Category: Uncategorized

Lodging and Resort Operations

Name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

Question 1

Hotel security departments range from a solitary employee in some small hotels to as many as twenty or more people in large establishments or large properties. In larger properties, the security operates under the supervision of a director of security. In addition, in large properties, security departments include uniformed patrol personnel that is need seen in small and some medium properties. Contracted security is the business that seek a profit by offering a host security services to businesses, institutions, and other organizations. One major advantage of in-house security is that greater control is maintained over personnel, including selection, training, and supervision, and of course, such a force is more familiar with the unique needs of the company. The other advantage is that in in-house security, security is enhanced because staff is directly employed by the building owner or manager and so security is guaranteed and so this makes the difference. Furthermore, in in-house security, the staff is recruited, screened and selected using procedures and methods stipulated and controlled by the client. Once or twice I have been a guest at a lodging property where there was a security breech.

Question 2

The efficiency of executive housekeeper determines the effectiveness of the housekeeping function. It is a formal point for the dissemination of information and communication to various points in the housekeeping department as well as other departments. There are various conditions where clear communication is important between the front office and the executive housekeeper. Since the executive housekeep has a role in up keeping of the quest rooms and hotels’ public properties, the person has to work via other employees in seeing that the job is done. In such cases, where though the consultation and allocation of other employees, and the job remains undone, the executive housekeeper has a responsibility to conduct a clear communication. A clear communication is also needed at the point where the executive housekeeper is training other employees in cleaning techniques. It is the role of the executive housekeeper to train other housekeepers and so the need for clear communication. The scheduling of employees also need clear communication.

Question 3

Security is a major element in today’s world and a vital component in most organizations. Many credible institutions have strong and reliable security systems. As a director of security, to improve security while remaining within the budget, building entrances would be the best. Planning and design can improve the safety and requirements to do this should be incorporated into the brief. Crime on institution or organization’s properties normally takes place outside the working hours and the restriction of entrance and the check would thus reduce the rate. Whenever possible, commercial, service and delivery vehicles should have a designed entry point to the site, preferably away from high-risk buildings and this can only be controlled suppose the entry is controlled ad closely monitored. Active perimeter entries should also designated so that security personnel can maintain full control without creating unnecessary delays. This can be accomplished by the provision of a sufficient number of entry points to accommodate the peak flow of pedestrians and vehicular traffic, as well as adequate lightning for rapid and efficient inspection. Controlled entries further aids in the achievement of this. The number of access points into the site should be minimized because they are a potential source of weakness in the controlled perimeter and they are costly in construction and personnel (William, 2005).

Reference

William, W. (2005). Reorganizing for National Security and Homeland SecurityVolume 62, Issue 0, Pages: 126-137

NAME

INSTITUTION

COURSE

INSTRUCTOR

DATE

Media and Traditional Gender Roles

The media has significantly influenced and shaped the societal norms and roles (Collins, 2011). Unexceptionally, Disney movies have also played an important role in conforming to as well as challenging the traditional gender norms, roles, and expectations. As a result, the traditional practices and beliefs have been shaped for the better. Over the years, The Disney characters have been used to convey important messages in simple ways (Collins, 2011). In the movies men and women are displayed in stereotypical body forms, and the characters play different roles which illustrate that they either conform or challenge the traditional practices and beliefs (Collins, 2011).

Moan is a good example of a Disney movie which challenges the societal gender roles, norms, and expectations. Moana plays a role which is dominant in the movie and her actions change the course of events by saving the Islands and saving Maui; an act which could only be attributed to a man since women ae considered as weaker than men. When Moana meets Maui, he also believes that she cannot sail with him on their journey across the dangerous seas because women are not allowed in such kinds of adventures. This is an instance where traditional gender roles are challenged because of Moana’s determination and courage. Traditionally, technical roles are limited to be performed by men, while women are expected to perform lighter tasks.

From the movie, it is clear that Moana is being directly connected to the ocean. But when we watch the film from Maui’s perspective, he also notices Moana as a woman and hence should not be sailing with him but he decides to follow her on their journey. This shows that it is not just men who are considered as stronger than women; women too can achieve anything they want.

In instances where women are expected to act submissively, Moana challenges this. According to her elders a woman should not be sailing with a man much less make decisions which they think could lead to danger. However, she is brave enough to sail on a large ship without any fears or worries about losing control of it. Traditionally, women are expected to conform to the set rules, and they should not challenge them; however, Moana challenges this when she goes to the oceans to save her family and also, when she becomes the lead in all decisions.

In the movie “Bend it like Beckham”, Jesminda the main protagonist; a 17-year-old Indian girl who wants nothing more than to play soccer professionally. This is a drastic departure from the traditional gender roles and norms of her culture, which expect women to be “docile, virtuous homemakers”. To overcome the confines of these expectations and stereotypes, we see Beckham’s character rebel in subtle ways. First, she is a soccer player, athlete, and not a wife or mother. Traditionally, the society celebrates women as mother and housewife at the expense of all else; thus, the character turns to be the opposite of what she is expected to be according to the society. Secondly, Jesminda wears unsuitable clothes that are uncharacteristic of the dress associated with her culture. She also plays soccer against boys and joins in games even when it is not appropriate for girls to play. By breaking out of these confinements and living her own life we see many other characters have an awakening as well. In other words, Jesminda is a symbol for the shift of power; from men to women. She does not want to be like her father, who sees his daughter as simply a woman who is expected to cater to him and his family. Her rebellion is not only against her father but against the traditional gender roles and expectations of the society. The society tries to discourage her efforts while she struggles on wearing pants and playing soccer. The mode of dressing is often influenced by the traditional norms, where women are restricted from wearing other clothes; thus, by choosing to wear pants, the movie character challenges the societal gender norm.

References

Collins, R. L. (2011). Content analysis of gender roles in media: Where are we now and where should we go?. Sex roles, 64(3), 290-298. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-010-9929-5

Media Bias

Name

Institution

Date

Abstract

When we talk of media bias, it is generally how often most media companies fail to report accurate information and only reports what they deem fit. In the 21st century where media has grown to include social media and we no longer have to wait for news bulleting to understand what is going on as we can get the information on what is happening in real time. It is for a fact that despite being tasked with the role of reporting accurately, most are also in the business of getting the highest number of viewership because it is good for their business. It is no longer a matter of accurate reporting but rather who will be the first to put the information out there. The greatest factor when it comes to media bias is fake news. The world fake news has often been used around to show the information that usually spreads with misinformation. In the current world we live in, information is easily shared through the social media platforms. However, fake news has been known to cause a lot of harm to a country including tainting a bad picture of a country. Fake news leads to misinformation of the public hence damaging the society as they received biased news. This paper will delve into the extent of media bias especially spread of misinformation and inaccurate news just to up their ranking and viewership

Name

Instructor

Course

Date

Media As A Shaper To Public Opinion On Government Activities

A greater percentage of information received and used today is relayed through the media. Today in the democratic society, there are critical roles plays by the media. Primarily, the media is expected to relay information to the public for them to make independent decisions. When one talks about the media, it can be newspapers, magazines, television programs, radio programs and social media sites. The media can give both correct and wrong information depending on the target audience, the director of the content and who is relaying the information. Through relaying of news, setting up of public forums, facilitating community building and finding solutions to societal problems, the media has helped shape public opinion on current government.

First, the media influences public opinion through the spread of news. The public obtains its news from the media and some people are vulnerable to the news whether right or wrong and some cannot differentiate the two. After being given an update on what is happening for example, president X offered support to a group of students at Harvard. The public then can make conclusions on the qualities of this president and the next time they are told to vote they will vote depending on what they were told by the media (O’shaughnessy and Jane 94). For instance, if the media becomes biased and does not air out the negative side of a given politician, less people will be aware of this fact and will give positive feedback on such a leader. Indeed, it is what the people are told that they use it to make decisions such as voting and rioting to remove a leader.

Further, the media shapes public opinion by setting up forums to discuss matters affecting the society/ nation and the type of leaders the people chose. Through these forums, people raise their views on their leaders, discuss them in detail and give a final vote whether a given leader is doing what is expected of him or her. In most cases, television channels will always arrange discussion forums with politicians and leaders where they discuss a certain topic for example; how well the government uses the public resources? It is from such discussions that people know the type of leaders they have elected to represent them (Wolfsfeld 2). Debates on media platforms shapes public opinion and later contribute to democracy since from the forums leaders are able to create an image of who they are. Without the debates and public forums, it is hard to know the characteristics of the leaders we elect.

Also, the media facilitates community building which in turn, affects the public opinion.by community building, it implies that the media educates the public on certain matters. For example, a certain media house can decide to teach people on qualities of a good leader. Through the teachings, people are able to judge politicians are later determining whether they are good leaders or not. Further, the same media houses are the ones who help in aiding community programs such as food aid and other programs. Through the programs the people are able to realize the gaps in the community and that their leaders have failed (Subrahmanyam and David 7). The media has played a great role in finding solutions to societal problems such as insecurity, drug abuse, poverty, lack of employment among other problems. These are the problems which leaders promise to solve but fail in the end. When the media highlights such problems other areas are made aware of what is happening in the country. Airing out problems in the society and how some have been solved influences the public opinion on the government and its leaders.

Not to forget, the media can be deceiving sometimes by airing out wrong information to the public. When such things happen, the government is always involved. There are some issues when told to the public they can affect unity thus they are not said. What is sad is that the public will always find out whether early enough or when it is too late. For example, there are dark secrets of the government that should not be told to the public, but at some point one person decides to leak them out which then can be used by the public against the government. Some media houses deceive the public by airing out what they are old and leaving important information that can cause problems. That is wrong since when one decides to inform the public, they should give all the information and let the people make their choices wisely.

Also, politicians use media platforms to market themselves which can be deceiving or not. There was a case during the 2016 campaigns where YouTube would redirect users to videos about candidate X (Besley and Burgess 633). When one makes a single search about a certain candidate, they could be given five or more videos and without realizing, one would get glued to watch more. Politicians use the media to tell people what they what to and asks them to hide other details. For example, when one is giving a press address, the video has to be edited to ensure the best part is given to the people. In short the press is used by the leaders to manipulate the public on what they feel it is right.

Conclusively, the press can choose to guide the people in the right direction or mislead them. The public take what they are told by the media seriously and through the information, they make decisions which can be long-term and short term. Democracy is the freedom to choose leaders and this can be interfered by the media when they give misleading information to the public to favour certain leaders or party. The media should be true to the public by giving the right information without hiding what they feel will affect the people’s unity or trust on certain leaders. There is freedom of press which should be utilised to give the people the information needed. All in all, the press does well in informing the public since it is the information given that affects public opinion on government and leaders.

Works Cited

Subrahmanyam, Kaveri, and David Smahel. Digital youth: The role of media in development. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.

Besley, Timothy, and Robin Burgess. “Political agency, government responsiveness and the role of the media.” European Economic Review 45.4-6 (2001): 629-640.

O’shaughnessy, Michael, and Jane Stadler. Media and society: An introduction. Oxford University Press: Australia, 2002.

Wolfsfeld, Gadi. Making sense of media and politics: Five principles in political communication. Routledge, 2011.

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Media biasness has been an issue that has been affecting the mainstream media for a long time. Some of the media stations are caught broadcasting some irrelevant news to their audience, and this can be termed as lack of objectivity. Lack of content by the media stations has contributed to such incidences making the journalists add their perspective regarding the story rather than providing the details of the event as they happened.

One of the issues that shocked the American nation is the news regarding just passed presidential elections in the United States. During the presidential debates, Donna Brazile was caught with the allegations of helping the Democratic candidate by leaking some of the questions that were expected to be asked during the presidential debate through an email. Various sources covered the story, though, with the main aim, they also differed in the content to which was provided.

1. Politico magazine:

Title: Brazile: Leaking town hall topics to Clinton campaign ‘mistake I will forever regret.’

Source- Retrieved from: https://www.politico.com/story/2017/03/donna-brazile-hillary-clinton-leak-regret-236184The story was covered by Aidan Quigley on 17th march of 2027. The author of the post was not much biased as the article is short and brief providing all the necessary coverage about the story. The narration is full of paraphrases and direct quotations from the person’s mouth and therefore cannot be termed to be biased. There is almost no contribution by the author concerning the issue apart from the introductory paragraph that the author uses to introduce the event. Despite the author restraining from being biased, he then provides other irrelevant details rather than about the leakage where he says that “the broadcasting organization CNN dropped Brazile as a contributor after the revelations”. This article, therefore, can be termed to have less biasness.

2. Washington Examiner

Title: Donna Brazile finally admits she shared debate questions with Clinton campaign

Source- Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/donna-brazile-finally-admits-she-shared-debate-questions-with-clinton-campaignThe story was written by Eddie Scarry on March 17th of 2017. The author of the story provides much of his contribution to the story. One of the occasions that the author provides his explanation is “For months, Brazile has avoided confirming that hacked emails from the campaign showed her forwarding the questions, which were asked at separate debates. But in a new essay for Time magazine looking back on the hackings, she said it was true.” The quotation is an explanation by the author about the past denial by Brazile that she had leaked the questions and here there is no incidence of the direct quotes from the victim implying that the author also contributed to providing their information and analysis. Through providing these analyses, the author gets out of the topic and therefore can be termed as being biased. Most of the other work is a rephrase of Brazile quotes while others have been directly quoted from her words. The post, therefore, is no heavily biased as still despite getting out of topic a bit, the author provides related information to the topic though not relevant for the moment.

3. ABC News

Title: Donna Brazile: Passing potential town hall topics to Clinton camp ‘a mistake I will forever regret.’

Source- Retrieved from: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donna-brazile-passing-debate-questions-clinton-camp-mistake/story?id=46218677The story was covered by David Caplan on March 18th of 2017. The story gives accounts concerning the allegations of Brazile leaking questions to the Democratic presidential aspirant Hillary Clinton. The first two introductory sentences can be termed irrelevant though has some contributions to the story. The first comment by the author is “Former interim Democratic National Committee chairperson Donna Brazile has for months been dodging questions about passing along potential topics to Hillary Clinton’s staff in advance of a CNN town hall — but now, she’s speaking out and calling the misstep “a mistake I will forever regret.” Here, the author can be seen providing his contribution to the story of which can be termed as being biased.

In another sentence, the author continues to tell their story which are not direct words nor rephrases of Brazile’s quotations. “Emails from Clinton campaign Chair John Podesta’s account were released in October by WikiLeaks showing that the then-CNN contributor had forwarded potential topics ahead of a town hall last spring.” The author, therefore, provides narrations that he perceives to be relevant rather than providing the direct accounts regarding the information of admission by Brazile considering that the main topic is about Brazile admission of leaking information and therefore we expect much of the story to be her quotations. However, the rest of the story has been rephrased with other parts being in direct quotations. By providing his accounts, the site can, therefore, be termed to be biased.

4. The Washington Times

Title: Donna Brazile admits leaking debate questions to Clinton camp: ‘A mistake I will forever regret.’

Source- Retrieved from: https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/mar/17/donna-brazile-admits-leaking-debate-questions-to-c/The story was covered by Douglas Ernest on March 17th, 2017. The author as well in this narration has provided his own story rather than providing the direct quotations from Brazile, and this has been added to lengthen the story. The added story “Stolen DNC documents that were published by Wikileaks during the 2016 U.S. election season revealed Ms. Brazile’s efforts to assist Ms. Clinton’s campaign, but she ignored or denied the charges — until now. Although she told ex-Fox News star Megyn Kelly on Oct. 19 that Wikileaks dealt in “doctored” emails, the former DNC head said Friday that the emails were “a mistake I will forever regret.” The author adds this part of the narration as his contribution to the story making the news source be biased in a way.

From the above stories, we can, therefore, assert that most of the authors or reporters of the stories are subjected to being biased, and this mostly happens by the authors giving their contributions either directly or indirectly to the story. Most of the authors provide an addition to lengthen the story and to make it seem credible rather than keeping it short and brief to point.

Data Communication Networks

Author

Institution

Additional information on the equipment required for the upgrade

Local Area Network requirements

Considering that the Law firm has grown to occupy two floors, its operations cannot continue being operated on Stand-Alone Computers. It is imperative that a local area network (LAN) is installed so as to allow for the migration from legacy systems to a web-based operating system. This is the only way that the operations of the law firm can be synchronized. A local area network has the advantage of enhancing file transfers and sharing resources such as printers, disks, and internet connection (Schwalbe, 2010). In cases where a wireless local area network is used, mobility is enhanced, not to mention allowing for discussions mainly when computers are remote. While the Law firm has the option of putting in place a wireless network (that uses WiFi technology), a wired network (founded on Ethernet Technology) would be recommended. The following items would be required.

23 new computers- as much as the company has computers, they would be incapable of supporting the new operating systems. While it is not required that “heavy” operating system be installed, it would be recommended that

Network adapter- network adapters allows computers to connect to the network by converting computer data to electronic signals. Most present-day computers incorporate network adapters that are integrated in their motherboards (Schwalbe, 2010). It is worth noting, however, that early computers such as the ones used in the law firm did not have this function in which case the network adaptor has to be bought separately and fitted to the expansion slot on their motherboards.

Network medium- considering that the law firm will be using a wired network, it is required that cables whose length can allow for the connection of computers in both floors. The cable to be used, in this case, is the “Unshielded Twisted Pair” also called “Ethernet cable” or simply “Ethernet cable”.

Power supply- this would be needed irrespective of the type of network that the company chooses. It allows the cabled network to send data that is interpreted as electronic pulse.

Cable Connectors- RJ45 is the most commonly used form of connector in wired networks. Computers that have networking capabilities must have RJ54 ports, also called Ethernet port or network ports.

Router/switch/ hub- considering that the local area network will essentially be a wired network, the computers would be unable to connect to the others without a splinter. Hubs are an advanced form of a splinter that repeats signals that come to one of the ports out to the other ports (Schwalbe, 2010). Cables would then move from its ports to the computer. Switch comes as more sophisticated than hubs as they send signals to the computer than has the address written on the incoming message. Routers, however, have the capacity to forward messages across the world. For this law firm, four routers would be needed each with 8 ports to ensure that each of the 23 computers has a cable connecting it to the network.

Network software- the network software on the communicating computer would package data into segments, as well as put the data into structures referred to as packets. The header of the packet has the destination and the source of the packet written on it. It is imperative that the receiving computer interprets the packets into meaningful data and take it to the appropriate application (Schwalbe, 2010).

Other Software Required: Cloud storage

Legal Management Software

In migrating the operations of the company from a legacy-based to a web-based platform, it is imperative that the law firm obtains legal management software that provides distinctive to enable automation of the core processes in its different departments or units (Schwalbe, 2010). The components should have the capacity to work together in order to establish an end-to-end legal management process. Alternatively, they may function as individual software applications that integrate with the existing payroll, accounting and case systems (Schwalbe, 2010).

While varied software applications may be appropriate, it is recommended that the law firm obtains CLIO, a practice management, client collaboration, time & billing platform that allows for secure access to client data from anywhere. This would not only allow synchronization and accuracy in the billing and payroll operations, but also enhance accountability. It comes with six features that would be useful in enhancing the management processes in the web-based platform. It allows for time tracking, task scheduling, simplified billing, 256-bit SSL encryption for security, document management capabilities for ease and accuracy, not to mention the fact that it is entirely web-based.

Alternatively, it could obtain Rocket Matter, a web-based practice and time management software product that comes with capabilities such as calendaring, invoicing, expense, task, and time tracking, phone messaging, matter-based ledgering, mobile access, documentation management, conflict checking, contact management, mobile access and time-tracking timer among other features.

Irrespective of the software chosen, it should have the capacity for Time, Billing and Invoicing, Electronic Signatures, client and case management, Virtual Law Office Services, document management, remote access, Online Document Storage and Backup, and Encrypted Email and Document Exchange. These will ensure accuracy of the information in the payroll, tracking the activities of the lawyers and allowing for easy correction of any mistakes that may arise in the entries. The lawyers would also have access codes through which they can log in and make any queries and entries pertaining to their billing and payroll, thereby enhancing satisfaction (Schwalbe, 2010).

References

Schwalbe, K. (2010). Information technology Project Management. Boston, MA: Course Technology/Cengage Learning.

Bilingual Language Teaching Discussion

Learning a second language can be for students as it helps them communicate with students from other languages. Being the bilingual curriculum administrator for the local school, I would emphasize the change of the school’s curriculum and change the second language implementation model. For example, an individual can quickly learn a second language if they can relate to the visuals related to that language. In such a case, teachers should focus on visuals and manipulatives as having a diverse range of authentic resources like menus, bus schedules, postcards, photos, and video clips can help a student easily grasp and understand the new language concepts. Learning a language begins with the most familiar terms, such as names of things that students relate to, such as bus tickets, greetings, and postcards. Some names might seem obvious, but it’s a huge step towards learning a new language to the students.

Every student has different learning and understanding capabilities, which can be attributed to the student’s needs. Understanding the need of each student will help provide person-centered teaching to help the students quickly learn the second language. Based on this, I would divide the children separately based on what language they will be learning. It would be difficult for students to master the language if they were exposed to so many distractions. Different vocabularies from different languages may impede the comprehension abilities of the student. For example, it is impossible to teach English, French, and German in the same class as not all students are taking those classes. Therefore, it would be effective if the teacher separated the students based on the language they seek to learn.

Helping children easily understand the language means teaching things they can easily relate to, including names of foods and toys and naming them with the new language. To begin with, students will start by learning how to pronounce words from the new language and later merge the words to form sentences and paragraphs. Based on this, my curriculum will involve visuals such as images and video clips and also learning how to pronounce the words as the first steps to learning the new language.

Student’s Name

Instructors Name

Course Tittle

Date

A Raisin in the Sun Essay Analysis Paper

A Raisin in the Sun play is basically about dreams. The leading actors attempt so hard to deal with the tyrannical situations that govern their lives. The name of the tragedy allusions an assumption that Langston Hughes superbly modeled in a poem he transcribed about dreams that were put off or forgotten. At the center of Hansberry’s ‘A Raisin in the Sun’ is the general dispatch of the yearning for social growth in the middle of the varying viewpoints on how to attain it. A Raisin in the Sun is a tragedy about an African American household aiming to move past disenfranchisement and segregation in 1950s Chicago (Danica, 228). The central themes in A Raisin in the Sun are race, selfishness, and dreams. Every person in the tragedy has a dream. However, accomplishing someone’s dreams shows a complicated striving, particularly when aspects like gender, class, and race interfere. A Raisin in the Sun play represents the life of an African-American household of Youngers residing in Southern Chicago during the 1950s. It starts with the Youngers getting ready to get $ 10,000 for insurance from his life insurance course of action. Consequently, all grownup affiliates of the family have planned for the cash, with every person having different viewpoints on spending the money.

The tragedy develops various thematic perceptions, such as issues with conflicting expectations, family strength, and prejudice and stereotyping (Danica, 229). The play can be analyzed through the close study of character and scenes improvement in addition to the examination of the structure, language choices, and symbolism. One understands the play to develop understanding in addition to analyze some poetry.

Dreams have a great significance in A Raisin in the Sun, with the tragedy’s designation from a 1951 Langston Hughes poem named Montage of a Dream Deferred. In the poem, part of which works as its epigraph, the poet enquires, “What happens to a dream deferred?” thinking whether it shrinks up “like a raisin in the sun” or explodes. The author’s open question generates Hansberry’s book’s foundation, with conflicting and intertwined ambitions of the Youngers moving the tragedy’s plot. All the personalities cling to different dreams that have long been delayed due to socioeconomic limits put on the family by racism. These dreams’ tenacity gives the play a pervasive logic of hope, regardless of the results of the prediction of upcoming fights for the household in Clybourne Park.

A vital feature in the Younger family, self-esteem exerts a uniting power all the way through the play. Mama shows pride in her family’s context and attempts to instill in her broods a sense of respect for their ancestors, who were Southern slaves and sharecroppers. Mrs. Johnson censures the family as “one proud-acting bunch of colored folks,” the family holds fast to its ancestral dignity, an heirloom it considers to be more significant. In 1959 many of the United States, including Chicago, remained de facto separated, signifying that racial separation continued in employment, education, and housing even though the Supreme Court had overturned segregation that was established by law as unconstitutional. Set in de facto ghettoized Chicago, his tragedy comes from the author’s personal life, for example, her family’s experience with housing discrimination in 1930s Chicago. 

A Raisin in the Sun is rife with conflicts: gender conflicts, generational conflicts, ideological conflicts, and maybe most significant conflicts of dreams, which are at the focus of the play. By putting three generations in the same cramped quarters, Hansberry emphasizes some of the vital modifications between age and youth intensely (Chapman, 446). Mama Younger’s uneasiness is continually for the health of her broods. She wants to give for Beneatha’s schooling and get a contented home for the household. She and her hubby, Big Walter, had fought to make life better and for the children. Although he had worked himself to death, he had taken out the $10,000 life insurance policy as security for them.

Walter Lee and Beneatha, conversely, are more self-interested in their concerns. Beneatha misuses money on frisky hunts and dedicates her attention to her relationships. At the same time, Walter is oblivious to everyone else’s requirements, with the possible exception of his son, in his mania with the dream of turning out to be a businessman (Nathaniel, 27). In archetypal childlike fashion, Travis influences all the adults in the play to attain his personal ends. Conceptual conflicts also thrive, nourishing the central theme of the novel. Beneatha, having been newly exposed to some fundamental concepts in the university setting, has left the God-focused Christian conviction of her mother and has comprised atheism, or at least secular humanism. The main clang between these two ideologies results from a dramatic scene in which Mama forces Beneatha to admit, at least in words, the presence of God by imposing her to repeat the saying, “In my mother’s house, there is always God.”

Works Cited

Čerče, Danica. “Race and politics in the twentieth-century Black American play: Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun.” Neohelicon 46.1 (2019): 227-239.

Chapman, Erin D. “Staging Gendered Radicalism at the Height of the US Cold War: A Raisin in the Sun and Lorraine Hansberry’s Vision of Freedom.” Gender & History 29.2 (2017): 446-467.

Nesmith, Nathaniel G., et al. “A Raisin in the Sun at 0: A Conversation.” Text & Presentation, 2019 16 (2020): 27.

Big Auto DriveECON/GM 561University of PhoenixBig Auto DriveAbstract

The automotive industry is a major force in the global market; it produces more than 60 million cars every year (Industry Week Magazine). Doe to the present financial crisis, the automotive industry sees their sales growth have reduced drastically over the years. Two major contributing factors are new entry into the market and high unemployment rates in countries such as Canada. With the never-ending global economic crisis, emphasis has been laid for stronger economic policies to improve standards of living from the slowdown in productivity growth. Predicting economic futures accurately is essential to ensure that individual organizations choose the best business alternatives.

Introduction

Big Drive Auto is a dealership company in Canada; they sell various cars and trucks from different manufacturers around the world. The company also provides a full maintenance services, sells parts for repairs and does a significant business in motor oil, coolant, and replacement tires. Management of Big Drive Auto is also scanning the macroeconomic environment for signals that will help it better plan its business (UOPM, 2012). The objective of this paper is to evaluate macroeconomic measures of Canada against which Big Drive must use to compare its own sales and price data. The paper will also evaluate any relationship between the two, and graphs will be used to explain the existing relationships. Suggestions will be made about how Big Drive Auto could use these relationships to better plan its operations (UOPM, 2012).

Evaluating Market Size of Canada

The Automotive Industry in Canada is a major contributor of the country’s manufacturing GDP (12%) and mark up of 24 % of manufacturing trade (Canada’s Automotive Industry, 2007). As the third major exporter of automotive products in the world, the country produces both light and heavy duty vehicles and also manufactures wide varieties of automotive parts and systems. The industry can also boast of an advance vehicle network system capable of supplying replacement parts and accessories and a top of the class distribution system (Canada’s Automotive Industry, 2003). The industry is also integrated into NAFTA, giving it free trade among the other two members the United States and Mexico. Canada is globally competitive with positive trade balance, the automobile industry is a major contributor to the Canadian economy, employing over half a million people (Canada’s Automotive Industry, 2003). This makes Canada a lucrative market for Big Auto Drive to conduct it business operations. The table below show the number of cars produces in Canada in 2011.

Production by source Total number of Automobile produced

Car 801,039

Light truck 445,868

Medium/Heavy Load truck 63,811

Total 1,301,718

Source: Ward’s AutoInfoBank Economic Trends

Economic growth can be measured as (a) an increase in real GDP over time or (b) an increase in real GDP per capita over time (McConnell & Brue, 2004). The Global meltdown has influenced the Automotive Industry in Canada in the last couple of years. The sales of new automobiles dropped significantly over the years creating loss in total revenues for manufacturers and dealers as well. Economic growth in Canada has been restrained by large drops in auto assemblies. The recent volatility of auto production in Canada is in marked contrast with the United States. Auto output in Canada tumbled 23% in December, about two-thirds due to customers changing car models and one-third to weaker sales in the United States (Statistics Canada, 2010).

Competitive Market

Foreign competition held down wages and price hikes in the automobiles industries, because it falls under oligopoly market structure, anti-competitive cooperation may exist is this market. Developing a strong advertising campaign is an important part of the competition and will give Big Auto Drive a competitive edge over its competitors.

Macroeconomic Measures of Canada GDP against Big Drive Auto

Coordination of macroeconomic policies is a frequent issue for the leading industrial economies. This is vital, because even when country like Canada has experienced remarkable economic growth over time, high unemployment or inflation has sometimes been a problem. The primary measure of the economy’s performance is its annual total output of goods and services or, as it is called, its aggregate output also known as GDP (McConnell & Brue, 2004).

The GDP of Canada and Big Drive Auto business activities have a correlation. The Canadian GDP has a steady growth from 1998 to 2007; the graph bellowing will illustrate this information.

When comparing Big Auto Drive sales of vehicle during the same period to Canadian GDP, there is an increase in the number of automobile sold during the same time period. The graph below illustrates the sales of vehicle for the company.

Sales increase from 139 units sold in 1998 to 163 in 2007 correlates to the Canadian GDP during the same 10 year period. Although there has been a total increase during this period, there was a decline in units sold from 1999 to 2001 and a very small yearly decrease from 2003 to 2006. Big Drive Auto should price the products based on the current average prices of competing products.

Whilst Canada experienced GDP growth from 1998 to 2007, the country experienced a change in annual GDP during the period from 1998 to 2007, which correlates closely with the BDA vehicle price index. As a result of the fluctuation in vehicle price index and the annual GDP change, it can be assumed that this is the reason for the BDA decline in vehicle sales during the two periods between 1998 and 2007. The graph below explains:

Economists believe that the immediate causes of cyclical changes in the level of real output is the changes in the level of total spending (McConnell and Brue, 2004). If the country’s GDP decreases, it causes the unemployment rate to increase. From the GDP based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP), there is slight rise and fall, which is contrary to the Canadian GDP that is steadily rising from 1998 to 2007. To measure economic growth in Canada, an increase in real GDP and the real GDP per capital must occur over some time period (McConnell & Brue, 2004). Growth in the auto industry would therefore result in an increase in the real GDP over time. Consumers in Canada will purchase less with the increase in incomes coming from the increasing in GDP. With an effective market strategy, the company was able to sell more automobiles to its customers from 1998 and 2007.

Inflation

The current state of the Canadian economy requires businesses to do extensive research before setting prices for their products. When evaluating the macroeconomic measures of Canada and the company’s outputs and prices, the following factors must be considered: the Consumer Price Index can be used to measure the company’s prices as compare to Canada, so that the company can sell its products at that level where it will generate economic profits.

Since 2000, Canada CPI was stable; it was after the start of the economic crisis in 2007, that the index starts to fluctuate. In correlation with the core consumer price index, the vehicle price index is another source that will provide adequate information on pricing for the sale of the various automobile the company has in stock. Comparable to the core consumer price index, automobile prices were stable over the past decade. Decreases between 2000, and 2003, were followed by very mild increases.

The graph below depicts the core consumer price index for 2000 to 2010.

The rate of inflation, interest rates, and unemployment rates are determinants of the economic climate in Canada and play a role in pricing of consumer products. Keeping up with economic indicators will be influential in planning for the company’s success in the long run.

Conclusion

As the global economy toys with a double recession, austerity measures bites hard, the impact is on the consumer, managing business operation through this financial meltdown will help the company meet its goals. Demand for car and trucks have a tendency to to be interest rate sensitive, making the automobile industry one of the leading indicators of business cycles (www.forex-brokerage-firms.com).To earned economic profits and have a competitive edge in the industry, the company must develop a strategic plan that will make the company stand out and position itself for any of the possible economic business cycles. Big Auto Drive must implement a strategic control plan that will help track their strategies as it is being implemented, this will help the company detect various problems or changes in its underlying premises, and make necessary adjustments (Pearce and Robinson, 2011).

References:

Gerber, J. (2008). International Economics (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

McConnell, C. R. & Brue, S. L. (2005). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin

University of Phoenix material Big Auto Drive (2012)

http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/auto-auto.nsf/eng/am02360.html

http://www.academon.com/Essay-Competition-in-the-Automobile-Industry/27288

https://www.bea.gov/scb/account_articles/international/1097srv/maintext.htm

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080522/dq080522c-eng.htm

A QUANTITATIVE CASE STUDY

by [Name]

Course

Professor’s Name

Institution

Location of Institution

Date

A Quantitative Case Study

Introduction

Sustainability awareness and related issues are increasingly becoming the point of concern for organizational managers, mainly in the industrial sector. Increased governmental efforts for sustainability in terms of policies and regulations have forced many organizations to embrace sustainability in order to sustain their competitive advantage in the markets (Kannan et al. 2014, p.195). Currently, organizational managers have prioritized actions related to sustainability in almost every operational sector, and it is becoming part of the administrative objectives. The automobile industry is one of the industries that have embraced the idea of sustainability due to enormous pressure from environmental policies and standards (Kremer et al. 2016, p.2071). The need for sustainability in supplies has increased the level of competition and, consequently, the performance level of most business organizations. Thus, organizational managers should conduct sustainable supplier selection as an effective way of minimizing cost, improving the attention given to the workers, enhancing environmental protection measures, among others. Sustainable supplier selection allows the system of the company to control and develop permanent relationships with the suppliers.

Taking a case of automobile manufacturer “the Renault Group of Iran,” the company has a lot of hurdles in its attempt to comply with the regulations on achieving sustainability due to the dynamic nature of the rules within the last ten years. The conditions for sustainability as the role of human rights care and greening have been considerably tightened within the past decade hence affecting the strategic objectives of the company. It is also noted that sustainability matters have had significant challenges on the entire strategy of the company, competition tactics, and organizational performance. Renault Group has both local and international suppliers, but it has restricted criteria for selecting suppliers in terms of quality, cost, and architectural designs (Renault, 2016). The compare now faces a challenge in selecting sustainable supplier evaluation criteria and the best method of ranking the supplier. Therefore, the company needs to conduct the supplier sustainability evaluation criteria to develop a comprehensive and most suitable model that will help in combating sustainability issues facing the company. This paper seeks to develop a multi-criteria model that is considered most suitable for evaluating sustainable performance and ranking of the suppliers in the Renault Group Company.

Literature Review

Different research studies have been evaluated under different pressures and from a different point of view to achieve a more reliable model for decision-making. The multi-criteria decision-making models (MCDM) are utilized in decision making alongside conflicting, multiple, and criteria approach (Kumar 2017, p.598). It is considered that any car bought by the customer is qualified in terms of price, safety, size, comfort, and design, taking from a personal point of view. In a business organization, the problems associated with MCDM are complex and profound; for example, in continents like Europe, most organizations carry-out self-assessment using the criteria and sub-criteria approach in the European Foundation for Quality Management to establish quality supplier ranking and evaluation models. Most of the industrial organizations such as Renault Group procure departments so as to satisfy the requirements of suppliers (Govindan et al. 2013, p. 69). It is achieved using extensive criteria based on quality administration, financial stability, and after-sale revenues.

There exist several strategies and models that researchers have put forward to help in the ranking and evaluation of suppliers. A research conducted by Ho et al., (2010)indicates that most of the sustainability models applied by businesses generated through DEA, TOPSIS, ANP and other comprehensive models based on MCDM and AI models. Mohammed et al. (2018) and Aouadni, Rebai and Turskis (2017) developed a model based on the TOPSIS criteria to evaluate suppliers and selecting the best performing among them. The close association between cost, quality, and delivery were established as the best evaluation criteria for assessing the suppliers. The outcomes showed that fuzzy models are the most suitable approach to containing uncertainties.

In a quantitative study conducted by Rezaei et al., (2014) on AHP criteria for choosing the best performing supplier in the retail airline sector. The model generated was considered beneficial in two ways; first, it used as a conjunctive screening method and second in the selection of the best supplier. Govindian et al. (2013) postulated that a TOPSIS model applicable in a Fuzzy setting to help in the selection of sustainable suppliers. First, the model assessed the mechanisms and metrics associated with each sustainability attribute. Second, the ranking of the suppliers was made possible through the collection of a set of data. A research conducted by Büyüközkan et al. (2011) led to the proposition of a model to evaluate and rank the sustainability performance of the suppliers based on the ANP criteria in a fuzzy environment. The framework not only evaluates the performance of the suppliers but also sustains the degree of consistency in the assessment.

Sustainable supplier criteria model is a criterion that assists procurement managers to control and carry out payment of the supplied materials, acquire information on cash inflow and outflow. The evaluation criteria for supplier sustainability are the primary concern for companies like the Renault group that aspires change to green procurement management. SSCM is achieved through minimization and alleviation of the negative impacts that the procurement process has on the environment. It is also achieved through the organization’s sustainability and environmental performance, as indicated by the suppliers.

The research conducted by Govindan et al. (2013) through a survey on the literature review indicated that the environmental sustainability model is the most applied criterion to achieve green supply. Based on social sustainability, a range of criteria from different research findings were evaluated and summarized as long-working hours, human rights, discrimination, information disclosure, health and safety, employment practices and the rights of the company’s stakeholders (Ghadimi et al., 2014; Amindoust et al., 2012; Azadi et al., 2015).

Research by Vahdani et al. (2012) claims that ranking the suppliers is the practice of evaluating their performance using the best supplier evaluation criteria. The outcomes of this process is an independent and objective evaluation of the performance of the supplier and whether they satisfy the conditions of the company in acceptable ways. Additionally, Govindan et al. (2013) asserted that the ranking of the suppliers is based on the supplier evaluation model. Suppliers are ranked based on their satisfaction with the conditions required by the company, for example, in terms of cost, quality, delivery period, green production, and social privileges of the employees. The suppliers are usually ranked by their respective companies from the worst to the best according to the performance level required by the company. Reviewed literature shows that suppliers’ ranking could be realized in the form of rewards or some form of clearance of certification. Ranking of the suppliers is a crucial managerial process that is useful in decision making. Decision –making processes needs the application of different qualitative and quantitative analysis. However, the main aim of the process is to determine the best supplier that is able to fulfill the needs of the company based on the most appropriate criteria. The Decision-making problem is a critical issue for the procurement department, a type of MCDM issue which needs MCDM techniques to achieve an effective solution. The best solution to a decision-making issue is also considered to contribute positively to the performance of the entire supply chain of the company.

Research Methodology

A survey was carried out to assess the credibility and performance of supplier sustainability criteria and the sub-criteria proposed in various research findings. A formal questionnaire was created with the main aim of establishing the most suitable sustainability criteria and sub-criteria in supply chain management. The questionnaire used to entail some open as well as closed questions. The closed questions were aimed at giving the respondent a directive on how to answer specific questions. The open questions aimed to provide the respondent with a room for giving personal opinions about the subject. The questionnaire developed was made up of three major parts, namely: environmental, social, and economic criteria, including the sub-criteria of each category. The environmental category was made up of five main criteria and twenty sub-criteria. The social category was made up of four main criteria and thirteen sub-criteria. The economic category consisted of six main criteria and fifteen sub-criteria. The questionnaire required the interviewees to give a number to every sub-criterion highlighted to evaluate their significance and suitable SSCM. The significance level indicates the magnitude of the perceived significance given to a particular sub-criteria, whereas suitability indicates if the level of suitability in their application or performance. A Likert scale was created with numbers ranging between 1 and 5, with 5 representing the highest score and 1 is the lowest score.

In terms of ranking the suppliers, a qualitative research method was used to analyze the most suitable MCDM model. This method entails a secondary research method whereby information given by other authors, and research expert is applied in the review of the topic. To conduct this type of research, a qualitative method of analysis consisting of four procedures is adopted to make use of the literature review content that was accessed. The four procedures applied in the research methodology can be explained as follows:

Step 1: The extent of the review on this section is restricted to scholarly articles, peer-reviewed journals, educational websites, and other online published works. Academic articles with information on the MCDM model and its application were also utilized. The online search for contents related to the topic was searched using a keyword search strategy. Keywords such as MCDM methods, SSCM methods, supply chain sustainability, and supplier evaluation criteria were used. The application of official databases such as EBSCO, ProQuest allowed for easy access to the required content. The application of method-specific and non-specific terms like MCDM and SCM was also given due consideration.

Step 2: The choice of the articles and information to be applied in the study should range within the required time-frame. In this study, the articles and online materials used were produced within the last ten years. The consideration of the content’s year of production helps in ensuring the credibility and relevance of the information provided.

Step 3: Not all online materials accessed by the search engines are relevant to the objectives of the study. Therefore, it is good to select only those that match the objectives of the study. In this study, however, only those that deal with supplier sustainability evaluation on SSCM and MCDM models are considered relevant.

Step 4: This final stage comprises of the review of the ideas and contents provided by research and online articles. Paying attention to every detail provided by the material is essential to ensure the quality, credibility, and suitability of the information reviewed.

The case study of this quantitative research is the Renault Group Company. It is a vehicle automobile manufacturing company based in Iran, although the mother company was located in France. The company’s procurement department was chosen as the sample population for this research study. The reason for choosing this company is; first, because of the accessibility of information concerning the company’s supply chain. Second is because the procurement department conducts all the sourcing operations of the company.

Case study Findings and Analysis

The Renault Group (company) is a France based manufacturer of automobile which was founded by Louis Renault, Fernand Renault, and Marcel Renault in 1899. The company is involved in the manufacture of several types of vehicles ranging from motor cars to trucks and electric rail cars (Renault 2016). Renault formed an alliance in 1999 with Nissan Motor Company, and Renault took over 54% of Nissan’s stock, which is now rated as the fourth largest automobile company. Renault has also formed alliances with many other companies from across the world. Renault’s operations in Iran began more than four decades ago after the production of the first model in 1976. After that, Renault experienced numerous challenges in local production and ultimately stopping its operations until 1990, when a regional manufacturer began manufacturing Renault 5 and Renault 21(Renault 2016). Since Iran’s vehicle industry is an upcoming market, Renault took the step of forming more strong alliances with Iranian electric car makers to take advantage of this market opening and also to transfer modern technology to Iran.

The survey conducted in the form of a questionnaire was directed towards interviewing three top managers of the Renault Group Company. The managers interviewed through this questionnaire include the general manager, corporate managing director, and the procurement manager. The main aim of interviewing the top management is to acquire their views about the relative significance of a particular criterion and the performance of the suppliers with regard to every criterion being tested. After conducting the questionnaire to determine the best supplier sustainability criteria, four managers from the Renault Group in Iran were used as the respondents for evaluating the criteria. Additionally, a weighted mean value was applied for every criterion to help indicate their level of significance and applicability.

Figure 1: Important Sustainable supplier Evaluation Criteria

The results from the data obtained through the questionnaires suggest that organizational managers placed more significance on the economic factors in carrying out suppler evaluation instead of social and environmental factors. It is evident from the results collected that the aspect of economic costs is given the highest score, unlike the green product, which had the lowest score. Under the social factors, workers’ rights were granted the highest score meaning that it possesses a high level of significance among managers. Factors concerned with environmental management had more significance in the list of environmental aspects. Green technology and Eco design were given approximately the same level of significance.

In the analysis of the findings collected for the most suitable sustainable supplier evaluation criteria, it is evident that cost is the most applicable. It was followed by quality, service, delivery, and lastly, the flexibility of the supply chain. Therefore, the best SSCM criteria for the Renault Group in Iran are cost and factors related to social and environmental sustainability are less applicable. However, for Renault Group to focus on Mann-Whitney U-test Criteria to achieve a comprehensive model of evaluating supplier sustainability.

Mann-Whitney U-test

Table 1: The results of the Mann-Whitney U-test for Importance and applicability

Mann-Whitney U-test was utilized to determine if the mean scores of two types of data, that is, significance and applicability, vary. SPSS software was used to carry out this non-parametric test. Because the Mann-Whitney U-test is applied on ranked scores, it is not necessary to two types of data are typically distributed (Olugu et al. 2011, p.570). All the main criteria of the factors (economic, social, and environmental) were evaluated using this test, and the p-value for all the factors was more than 0.05. The outcomes indicate no substantial difference between the mean values of the two types of data.

In an attempt to find out the most appropriate MCDM technique for performance evaluation, the first step taken was analyzing the experience of others by studying the existing literature. In essence, literature findings show that mathematical models such as DEA, AHP, and others are only applicable to solving problems with specific sets of data (Vahdani et al. 2012 p. 1417). It implies that they cannot be used in handling qualitative information. AI-generated models which are computer-supported, require in-depth knowledge to operate and resolve the problems. Through the research, it can be noted that MCDM models are not complex in terms of understanding and implementation. The existing on decision-making shows that TOPSIS is one of the best models as an optional choice among other MCDM strategies (Govindane et al. 2013, p.71).

When compared with other MCDM techniques like AHP, DEMATEL, SAW, and ANP, TOPSIS is the easiest and less time-consuming. However, other techniques such as ANP and AHP require extra pairwise correlation matrixes for an optional choice. Because of this limitation, ANP and AHP techniques are less applicable in comparison to TOPSIS as a solution for MCDM problems (Kumar 2017, p.598). Additionally, ELECTRE is perceived as a sophisticated technique when compared to TOPSIS. The application process and results of the ELECTRE technique can be hard to describe in simple terms. Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), TOPIS, and Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) have challenges with weighting the data. Even though the TOPSIS method has the limitation of weighting data, the process is not complicated, which easy to apply and program, unlike Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT). Generally, the cited literature shows that TOPSIS is the most suitable MCDM method in ranking the suppliers in comparison to other MCDM methods.

Conclusion

A comprehensive study of the SSCM and its sub-criteria for conducting supplier’s performance evaluation was established based on literature. Similarly, the significance and applicability of the criteria used were assessed with regard to the information collected from the managers of the Renault Group of Iran. A set of 15 main criteria and 48 sub-criteria were evaluated alongside their significance and applicability that was assessed by the use of questionnaire-based research. The outcomes of this analysis indicate that the economic criteria are the most suitable criteria for determining the sustainability performance in procurement, followed by environmental and, finally, the social criteria.

The Mann-Whitney U-test is employed by the study to illustrate whether the mean values of the two sets of data, that is, significance and applicability, are related to each other based on the manager’s perception about the company. The findings indicate no substantial variation between the mean values of the two sets of data. Thus, the designed list of SSCM and their respective sub-criteria can be utilized by the Renault Group Company for testing suppliers’ sustainability now and in the future. The Multi-criteria decision-making model (MCDM) is regarded as the most appropriate method for solving complex issues such as the ranking of the suppliers in terms of performance. There are several types of multi-criteria decision-making methods, which include MUIT, Case-based reasoning, ANP, AHP, among others. However, TOPSIS is regarded as the most suitable technique for ranking suppliers. However, more research needs to be conducted to obtain a more comprehensive and yet easy model for evaluating the performance and ranking of the suppliers. The model should be able to incorporate all aspects related to sustainability in the easiest way possible.

References

Amindoust, A., Ahmed, S., Saghafinia, A., & Bahreininejad, A., 2012, Sustainable supplier selection: A ranking model based on fuzzy inference system, Applied Soft Computing, 12(6), 1668-1677.

Aouadni, S., Rebai, A. and Turskis, Z., 2017, The meaningful mixed data TOPSIS (TOPSIS-MMD) method and its application in supplier selection. Studies in Informatics and Control, 26(3), pp.353-363.

Azadi, M., Jafarian, M., Saen, R. F., & Mirhedayatian, S. M.,2015, A new fuzzy DEA model for evaluation of efficiency and effectiveness of suppliers in sustainable supply chain management context, Computers& Operations Research, 54, 274-285

Ghadimi, P., & Heavey, C., 2014, Sustainable supplier selection in medical device industry: Toward sustainable manufacturing, Procedia CIRP, 15, 165-170

Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., & Murugesan, P., 2015, Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 98, 66-83.

Govindan, K., Rajendran, S., Sarkis, J., &Murugesan, P., 2013, Multi criteria decision making approaches for green supplier evaluation and selection: a literature review, Journal of Cleaner Production.

Ho, W., Xu, X., & Dey, P. K., 2010, Multi-criteria decision-making approaches for supplier evaluation and selection: A literature review, European Journal of Operational Research, 202(1), 16-24.

Kannan, D., Govindan, K., &Rajendran, S., 2015, Fuzzy Axiomatic Design approach based green supplier selection: a case study from Singapore, Journal of Cleaner Production, 96, 194-208.

Kremer, G.E., Haapala, K., Murat, A., Chinnam, R.B., Kim, K.Y., Monplaisir, L. and Lei, T., 2016, Directions for instilling economic and environmental sustainability across product supply chains, Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp.2066-2078.

Kumar, A., Sah, B., Singh, A.R., Deng, Y., He, X., Kumar, P. and Bansal, R.C., 2017, A review of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) towards sustainable renewable energy development, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, pp.596-609.

Mohammed, A., Harris, I., Soroka, A., Naim, M.M. and Ramjaun, T., 2018, January, Evaluating green and resilient supplier performance: AHP-fuzzy Topsis decision-making approach. In ICORES (pp. 209-216).

Olugu, E. U., Wong, K. Y., &Shaharoun, A. M., 2011, Development of key performance measures for the automobile green supply chain, resources, conservation and recycling, 55(6), 567-579

Renault group in Iran web, 2016, WWW.Renault.co.ir.

Rezaei, J., Fahim, P. B., & Tavasszy, L., 2014, Supplier selection in the airline retail industry using a funnel methodology: conjunctive screening method and fuzzy AHP, Expert Systems with Applications, 41(18), 8165-8179.

Vahdani, B., Iranmanesh, S., Mousavi, S. M., & Abdollah zade, M., 2012, A locally linear neuro-fuzzy model for supplier selection in cosmetics industry, Applied mathematical modelling, 36(10), 4714-4727