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Logistics and Operations Management

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Horsemeat Consumption in Europe

Over the recent years, horse meat has been a major problem in the United Kingdom. One major source originates from Northern America in places like Canada as well as Southern America in Mexico, Argentina and Brazil. The European horsemeat problem began when meat testing within Ireland proved that some beef products contained the equine DNA. This menace has spread across the European continent and in the process, entangling many distinguished brands, which result to timely product abandonment and therefore poor customer concerns by the relevant authorities as well as poor government investigations into the continent’s complex food dispensation chains.

Findings

Due to the ongoing European horsemeat contamination scandal, a good number of the beef supplies company executives are considering looking at their risks and uncertainties and on a regular basis. The horsemeat contamination in the beef lasagne is one example of the unexpected interference that occurs when the company executives ought to prepare themselves to handle. Economic pressures contribute to a larger percentage of the risks, which contribute to contaminations in the supply chains (Doeg, 2005 166). According to Humane Society International (2012), every year about one hundred thousand tonnes of horsemeat become imported to the European Union states and the origin of this meat is from the above countries. In addition to the large amounts of meat supplied to the European Union nations, about tens of thousands of this meat is slaughtered for human consumptions within the European Union itself. The Humane Society International (2012) has carried out studies over the issue of horsemeat in the European meat consumption market especially in three member states, which include France, Netherlands and Belgium where meat consumption is a normal phenomenon.

Sampling studies carried on beef lasagne in France, Belgium and Netherlands.

Beef Lasagne is an Italian flat dish, which is made by incorporating several ingredients and sauces into several layers and then baking the dish in an oven. This dish is an olden Italian meal, which is very delicious. The ingredients are made from pork and beef mixed with fresh pasta, creamy béchamel and Italian mozzarella. According to a sampling food survey conducted by the European Food Standards Agency over the wide spread of horsemeat in beef products, one of the products found to contain traces of more than one percent pig meat include Apetito Beef Lasagne (FSA, 2013). The Apetito Company in their defence state that they produce majority of beef lasagne just like any other company however, their beef products in most cases, are imported in large chunks or as whole muscles from their approved suppliers. They inspect their meat but do not carry out comprehensive analysis of the Bute found in the imported meat so as to detect traces of harmful substances (FSA, 2013). The sampling done of the beef lasagne was carried out in two phases and the results obtained proved that out of the 224 Apetito Beef Lasagne sampled in phase one, 214 contained more than one percent pig DNA or contain both pig and horse DNA (FSA, 2013). As for the second phase, the Apetito Beef Lasagne tested contained a threshold of more than one percent pig DNA but did not contain any horse DNA above the one percent threshold.

Also, a report by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2013) proved that there were undeclared traces of horse as well as pork DNA were found in meat products especially lasagne, beef burgers and Bolognaise, which are already readymade meat products that have been contaminated by horse meat as well as pork DNA. The European government and the related meat industries are conducting a large scale and nationwide meat testing to determine the problem. Each and every year, beef lasagne, which contains traces of horsemeat, is being delivered to France, Netherlands and Belgium in large numbers, which are more than ten thousand tones. In most cases, most of the livestock slaughtered are not bred in France, Netherlands and Belgium. According to Humane Society International (2012 1), not all the livestock slaughtered for beef lasagne are raised in these countries however, they are transported across the European Union borders and then slaughtered in the states for meat consumption. Live animals in the past years have been transported across the three nations partly due to the close proximity of slaughterhouse in either country (Humane Society International, 2012). In France, exportation of beef for making lasagne has extended to the neighbouring states of France like Spain as well as Poland (Humane Society International, 2012).

The governments within the European Union and especially in the United Kingdom have begun efforts to ensure the coordinated response towards the establishment and investigations of the menace across Europe. The European Union on its part agreed that the tests for the imported beef products in foreign countries should be tested for the presence of horsemeat and more so throughout the entire meat food chain. The report also indicated that the major people responsible for the distribution and sale of horsemeat are the food retailers and manufacturers as well as the food suppliers who are legally responsible for making sure that the beef products are labelled correctly. The British Food Standards Agency, who are responsible for ensuring food safety, and the Food Authenticity Programme, which develops the required testing methods that check whether the beef lasagne products have been properly labelled or have contaminations, are responsible for the illegal distribution of horsemeat (Humane Society International, 2012).

Processed beef lasagne in Ireland and Spain

Taco Bell, which is an American Based food retail company was involved in the horsemeat scandal and in recent times, has withdrawn the sale of its taco beef product in the European nations and the reason was the fact that some of the sols beef lasagne were found to contain more than ten percent horse DNA (Humane Society International, 2012). These products include beef skewers, made by Brakes catering company, beef lasagne and spaghetti Bolognese, which are ready Birds Eye meals. In Europe, Taco Bell has various outlets in Europe, one in Essex, the other in Manchester and about three in Spain. The companies in recent times said that after testing their beef lasagne, the presence of horsemeat became evident in the products. The Taco Bell Company revealed that some of the beef products, which they bought from their suppliers in Europe contained traces of horsemeat. Immediately the company realized this mistake, they withdrew their sale of beef and also discontinued their purchase of meat products, and later contacted the Food Standards Agency (Humane Society International, 2012).

The presence of low level horse DNA in beef products prompted the Birds Eye to go ahead and remove their readymade beef meals from supermarket shelves based on the fact that they were made from Belgian Companies (Meikle, 2013). The products include the traditional 340g spaghetti Bolognese, the 400g Shepherd’s Pie and the 400g beef lasagne. Further tests that have been conducted on the Birds Eye product, and in particular on the beef lasagne and spaghetti Bolognese, show that these products contain traces of Horse DNA. This has prompted beef manufacturers and traders to introduce a new DNA testing program, which will make sure that no pulverized beef product will be distributed to the retail stores without undergoing thorough screening and DNA testing (Meikle, 2013).

Beef testing in Europe

The local authorities in European countries as well as the Food Standards Agency carry out close to one hundred thousand tests annually, as part of their routine, to detect the numerous food safety issues and fraud issues encompassing the food industry by using the risk based approach system (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2013). The Food Standards Agency requires a more vigorous response from the food industry so as to demonstrate their campaign in fighting the horsemeat scare across Europe. The Food Standards Agency aims at ensuring that every food industry prepares food, sells their products and deserves their product with the quality it has advertised on its cover paper. Food operating businesses are required to carry out authenticity tests on every processed beef products, for example lasagne, beef burgers and meatballs, and then provide the tested results to the Food Standards Agency (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2013). The tests results, which have been submitted to the Food Standards Agency, ought to be published by the specific retail company that was responsible for carrying out the tests. This ensures there is maximum transparency in the food testing and authenticity system for the benefit of the beef product consumers. Additionally, the Food Standards Agency is conducting a nationwide inspection incorporating the various beef products, which are available for consumption to UK consumers. The companies responsible for supplying public institutions like schools and even hospitals are part of the Food Standards Agency sampling programme. 

The various countries’ local authorities aim at identifying and understanding the various factors that lead to the presence of meat products, which have not been labelled as ingredients so as to eliminate, explain and correctly label such products. The local authorities have undertaken numerous activities including carrying out surveying in order to come up with relevant information regarding the possible presence of pig DNA or possible traces of horse DNA in the wide range of beef products, which are available to the UK consumers (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2013). According to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2013), the survey will take samples from pre-packed beef products at retail stores, which claim the products are beef or either beef combined with other labelled meat species. These include meat balls, burgers, sausages and minced beef. The other samples that will be sampled include frozen beef products, imported beef products from the third world countries and fresh beef products. This survey will aim at selecting a percentage of the beef products, which represent the goods that are available on the consumer market and the samples are taken in such a way that enforcement actions ought to be taken, if necessary, in order to protect the well being of the consumers.

Conclusion

Even though the horse meat scandal has proved to be detrimental especially to the well being of the European citizens, the realization of this vice by the relevant agencies as well as the local authorities has proven successful in the fight against the consumption of such products. In Europe, chilled horsemeat, fresh horsemeat as well as processed horsemeat products are readily available for the consumption of the population. According to the report by the Humane Society International (2012 14), horsemeat is commonly sold in the form of smoked meat slices or can either be incorporated as a cheap convenience ingredient to the meat products rather than selling it as meat steaks with such products including beef lasagne, which is a common delicacy in Europe. The low levels of occasional consumptions that have been reported indicate that horsemeat is a readily available commodity in most European countries. The high levels of horsemeat importations especially from the third world countries is not accounted for and therefore; not reflected in the labelling packages as beef products that come from a reliable country of origin (Humane Society International, 2012 15).

Recommendations

The survey carried out shows that about ninety percent of the companies involved in the study together with the local authorities have been involved in the uncertain economic growth and the impact on supply chains management (Doeg, 2005 169). On a risk management perspective, numerous European beef processing and supply company executives ought to try and understand how their suppliers operate. It is their right to be part of the supply and logistics by carrying out their own independent inspections and analysis of the specific beef product and in so doing, the companies would comply with the standards required by their clients (Doeg, 2005 24). As soon as a company determines that the beef products obtained from the supplier contains traces of horsemeat, then the company ought to introduce a benchmark system, which will be responsible for testing fully all the products bought so as to ensure there is no other trace of pig DNA or horse DNA within the purchased products. In so doing, it would create a system whereby the suppliers and retailers have a disclosure agreement concerning the presence of horse DNA in the food products (Doeg, 2005 25).

Safety is the key factor to consider when managing the movement of beef products from the source to the retail store. However, due to mistrust issues on terms of correct labelling of the beef products, horsemeat contamination has become a major problem in European countries (De Leon, Meacham & Claudio, 2003 68). An example is the Taco Bell food retail chain, where apart from horse DNA being found on their beef products, the supplier on the other hand had agreed to supply only Irish beef since they had Polish meat in their preservation chambers for supply during harsh economic times (Sullivan, Barthorpe & Robbins, 2011 18).

The truth aspect has not entirely been lost on the clients. A UK based Consumer Intelligence company conducted research and suggests that about twenty percent of British grown patrons have confessed to buying of less meat due to the horse-meat scandal (Donald & Waters, 2007 118). About two thirds of the adult population surveyed confessed that they have trust issues with food labels, at the same time, more than sixty percent alleged to having plans of buying meat from their neighbourhood butchers due to the horse-meat contamination (Meyer, 2013). This means that the retailer companies such as Taco Bell ought to become accustomed to the risks involved and act accordingly because the horsemeat contamination might become a menace and if not realized early, then the food processors might continue with their insufficient standards of manufacturing beef products, which turns out to be cost cutting more so to the suppliers of the beef products.

The control of food imports especially from countries, which are outside the European Union, ought to comply with the strict food safety standards and requirements so as to make sure the products are equivalent to the produced foods found in the European nations (Belasco & Horowitz, 2010 71-74). The imported foods become subject to constant food checks especially by the local authorities and health officers at the ports as it helps to ensure that they comply with the regulations (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2013). The other important factor to consider is having one entry point for the imported beef products. These border examination posts ensure that meat products are inspected and the health officers make sure there is no pig or horse DNA in the products (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2013). In case the imported products pose any threat to human consumption, then the present legislation permits the ban of such imports. The Trade in Animals and Related Products Regulations 2011 uplifts bans against contaminated meat since the products risks human health (De Leon, Meacham & Claudio, 2003 95).

Reference

Belasco, W. and Horowitz, R. 2010. Food Chains: From Farmyard to Shopping Cart. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2013. Processed beef products and horse meat. Available at HYPERLINK “http://www.defra.gov.uk/food-farm/food/labelling/processed-beef-horse-meat/” http://www.defra.gov.uk/food-farm/food/labelling/processed-beef-horse-meat/. (Accessed March 24, 2013).

De Leon, S., Y., Meacham, S., L and Claudio, V., S. 2003. Global Handbook on Food and Water Safety: For the Education of Food Industry Management, Food Handlers, and Consumers. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher.

Doeg, C. 2005. Crisis Management in the Food and Drinks Industry: A Practical Approach London: Springer.

Donald, C and Waters, J. 2007. Global Logistics: New Directions in Supply Chain Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers.

Food Standards Agency. (2013). Update on progress of FSA beef product surveys. Available at HYPERLINK “http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/news/2013/mar/surveys-update” http://www.food.gov.uk/news-updates/news/2013/mar/surveys-update. (Accessed March 24, 2013).

Humane Society International. 2012. An investigation into the availability of horsemeat in Belgium, France and the Netherlands. Available at HYPERLINK “https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:MR41YaxWGXgJ:www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/horses_EU_horsemeat_retail_investigation_Oct2012.pdf+&hl=en&gl=ke&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj_T5ZLfu-X8COua88hkijKlFMHagZOz8BGp630jfvK2LhWEIMWt6wdIvVjyEVIH_AZXWWAZQX1447GABO_-AipUwdRIH6QEH0K1eAXfQApZrn8ukVoF2BMDySkR3XRaatKc7s-&sig=AHIEtbTWp15xjE33Z3kv8PRaAfB9X9AyuQ” https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:MR41YaxWGXgJ:www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/horses_EU_horsemeat_retail_investigation_Oct2012.pdf+&hl=en&gl=ke&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj_T5ZLfu-X8COua88hkijKlFMHagZOz8BGp630jfvK2LhWEIMWt6wdIvVjyEVIH_AZXWWAZQX1447GABO_-AipUwdRIH6QEH0K1eAXfQApZrn8ukVoF2BMDySkR3XRaatKc7s-&sig=AHIEtbTWp15xjE33Z3kv8PRaAfB9X9AyuQ. (Accessed March 24, 2013).

Meikle, J. 2013. Horsemeat scandal: Taco Bell withdraws UK beef products. Available at HYPERLINK “http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/mar/01/horsemeat-taco-bell-withdraws-beef-uk” http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/mar/01/horsemeat-taco-bell-withdraws-beef-uk. (Accessed March 24, 2013).

Meyer, A. 2013. Horsemeat scandal points to growing task of risk management for CEOs. Available at HYPERLINK “http://www.retailleader.net/top-story-international_business-horse_meat_scandal_points_to_growing_task_of_risk_management_for_ceos-1799.html” http://www.retailleader.net/top-story-international_business-horse_meat_scandal_points_to_growing_task_of_risk_management_for_ceos-1799.html. (Accessed March 24, 2013).

Sullivan, G., Barthorpe, S. and Robbins, S. 2011. Managing Construction Logistics. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

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Institution of Affiliation

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Date

Media Ecology

Section A: Key names and terms

Symbolic environment – Socially-constructed, sensory world of meaning society that in turn shapes our perceptions, experiences, attitudes, and behavior

Marshall McLuhan – Canadian communications theorist and educator, whose aphorism “the medium is the message” summarized his view of the potent influence of television, computers, and other electronic

Media – A generic term for all human-invented technology that extend the range, speed, or channels of communication

Medium – This is a specific type of media: newspaper, television, book, Internet, radio, film

Media ecology – the study of how media and communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion, and value

Technology – Human inventions that enhances communication

Tribal age – age when oral tradition was embraced and hearing was the paramount sense

Literate age – age when written communication flourished and the eye became the dominant sense organ

Print age – age when gaining information through the printed word was customary, and seeing continued as the dominant sense

Electronic age – age in which electronic media pervades our senses, allowing for people across the world to be connected

Global village – the notion that humans can no longer live in isolation, but rather will always be connected by continuous and instantaneous electronic media

Digital age – A possible fifth era of specialized electronic tribes contentious over diverse beliefs and values.

Neil Postman – was an American author, educator, media theorist and cultural critic

Faustian bargain – A deal with the devil; selling your soul for temporary earthly gain.

Section B: Discuss the following questions

Discuss Marshall McLuhan’s different characteristics of “The medium is the message” concept.

McLuhan saw the message and medium as one and he same. We focus on content and overlook medium even though content does not exist outside of the way it is mediated. The different characteristics include:

Enhancement – media amplify or strengthen society

Obsolescence – media eventually render something out of date

retrieval – media restore something that was once lost

reversal – media will-when pushed to their limit-produce or become something else

Discuss Marshall McLuhan’s media analysis of human history

Human history divided into four periods or epochs:

Tribal age – acoustic era; a time of community because the ear is the dominant sense organ

Literate age – a visual era; a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ

Print age – visual era; mass produced books usher in the industrial revolution and nationalism yet individuals are isolated

Electronic age – era of instant communication; a return to the global village with the all-at- once sound and touch

What does it feel like to be a cultural member – a minority member in a dominant culture? Even if you are generally a member of the dominant group, what situations have you encountered where you feel like an outsider?

Being a minority in a dominant culture means that your culture will be absorbed or assimilated by the dominant culture, influencing the minor culture to adopting the major culture. Mostly, being a minor culture to a dominant culture is kind of subjugation, making it hard for the minor culture to express itself. Situations that can make someone feel like an outsider even when they belong to the dominant culture is when a single member is dissolved in a minority culture, where they also become minors, making them feel out of place.

What are the benefits and drawbacks of assimilation? Accommodation? Separation? Which approach do you tend to gravitate toward?

Assimilation promotes interactions but on the other side leads to loss of culture. Accommodation retains the culture and increases diversity but on the other side, it reduces family traditions. Separation reduces family ties but also reduces absorption of new cultures thus retaining diversity. In my opinion, accommodation is the best as every culture can retain their cultures without being altered.

Introduction

Media is such a conspicuous industry that receives so much attention from almost all people globally. One of the media segments is the football world. Football is aired on numerous channels across the globe, covering various leagues such as Champion’s league, tournaments, UEFA Nations leagues, and the biggest of them all is the world cup. Media personalities come in handy in football during broadcasting, analyzing matches, and analyzing players’ lifestyles, outlining issues that affect players, such as racism and fitness. Football integrates numerous players from all corners of the world. Talented players can find their way into the most competitive leagues globally, such as the English premier league, Serie A of Italy, Bundesliga of Germany, Laliga of Spain, and UEFA Champion’s league, that comprises of top European leagues. The consumption of football information globally is very high. People support and fancy prestigious teams such as Barcelona, Bayern München, and Manchester United.

One of the most outstanding and renowned media personalities in the football industry is Jon Champion. He is an English international who has worked with the BT sport in coverage of the English premier league, International football, and currently relocated to the United States in the coverage of the Major League Soccer (MLS) for ESPN. Jon Champion is a very charismatic and bold speaker who is fancied for his clarity in voice. Another major attribute of Jon Champion is the ability to speak out his mind without fear or favor.

In interviewing a media personality, I will follow a four-phase process that includes; Ensure that the interview questions strictly align with the research questions, such as the nitty-gritty concerning football broadcasting. Secondly, I will construct an inquiry-based conversation that entails asking questions that will help gather specific information that we desire to know. Also, Feedback reception on the interview procedure is essential. It will show whether the interviewee conceptualization the research questions related to what the researcher expects (Milagros, 2016). We do not expect extremely outrageous responses at this stage because we expect the kind of information we will get. Lastly, a pilot survey is conducted to model the actual interview. This simulation is done as real conditions as possible, and aspects that can improve the interview protocol are noted. Any redundancies in the process are eliminated to ensure that the interview is as objective as possible.

Some of the interview’s key takeaways could include objectivity while presenting information, prior research before presenting information to consumers, flexibility in career, and aligning of work to personal life. Jon Champion reads a lot of information about footballers, and he has made this a lifestyle. He knows even the most ignored details about players, and whenever he utters them, consumers are amazed and develop the desire to listen to him more and more. Consistency is also another major stepping stone for any media personality. Once you address your audience in ways that they desire, be assured of continued growth in terms of career (ESPN, 2020). Jon Champion began broadcasting in the 1980s for the BBC radio. He then joined ESPN in 2009 in the United Kingdom. In 2019, Champion began working for ESPN full-time, and because of his competence, versatility, and reputation, he was promoted to be the head play-by-play voice of the MLS.

Champion’s flexibility as a commentator has seen him broadcast other dynamic games such as rugby, Olympic games, and cricket (ESPN, 2020). He is also one of the mastermind voices behind football video games such as Pro Evolution Soccer (PES).

All media personalities would like attributes such as the ones of Champion. The kind of research he does before his commentary assignment is one that all other media personalities need to emulate. It ensures that consumers get scrutinized information without any falsehood. It is not surprising that some people watch and listen to football matches because of the witty nature, charisma, and facts spoken by broadcasters such as Jon.

Patience, hard work, and good intentions are other values that anybody in the media needs to emulate. All people start at the lowest level, but they will rise with time, but it solely depends on the kind of output they give. Jon started as a mere radio presenter before getting a relished chance on BBC TV. His performance was tremendous, which had him promoted to ITV for Premier League coverage, UEFA champion’s league, and he also covered seven league cup finals (ESPN, 2020). All these could not come without hard work, consistency, and quality delivery of information.

Conclusion

The media industry is pivotal to all sectors worldwide, ranging from the health sector, environment, sports, politics, science, fashion, architecture, and even culture and religion. Availing quality information to consumers will uphold the integrity and role of media and preserve all aspects of these varied fields (Jay, 2019). Interviews give us a gist of what happens in the media industry and show what students should expect once they are out there in the field.

References

ESPN Pressroom, (2020) Jon Champion: Soccer Play-By-Play Voice. Retrieved from; https://espnpressroom.com/us/bios/jon-champion/.Jay G. Blumber, (2019) A Fresh Perspective on Politicians and the Media. Retrieved from; https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584609.2018.1548413?journalCode=upcp20.Milagros Castillo-Montoya, (2016) Preparing for Interview Research: The Interview Protocol Refinement Framework. Retrieved from; https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2337&context=tqr#:~:text=A%20researcher’s%20interview%20protocol%20is,or%20certain%20ideas%20and%20experiences).

Essay #3: Logical Fallacy Analysis

If you have ever thought, “That’s unfair!” or “Wow, what a dumb way to do that!” or “They twisted the whole idea!”, you may have been faced with a logical fallacy.

Your Mission:

Familiarize yourself with the Logical Fallacies in the textbook and lecture notes. Consider when/where you see examples of logical fallacies in our daily lives. Choose one example of a logical fallacy you have observed and analyze it using the steps below. The example you choose can be something you have faced or something all people are subjected to. If you choose something that you personally experienced, it should be something that could happen to anyone.

Example of a personal experience that is OK to use:

You have a disagreement with your child’s teacher about a classroom rule that seems unfair, and the teacher tells you she maintains the policy because that’s the way she’s always enforced the rules (appeal to tradition). This topic is OK to use because other students and parents experience the same policy.

Example of a personal experience to AVOID:

You want to purchase a boat to fish and explore the local waters with your family. Your spouse says no to buying a boat because your family has never owned a boat and the family’s recreation has always been land-based (appeal to tradition). This topic is not OK to use because it is too personal…no one else is married to your spouse (let’s hope not anyway), no one else takes your family’s specific vacations and therefore, the situation is not experienced by anyone but you.

Think about what you encounter that seems silly or unfair…chances are a logical fallacy can be applied to it!

Essay Guidelines/Requirements:

Paragraph #1: Introduction

Catch the reader’s eye with an introduction strategy. Then transition to the situation/example in which you observed or experienced a logical fallacy. The introduction paragraph does not have to explain what the logical fallacies are, nor should it define/explain the specific logical fallacy you are using. Assume the audience is familiar with the logical fallacies and the fallacy you have chosen.

The thesis statement should appear at the end of the introduction. The thesis should simply state the situation/item and the logical fallacy: Advertisements for the Miracle Weight Loss System use false dichotomy to sell their diet program to consumers.

Paragraph #2: Describe the situation/item

The second paragraph should describe the situation or item you are examining. This paragraph should provide details so the audience fully understands the situation or item. If you are describing an advertisement, then explain what happens in the beginning/middle/end of the ad—include descriptions of both words and images. If you are describing a policy (for example, something in the rules about financial aid) describe what the rule says and what one would experience step-by-step when encountering the rule. Do not add opinion statements about the fairness of the policy/situation/item in this paragraph; just describe it. If you are describing an advertisement on TV, walk your readers through it, describing its features.

Paragraph #3: Explain why the situation/item presents a logical fallacy

Identify the features of what makes the item/situation a logical fallacy. This is the place to include your opinion about what is unfair or illogical. Explain where the situation or item breaks from logical thinking to fallacy—for example, when the Miracle Weight Loss System ads present two pictures, one of an obese person and another of a fit, slim person, the ad is presenting a false dichotomy, as more body types exist. The ad shows two extremes, and clearly this is not true. In addition, the overweight people in the ad look unhappy while the thinner people look happy. Clearly, weight is not what makes people unhappy and weight loss alone will not give someone a completely happy life as depicted in the ads. You do not have to explain the logical fallacy itself, as your audience already knows about the logical fallacy.

Paragraph #4: Explain a more realistic picture

Apply argument concepts/terminology to the logical fallacy to present a more realistic or accurate view. Apply argument terminology or strategies to explain how the fallacy can be eliminated and the situation could include more fairness or logic. For example, the Logical Appeal could be used to present statistics for the Miracle Weight Loss Program—how much weight did people actually lose? What was their starting weight and final weight after loss? The ad could use the ethical appeal to address some of the concerns skeptics might have about the product. You can apply any of the concepts or terminology from the textbook or notes in this paragraph (No need to list or define the concepts; simply integrate the concepts into your paragraph and combine the argument concepts with your own ideas). You could apply Rogerian principles and explain how the Rogerian Argument could be used to improve the situation and perhaps eliminate the logical fallacy. Basically, anything from the readings/notes that can be applied to eliminate the logical fallacy is fair game for this paragraph.

Paragraph #5: Conclusion—Reflect introduction and make a prediction

Remember that the conclusion should bring the essay to a logical close. A good way to do this is to bring the essay full circle by reflecting something from the introduction. For example, if you asked a question in the intro., answer it in the conclusion. If you used an example, mention that example in the conclusion. Then, based upon what you have written in your essay, make a prediction about the future about the situation/item. Will the policy change in the future? Will the ads for weight loss include even more logical fallacies? What new rule will be added to financial aid? What do you see happening in the situation’s future? Remember that the conclusion is not a place for advice or clichés. Your conclusion is the last impression you leave on the reader, so make it count by saying something intelligent that shows your critical thinking skills.

Formatting & Proofreading:

This essay does not require research. Please do not go to Google and look up “Examples of Logical Fallacies.” I have seen most of those already. If you must do some research, please use MLA style documentation for any outside source information. This includes in-text citations and a works cited.

2 – 4 pages

MLA heading/formatting

The Logical Fallacy you write about MUST come from the textbook or the lecture notes only. Do not Google “Logical Fallacies” and choose another fallacy from an online source.

You may use 1st person or 3rd person. (It is OK to use “I” if you experienced something personally.)

Academic style & tone

No Academic Writing Don’ts—especially weak wording such as “there are/is” and 2nd person “you”

Proofread for errors

Follow all guidelines

Logistics and Supply Chain Article Analysis

Logistics is defined as the monitoring of procurement, planning, execution and movement of materials, communication, service and capital flows with the aim of attaining an objective or a strategy. It might also be defined in other terms as the management of inventory both on transit and in rest. According to Robeson (1994) logistics did not play a crucial role in the success of the company. The meaning of logistics was not well known and accepted in the 1970s and its function was mainly known as distribution of finished good and the receiving and storage of raw materials. In recent times, logistics has gained acceptance by most businesses, industries and markets. In addition, the crucial role of supply chain management has created competitiveness as well as company profitability which have in turn made logistics an important strategy (McGinnis & Kohn, 2002).

In strategic logistic planning, change is inevitable in order to succeed in the competitive global economy. Change comes in various forms which include faster delivery of products and service, sophisticated technologies and differentiation of products. The reason for all this is to have a responsive and more dynamic logistic system which gives the company a competitive edge (Robeson, 1994). A logistics strategy will only give a company a competitive advantage if the company can provide the products and service when they are needed by the consumer and at the right time.

In the twenty first century, people have become very busy and it is difficult for them to go out to a store and shop for what they need. Most companies have developed strategies on how to meet the needs of these customers. Best buy is an example of such a company that has developed strategies to attract such consumers who are willing to make a purchase, but do not have the time to do so. They provide catalogues for these customers who after selecting what they wish to buy, through the website, their products are delivered to them right on their doorsteps. This is a convenient way for the customer to make a purchase without physically going to the store. There is a growing need for such kind of convenience in the world. This need has directly affected the supply chain where the company is required to not only deliver to the different distribution points, but also directly to the customers. This type of distribution comes with its advantages because a company representative interacts directly with the customer and is able to gain information on the different needs the customer wishes could be met. A flexible logistic strategy is very crucial for the success of a business and for effective competition (Robeson, 1994).

Effective management of logistics and supply chain is crucial in satisfying customer requirements for a product or service. It is important that the products or services are supplied to the customer at the right time and at the right place at a minimum cost. Poor logistics which might include a poor location can have severe implications on the whole company. The effective movement of goods and raw materials from the point of manufacture to the final consumer is very important in today’s business environment (Lingham, 2008). The location of the supply chain should be in such a way that the consumer is able to access the product or service with ease. Choosing a poor location would have negative implication meaning that the consumers would prefer to buy products or services from other competitors. This makes it hard for the company to compete in the industry. Having poor location affects distribution negatively making it very expensive to supply the products which will mean that the price for the products will be higher than the price set by other competitors making it hard for the company to thrive in the industry (Lingham, 2008).

The choice of transport is very important in ensuring that products are delivered to the consumer in time. The time between the order and the delivery should be minimized so as to meet the needs of the consumer in the shortest time possible (Lingham, 2008). With the aim of reducing transport costs, different companies have been known to use the slowest means of transport which are obviously cheaper. This will impact negatively on the relationship between the company and the customer. The customer will most likely not accept products or services from that same company in the future due to late deliveries.

Today everyone is looking for convenience and will buy products and services from a company that will be able to deliver required products within the shortest time possible. The biggest change that has occurred in logistic strategy planning is the use of technology to learn about customer needs and offer deliveries fast. The internet has become the most convenient way to buy products and services. Most companies have developed websites where with one touch of a button, the customers are able to view all the products available and the easiest ways to get the products to them in the shortest time possible.

Finally, logistics and supply chain management is very vital for the success of a company. If the logistics are well structured to meet the needs of customers and offer the products in the shortest time possible, then this will give the company a competitive edge in the industry. However, if a company has inappropriate logistics, they will be unable to retain customers and venture into new markets. Their business will be overshadowed by other competitors because customers tend to prefer products from a company that meets their needs, delivers on time or makes the products easily accessible.

Reference

Lingham, L. (2008). Human Resources: Logistics and Supply Chain Management. All Experts. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://en.allexperts.com/q/Human-Resources-2866/2008/9/Logistics-Supply-Chain-Management-2.htm” http://en.allexperts.com/q/Human-Resources-2866/2008/9/Logistics-Supply-Chain-Management-2.htm

McGinnis, A. & Kohn, W. (2002). Logistics strategy-revisited. Journal of Business Logistics. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3705/is_200201/ai_n9061923/” http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3705/is_200201/ai_n9061923/

Robeson, J. (1994). The Logistics Handbook. New York: Simon and Schuster. Print.

Student’s name

Professor

Course

Date

Answers

This disorder can be contracted from anorexia nervosa in that a severe amount of weight is not lost.

Answer: Binge eating

Someone whose desire to inflict pain during sex can be causes marked distress can be diagnosed with a;

Answer: Pedophilic disorder

This is classified as an orgasmic disorder in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Answer: Bulimia nervosa

This involves quickening of the latter part of the sexual response cycle

Answer: Premature ejaculation

Voyeuristic disorder is an example of

Answer: Paraphilic disorder

Essay

Premature ejaculation being one of the categories covered in this course is discussed as follows;

Introduction

Premature ejaculation occurs when a person ejaculates faster than expected. This means they ejaculate faster than their partners thus leading to dissatisfaction of the partner who had not reached the climax. The approximate amount of time when a man suffering from this condition ejaculates is within one minute of sexual intercourse. This is a male condition and it is prevalent among men who are between the ages of 14 years to 30 years.

Symptomology

The symptoms associated with this condition are the inability to control when to ejaculate, psychological difficulties and performance anxiety.

Aetiology

The causative factors of this condition are mainly psychological even though there are other factors leading to this. There are two types of pre-mature ejaculation. Life-long condition and acquired premature ejaculation. Life-long pre-mature ejaculation occurs for the rest of a person s life while acquired pre-mature ejaculation may be treated. This condition is caused by relationship problems as well as anxiety issues which come as a result of the fear that they may not satisfy their partners due to an ejaculation which may come faster than expected.

Life-long premature ejaculation can be caused by masturbation when a person is in his youthful days, experiences which are traumatic like incest or sexual assault. This condition can also be caused by poor body image. Apart from these factors there are also biological causes to premature ejaculation and they include; extreme imbalance in the body hormones, erectile dysfunction, stress, inheritance, abnormal neuro-transmitter levels and infection in the urethra and prostrate.

Treatment

Premature ejaculation can be treated by psychological intervention whereby the person who suffers from it is counselled and he is taken through processes on how to overcome this situation. There is also medication whereby Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is used to treat depression initiated premature ejaculation.

This type of condition is sometimes difficult because the person suffering from it may be unwilling to disclose due to shame related issue and therefore it becomes difficult to manage and help the patient.

Conclusion

The categories discussed herein as well as in the whole course are very essential and they help a person to be able to attend to some issues which need basic knowledge and to know the cause of action for the others which need specialised medication.

BIOL 1409 Spring 2020 Research Paper

You will choose an issue that relates to biology, conduct research on your topic, and write a research paper on that topic. Your paper is a research paper which means it should be led and filled by research, not thoughts and opinions. You have one section in your paper where you can provide your opinion on the topic You will need at least 3 academic journal articles and 3 reliable sources. Your references need to be in APA format and you will need a reference page and in text (within the context of the paper) citations that match your reference paget Use the headings below in your paper.

This paper should include the following:

Title:

less than 10 words, that sums up your paper

Thesis Statement

one sentence that describes what the point of your paper is

Introduction

Background information on the topic

– think about answering: who, what, where, when, why, how on your topic

Body

what are the arguments in support of your topic

what are the arguments against your topic

Opinion

Conclusion

References

References Format:

APA format information:

Use APA format for the in text (within your paper) citations and end of the paper reference list.

Paper Details:

Your topic must be approved by your instructor and must fit into the for/against argument.

Research the topic and identify resources for each section of the paper.

Need at least 3 academic journal articles and 3 reliable science sources

Journals: Use the MVC library databases found online on the library’s website. If you are unsure how to browse for articles using the databases contact your instructor or visit the library to meet with a librarian who can walk you through the process.

Reliable science soures: any website ending in .edu or .gov or sciencedaily.com, sciencenews.org or sciencedirect.com

Bookmark, print or save resources for easy access during the writing process

USE THE OUTLINE above in your paper! Copy and paste the outline above and put the headings in your paper

Think about writing your paper for someone in the general public that knows Nothing about the topic and wants to read your paper to get all the info they can to understand the topic.

NO FLUFF – “fluff” is extra wording that does not need to be there. This is a research paper and should be research after research after research

Make sure your ‘voice’ is apparent in the paper – DO NOT USE QUOTES (quotes do not show you understand the material, summarize it in your own words and site your source).

You can use the MVC writing center as a resource but remember this is a scientific research paper.

Edit your document for grammar, spelling, formatting, and in text citations

Have others proofread your paper for spelling, grammar, and organizational problems. Have at least one literate, logical friend read through your paper carefully to check for “flow of logic” mistakes, ambiguous statements, etc.

Reread this entire document AND THE GRADING RUBRIC BELOW again before you turn in the paper and fix an errors!

Grading Rubric:

Category Exceeds standards Meets standards Nearly meets standard Does not meet standard No Evidence Section Points Score

Title page

Title of the paper Student name, Instructor name, Course and section, neatly organized Evidence of 4 Evidence of 3 Evidence of 2 or less Absent 5 Thesis statement

Clearly and concisely states the paper’s purpose in a single sentence, which is engaging and thought provoking Clearly state the paper’s purpose in a single sentence States the paper’s purpose in a single sentence Incomplete and unfocused Absent 5 Introduction

The introduction is engaging, states the main topic and previews the structure of the paper Introduction states the main topic and previews the structure of the paper The introduction states the main topic but does not adequately preview the structure of the paper There is no clear introduction; or main topic and the structure of the paper is missing Absent/ no evidence 20 Arguments in support of Eliminating single use plastics Arguments are clearly stated in detail and supported by evidence Arguments are clearly stated and supported by evidence Argument lacks supporting evidence Fails to develop the argument Absent 10 Arguments against the Eliminating single use plastics Arguments are clearly stated in detail and supported by evidence Arguments are clearly stated and supported by evidence Argument lacks supporting evidence Fails to develop the argument Absent 10 Your opinion

Writer demonstrates logical sequencing of ideas through well-developed paragraphs; transition are used to enhance organization Paragraph development present but not perfect Logical organization of ideas not fully developed No evidence of structure or organization Absent 10 Conclusion

Conclusion is engaging and restates the thesis The conclusion restates the thesis Conclusion does not adequately restate the thesis Incomplete and/or unfocused Absent 10 Organization-Structural development of idea

Writer demonstrates logical sequencing of ideas through well-developed paragraphs; transition are used to enhance organization Paragraph development present but not perfect Logical organization of ideas not fully developed No evidence of structure or organization Absent 5 Mechanics and usage

No error in punctuation, capitalization and spelling

No errors in sentence structure Almost no errors in punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and sentence structure Many errors in sentence structure and word usage Numerous and distracting errors in sentence structure and word usage Absent 5 Citations

All cited works, both in text and visual, are done in APA format with no errors Some cited works both in text and visual, are done in APA format, Inconsistencies evident Few cited works, both in text and visual, are done in APA format Absent Absent 5 References

Done in APA format with no errors. Includes more than 5 majors references( science journals/books/< 2 internet links) Done in APA format with few errors. Includes more than 5 majors references( science journals/books/< 2 internet links) Done in APA format with some errors. Includes more than 5 majors references( science journals/books/< 2 internet links) Done in APA format with many errors. Includes 3 majors references( science journals/books/< 2 internet links) Absent/ only used internet links 15

A Reflection of Lessons from Trading Simulations

Introduction

Provide a key brief of what the trading simulation was all about.

Define trading simulations and importance to business-related professionals (Zhang, Zohren, & Roberts, 2020).

Structure of the report

Data Analysis

Analyze data from your own trading history

Give a brief history of what you did and how you did it

What informed your key decisions?

What criteria did you make in decision making?

Would you change anything now that you have gained experience on key trading strategies?

What literature did you use to inform some of your decisions?

Summary of the key takeaways from individual trading history

Demonstrate an Understanding of Trading Strategies

Define trading strategies

Mention types of trading strategies

Which key trading strategies do you regard as best practices and why?

Considerations of relevant trading issues (such as, but not limited to, profits/loss, risk, etc).

Literature review (synthesise and blend Material) on key and relevant trading issues

Key

Congruence with your own experience

Linking Personal Observations with Theory and Empirical Evidence

Why simulations vary

Behavioral aspects of trading

Profitability: What is it and how does it impact trading?

Risk: What is it and how does it impact trading?

Liquidity: What is it and how does it impact trading?

Price Impact: What is it and how does it impact trading?

What are you personal definitions of the above and how did they impact your simulation exercises?

Limitations of Simulation

Acknowledge key limitations of your simulation and analysis

How did they impact the entire exercise?

Literature Review

Introduction

Brief overview of liquidity risk

Structure of the literature review

What is Liquidity Risk?

Provide definition from the perspective of various scholars

Funding liquidity risk

Market liquidity risk

Issues in Liquidity Risk and Crisis

A liquidity crisis occurs when demand for liquidity rises while supply falls across a large number of financial institutions or other enterprises. (Discuss)

Widespread maturity mismatches across banks and other enterprises are at the basis of a liquidity crisis, resulting in a scarcity of cash and other liquid assets when they are required. (Discuss)

Large, negative economic shocks or typical cyclical fluctuations in the economy may both generate liquidity crises. (Discuss)

Sources of Liquidity Risk

Lack of Cash Flow Management. Cash flow management gives a business good visibility into potential liquidity challenges and opportunities. …

Inability to Obtain Financing.

Unexpected Economic Disruption.

Unplanned Capital Expenditures.

Profit Crisis.

Causes of Liquidity Issues

Major causes according to extant literature

Liquidity risk management 

Ways to manage liquidity risk

Key Takeaways From Review of Literature

Liquidity defined.

Liquidity risk categories

Rudimentary indicator of liquidity

References

Abdella, J., & Shuaib, K. (2018). Peer to peer distributed energy trading in smart grids: A survey. Energies, 11(6), 1560.

Abouloula, K., Habil, B. E., & Krit, S. D. (2018). Money management limits to trade by robot trader for automatic trading. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, 7(3), 195-205.

Kyriazis, N. A. (2019). A survey on efficiency and profitable trading opportunities in cryptocurrency markets. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(2), 67.

Rundo, F. (2019). Deep LSTM with reinforcement learning layer for financial trend prediction in FX high frequency trading systems. Applied Sciences, 9(20), 4460.

Tushar, W., Saha, T. K., Yuen, C., Smith, D., & Poor, H. V. (2020). Peer-to-peer trading in electricity networks: An overview. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11(4), 3185-3200.

Zhang, Z., Zohren, S., & Roberts, S. (2020). Deep reinforcement learning for trading. The Journal of Financial Data Science, 2(2), 25-40.

Zhou, Y., Wu, J., Long, C., & Ming, W. (2020). State-of-the-art analysis and perspectives for peer-to-peer energy trading. Engineering, 6(7), 739-753.

Tavana, M., Abtahi, A. R., Di Caprio, D., & Poortarigh, M. (2018). An Artificial Neural Network and Bayesian Network model for liquidity risk assessment in banking. Neurocomputing, 275, 2525-2554.

Febi, W., Schäfer, D., Stephan, A., & Sun, C. (2018). The impact of liquidity risk on the yield spread of green bonds. Finance Research Letters, 27, 53-59.

Ahamed, F. (2021). Determinants of Liquidity Risk in the Commercial Banks in Bangladesh. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(1), 164-169.

Mohammad, S., Asutay, M., Dixon, R., & Platonova, E. (2020). Liquidity risk exposure and its determinants in the banking sector: A comparative analysis between Islamic, conventional and hybrid banks. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 66, 101196.

Goodhart, C. (2008). Liquidity risk management. Banque de France Financial Stability Review, 11, 39-44.

Brunnermeier, M. K., & Yogo, M. (2009). A note on liquidity risk management. American Economic Review, 99(2), 578-83.

Cornett, M. M., McNutt, J. J., Strahan, P. E., & Tehranian, H. (2011). Liquidity risk management and credit supply in the financial crisis. Journal of financial economics, 101(2), 297-312.

Vento, G. A., & La Ganga, P. (2009). Bank liquidity risk management and supervision: which lessons from recent market turmoil. Journal of Money, Investment and Banking, 10(10), 78-125.

A report indicating what you have done, and how AJAX can be applied to your finance major and/or work

AJAX is an acronym for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It is a web technique that is made up of several programmes that are client side based. This means they work on the side of the user to create asynchronous applications that allow for effective functioning of a server (Zammetti, 2006). It allows for the computer to send and receive data and information without interfering with what is displayed on the display page. AJAX can be easily combined with HTML and CSS for better performance.

AJAX can help in increasing the rate at which information is transferred from a client to a business and vice versa. When it comes to finance, information is very important because it is used to improve on records and methods to analyze data. This is achieved because of the Asynchronous feature of the programme allows for a server to make a request to the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http), this allows for the information to be received as there are other activities going on in the front page (Zammetti, 2006). The following are some of the ways in which AJAX can be used to ease social, academic and commercial activities that affect us daily:

It makes it easier to login to pages; these may be pages that have academic or commercial related information. This is because instead of the tiresome process of looking for these pages and how to log in, AJAX offers the option of inputting the name and the password. This is the same as what is used for an email or to log in to twitter.

It allows for auto complete of the websites that one is looking for. This helps when one is not sure of the website they are looking for. It also helps in saving time that would have been used to actually type in a long address. This was greatly embraced by Google. It creates accuracy in the search engine as a computer is based on the GIGO principle.

It offers the option of voting and rating. This is important because a business gets to know how people are rating out and its products online on their website. It can also help a student in determining the best articles to read online according to the ratings. The higher the ratings the better (Powell, 2008). This also allows people to feel their opinion is being heard out there as it is put into consideration.

Social media has become the new ways for firms to market their goods and services, this is made possible by AJAX, and this is because it allows for people to update their contents on a site and social media where people can see it. This is the best way to communicate to the youths. It allows for information to flow freely to the youths who are target market of most products.

It helps to ease the form submission on the internet and has instant messaging as a feature (Powell, 2008). These forms can be job application or even handing in assignment through the internet. It has been made easier by simply allowing one to attach and send the document. Instant messages allows for instructions to be given to employees at work when the instructor is far away from the work premises.

References

Zammetti Frank, (2006), Practical Ajax Project with Java Technology, Springer Publishers, Washington D.C

Powell Thomas, (2008), AJAX: The Complete Reference, Prentice Hall Publishers, New Jersey

Binge-eating disorder is also referred to as bulimia nervosa. It is a severe eating disorder where an individual often consumes large amounts of food and tends to be unable to stop eating. Overeating is a symptom of binge-eating disorder. This disorder may manifest in an individual feeling the need to overeat after feeling stressed or depressed. An individual may also binge eat due to other psychological or emotional factors. This may be accompanied by the person feeling a loss of control or an overwhelming desire to eat during each episode. People with eating disorders are more likely to have depression and are at higher risk of developing substance use disorder (Hübel et al., 2021).

In many religions, there is a stigma attached to eating. Some people of faith feel guilty after eating due to religious beliefs around gluttony and excessive food consumption. The potential triggers or risk factors of bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder include social isolation, impulsive behaviors, personality or mood changes, depression, low self-esteem, and guilt. The biological, cognitive, and physical factors of bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder can be broken down into appetite changes (a change in desire or lack thereof), body function changes (weight gain or weight loss), brain function changes (anxiety or depression), hormones changes (lipid metabolism) and impacts on one’s sexual activities (Hübel et al., 2021).

The specific assessment for the bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder involves laboratory tests comprising thyroid profiles and serum chemistry, complete blood count with differential, and urine chemistry microscopy testing. The specific treatment for bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder involves therapy, and medication is used mainly to help combat the symptoms associated with it. When therapy sessions are combined with group classes, weight loss occurs faster and better than when therapy sessions take place alone.

Reference

Hübel, C., Abdulkadir, M., Herle, M., Loos, R. J., Breen, G., Bulik, C. M., & Micali, N. (2021). One size does not fit all. Genomics differentiates among anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge‐eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 54(5), 785-793.