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Logistics And The British Defeat

Introduction

When war broke out in America in 1775, the British forces were not logistically prepared. When they are compared with the rebelling colonies the logistics system used by the British appeared efficient superficially, but it had deep cracks and fissures that would eventually cost the British Empire the war. Its soldiers were never short of food or water, and military supplies were sufficient for all the men involved in the battle. Logistics of this scale would not be witnessed for almost two centuries until the Allies invaded North Africa during the Second World War. The major failure of the logistics system was in its resupply network, which should have been identified and rectified as the war wore on (Bowler, 24).

This was not done and therefore the downfall of the British Army in the war began. A close examination of the manner in which the British Empire supplied its troops both in the colonies and from the mother country reveals how the absence, or presence, of crucial materials can affect military expeditions. Eventually, the absence of adequate supplies in reserve, coupled with rampant corruption, insufficient transportation and cautious generalship led to the defeat of the British Army (Christopher, 34).

Logistical Issues

The Treasury Department

The British Treasury Department was mainly responsible for the maintenance of food supplies which also included forage for the animals used during the war (Bowler, 65). It is worth noting that during this time, men fought primarily on horseback, and therefore they depended on horses for mobility and flexibility. Their horses had to be fed.

The Navy Board

This board was charged with the responsibility of transporting clothing, cavalry and infantry supplies, tents, hospital supplies and other camping equipment (Bowler, 16). The Navy Board was to ensure that troops were well equipped to go to war at anytime, anywhere.

The Ordnance Board

Responsible for engineers, guns, artillery, and other ordnance stores including ammunition.

The Treasury Department was ill prepared for the beginning of the war. At the time, the British Army was a colonial garrison force, and there was no central command since England lacked the general staff to serve there (Buel, 39). There were no army officers in the command hierarchy above the level of regiment before the start of the Revolutionary War. The Navy Board can be said to have been better organized than the Treasury, mainly due to the fact that Britain was a major naval power. At the time, Britain had the largest and most powerful navy in the world. Since 1689, the Quartermaster General together with his department had been existent in the British Army; and the department was its most senior service department.

In contrast to today when the duties of quartermasters are strictly logistical, the Quartermaster General of Britain in the 18th century was charged with other duties. He was what would be known today as a chief of staff to the Commanding General, and therefore issues of supply formed just a section of the many spheres of work he engaged in. He was charged with coordinating other staff departments like operations and intelligence, and also assumed command of troops whenever the army launched an attack. This clearly indicates that he had little chance of focusing all his attention to the supply of food and forage to the personnel and animals involved in the war in America (Huston, 42). After the Quartermaster General’s Department, the next in line was the Commissary. The head of this department (the Commissary General) was a civilian.

The number of staff who served under him in the colonies steadily grew to 300. The purchase of fresh food supplies became the biggest supply problem for the British Army. The Commissary Department was riddled with so much corruption and the very first Commissary General (Daniel Chamier) was also dishonest apart from being incompetent. His biggest failure was the inability to file accurate reports on the total number of personnel in the colonies who were in need of rations. The downside was that the Treasury relied upon the figures given to it by Mr. Chaimer as a basis for shipping requirements and ration acquisition. The total requirement Chaimer sent to England was regularly short by an average of 4,000 rations. In addition to this, officers, refugees, children and wives and other people who were supposed to receive a share of the rations delivered to the army (Buel, 96).

The Barracks Master General had other duties apart from his main task of ensuring that all troops were properly and adequately accommodated in the garrisons.

He was charged with supplying them with stoves, cots, tents and other camping equipment they required to survive in the field. He was also responsible for supplying fuel, which was mainly firewood until the discovery of coal which replaced firewood in the later stages of the war. Just like the majority of the British Army’s service support corps, the Barracks Master General always used his position for personal profit. In the colonies, Engineer and Medical departments formed the last of the support staff under the leadership of the Commanding General.

Corruption And Profiteering

Corruption and profiteering were very rampant in the British logistics system. The service corps was dominated by individuals who had the least concern for ethics and good leadership. It is however worth mentioning that under the British Law at that time, a majority of practices that we define as legal today were not crimes (Huston, 39). They were never considered to be ethically or morally wrong during the 18th century. It was common for commissaries to keep the “fifth quarter” of slaughtered livestock for themselves. This “fifth quarter” was the tallow, hide and the head, and they would be sold for profit by whoever managed to lay his hands on them. Although such behavior was tolerated, it eventually contributed to the development of more unethical practices.

For example, the contractors in Britain who supplied food for shipment to the colonies regularly provided quantities of cereals like rice or flour that were considerably less than the required amount. There could be as much as 10% shortage in a single barrel of flour (Bowler, 187). There is no single record of what happened to the millions of bags, crates, barrels, boxes and other containers sent to America.

Majority of the consignments arrived in a poor state and probably would have been thrown away, but it is impossible to imagine that the commissaries could have sold them for profit. The other policy which was frequently abused by the Commissary General and his staff involved the cattle that were captured during battle or raids on farms and homes (Christopher, 81). Fresh meat was always in great demand, and the army had no reluctance in paying each soldier one dollar for every head of cattle that was brought to the camps. The Commissary General routinely took advantage of this and paid soldiers the dollar they were supposed to be given and then sold the cattle to the army at their current market value. They consequently made huge personal profits from this dishonest practice. The reimbursement of civilians for commandeered supplies was not spared either. It was transformed into an income generating venture by the men in the commissary.

If the army had to commander supplies from local farms, the troops were supposed to give each farmer a receipt to take to the commissary in order to get their reimbursements. They however rarely got their money (Buel, 94). This could be because they were afraid or because they knew reimbursement was unlikely to be given to them. What the commissaries did is they took the money meant for the reimbursement and later reported that it had been claimed. Transportation in the British logistics system was also corrupted. According to a parliamentary commission that reviewed the expenditure of public money in 1781, the majority of horses and wagons that were hired to provide support to the British Army in the colonies were owned by officers who worked in the department of the Quartermaster General.

Funnily enough, they were the same officers who were charged with the responsibility of conducting the hiring process (Huston, 27). This would be a blatant violation of ethics in today’s ethical standards.

Conclusion

The experience of the British in the American Revolutionary War is very important for the militaries of today. Although numerous changes have been witnessed in the area of military technology and organization in the last 200 years, American forces still have a hard time dealing with many of the similar problems that hampered the resupply effort of the British. Logisticians in force projection armies still have to solve the problem of delivering supplies over long distances, relying upon the support of the host nation and conquering the constraints of resource. The most important thing to note is that when logistics is not planned in detail, military operations still suffer a great deal.

References

Bowler, R. Arthur. Logistics And the Failure Of the British Army In America 1775-1783. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Buel, Richard. In Irons: Britain’s Naval Supremacy And The Revolutionary Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.

Huston, James A. Logistics of Liberty: American Services Of Supply In The Revolutionary War

And After. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1993.

Christopher Hibbert. The American Revolution Through British Eyes. New York: Avon Books, 1997.

BIOLOGY 332: BIOINFORMATICS

EXERCISE 4: PHYLOGENY OF ELEPHANT

This exercise is based on Case 1.5 of Lesk (2008) wherein amino acid sequences are again used to test the relationships of living and extinct species of elephants. Elephants are some of the largest land mammal the ever lived on Earth. There are several questions with regards to the relationships of two extant species of elephants, the African elephant (Loxodonta Africana) and the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) with that of the extinct Siberian woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius).

The Wolly mammoth is believed to have gone extinct about 10,000 years ago, about the same time man started migration into the Americas. Remains of the woolly mammoth have been discovered intact in permafrost and considerable part of the genome, as well protein sequences have been deposited in Genbank.

One question is whether we could tell from these sequences alone what species is more closely related to another species? Given the differences are few, do they represent true evolutionary divergence or merely random drift?

At this point, it is important to distinguish between similarity and homology. This is discussed in more detail on page 29 of Lesk. In some instance similarity in sequence may not necessarily reflect common closer relationship. It is possible that a functional cytochrome b requires conservation of residues from all other animals that there is not enough differences to discriminate the branching pattern among species of the same clade or group. Thus, you will include two other species of mammals that are more distantly related to the elephants; the hyrax and the dugongs (or manatee).

The cytochrome b gene is one of the protein-coding gene of the mitochondrial genome. The mitochondria is unique since it is past on only from mothers to offsprings. Thus, mutations in the past generations are reflected in the descendants and are presumed to be represent unique shared characteristics. This, however, is based on the assumption, that the rate or speed of mutation of all lineages are relatively the same or constant.

METHODS

You will be using two types of datasets, protein and DNA and determine if the two types of datasets are congruent or if they agree. Congruence among different types of data, or independent sources of evidences is the strongest evidence to support, or reject a hypothesis. Formulate a hypothesis as to the relationships of the three elephant species, and their relationship with other mammals, specifically the hyrax and dugongs. In doing your searches for sequences, it is often better to use scientific names, instead of common names. So use google or Wikipedia to get scientific names.

Submit a scientific paper due the following week.

Protein sequence data

For protein sequence data and and using the websites previously used, retrieve and download the cytochrome b protein sequences of 1) Indian Elephant, 2) African elephant, 3) Siberian woolly mammoth (Mammuthus), 4) hyrax , 5) dugong, 6) manatee, and 7) red kangaroo. You can include any other type mammal to increase your sample size, for a more robust analysis. Perform multiple sequence alignment using CLUSTAL W2 and generate a simple phylogeny. An alternative website for alignment using CLUSTAL and inference of a distance-based phylogeny is the Japanese website Genomenet: http://www.genome.jp . Present your alignment as Figure 1 and your distance-based phylogeny as Figure 2. Make a statement whether your amino acid alignment and phylogenetic inference support your hypothesis.

Using DNA sequence data.

For DNA sequence data, go to Genbank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) and under Nucleotide enter Mammuthus cytb (abbreviation for cytochrome b gene). Copy and paste, or collect files under Select to . Collect other taxa listed above, add more taxa if you wish. Use the Genomenet website for sequence alignment and generate a distance-based phylogeny. An alternative site is http:www.phylogeny.fr . This site will generate alignment and phylogenetic trees under different criteria.

A Report on Day Dream Toys Case Study

Unit Title: Managing people and organizations

Unit code: HP7147

Assessor:

Student Name:Student ID:Word Count:

Date of submission:

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u 1. Introduction PAGEREF _Toc86322142 h 32. Key Characteristics of Marketing Concepts PAGEREF _Toc86322143 h 3a. Customer satisfaction PAGEREF _Toc86322144 h 3b. Total company effort PAGEREF _Toc86322145 h 4c. Profit PAGEREF _Toc86322146 h 43. Key Factors influencing the Micro and Macro Environment of Day Dream Toys PAGEREF _Toc86322147 h 4a. Suppliers PAGEREF _Toc86322148 h 4b. Customers PAGEREF _Toc86322149 h 4c. Competitors PAGEREF _Toc86322150 h 5d. Economic Conditions PAGEREF _Toc86322151 h 5e. Ecology and Physical Environment PAGEREF _Toc86322152 h 54. The importance of Market Research to Day Dream Toys PAGEREF _Toc86322153 h 5a. Better understand the Customers’ Demands and Needs PAGEREF _Toc86322154 h 5b. Research provides revenue projections PAGEREF _Toc86322155 h 6c. Discover the company’s and the competition’s strength and weakness PAGEREF _Toc86322156 h 65. How Day Dream Toys might collect and use market research information PAGEREF _Toc86322157 h 6a. Focus groups PAGEREF _Toc86322158 h 6b. In-depth Interviews PAGEREF _Toc86322159 h 6c. Surveys PAGEREF _Toc86322160 h 75. The Process of Market Segmentation and Targeting and the benefits to Day Dream Toys PAGEREF _Toc86322161 h 77. Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc86322162 h 8References PAGEREF _Toc86322163 h 9

Day Dream Toys Case Study

1. IntroductionThe main purpose of any business irrespective of the industry is obtaining and retaining its customers. Marketing concepts gives businesses the opportunity to gain customers who are considered the most vital to a business’ life. In this case study, the marketing concept at Day Dream Toys is explored in depth. The report also looks at the main factors influencing the micro and macro environment of the company, explores the need for information gathering, and describes the process of market segmentation.

2. Key Characteristics of Marketing ConceptsAccording to Iacobucci et al. (2019) marketing concepts must be in line with the goals of the organization for it to be successful. Therefore, companies such as Day Dream Toy Company must determine their customers’ wants and needs prior to setting the organizational goals. The marketing concepts provides that the achievement of organizational goals relies on knowing the target markets’ needs and wants and delivering the satisfaction that the target audience desires better than competitors do (Iacobucci et al. 2019). Marketing is much broader compared to selling and it is not an activity that is specialized at all. Marketing comprises of the whole organization. It is the entire business perceived from the final results’ viewpoint that is from the customers’ viewpoint (Dadzie et al. 2017). Therefore, marketing’s concern and responsibility must permeate every area of the organization. The three characteristics of marketing concept include:

a. Customer satisfactionThe organization should not only identify but also define the wants and needs of customers as well as their expectations. All the services and goods that the organization produces must satisfy the needs of the customer (Dadzie et al. 2017). Day Dream Toy Company for instance identified that children need toys that they can play with both at school and at home and therefore, they produced wooden toys such as wooded building bricks, wooden jigsaws, and wooden animals.

b. Total company effortThis includes the efforts put in place by all the sections, functions, and departments of the organization must work in collaboration to meet the company’s main objective, that is the satisfaction of customers’ requirements (Dadzie et al. 2017). In Day Dream, the production department, the management team, and the marketing team should work together to ensure the satisfaction of the target market.

c. ProfitThe marketing concept presumes that the company can only gain profits if the customer is satisfied. The target audience is entitled to reasonable products at reasonable prices (Dadzie et al. 2017). The company on the other hand is entitled to reasonable profits for reasonable product. In the case of Day Dream Toy Company, they produced reasonable wooden products that customers were willing to pay for and in return, their profits skyrocketed due to this demand.

3. Key Factors influencing the Micro and Macro Environment of Day Dream ToysThe micro-environment factors that influence Day Dream Company directly include:

a. SuppliersSuppliers are responsible for providing resources to Day Dream Company and these resources are raw materials that are used to produce and manufacture the toys. For instance, they supply the woods used to make the wooden toys (Mose, 2016). If the suppliers fail to provide the woods timely and sufficiently, it would delay the company’s production process which would affect their entire process up to the selling point.

b. CustomersDay Dream Toy’s customers are the receivers of the final products. They are central to the company because they are the ones that generate income by paying a price for the product (Mose, 2016). The profits increased when more customers were attracted to Day Dream toys. When the demand of Country Cousins merchandise decreased, the sales decreased by 40% thereby reducing the company’s profits.

c. CompetitorsDay Dream Toys’ competitors have directly influenced the company’s business strategy. For years, Day Dream has had a unique selling point by producing wooden toys making their products preferred over their competitors’ products (Mose, 2016). For Toys is a competitors that has forced manufacturers to produce at low prices and Day Dream has been forced to agree to such demands due to decreased demand.

Macro-environment factor include:

d. Economic Conditions

The performance of all businesses relies on the market’s economic conditions. Favorable economic conditions meant that the customers of Day Dream Toys had a higher purchasing power and therefore the demand for the toys increased. But unfavorable economic conditions in the market caused the company to suffer decreased demand due to the decreased purchasing power.

e. Ecology and Physical EnvironmentEcology and physical environment play a vital role for Day Dream considering it uses wood as its primary raw material (Mbithi, Muturi, & Rambo, 2017). For instance, an adverse change in the physical environment would distribute rainfall in various regions which affects forestry causing a shortage in raw material production.

4. The importance of Market Research to Day Dream ToysMarket research would help Day Dream Toys make more informed and better decisions. The more research Day Dream Toys embeds in its strategic plans, the better equipped the company would be to deal with the changing environment within its operation (Fisher & Kordupleski, 2019). The information gathered would help Day Dream Toys to:

a. Better understand the Customers’ Demands and NeedsWith the increased number of ways to reach the target market including the use web communities, online panels, depth interviews and focus groups, telephone surveys, market research would help Day Dream Toys to know the needs of the customers, improve on their offerings and customers service based on the customer feedback from the research (Fisher & Kordupleski, 2019).

b. Research provides revenue projectionsA market research is a market analysis’ key component that would project Day Dream Toys’ customers’ characteristics, future numbers, and trends. Through market research, the company can divide its target audience into segments, thereby focusing on the best segment (Pereira et al. 2019). The segment identified would be the one that matches the profile of Day Dream Toys.

c. Discover the company’s and the competition’s strength and weakness

With market research, it is essential that Day Dream Toys adopts an ‘eye’s wide open’ approach. By conducting an unbiased market research, the company will identify and understand its strengths and weaknesses as well as those of the competition such as For Toys (Pereira et al. 2019). From the research findings, Day Dream can adapt and learn from its weaknesses while capitalizing on the new-found knowledge about the competition and take advantage of their weaknesses to forge ahead of them.

5. How Day Dream Toys might collect and use market research informationSome of the ways Day Dream Toys can collect and use information from market research include:

a. Focus groupsDay Dream Toys can use focus groups to collect information. The focus group can comprise of six to ten members that discuss the toys that the company produces and the strategies that the company uses to market the toys (Belk, 2017). The focus group will include a moderator stimulating the discussion to derive the members’ opinions. From the discussions, Day Dream Toys will be able to know the customers’ needs, the strategies to implement in its marketing efforts, and to anticipate the customers’ future expectations.

b. In-depth InterviewsDay Dream Toys can conduct face to face or telephone interviews to collect information from its target audience. This form of research method is more conversational (Oltmann, 2016). The company researchers can ask open-ended questions which would help them collect better data from the subjects of research.

c. SurveysTo gather information from its customers, Day Dream Toys can conduct survey using web-intercept surveys, paper questionnaires, online polls, and online surveys to ask questions from the participants (Belk, 2017). Surveys is among the most common market research methods that Day Dream Toys can use to understand their target market and to understand the customers’ perception about their toys.

5. The Process of Market Segmentation and Targeting and the benefits to Day Dream ToysTo conduct market segmentation and targeting, Day Dream Toys can segment their customers by sorting them in terms of their demographics, geography, behavior, psychographics, and benefits sought. Psychographics include the customers’ interests, lifestyle, personality, and opinions (Nadanyiova & Das, 2020). Behavior is the customers’ purchase occasion, loyalty, and rate of usage. Benefits sought include the values being sought by the consumer like price, convenience, and the status that is associated with the toys. Day Dream Toys can also segment its customers by asking why, what, and who.

By asking the “why” question, Day Dream Toys aims to understand the behavior of the customers. The company can collect information from the past purchases of the customers in order to make good predictions for the future (Nadanyiova & Das, 2020). Therefore, Day Dream Toys will be allowed to target the right people. The “what” question on the other hand focuses on the behavior of purchase. The data that would be of interest to the company can be broken down into frequency, recency, and monetary value. The three indicates the number of times customers shop, the last time a customer visited the store, and the amount of money they are comfortable spending. This would help Day Dream Toys to determine the customers’ value and loyalty. The “who” question provides information such as the customers’ education level, income, age, and family size.

Segmentation and targeting will enable Day Dream Toys to identify opportunities within the market. The marketers will identify each segment’s needs in light of the company’s and the competitors’ current offerings and the customers’ current satisfaction (Nadanyiova & Das, 2020). The segment with lower satisfaction levels might present an excellent market opportunity. For instance, one segment may express dissatisfaction with the current toy offerings in terms of the products. In such a situation, Day Dream Toys can launch a new range of toys meant for that particular segment and market those toys well.

7. ConclusionDay Dream Toys just like other companies aims to keep the customers at the center of its operations and the same goes for customer research. Key characteristics of marketing concepts have been identified in the discussion to include customer satisfaction, total efforts from the company, and profits. The main factors influencing the micro and macro environment of Day Dream Toys include suppliers, customers, competitors, economic conditions, and the physical and ecological environment. further, the research finds the importance of market research to Day Dream Toys as a better understanding of the demands and needs of the customers and better revenue projections.

ReferencesBelk, R. W. (2017). Qualitative research in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 36-47.

Dadzie, K. Q., Amponsah, D. K., Dadzie, C. A., & Winston, E. M. (2017). How firms implement marketing strategies in emerging markets: An empirical assessment of the 4A marketing mix framework. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 25(3), 234-256.

Fisher, N. I., & Kordupleski, R. E. (2019). Good and bad market research: A critical review of Net Promoter Score. Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry, 35(1), 138-151.

Iacobucci, D., Petrescu, M., Krishen, A., & Bendixen, M. (2019). The state of marketing analytics in research and practice. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 7(3), 152-181.

Mbithi, B., Muturi, W., & Rambo, C. (2017). Macro environment moderating Effects on Strategy and Performance.

Mose, A. (2016). Analysis of Macro and Micro Environment on the Marketing Strategy Formulation and the Influence to the Competitive Advantage (Case Study). Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 15, 35-41.

Nadanyiova, M., & Das, S. (2020). Millennials as a target segment of socially responsible communication within the business strategy. Littera Scripta, 13(1), 119-134.

Oltmann, S. (2016, May). Qualitative interviews: A methodological discussion of the interviewer and respondent contexts. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol. 17, No. 2).

Pereira, V., Vrontis, D., Christofi, M., & Temouri, Y. (2019). Analysing three decades of emerging market research: future research directions. British Journal of Management, 2019, 1-12.

Biopsychosocial Assessment and the Mental Status Examination

Name

Institution

Course

Instructor

Date

Part A: Basic Information

Identifying information

The client is a 27-year-old Caucasian female. She is currently unemployed, although actively searching for employment. She has a daughter, with whom they used to live with her boyfriend Sean. However, Alex chose to leave her house with her daughter in order to get away from Maddy’s father, Sean, who is an alcoholic.

Referral

Alex was referred by the management of a shelter where she had gone to seek assistance. Alex was seeking a place for her daughter to be accommodated as she tried to figure out how she could provide for herself and her daughter after leaving her alcoholic husband.

Presenting problem

Alex has presented with relationship challenges. She feels that her relationship with Sean, whom she cohabits with is toxic and that it puts her daughter at risk. According to Alex, Sean frequently drinks alcohol, under the influence of which, he gets violent. Although he has never hit her or his daughter, Maddy, he has thrown items at her including glass objects which end up getting shuttered against the wall and littering the floor. Although it had happened for a while, Alex decided to leave the house when it became apparent that Maddy was not growing up in a healthy environment. While she was living with Sean, he provided for the bills and utilities. She now had the challenge of finding a job that she could use to sustain Maddy.

Sources of Data

The referring agency provided much of the preliminary information about the client. However, for each fact that was reported by the referring agency, the client was asked to confirm during interviews.

General Description of Client

During a presentation for the biopsychosocial assessment and the mental status examination, the client was distressed. Her anxiety seemed to be caused by running or hiding from someone that the client feared would eventually catch up with them. Even though she was running from Maddy’s father, she was protective of his behavior. She tried to make it apparent that the relationship was toxic in terms of creating an unhealthy environment for Maddy. However, she was very clear to mention that Sean was a good dad that was loved by Maddy and that she did not think that Sean was likely to ever physically hurt them.

Part B: Background and Current Functioning

Family Composition and Background

Alex is part of a nuclear family, composed of herself, her daughter Maddy, and her husband Sean. Maddy is 2 years, which means she is totally dependent on her parents for her all-around well-being, including psychological well-being. Alex’s husband owns the trailer that they used to reside in. Sean was also responsible for taking care of the family’s needs since Alex had not been currently employed. However, Sean has a drinking problem whereby he becomes violent after consuming alcohol. Alex has no siblings and the only family member whom she keeps in touch with is her mother. However, Alex and her mother have never had a good relationship. Alex’s mother has a diagnosable mental health condition but she has not embraced treatment or taken any medication.

Educational Background

Alex’s education life was not smooth. Even though she completed her high school education, she frequently transferred to new schools. After completing his high school education, Alex was eligible to join college. However, she did not enter college and instead preferred looking for employment as she sought freedom and independence from her mother.

Employment and Vocational Skills

The client, Alex, is currently unemployed. However, she has tried house cleaning jobs in the past as a maid. Earlier on before she got pregnant with Maddy, she used to do waitressing in a restaurant.

Religious/Spiritual Involvement

The client has not disclosed her identity with any religion or spiritual practices that she engages in. Since religion is an important aspect of culture, in its absence, other personal beliefs and attitudes influence her biopsychosocial wellbeing.

Military Service History

The client was never in the military.

Physical Functioning, Health Conditions, and Medical Background

The client seemed a little bit pale, weak, and distressed. Her presenting problem explained the distress. The paleness and weakness were explained by the client as a result of poor feeding. Alex did not report having any underlying health conditions. However, she noted a genetic predisposition to mental health conditions.

Substance Abuse, Psychological, Psychiatric Functioning, and Background

Alex did not report any history of having psychiatric problems. Although she consumes beer, it is on a few occasions and only to a limited degree. Alex has never considered herself an alcoholic. In terms of her psychological well-being, Alex has suffered an unhealthy relationship. Her husband, Sean, is an alcoholic who gets violent when he is drunk. Sean punches things when he is drunk as well as throws objects against the wall.

Social Community and Recreational Activities

The client does not have a good support system. Her mother has an unstable life which makes her unable to provide the support that her daughter needs. However, Alex does have a friend whom she can turn to when she needs help. When her friend cannot provide help, Alex does not have anyone else who can provide her with social support. IN terms of her hobbies, Alex enjoys writing, reading, and narrating in front of crowds.

Basic Life Necessities

Due to her unemployment status of Alex, she is currently finding it very hard to afford basic life necessities such as housing and food. As a result, she has to turn for help from a domestic violence shelter. As Maddy’s mother, Alex feels responsible for her wellbeing. She, therefore, believes that Maddy must be under custody. However, her husband Sean has petitioned to be granted full custody of Maddy. Since Maddy is Alex’s strongest motivation for living, she urgently requires legal representation in the litigation process.

Current Legal Concerns/History of Incarceration

The client does not have a history of the previous incarceration. The client is a documented citizen currently pursuing separation from her husband.

Other Environmental Psychological Factors

The client’s condition may be exaggerated as a result of her gender. For example, it is clear that Sean believes that a woman should be controlled and that they cannot support themselves without getting help from men. Similarly, the fact that she is from a low socioeconomic class, she receives bad treatment from the high-class citizens.

Client Strengths, Capacities, and Resources

The client is motivated by her daughter. She knows that she has to do everything that she can in order to provide for her daughter. This makes her consider seeking help as well as trying to resolve the situation on her own. She has even tried to look for employment in order to cater to her needs and those of her daughter.

Mental Status Exam

Alex presented at the examination with a mixture of nervousness and agitation. She reported that her life was moving at a pace that she could not keep up with. Within a matter of hours, her life had dramatically changed. She did not have a reliable shelter for herself and her daughter, she was trying to keep her daughter away from her father, who had initiated court proceedings to be granted full custody of their daughter. Also, she did not have a reliable source of employment. When questioned about the events that had led to her current situation, she claimed that things had not always been that way. She used to work and had ambitions of finishing her studies. Her boyfriend had once been supportive and kind to her. These memories that she had held on to are probably the reason that she had not been able to identify the warning signs of the toxic relationship that she had been in. During the interview, she appeared to have regrets and blamed herself for ignoring the signs of her toxic relationship. Such behavior is characteristic of most victims of domestic violence. Before they finally leave toxic relationships, they ignore warning signs. Even when they finally separate from their spouses, some of them find themselves returning to the relationships after a while. Holding to such memories might be the only impediment for Alex to confronting the reality and challenges of her relationship.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Maid. Dir. Smith Metzler Molly. Netflix. 2021. TV Series.

Task 1

Introduction

A report on the marketing objectives and strategy that should promote long term customer loyalty as well as profit, sales and market share for Tip Top Accessories Oxford. The structure of the report can be divided into four sections. The first section is introduction where the report expresses its objectives. The second section is findings/discussions in which the report outlines the key concepts of marketing and also provide example of marketing oriented organization, which in this case is CAFÉ NERO UK, an Italian coffee company. Additionally, the report evaluates the advantages and cost of implementing the marketing approach in order to prosper TTA’s retail business. In the fourth section the report draws conclusion based on the findings and discussion. The last section consists of recommendations.

Findings/Discussion

There has been several definitions of marketing present in the literature. As defined by Business Essentials (2010), the concept of marketing can be understood by the approach that business should operate in a way to fulfill customer requirements efficiently and profitably. According to American Marketing Association, the process of marketing can be of planning and execution of the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods and services in order to form exchanges that satisfy and fulfill individual and organizational goals. The marketing concept consists of three elements: customer orientation, co-ordination of market activities and profit orientation. An organization that lacks customer centric approach in its business is less likely to achieve success at the market place. Marketing oriented organizations have gained competitive advantage over the years. According to Business Essentials (2010), the retail sector is highly competitive and low profit margin and wide research in consumer needs play a substantial role in marketing concepts.

The market-oriented organizations produce the products and services that meet the requirements of the customers (McDaniel et. al, 2009). These types of organizations always focus on research and development and also focus on long-term relationships with high customer satisfaction and loyalty. For example; CAFÉ NERO has introduced a gift card as a marketing approach to hold the customers for long term. The chain of café offers every 10th coffee absolutely free when a customer purchases nine cups of coffee within an extended period of time. Here it can be seen that the concept of 10th coffee free may encourage the customers to get the drinks from CAFÉ NERO in order to claim that free coffee. So, the market-oriented strategy of cafe may not only satisfy its customers through long-term relationships but also increasing its sales volume at the same time. As per the marketing literature, it is evident that a small amount of repeat purchase generates significant profit for any business (McDaniel et. al, 2009). This marketing orientation of CAFÉ NERO makes it a sales orientated company with an understanding of consumer behavior.

According to the case study, Tip Top Accessories Oxford deals in limited range of hats, scarves and umbrellas. Its customers are mostly over thirty years of age combining with a seasonal but vital student market. Applying the marketing theory to Tip Top Accessories retail store, customer retention is significant because it may attract new customers by word of mouth marketing and also cuts the cost of advertising.

There are many benefits associated with TTA for being marketing oriented company such as large sales volume as many people would get to know about products and promotions. Out of this large number of customers many may become TTA’s loyal customers. This marketing can be achieved by placing posters all around the store inside and outside to let, as many people know about theses promotions. The advantages of marketing at TTA outweigh the cost of it. The cost of such marketing techniques will be very low as it involves only creative skills transferred on a piece of paper.

Benefits of Marketing Costs of Marketing

1. More customer would know

2. Large sales volume

3. Building brand image

4. Loyal customers In- store marketing such as posters, creativity on walls,

Less profit margin for TTA

Effective promotional activities

Very less marketing cost

Conclusion/Summary

It can be concluded from above findings and discussion that implementation of marketing concept plays a vital part in the success of any retail business. Tip Top Accessories needs to increase its sales volume through applying the right marketing strategies that focus on fulfilling customer’s individual requirements along with the profitability of its retail business. The marketing concept applied at this retail store should contain all the three necessary elements. The retail business should tailor the products/services according to the customer’s needs in order to achieve high standard of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The business should also consider integrated marketing and profit through customer satisfaction. In order to remain competitive Tip Top Accessories store should continuously be in touch with the market trends. It should also focus on relationship marketing (RM) and total quality management (TQM), which involves good relations with customers and fulfilling their needs.

Recommendations

After evaluating the findings and drawing the conclusion, it is recommended that the retail establishment should enhance its range of portfolio and also implement visual merchandising (posters and banners) in its two stores in Oxford in order to attract, engage and motivate customers towards making a purchase. The retail business should also strive to extend its range of customers’ particularly different age groups. Overall, TTA should put efforts in adopting viable marketing approaches in order to remain competitive at the market place for example reaching out to the university and college students through website or distributing pamphlets. Furthermore, it is suggested that adopting such marketing strategies will be proved cost effective for TTA.

Task 2

Introduction

I as a Marketing Manager have been assigned a task to write a report on exploring the concepts of segmentation, targeting and positioning for Tip Top Accessories Oxford. The report is presented to the Managing Director of this retail business. The structure of the report has been divided into four sections. In the introduction section the report states its objectives. Findings/Discussion section analyses those macro and micro environmental factors affecting the marketing activities of Tip Top Accessories. Furthermore, the report explains the market segmentation and targeting strategy for Tip Top Accessories product range. Next, it also focuses on the importance of understanding buyer behavior and the need of repositioning Tip Top Accessories’ any one product. Then the report presents a conclusion and recommendations on the grounds of findings.

Findings/Discussions

The micro environmental factors can influence the marketing strategies of Tip Top Accessories in two ways. First the particular market in which the retail store is operating and second the internal features of this retail establishment (Broderick and Pickton, 2001). Its competitors in terms of pricing and product range can affect the retail business in Oxford. The stores’ internal resources can also impact the business in forming its strengths and weaknesses such as organizational culture and human resources. The internal structure of the retail store may be changing due to the stiff competition at the marketplace. The macro environmental factors consist of political/legal, economic, social/cultural, and technological factors (Broderick and Pickton, 2001). The retail store can identify opportunities and threats by examining the macro environment factors and as a result enable itself to form a proactive approach rather than reactive in taking any business initiatives.

Market segmentation can be understood by the diversification of the needs of the potential customers. The different buying attitudes of the customer can be categorized into segments, which require a different marketing approach for each segment (Kamakura and Wedal, 1999). The market for Tip Top Accessories can be segmented on the basis of its customer’s age as a differentiating factor. As explained in the case study, the majority of customers at Tip Top are over thirty, so there is a need of expanding various age groups of customers such as kids and teenager markets. Assuming that the retailer deals in summer hats and wooly hats and scarves, they can consider offering colorful and trendy scarves keeping in mind the kids and teenager segments. The market for scarves, hats and umbrellas can be segmented into three categories; children, teenagers and middle aged customers.

Differentiated marketing may prove vital in implementing targeting strategy (Kamakura and Wedal, 1999). Oxford is an international city surrounded by many schools and colleges so it can be assumed that there is an immense potential in teenage market segment. The store already has middle-aged loyal customers. Taking an umbrella as a product for kids and middle-aged market segment. It is likely that those customers over 30 years of age may have children. Therefore, the focus should be on selling colorful and trendy umbrellas besides sober colors for middle age customers. In this way TTA will be able to sell its product to various age of customers by adopting differentiated marketing techniques.

The understanding of buying behavior supports marketing mix, which satisfies the needs of the customers (Broderick and Pickton, 2001). Additionally it also promotes prediction for effectiveness of the marketing activities. For example, if a teenager would buy a wooly hat, they would be more likely to select a trendy hat as more of a fashion statement, on the other hand if a middle-aged person would purchase a hat, they may look for a wooly hat that would make them warmer regardless of its appearance. So TTA needs to understand the demographics of the region and the changing demands and buyers’ attitude. This may lead to an effective marketing approach for TTA.

Repositioning strategy is about changing the customer’s perception of a brand in terms of quality and price as a result of achieving competitive advantage (Business Essentials, 2010). Tip Top Accessories should really consider the prospects of repositioning the summer and wooly hats by redesigning it to be more stylish and appealing for all three chosen segments. Therefore, it may be able to change the customers’ perception about the brand as simple and traditional.

Conclusion/Summary

It has been found from the above literature that to gain competitive advantage the Tip Top Accessories needs to expand the target age group of customers to increase sales volume. As one of the retail stores is operating in the city center, there is an immense potential of selling these premium hats, scarves and umbrellas by targeting tourists in the town during summer, as they are being unaware of general price and likely to spend more. The report concludes that the retail business should focus more on creativity and redesigning of the products and strive to understand the needs and buying attitudes of customers with diverse cultural background.

Recommendations

I endorse the idea that shop floor sales assistant should accelerate impulse buying decisions among the store visitors by informing them about the unique features of hats, scarves etc. to persuade them for making purchase.

Task 3

Introduction

The report identifies and analyses the elements of extended marketing mix in relation to product and pricing. The structure of the report can be divided into four sections. The report begins with the introduction providing the purpose of writing it. In the next section findings/discussion, then the findings related to the product development of Tip Top Accessories in order to sustain competitive advantage. The report goes further to explain distribution policies for the retailer along with the pricing strategy to achieve organization’s profit and growth objectives. Next the report proposes various promotional activities and then discuses the significance of other elements of marketing mix in the future. Finally the report presents conclusion and recommendations.

Findings/Discussion

A product can be defined that satisfies a set of consumer’s needs. Product development can be understood as building a concept into production reality such as prototypes in order to match the demand of the market without causing excessive pressure on other units of organization’s systems (Salaimeh, 2008). As an example for teenage market segment the summer caps should be more designer and available in a range of color. The hats and scarves can be attached together to make them into one piece. The strap of the wooly hat should go all the way down covering the ears to wear it as a scarf. This kind of hat and scarf combination would appeal more to the teenage market. The hats or scarves should contain a blend of sophistication for middle-aged buyers so that they can wear it to their workplaces as well. The umbrellas can be developed into more like Disney characters for kids market.

The main aim of distribution is to promote purchase at TTA. It has been observed that effective and efficient distribution can play a crucial role in sustaining competitive advantage. The market penetration can be measured by distribution (Weitz and Jap, 1995). According to Business Essentials (2010), the five rights of distribution are the right product, in the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity, for the right price. TTA should ensure that the distribution channels are reliable and cost effective. The quantity of the product should match its demand in TTA’s store. It is of huge importance that there must be a wide range of size and color availability at Tip Top Accessories. The efficiency of distribution channels constitutes competitive advantage for TTA because if the distribution policies are not effective, the superior product or service is bound to fail in Oxford market. As per the available literature a three level channel structure perform a role of intermediary between consumers and manufacturer (Weitz and Jap,1995).

The pricing strategy should be competitive. The retailer needs to offer outstanding customer service in order to stand above the competition. Tip Top Accessories should adopt prestige-pricing approach because of its central location and exceptional customer service that can justify its higher prices. It has been evident that retailers dealing in differentiated products may be successful in setting the price above the competitors. Psychological pricing is quite effective when adopted as an odd pricing such as £9.95, it is believed that the customers are most likely to perceive it as £9. Multiple pricing has also proved to be an effective method when there is more than one product for one price. Customers tend to purchase in large quantity (Helsen and Kotabe, 2008).

Promotion can be termed as a communication between the seller and the buyer and also the most visible aspect of marketing that includes advertising and sales promotion (Clow and Baack, 2012). TTA may offer promotions over its range of products such as buy 1 get 1 half price or buy 3 for the price of 2. The in-store merchandising such as putting mannequins wearing the hats and scarves for men as well as kids. Promotional activities may include word of mouth, in-store, magazines and newspapers. The retail store should improve in store branding, sales floor communication, promotional signs and interior displays.

The importance of other marketing mix can be explained in terms of people, process and physical evidence. To have a skilled and trained staff brings competitive advantage to the business (Helsen and Kotabe, 2008). The sales staff at TTA needs interpersonal skills, aptitude in order to deliver an exceptional customer service. The effective delivery of services defines an efficient process to provide consistent service. The shop floor should be presentable to facilitate sales.

Conclusion/Summary

It has been observed that the four Ps: Product, Place, Promotion and Price play a vital role in TTA’s business growth. From the above findings and discussion it can be said that effective marketing and competitive pricing for umbrellas during extreme hot and rainy weather may prove a profitable business. Similarly, hats and scarves can be promoted during winter season with little bit of trendy touch on them as Oxford has young population. In terms of items for special occasions TTA can do networking with all the colleges in Oxford during graduation ceremony or university balls. The other three extended marketing mix elements People, Process and Physical Evidence are of great significance to Tip Top Accessories. The qualified

Staff, market awareness and visual merchandising (in-store decoration and creativity) may uplift TTA’s business.

Recommendations

I suggest that the efforts should be made in forming a product differentiation in terms of quality & uniqueness and developing an understanding of consumer behavior to respond the market’s challenges appropriately.

References

Broderick, A. and Pickton, D. (2001) Integrated Marketing Communications. Financial Times. Prentice Hall.

Business Essentials: Marketing Principles (2nd ed.). (2010). London: BPP Learning Media Ltd.

CAFÉ NERO, 2012 [Online] Available at: http://www.caffenero.com/default.aspx?lang=uk [Accessed 27 Jan 2013]

Clow, K. and Baack, D. (2012) Integrated Advertising, Promotion, and Marketing Communications. 4th ed. Pearson

Helsen, K. and Kotabe, M. (2008) Global Marketing Management. 2nd ed. JOHN WILEY & SONS INC.

Kamakura, W. and Wedal, M. (1999) Market Segmentation: Conceptual and Methodological Foundations.2nd ed. International Series in Quantitative Marketing. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

McDaniel et. al (2009) Essentials of Marketing. Mason: SOUTH-WESTERN CENGAGE

Salaimeh, M. (2008) Marketing Concepts; Segmentation and the Product Development Process. European Journal of Scientific Research. Vol. 23 (3), pp. 454-457

Weitz, B. and Jap, S. (1995) Relationship Marketing and Distribution Channels. Journal of the Academy of Marketing. Vol. 23 (4), pp.305-320

Bibliography

Taylor (2013) Six principles for great content marketing. [Online] available at: econsultancy.com/uk/blog [Accessed on 15 Aug, 2013].

Times Business Case Studies LLP (2013) Marketing Theory. The Principles of Marketing. [Online] available at: businesscasestudies.co.uk [Accessed on 14 Aug, 2013]

Wikiversity (2013) Principles of Marketing. [Online] available at: en.wikiversity.org/wiki/ [Accessed on 12 Aug, 2013].

Presentation

Differences between B2B and B2C

There is no need for a place in B2B whereas there is an essential requirement of a place in B2C to get an access to the customers.

B2B depends on seminars, conferences, social events and media for promotion whereas B2C uses various promotional techniques to directly access the customers.

The product of B2B can be more complex and comes with training package whereas the B2C products are more user friendly.

B2C is more about giving credit to the other party for certain period whereas B2C involves price discounts and cash immediately.

Tip Top Accessories Entering into International Market

The selected foreign market is France

Reasons for selecting France for business expansion

Profitable market in terms of tourism (Most favorite tourist destination)

Connecting to the UK through Channel Tunnel

Increased trade between the two countries

Marketing Strategy in France

The product mix should be similar in France as it is in the UK because of similar fashion trends due to proximity.

Tip Top should adopt the similar promotion mix for French market

There seems to be a difference between the pricing mix for two countries considering the supply chain management and packaging of product. The profit margin should be according the French market environment and not lesser than the UK.

Name

Lecturer

Course

Date

Long Analysis Project Proposal

Question 1

In your own words, what do you want to write about?

I would like to write about the Impact of Single Parent and Child Development. Single parenthood has become a rampant in the society today. Many people are living in their current conditions because they were raised up by only one parent. This is because it affected them both positively and negatively.

Some of the causes of single parenthood are divorce, separation, premature pregnancy and children born out of wedlock. Depending on the circumstance, some children get raised by either their fathers or mothers. However, even if they do not enjoy full parental love, the fact is that the sole parent in charge of such children will do all their best to raise them holistically. Many, particularly mothers, consider such children to be best companions who should be adored and accorded the best quality life.

Question 2

What will be your main point?

My main point will be that single parenthood develops strong children. As a result of the turbulent life they go through, children raised by one parent become conscious of life. Hence, they establish good interpersonal relationships and become peacemakers. At the same time, they consider the whole community to be part of their nuclear family.

As the saying goes, “It takes a village to raise a child.” they all actively contribute in raising them, thus strengthening the bond between them. Eventually, they develop into responsible adults who are able to prioritize their needs and work so hard to liberate their small families.

Question 3

What information will be included in the introduction?

I will begin my paper by defining the major terms- parent, parenthood, single parenthood, child, impact and development. Because this is a social issue, I will give a variety of definitions from the anthropological and sociological perspectives. Later, I will narrow down these definitions into a generally agreed one by all the prominent authorities in this area.

After that, I will proceed to give the historical development of this phenomenon before contextualizing it to the contemporary society. Finally, I will end this section by highlighting its causes. This will make the project more authoritative and detailed.

Question 4

List 3-4 supporting topics that you think will be effective for your argument.

Some of the most relevant topics I will include in my analysis include the following:

Divorce

Child adoption

Poverty

Juvenile delinquency

The use of these topics will help in increasing the wider coverage of this issue. For instance, the inclusion of divorce will make it easier for the project to show how this menace arises. All the people are familiar with it. Similarly, analyzing poverty in details will clearly show how it relates to single parenthood. At times, single parents find it extremely difficult to financially support their children. In the long run, such children drop out of school.

Question 5

What will be the best sources, for this topic? What key words will you use for your research? Will you interview or survey people? Will you rely on personal experience?

The best sources for this topic will be:

Text books

Journals

Magazines

Newspapers

The major key words to be used are:

Parent

Child

Bond

Community

Development

Adulthood

Research tool to be used:

When carrying out this research, I will use interview as the main source of collecting information. I prefer this to other techniques because it will give me a chance to get detailed answers for all the open and closed ended questions. At the same time, I will rely on my personal experience. In deed, this topic is relevant to me because I am one of the products of single parenthood.

Question 6

How will each subtopic be linked together so that your essay flows in a direct and focused manner?

In order to ensure a smooth flow of my essay, I will break the content into subtopics. However, these will be carefully arranged in a chronological manner. I am sure that it will be appealing and easier to read.

Question 7

What elements from the body will be revisited for the conclusion? What expanded thought will be used to finish the essay so that there is final closure and understanding of your main idea?

The elements to be included in the conclusion will be the causes, effects and remedial measures single parenthood. This is because the main aim of this project is to solve this problem.

Media Perceptions Individual Paper

Student’s name

Institution of affiliation

Instructor

Course

Date

Media Perceptions Individual Paper

Media perceptions has evolved from the time social networks were only for a chosen few to the present time whereby literally everyone has access to social media. Social media for example Instagram and Facebook are so common and some people actually depend on them for a living as they do their business and other activities that earn them money through the social media. These people are likely to be positive about social media (Neier, & Zayer, 2015). Other people view social media as a destruction to their normal life. This is because for some people social media has influenced their lives negatively and maybe they have been addicted to social media, in the process of getting out of the addiction they had to develop different methods through which they could prevent social media from destroying their lives and one of the major methods is through having a negative attitude. Therefore, different people have different media perceptions for their different reasons. This paper discusses these perceptions in relation to the different lifestyles people live and how social media affects them.

American students are one of the groups which is known to consume media at a very high rate. This is because students are majorly adolescents and young adults. This is the age which is associated with social media because of its desire to be liked and to connect with people who are like minded. This is basically the cultural context of the presentation we did and it gives a clarity about the role of social media in our lives (Graham, & Avery, 2013). Media and media perception is a topic which is very important for any member of the society to engage in because it covers a great deal of area in our lives and it gives us a way forward as society so as to utilize the resources around us and specifically social media effectively and in the right way for our advantage. The use of social media in the United States has improved over the years and from the first time when social media was introduced in the early 2000s very few people were concerned. The major way of communicating way through phone calls and even earlier than that there were phone booths. Social media at first was seen as a way of basically communicating from one person to another (Diga, & Kelleher, 2009). With time it began to incorporate a lot of other features aside from communicating. For example, some social media sites like Instagram and basically all social media platforms are being used for advertisement by different people.

Therefore, with this historical context it is easy to understand the place of social media right now as it has developed from being sites for basic communication to sites whereby people can even meet their dating partners or make friends whom they will never meet physically. the issue is important to the current society because even though social media has been good all through and a lot of people have got a lot of benefits from social media, it has some adverse effects and some people have already suffered from that (Freberg et al, 2011; Moreno et al, 2015). Therefore, it is an important topic for any society because the society needs to know how to use social media in the right manner and prevent any misuse of the social media and social networks. China for example has advanced this by restricting the usage of Chinas form of TikTok for underage individuals. They stated that children were spending excessive amount of time on TikTok and that was not heathy.

Personally social media is a great place to have fun, make new friends, see trending activities and issues and at the same time receive news about different things in different parts of the world. Therefore, social media has been good and helpful to me for a long period of time and I am positive about it. Social justice in relation to issues of social justice has a lot of work to do towards improvement. A lot of people have been posting their achievements on social media and they never post their mistakes or their negativities (Zhao et al, 2016). This means that social media feels like a place of happy people full of achievements and some people actually get carried away by this. Social justice issues come into this because even though social media portrays itself this way, it is actually not true and a lot of other people who do not have anything positive to post about themselves are left out or even start blaming themselves when compare themselves with the others I social media. However, this is not always true and it is a great problem in the current society as societal justice is not served by inclusion of everyone but rather only a small number of people. This is the case with Instagram mainly because it is mainly used for photos and selfie sharing.

In Instagram some people do not get the chance to be included since they feel that they are not good enough and no matter what they do they will never be good enough. Therefore, this is a social justice issue whereby whatever is posted is seen as a destruction and lack of inclusion. Women express themselves more on social media and men tend to shy away from this expression. Straight people also express themselves more than the LGBTQ community members and even when one of them expresses themselves there is always a high chance that they will be ridiculed and negative comments made about them (Lau, 2017). Because of this, social justice is not served as some people are excluded and no matter how much they try to fit in and fight for their inclusion, most members of the society do not see this and they never accept to accommodate people who are different to them. However this can be seen as an issue of not just social media inclusion but actually as an issue within our physical communities as it is what we believe in that we express. It is just made worse in social media because people cannot be noticed and therefore, they are true in what they express.

Participation in this class has contributed a lot towards understanding some social constructions and issues which affect people. Specifically in the project we did, I managed to understand the social issues which present themselves through social media and how they can be deal with. Our group focused on how these challenges that are faced within social media can be dealt with. However, a person cannot deal with something they do not know or understand (Valkenburg, 2017). Therefore, the suggestions of the group towards understanding the issue of social media perceptions and helping people is through carrying out a survey. The challenges that present themselves are to be addressed through the survey and the online platform for people to express themselves.

The online platform would enable a person to express themselves and try to explain the different issues which impact them in their social media interactive life. The online platform would be open to everyone and anonymous accounts can be used to send in messages about their experiences in social media (Wang et al, 2011). Through listening to the people express themselves not only will perceptions about social media be obtained but actually the problems which face people in social media are analyzed and understood and therefore the challenges can be dealt with through different ways for example involving the right institutions in dealing with the problems and watching online hate and malice to prevent it and therefore provide a safe place for everyone to co-exist (Wood, 2011). The theory used for this paper was self-persuasion theory which states that individuals should be encouraged and motivated to change their beliefs and behaviors and attitudes. This is majorly in relation to the issues which present themselves in social media and especially when people are unable to relate effectively with the issues occurring and how negatively they affect them. The chosen theoretical perspective is important since the people who have issues like low self-esteem among other issues are being encouraged to get away from their issues and become better.

Our action is setting up and online platform that can be used by anyone anonymously to express themselves and through their expression way forward can be decided (Chan-Olmsted et al, 2013). However the basic method of dealing with the expected results from the online platform is through the theoretical perspective which states that the people who have challenges and issues will be encouraged to get away from them and become better people. Through this social justice can be achieved in that people will be highly involved in better relations within the social platforms.

References

Chan-Olmsted, S. M., Cho, M., & Lee, S. (2013). User perceptions of social media: A comparative study of perceived characteristics and user profiles by social media. Online journal of communication and media technologies, 3(4), 149-178.

Moreno, Á., Navarro, C., Tench, R., & Zerfass, A. (2015). Does social media usage matter? An analysis of online practices and digital media perceptions of communication practitioners in Europe. Public relations review, 41(2), 242-253.

Freberg, K., Graham, K., McGaughey, K., & Freberg, L. A. (2011). Who are the social media influencers? A study of public perceptions of personality. Public relations review, 37(1), 90-92.

Zhao, X., Lampe, C., & Ellison, N. B. (2016, May). The social media ecology: User perceptions, strategies and challenges. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 89-100).

Graham, M., & Avery, E. J. (2013). Government public relations and social media: An analysis of the perceptions and trends of social media use at the local government level. Public Relations Journal, 7(4), 1-21.

Diga, M., & Kelleher, T. (2009). Social media use, perceptions of decision-making power, and public relations roles. Public Relations Review, 35(4), 440-442.

Neier, S., & Zayer, L. T. (2015). Students’ perceptions and experiences of social media in higher education. Journal of Marketing Education, 37(3), 133-143.

Wang, Q., Chen, W., & Liang, Y. (2011). The effects of social media on college students. MBA Student Scholarship, 5(13), 1548-1379.

Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in human behavior, 68, 286-291.

Wood , J. (2011). Gendered Media – University of Delaware. Gendered Media: The influence of Media on Views of Gender . Retrieved December 4, 2021, from https://www1.udel.edu/comm245/readings/GenderedMedia.pdf.

Valkenburg. (2017). Understanding Self-Effects in Social Media. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 477–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12113

Media Reflection Paper

Name

Institutional Affiliation

After listening to the YouTube video, the speaker shares information about a guided Math lesson for kindergarten, grade 1, and grade 2 children. The speaker basically takes the listeners through a typical Math lesson, from warming up the students for the lesson to whole group interactions to small group interactions, and finally to the reflection section. The speaker is Reagan Tunstall who takes her listeners through Math lessons and interactions with younger children (Reagan, 2018). She explains the importance of teaching students using materials set aside for each session, with the need to ensure a smooth transition from one session to the next. Reagan further encourages the use of interactive ways such as PowerPoint presentations, writing for the children to see, and engages with them individually for progress assessment to lead to ease in understanding give the young age of the students.

The most important aspects from the video are the strategies employed by the teacher, the amount of time spent on an aspect, the objectives in place, amount of interaction with the students, and the materials in use. However, the most important aspect is the preparation of the minds of the students for the next step through certain activities. The verbal and non-verbal messages are in form of the lesson taught in kid-friendly terms and the use of fun materials to learn, respectively. This encourages the students’ engagement. In the whole group setting for instance, the teacher uses pumpkin cut-outs to remind the children about October as the Halloween month, thus becoming easier for them to understand the months of the year and how to attach the cut-outs to the pieces of paper provided (Webber). This kind of engagement keeps the children more interested to learn more fun things. In the case of the small groups, noise is reduced to a minimum to help with ease in learning individually and better interaction with teachers, materials, and peers. In the same way, my interaction with children I tutor really improves when fun materials are used to introduce and reinforce concepts. Children are willing to learn in the process. With the breaking down of whole groups into small groups, children are able to know the difference between group building and individual roles, even though slowly and enjoy them in the process. They learn skills in the classroom that can be applied in real life when interacting with various groups. Feedback from the lessons is clear during assessments conducted in small groups.

Important questions arising from this video would be, “How often is the material completed during each lesson?” and “How does the teacher get to balance between the whole group and small group sessions, in light of the various understanding capacities of children?” I find that these questions are important for a highly interactive class, and more so, students who easily communicate their thoughts given the settings and mode of learning (Webber). One more question would be linked to the need to understand how the relationships between children, their peers, and teachers generally improve the relationships with their parents and other people. How they communicate may also be determined by such class interactions, therefore, these questions help give a better picture of the type of communicator that the child grows up to be.

To summarize, I really liked the video, mostly because it gives an understanding of how various settings affect a child’s understanding and how best to improve their group and individual interactions. I chose the video because there is a greater difficulty in trying to explain concepts to children, especially given their young age, and this video helps describe how to reduce this difficulty (Webber). I liked the ideas and concepts put forward because I got see the lesson through students’ eyes, and the video helped me identify the types of materials that I ought to use with my students, and how best to consider timing in that regard. They become better communicators with the right learning environment.

References

Reagan Tunstall. (2018, Mar 17). Guided Math Start to Finish Video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUbLCBSTUA0.

Katie Webber. “Unit 1: Basics of Communication & Perception.”

Katie Webber. “Unit 2: Verbal, Nonverbal and Listening.”

Katie Webber. “Unit 3: Interpersonal, Conflict & Relationships.”

Katie Webber. “Unit 4: Small Group, Organizational, & Professional Communication.”

Long Island University

GBA 519 – StatisticsFall 2021

Test 1

Your Name:

Multiple Choice Questions (3 Points Each). Please circle the correct answer.

1- The classification of student class designation (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) is an example of a(n)

a. nominal random variable.

b. interval random variable.

c. ordinal random variable.

d. a parameter.

2- All calculations are permitted on what type of data?

a. Interval data

b. Nominal data

c. Ordinal data

d. All of these choices are true.

3- Data

a. is always numeric.

b. is always nonnumeric.

c. is the raw material of statistics.

d. None of the above..

4- The relative frequency of a class in a histogram is computed by

a. dividing the frequency of the class by the number of classes.

b. dividing the frequency of the class by the class width.

c. dividing the frequency of the class by the total of all frequencies.

d. None of these choices.

5- Qualitative data

a. must be numeric.

b. must be nonnumeric.

c. cannot be numeric.

d. may be either numeric or nonnumeric.

6- – Which of the following is most likely a sample as opposed to a population?

All customers of a bank

Students in a given university

Every fifth student to arrive at the book store on your campus

Registered voters in the State of Michigan

7- In a cumulative frequency distribution, the last class will always have a cumulative frequency equal to

a. One.

b. 100%.

c.

d. the total number of elements in the data set.

none of the above.

8- The upper limit of box-plots (the end of the right whisker) is

a. always greater than the largest value in the data set.

b. always smaller than the largest value in the data set.

c. always equal to the largest value in the data set.

d. none of the above.

9- The pie chart is an appropriate chart for

a. numerical data only.

b. ratio scale data only.

c. categorical data.

d. Interval data only.

10- The 60th percentile is a data value that is

a. smaller than the median.

b. between the median and the smallest value in the data set.

c. larger than the median and smaller than the largest value in the data set.

d. larger than the smallest value in the data set and smaller than the median.

(10 Points)

A survey of students was conducted to determine how they rate the quality of on-line classes. Students were asked to rate the overall quality as Excellent (E), Very Good (V), Good (G) and Poor (P). The following data were obtained:

E G G V P P V V E V

P E G G V V P P V E

P V G G G G E V P G

V V V V P P G G E V

a) What percentage of students rated the quality as Very Good?

b) Construct a bar graph of this data and provide required descriptive information for this graph.

2- (15 Points)

The ordered array below resulted from taking a sample of 25 batches of 500 computer chips and determining how many in each batch were defective.

Defects

1244556799121215

17 2021232325262727282929

a) Construct a frequency distribution and a Histogram .

b) Construct a cumulative percentage distribution and graph it (OGIVE).

3 – (15 points)

Health care issues are receiving much attention in both academic and political arenas. A sociologist recently conducted a survey of citizens over 60 years of age whose net worth is too high to qualify for Medicaid and have no private health insurance. The ages of 20 uninsured senior citizens were as follows:

73628164906668686961

75747663818286876592

a) Identify the median age of the uninsured senior citizens.

b) Determine the 5 number summary for this data.

c) Prepare a box-plot for this data.

d) Is the data skewed? Right or Left?

4- (15 Points)

Find the Z score for the following data and identify the outliers, if any.

20, 26, 24, 19, 39

5- (15 Points)

Consider the following sample:

x 12 7 8 6 6

y 22 16 12 14 10

Prepare the scatter plot.

Calculate the Covariance.

Calculate the coefficient of correlation and comment on the relationship between x and y.



Biopsychosocial Assessment and the Mental Status Examination

Name

Institution

Course

Instructor

Date

Part A: Basic Information

Identifying information

The client is a 27-year-old Caucasian female. She is currently unemployed, although actively searching for employment. She has a daughter, with whom they used to live with her boyfriend Sean. However, Alex chose to leave her house with her daughter in order to get away from Maddy’s father, Sean, who is an alcoholic.

Referral

Alex was referred by the management of a shelter where she had gone to seek assistance. Alex was seeking a place for her daughter to be accommodated as she tried to figure out how she could provide for herself and her daughter after leaving her alcoholic husband.

Presenting problem

Alex has presented with relationship challenges. She feels that her relationship with Sean, whom she cohabits with is toxic and that it puts her daughter at risk. According to Alex, Sean frequently drinks alcohol, under the influence of which, he gets violent. Although he has never hit her or his daughter, Maddy, he has thrown items at her including glass objects which end up getting shuttered against the wall and littering the floor. Although it had happened for a while, Alex decided to leave the house when it became apparent that Maddy was not growing up in a healthy environment. While she was living with Sean, he provided for the bills and utilities. She now had the challenge of finding a job that she could use to sustain Maddy.

Sources of Data

The referring agency provided much of the preliminary information about the client. However, for each fact that was reported by the referring agency, the client was asked to confirm during interviews.

General Description of Client

During a presentation for the biopsychosocial assessment and the mental status examination, the client was distressed. Her anxiety seemed to be caused by running or hiding from someone that the client feared would eventually catch up with them. Even though she was running from Maddy’s father, she was protective of his behavior. She tried to make it apparent that the relationship was toxic in terms of creating an unhealthy environment for Maddy. However, she was very clear to mention that Sean was a good dad that was loved by Maddy and that she did not think that Sean was likely to ever physically hurt them.

Part B: Background and Current Functioning

Family Composition and Background

Alex is part of a nuclear family, composed of herself, her daughter Maddy, and her husband Sean. Maddy is 2 years, which means she is totally dependent on her parents for her all-around well-being, including psychological well-being. Alex’s husband owns the trailer that they used to reside in. Sean was also responsible for taking care of the family’s needs since Alex had not been currently employed. However, Sean has a drinking problem whereby he becomes violent after consuming alcohol. Alex has no siblings and the only family member whom she keeps in touch with is her mother. However, Alex and her mother have never had a good relationship. Alex’s mother has a diagnosable mental health condition but she has not embraced treatment or taken any medication.

Educational Background

Alex’s education life was not smooth. Even though she completed her high school education, she frequently transferred to new schools. After completing his high school education, Alex was eligible to join college. However, she did not enter college and instead preferred looking for employment as she sought freedom and independence from her mother.

Employment and Vocational Skills

The client, Alex, is currently unemployed. However, she has tried house cleaning jobs in the past as a maid. Earlier on before she got pregnant with Maddy, she used to do waitressing in a restaurant.

Religious/Spiritual Involvement

The client has not disclosed her identity with any religion or spiritual practices that she engages in. Since religion is an important aspect of culture, in its absence, other personal beliefs and attitudes influence her biopsychosocial wellbeing.

Military Service History

The client was never in the military.

Physical Functioning, Health Conditions, and Medical Background

The client seemed a little bit pale, weak, and distressed. Her presenting problem explained the distress. The paleness and weakness were explained by the client as a result of poor feeding. Alex did not report having any underlying health conditions. However, she noted a genetic predisposition to mental health conditions.

Substance Abuse, Psychological, Psychiatric Functioning, and Background

Alex did not report any history of having psychiatric problems. Although she consumes beer, it is on a few occasions and only to a limited degree. Alex has never considered herself an alcoholic. In terms of her psychological well-being, Alex has suffered an unhealthy relationship. Her husband, Sean, is an alcoholic who gets violent when he is drunk. Sean punches things when he is drunk as well as throws objects against the wall.

Social Community and Recreational Activities

The client does not have a good support system. Her mother has an unstable life which makes her unable to provide the support that her daughter needs. However, Alex does have a friend whom she can turn to when she needs help. When her friend cannot provide help, Alex does not have anyone else who can provide her with social support. IN terms of her hobbies, Alex enjoys writing, reading, and narrating in front of crowds.

Basic Life Necessities

Due to her unemployment status of Alex, she is currently finding it very hard to afford basic life necessities such as housing and food. As a result, she has to turn for help from a domestic violence shelter. As Maddy’s mother, Alex feels responsible for her wellbeing. She, therefore, believes that Maddy must be under custody. However, her husband Sean has petitioned to be granted full custody of Maddy. Since Maddy is Alex’s strongest motivation for living, she urgently requires legal representation in the litigation process.

Current Legal Concerns/History of Incarceration

The client does not have a history of the previous incarceration. The client is a documented citizen currently pursuing separation from her husband.

Other Environmental Psychological Factors

The client’s condition may be exaggerated as a result of her gender. For example, it is clear that Sean believes that a woman should be controlled and that they cannot support themselves without getting help from men. Similarly, the fact that she is from a low socioeconomic class, she receives bad treatment from the high-class citizens.

Client Strengths, Capacities, and Resources

The client is motivated by her daughter. She knows that she has to do everything that she can in order to provide for her daughter. This makes her consider seeking help as well as trying to resolve the situation on her own. She has even tried to look for employment in order to cater to her needs and those of her daughter.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Maid. Dir. Smith Metzler Molly. Netflix. 2021. TV Series.