the health care spending does not remain the same, then it is evident that there are various ways that the people need to understand how the issue of healthcare goes and how it can be resolved in future following the past trends. The government has to understand that the various changes that are being witnessed need to be considered to make sure that the future of the healthcare sector in America is secure, and there is a need to have a better approach to this. The future of the healthcare sector will solely depend on how the technological tools and how these tools will be used to improve on the status of the quality that is offered in the healthcare facilities, and therefore, the lower costs needs to be achieved too.

In conclusion, it is arguable that there have been many proposals that were made many years ago to ensure that there is a universal healthcare delivery system. The three major concepts that have been considered to have gained momentum can be addressed through the following recommendations: the creation of a system of single-payer, Medicare for all, and Medicare Buy-in system that was meant for the people. Even though the concept of Medicare for All is such a great idea and has many benefits, then it is evident that the system may be challenging when implementing due to the fact that it requires a lot of finance.

ReferencesHousman, T. S., Feldman, S. R., Williford, P. M., Fleischer Jr, A. B., Goldman, N. D., Acostamadiedo, J. M., & Chen, G. J. (2003). Skin cancer is among the most costly of all cancers to treat for the Medicare population. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 48(3), 425-429.

Johnson, M., Kishore, S., & Berwick, D. M. (2020). Medicare For All: An Analysis Of Key Policy Issues: A discussion of design issues and options raised by pending Medicare for All legislation and proposals. Health Affairs, 39(1), 133-141.

Liu, J. L., & Eibner, C. (2019). National health spending estimates under Medicare for all.

Oberlander, J. (2019). Navigating the shifting terrain of US health care reform—Medicare for all, single-payer, and the public option. The Milbank Quarterly, 97(4).

Shepard, M., Baicker, K., & Skinner, J. (2020). Does One Medicare Fit All? The Economics of Uniform Health Insurance Benefits. Tax Policy and the Economy, 34(1), 1-41.

Song, Z. (2019). The pricing of care under Medicare for all: Implications and policy choices. Jama, 322(5), 395-397.

Medication Errors

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Abstract

This paper will look at one of the many issues in medicine that has affected the effectiveness of medical care for a long time. The issue under scrutiny in this case is Medical errors, something that has been found to be extremely common in medicine. For the purposes of an understanding that is comprehensive, three articles are going to be reviewed on the issues and some of the possible lessons for medical practitioners learned in the articles will be used to come up with a recommendation on how these errors can be checked.

Introduction

A medical error is a term commonly used to describe mistakes or errors that occur during medical care of a patient. These errors are usually committed by medical practitioners and they can be as a result of numerous things such as negligence, inexperience, incompetency, using wrong equipments, among others. However, it is not always that these errors are as a result of negligence or inexperience, sometimes other factors affecting the doctor such as stress can cause errors. Errors can be dangerous to the lives of patients. As it follows, they must be checked and programs must be put in place to ensure that mistakes do not occur unnecessarily (The Leap Frog Group, 2008).

Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors

This article argues that health interventions, even those meant to benefit the patient can sometimes result to harmful outcomes. Mistakes, when it comes to medical care, can result and occur anywhere in the health care system. This can be at the doctor’s office, the hospital, pharmacies, nursing homes, and even patient’s homes, and in any part or section of the process of treatment involving improper treatment, wrong medication and delayed or incorrect test results. The article perceives medical errors as an essential challenge in numerous countries. The article goes on and argues that about 78 percent of EU citizens cite medical errors as a persistent issue in their country. The study also indicates that women, more than men, in these counties perceive the problem as significant. However, no straight tendencies can be deducted when it comes to the variable related to socio- demographics of individuals who have been affected by the problem. However, the younger population seems to be in the dark about medical errors (Eurobarometer, 2005).

I have learned from this article that the level of concern and personal experiences and the perceived significance of the problem are essential in determining the individuals who have more knowledge of medical errors. The article indicates that knowledge of medical errors is essential in avoiding and preventing them in the future. This knowledge can be extremely essential in my practice. This is because I can further on knowledge about the existence and the possibility of patients suffering from or encountering medical errors. With this knowledge, patients can be in a better position to determine when they are in danger of experiencing medical errors and when they are not (Eurobarometer, 2005).

Halbach, J. L. & Sullivan, L. (2002). Medical errors and patient safety: a curriculum guide for teaching medical students and family practice residents.

The article gives examples of medical errors as missed diagnosis, incorrect dosage, premature or inappropriate discharge, waiting even when treatment has been indicated, faulty techniques, failure to review plan of treatment, and failure to convey information to the patient during sign- out. The article also provides the reader with several possible reasons why medical mistakes occur. Some of these reasons include hesitation, faulty judgment, ignorance, fatigue, system flaws, failure to carry out close monitoring, job overload, and inexperience. There are four main reasons given by doctors as to why these mistakes are common. These include physician stressors, factors in the process of care, factors related to patients, and characteristics of physicians. From this article, a number of lessons can be learned. For example I have learned that errors will always happen, systems should be created to help avoid and absorb errors, errors are not necessarily caused by negligence, and that institutions should start a supportive culture of reporting errors for the purposes of future avoidance (Halbach & Sullivan, 2002).

These lessons can be assimilated in my practice by accepting the fact that errors are common so as to design methods and systems for checking errors in advance, and for preventing and averting them. This knowledge can also be used to check for root causes of problems and errors instead of blaming or punishing the physician because some errors are not as a result of negligence. Also, this knowledge can be used to inform the concerned parties the essentiality of reporting errors as soon as they happen. This is because this can help immensely in reducing future errors (Halbach & Sullivan, 2002).

The Leap Frog Group. (2008). Computerized physician order entry.

This article argues that in US hospitals more than one million cases of medical errors occur each year. The article indicates that these errors include such things as wrong administration of drugs, overlooked interactions and allergies of drugs, wrong drugs and drug overdoses. They authors argue that these errors occur for numerous reasons such as decimal point errors, and illegible prescriptions that are handwritten. The article argues that these errors usually result to tragic consequences for the patients such adverse drug events that are preventable, 20 percent of which are life- threatening. The article also indicates that medical errors are costly and they result to financial costs that are tremendous. This article has many essential lessons for a health practitioner (The Leap Frog Group, 2008). For example, I learned that computerized physician order entry can be used to avoid and reduce medical errors. Other methods that can be used to prevent errors include such things as a CPOE standard evaluation tools. As a health practitioner, one can adapt these lessons by implementing an effective CPOE evaluation tool that can be used to effectively reduce errors in medication. Computerization of order entry can also be an essential way of reducing medical errors as it can reduce errors that result from handwritten prescriptions or details that are illegible. Decimal point errors can also be considerably condensed with the utilization of computerized systems (The Leap Frog Group, 2008).

Conclusion

As it has been seen, medical errors can result to detrimental impacts on the health of the affected patients. As a result, the task of ensuring that medical errors are kept to a minimal should be taken as first priority so as to safeguard the lives of the patients.

References

Eurobarometer. (2005). Medical Errors. Special Eurobarometer 241/ Wave 64. 1 & 64. 3- TNS Opinion and Social. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_241_en.pdf

Halbach, J. L. & Sullivan, L. (2002). Medical errors and patient safety: a curriculum guide for teaching medical students and family practice residents. New York Medical College Department of Family Medicine. http://www.nymc.edu/fammed/medicalerrors.pdf

The Leap Frog Group. (2008). Computerized physician order entry. The Leap Frog Group. Retrieved from http://www.leapfroggroup.org/media/file/Leapfrog-Computer_Physician_Order_Entry_Fact_Sheet.pdf

Low Attendance in Government School

Name

Affiliation

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256279” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc392256279 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256280” Research Problem: Low attendance in government school PAGEREF _Toc392256280 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256281” Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc392256281 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256282” Research Instruments PAGEREF _Toc392256282 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256283” Research Approach PAGEREF _Toc392256283 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256284” Reviewing Literature PAGEREF _Toc392256284 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256285” The importance of good attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256285 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256286” Parents’ views about low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256286 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256287” The causes of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256287 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256288” The effects of low attendance PAGEREF _Toc392256288 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256289” Findings PAGEREF _Toc392256289 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256290” Physical Factors PAGEREF _Toc392256290 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256291” Health PAGEREF _Toc392256291 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256292” Definite Attitude PAGEREF _Toc392256292 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256293” Educator Related PAGEREF _Toc392256293 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256294” Classroom Atmosphere PAGEREF _Toc392256294 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256295” Home-Related PAGEREF _Toc392256295 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256296” Discussion PAGEREF _Toc392256296 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256297” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc392256297 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc392256298” References PAGEREF _Toc392256298 h 12

IntroductionThe issue of low school attendance is presently the center of compelling movement in schools and government schools in Abu Dhabi. It is additionally a high necessity approach concern (Abu-Samaha & Shishakly, 2008 )for which the Government has set a focus to decrease levels of low attendance by one third by 2002. In spite of these efforts, students ‘ nonattendance remains a perplexing and complex issue. This paper presents results from an investigation of low attendance from government schools. The study investigated the perspectives of more alternates that are children, folks, educators, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low school attendance, the parts that folks play in low attendance and the measures taken by Abu Dhabi government and schools to diminish unsuccessful attendance levels. Data was accumulated from 13 elementary schools and 14 optional schools in seven Abu Dhabi government in different parts of the UAE. Altogether, instruction experts, auxiliary school students were questioned, and elementary school students and several finished surveys.

Going to class consistently is urgently critical for an understudy’s instruction and social abilities. Endless low-attendant students are set off guard both socially and scholastically. They pass up a great opportunity for basic phases of social association and improvement with their associates and in the meantime affects adversely on their scholastic advancement. This can come about to low respect toward oneself, social disengagement, and disappointment that could well have accelerated low attendance in any case.

School low attendance is a disturbing issue for executives, instructors, the population, and the public largely, and for the students specifically. Unaccepted nonattendance has a negative impact on associate relationship which could result in low attendance . As indicated by Barza (2013), instructors recognized impacts of low attendance on students as: scholastic under- accomplishment, trouble in making companions which could prompt weariness, misfortune of trust. Additionally, delayed nonattendance can have malicious impacts for the youngster in later life. Students who are missing from school are at the most serious danger of dropping out of school early.

Low attendance additionally influences the instructor’s capability present class work in a consecutive and composed way. This can have an impact on the advancement of every one of students going to the class. The groups of ongoing truants can likewise endure. For a destitution stricken family, it may mean a continuation of the neediness and unemployment cycle that may run in the crew. This additionally helps family clashes.

The general public likewise endures as the offspring of school age stay nearby in the avenues. They might be discovered simply traipsing around. Since they don’t have anything to do, they depend on trivial law violations like taking other individuals’ paraphernalia and properties. Others may fall back on medication compulsion and other conduct that is adverse to pop culture. In this way, if the understudy continues being far from school for a long time, he may grow up to be an obligation of his group and of his nation overall.

It is the point of each school to reduce, if not annihilate low attendance among its learners. One method for tending to this issue is to recognize the reasons why learners get truant from school. When they are singled out, comprehended and examined, particular movements and measures could be embraced. This will in the end redound to the better execution of the learners, instructors and the school when all is said in done.

Research Problem: Low attendance in government school

Since the management of the Government Education Act of 2002, the Abu Dhabi Government has indulged students to guarantee their students go to class. Under present enactment, Abu Dhabi students have a legitimate commitment to guarantee their children go to class between the ages of 6.5 and 16 years. Folks additionally have a commitment to guarantee their children are partaking in school, preparing or ability until they turn 16 or accomplish a recommended capability. Abu Dhabi Government schools work for pretty nearly 200 days every year. Scholars are required to go to class on every a days unless there is a sensible reason. Although individual school and person attendance rates shift extensively, over late years, on any day, 8% of Abu Dhabi’s 380,000 Government school studied in 2010 indicated that were Low attendance from Government school. In light of 2007–2010 information, give or take 60% of Abu Dhabi Government School learners were missing for 80 or more days for every year.

While some learner in attendance is unavoidable and justifiable because of disease and so forth, or upheld through school disciplinary nonattendances, a lot of students are definitely not. These could be unexplained or unapproved low attendance s. Poor school attendance might be connected to various related short and long haul unfriendly conclusions for scholars including lower scholarly results, early school leaving, substance use, neediness, and unemployment and negative wellbeing conclusions. However, these elements may be interrelated in intricate ways and variables that prompt low levels of attendance may additionally freely prompt some of these antagonistic results.

Research QuestionsThe study has five principle questions points, which were to:

Carry out a redesign of late writing on low attendance

Examine the perspectives of more children students about the reasons and purposes behind low attendance

Examine the perspectives of folks, instructors, and others working nearly with students about the reason for low attendance.

Examine the parts folks play in low attendance ; and

Examine the measures taken to decrease levels of low attendance in government schools in Abu Dhabi.

Research InstrumentsThe two research instruments used in the study are surveys and interviews. The transcribing 6 Interviews will be the main source of data and surveys will be the secondary instrument.

Research Approach

This study utilized the descriptive survey method. A survey was utilized to focus the reason for low attendance among the students where they appraised every circumstance/ reason introduced. All the information assembled from the respondents were sorted out, tallied, organized and exhibited in an arrangement of tables and diagrams. Recurrence tallies, rate weight values, and weighted mean were utilized as a part of the examination and translation of information. The reactions of the students were broke down utilizing a 5-point Likert Scale with the accompanying equal: 1 –Never, 2 –Rarely, 3 –Sometimes, 4 -Very Often, and 5 -Always

It is be to be noted that the poll given to the learners were given in their local tongue with the goal them should see better what they were replying, subsequently, giving more risks of precise reactions. The adjusting of figures was carried out to mean characterization of reactions. The measure of focal propensity particularly the mean was utilized to focus the normal estimation of reaction of the students.

Reviewing LiteratureThe importance of good attendanceThe Abu Dhabi government and instructors in our example accepted that great attendance was critical on the grounds that it is interfaced to students’ accomplishment and future vocation prospects. They called attention to that poor attendance has unfavorable consequences for Key Stage 2 and 3 tests and is connected with problematic conduct. By and by the necessity given to attendance changed amongst Abu Dhabi government and schools in light of the fact that some had been more fruitful at tending to the issue. Numerous Abu Dhabi agents felt that schools were over-prepared to acknowledge the reasons given for unlucky deficiency (Dickson, 2013). Conversely, educators focused on that they emulated counsel on attendance given in Abu Dhabi rules. A few Abu Dhabi education agents and a few head teachers imagined that it was unhelpful to recognize distinctive sorts of approved and unapproved nonattendance on the grounds that folks frequently excused their children’ unlucky deficiencies. Most thought it was imperative for schools to be proactive in examining unlucky deficiencies, work in organization with different organizations, and assemble a society of adapting inside a group.

Parents’ views about low attendance

In the principle folks accepted that school-related components were the reason for students’ poor attendance . Notwithstanding, most folks still felt that their children’ instruction was profitable and accepted that great attendance was paramount. Folks of poor attenders were less positive about school and more inclined to keep their children off school (Ridge, Farah & Shami, 2012).

The causes of low attendance

37% of the 678 elementary school students said that sooner or later they had truanted without their guardians’ information. They highlighted school-related purposes behind their low attendance . Being tormented was the in all likelihood cause. Different reasons included fatigue, abhorrence of educators and evasion of tests. Most students thought their guardians would keep them off school for reasons which schools would consider adequate, however a couple of showed that their guardians approved unlucky deficiencies which were unsatisfactory to the school. Particular motivations to miss school incorporated the craving to inspire companions and surliness (Abou-Saleh, Mohammed et al., 1998).

26% of the 518 optional school students confessed to having skipped school sooner or later. In schools with all-white admissions, young ladies in Years 7, 8 and 9 were more inclined to truant than young men. Not many students from ethnic minority gatherings confessed to low attendance . Auxiliary students’ purposes behind unlucky deficiency concentrated on school as opposed to home and included weariness, issues with lessons and educators, reckoning of inconvenience, dissatisfaction at school runs, the size and intricacy of optional schools and dread of returning after a long low attendance . Tormenting, having no companions and companion weight to ‘bunk off’ were additionally said. A few students specified home-related elements, for example, trouble when folks part up, and a couple of noted individual components, for example, sluggishness and the propensity of poor attendance .

The effects of low attendance

Abu Dhabi government and educators accepted truants invested their time close home or with their guardians. They would regularly be unwinding yet some were possessed as careers of their guardians or more children. Actually when out of the house, truants were well on the way to be with their guardians or in parks, woods or open spots, for example, strip malls. Just a couple of truants were thought to get included in wrongdoing. Confirmation from self-reported truants gives a comparable picture.

Practically all the Abu Dhabi government and educators suspected that low attendance influenced students ‘ scholarly accomplishment. It could likewise detach students from their colleagues. Educators called attention to that low attendance could influence standard attenders. At the point when truants came back to class, they were more inclined to be troublesome, and interest instructors’ consideration. This upset the work of different students as well as brought on hatred.

FindingsPhysical Factors

Among the things referred to, the separation of their home to the school and the threat postured by strolling to the school has the same reaction normal or a mean of 2.04. It implies that both are not explanations behind them to be low attendant from government school.

Health

Fever/influenza is the most widely recognized reason of learners for being low attendance. It has the most noteworthy reaction normal of 4.4. It is trailed by cerebral pain with a normal reaction of 2.37. Different ailments like the runs come in third with 1.61 normal reactions. The slightest regular explanation behind them for being truant is stomachache with 3.29 averages.

Definite Attitude

That the person doesn’t wake up right on time is the most well-known motivation behind why he/she is missing. This record for 2.95 mean. An alternate reason normally referred to is that they can’t focus on their studies and that they were not ready to study their lessons. This came about because of 4.42 and 4.38 mean individually. Feeling slow and playing workplace refreshments additionally keep them far from school. The previous has a reaction normal of 2.26 while the recent has 2.24.

Educator Related

At the point when the students are reproved for their awful conduct by the instructor, this has a tendency to make them be truant from their classes. It has the most astounding normal reaction of 2.48 while the reason that they cannot comprehend their lessons takes after close behind with 1.92 mean.

Classroom Atmosphere

The most noteworthy mean of 2.57 was agreed to commotion inside the classroom which implies that this is the essential motivation behind why they have a tendency to be truant. Harassing by individual understudy takes after with 4.19 reactions normal.

Home-Related

Guardians request that I be missing from school” reason came about to the most elevated mean of 2.52. Family unit tasks come next with a reaction normal of 1.87. Alternate reasons extended from 1.18 to 1.59 incorporate having no cash to use for snacks and other little costs in school, no breakfast/nourishment, and that their guardians squabbled.

Discussion

Low attendance is accepted to have a real effect on scholar adapting, however exactly how low attendance influences scholastic accomplishment has not yet been clarified. The straightforward examination of indigenous learners’ low attendance rates shows a genuine test to teachers in Abu Dhabi, regardless of the possibility that there are different elements that impact what has all the earmarks of being higher rates. While indigenous learners’ unlucky deficiency rates are not as high as first thought, they are still higher, on normal, holding different components steady, than non-indigenous scholars’ low attendance rates by about 60 for every penny. Comparative discoveries exist for students from lower grade foundations: lower grade students ‘ nonattendance rates are higher than center/upper grade learners’ are, yet the contrast is not as extraordinary in the wake of controlling for school-level variables.

The discovering reported above about the rate of indigenous students in a school and its impact on an indigenous person’s low attendance rate offers belief to speculations expressing that instructive burden is exacerbated by centralizations of comparably distraught scholars, despite the fact that this applies in this examination to indigenous students just. It is safe to say that it is an issue of importance for indigenous scholars. Schools that select higher extents of indigenous students are placed in more remote zones of Abu Dhabi, and these schools do have higher unlucky deficiency rates than different schools.

While contrasts in unlucky deficiency rates change as per scholar foundation, this clarifies just 28 to 29 for every penny of the difference; a great part of the fluctuation in school low attendance rates stays to be clarified. Some of this change may be clarified by scholar calculates not utilized within the present study, for example, those that look at mentality to class, folks’ instruction levels and past accomplishment, among others. School considers that were excluded, for example, school association, initiative and age of the showing staff, might additionally help to clarify a percentage of the change (Ridge, Farah, & Shami, 2012).

This study has highlighted the criticalness of gathering a fitting outline for investigation of school information, particularly when the information are accumulated as a major aspect of an instructive framework’s regulatory gathering. Such information are regularly used to build oversimplified benchmarks for the framework, and for every individual site inside the framework, as a component of a responsibility program. While such a methodology may be the perfect in light of the fact that we accept that scholar foundation ought not have a negative impact on learner accomplishment, in all actuality there are still accomplishment contrasts connected with foundation qualities. In the event that benchmarks for low attendance are to be situated, they must record for a portion of the contrasts between person syntheses of the school, generally schools may be undeservedly punished.

ConclusionAmong all the reasons exhibited, health is the essential motivation behind why learners are missing from their classes. Diseases is the heading offender in this class. Oral wellbeing, which as per the Department of Education is the primary motivation behind why students are missing, is simply third among the reasons referred to in the said classification by the Grade students considering over in other government School. This means that the government should come up with policies that favor school attendance in Abu Dhabi.

ReferencesAbu-Samaha, A. M., & Shishakly, R. (2008). Assessment of school information system utilization in the ABU DHABI primary schools. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 5, 525-542.

Barza, L. (2013). School-business partnerships: the case of the ABU DHABI. Journal of Strategy and Management, 6(2), 180-189.

Dickson, M. (2013). Jobs for the Boys: Teaching as a career choice for secondary school boys in Abu Dhabi, ABU DHABI.

Eapen, V., Al-Gazali, L., Bin-Othman, S., & Abou-Saleh, Mohammed. (1998). Mental health problems among schoolchildren in United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(8), 880-886.

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July 29, 1979

If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?

By JAMES BALDWIN

left000t. Paul de Vence, France–The argument concerning the use, or the status, or the reality, of black English is rooted in American history and has absolutely nothing to do with the question the argument supposes itself to be posing. The argument has nothing to do with language itself but with the role of language. Language, incontestably, reveals the speaker. Language, also, far more dubiously, is meant to define the other–and, in this case, the other is refusing to be defined by a language that has never been able to recognize him.

People evolve a language in order to describe and thus control their circumstances, or in order not to be submerged by a reality that they cannot articulate. (And, if they cannot articulate it, they are submerged.) A Frenchman living in Paris speaks a subtly and crucially different language from that of the man living in Marseilles; neither sounds very much like a man living in Quebec; and they would all have great difficulty in apprehending what the man from Guadeloupe, or Martinique, is saying, to say nothing of the man from Senegal–although the “common” language of all these areas is French. But each has paid, and is paying, a different price for this “common” language, in which, as it turns out, they are not saying, and cannot be saying, the same things: They each have very different realities to articulate, or control.

What joins all languages, and all men, is the necessity to confront life, in order, not inconceivably, to outwit death: The price for this is the acceptance, and achievement, of one’s temporal identity. So that, for example, thought it is not taught in the schools (and this has the potential of becoming a political issue) the south of France still clings to its ancient and musical Proven�al, which resists being described as a “dialect.” And much of the tension in the Basque countries, and in Wales, is due to the Basque and Welsh determination not to allow their languages to be destroyed. This determination also feeds the flames in Ireland for many indignities the Irish have been forced to undergo at English hands is the English contempt for their language.

It goes without saying, then, that language is also a political instrument, means, and proof of power. It is the most vivid and crucial key to identify: It reveals the private identity, and connects one with, or divorces one from, the larger, public, or communal identity. There have been, and are, times, and places, when to speak a certain language could be dangerous, even fatal. Or, one may speak the same language, but in such a way that one’s antecedents are revealed, or (one hopes) hidden. This is true in France, and is absolutely true in England: The range (and reign) of accents on that damp little island make England coherent for the English and totally incomprehensible for everyone else. To open your mouth in England is (if I may use black English) to “put your business in the street”: You have confessed your parents, your youth, your school, your salary, your self-esteem, and, alas, your future.

Now, I do not know what white Americans would sound like if there had never been any black people in the United States, but they would not sound the way they sound. Jazz, for example, is a very specific sexual term, as in jazz me, baby, but white people purified it into the Jazz Age. Sock it to me, which means, roughly, the same thing, has been adopted by Nathaniel Hawthorne’s descendants with no qualms or hesitations at all, along with let it all hang out and right on! Beat to his socks which was once the black’s most total and despairing image of poverty, was transformed into a thing called the Beat Generation, which phenomenon was, largely, composed of uptight, middle- class white people, imitating poverty, trying to get down, to get with it, doing their thing, doing their despairing best to be funky, which we, the blacks, never dreamed of doing–we were funky, baby, like funkwas going out of style.

Now, no one can eat his cake, and have it, too, and it is late in the day to attempt to penalize black people for having created a language that permits the nation its only glimpse of reality, a language without which the nation would be even more whipped than it is.

I say that the present skirmish is rooted in American history, and it is. Black English is the creation of the black diaspora. Blacks came to the United States chained to each other, but from different tribes: Neither could speak the other’s language. If two black people, at that bitter hour of the world’s history, had been able to speak to each other, the institution of chattel slavery could never have lasted as long as it did. Subsequently, the slave was given, under the eye, and the gun, of his master, Congo Square, and the Bible–or in other words, and under these conditions, the slave began the formation of the black church, and it is within this unprecedented tabernacle that black English began to be formed. This was not, merely, as in the European example, the adoption of a foreign tongue, but an alchemy that transformed ancient elements into a new language: A language comes into existence by means of brutal necessity, and the rules of the language are dictated by what the language must convey.

There was a moment, in time, and in this place, when my brother, or my mother, or my father, or my sister, had to convey to me, for example, the danger in which I was standing from the white man standing just behind me, and to convey this with a speed, and in a language, that the white man could not possibly understand, and that, indeed, he cannot understand, until today. He cannot afford to understand it. This understanding would reveal to him too much about himself, and smash that mirror before which he has been frozen for so long.

Now, if this passion, this skill, this (to quote Toni Morrison) “sheer intelligence,” this incredible music, the mighty achievement of having brought a people utterly unknown to, or despised by “history”–to have brought this people to their present, troubled, troubling, and unassailable and unanswerable place–if this absolutely unprecedented journey does not indicate that black English is a language, I am curious to know what definition of language is to be trusted.

A people at the center of the Western world, and in the midst of so hostile a population, has not endured and transcended by means of what is patronizingly called a “dialect.” We, the blacks, are in trouble, certainly, but we are not doomed, and we are not inarticulate because we are not compelled to defend a morality that we know to be a lie.

The brutal truth is that the bulk of white people in American never had any interest in educating black people, except as this could serve white purposes. It is not the black child’s language that is in question, it is not his language that is despised: It is his experience. A child cannot be taught by anyone who despises him, and a child cannot afford to be fooled. A child cannot be taught by anyone whose demand, essentially, is that the child repudiate his experience, and all that gives him sustenance, and enter a limbo in which he will no longer be black, and in which he knows that he can never become white. Black people have lost too many black children that way.

And, after all, finally, in a country with standards so untrustworthy, a country that makes heroes of so many criminal mediocrities, a country unable to face why so many of the nonwhite are in prison, or on the needle, or standing, futureless, in the streets–it may very well be that both the child, and his elder, have concluded that they have nothing whatever to learn from the people of a country that has managed to learn so little.

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