Category: Uncategorized

(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

Dear Son,

It is with deep disquiet that I write to you this letter. I understand why you do not wish to see me out of your sight, but I urge you to please grant me this opportunity to travel to my hometown Bountiful. I appreciate that you took me into to your home and have taken care of me since my husband passed away but my experience here has been nothing but acrid. I miss my home, I miss my friends, I miss the memories of my childhood and I worry that this loneliness that I feel is what is making me feel depressed. My journey to Bountiful is a spiritual journey, one that is destined to heal my cheerless soul. A silent hum that will console me in this noise that is my daily aging life. This journey will grant me the serenity that will surpass all what I have lived for and seeing the people I grew up with in my childhood will reconcile me to the reality and inescapability of my demise. So I urge you my son not to allow your childlike self-interest to exacerbate my depression. I urge you to permit me to spend these very last days of my life re-living the memories that have made me who I am today. This trip to Bountiful is not intended to inconvenience you in any way. I do not wish that you accompany me to Bountiful, and will not ask for pecuniary support. I know you think am too old to travel, or that if I go I may not come back but I assure you I will.

Although I do not want to pre-empt your response to my request but I shall ask you to consider what this trip would benefit the three of us. Please do not repudiate my request out of the fear for my life, or out of the belief that my actions are obstinate. All the time that I have lived here, you have not allowed me to go back to my hometown, let alone travel to another town. I feel like a prisoner in my own home and I feel like if my life is to end soon, I shall not have lived it to the fullest. I stare at the television set everyday with the hopes of seeing someone from my old hometown. I listen to the radio, hoping to hear from one of my childhood friends. And instead of getting all that, I am tormented by rumors of what my town has become, a empty town reduced to and decrepit shacks. You have confirmed these rumors over and over again as you refuse to grant me permission to travel to Bountiful. How I wish you would take the time to understand what this trip would mean to me. This trip will grant me the redemption I will need to rest easy before my days in this world are cut short by the almighty. This trip will make me happy and give me the peace that I have been longing for since you brought me to your house. So my dear son, I hope that you will find it in your heart to let me, your old aging mother, visit my hometown Bountiful for one last time. To let me say goodbye for one last time to my friends and my relatives.

Sincerely,

Mother

Experiment 17

Measurement of pH and Determination of Acid Dissociation Constant of a Weak Acid

VIRTUAL LAB: VERSION HTML5 VIDEO WALKTHROUGH

HTML5 based version of the virtual lab. This beta release does not require the Java Plug-in and should run in most browsers. Please read the information below to help you get started.

Windows and Macintosh users: Please use FireFox or Chrome web browser.

The simulation will run on most laptops, desktops and touch-enabled devices such as tablets, iPads or phones.

If you have any technical trouble with the simulation initially loading on your page, often refreshing the page or restarting your browser will solve most issues. You can also email us for additional assistance.

To help you get started, please view a short video which introduces the virtual lab.

http://www.chemcollective.org/chem/common/vlab_walkthrouh_html5.phpPrelab Questions:

Define an acid and a base according to the Bronsted-Lowry theory.

Acids refers to proton donors while base refers to the acceptors of protons .

a. What is the concentration of H+ in 0.030M HNO3?

=0.03 moles in 1000 liters of the acid

What is the pH of the solution?

= -log (0.03)

=1.52

What is the OH- concentration in the solution?

= antilog (14-1.52)

=3.02 * 10 -12 moles

What is the pOH of the solution?

=14-1.52 = 12.48

Complete the following:

[H+] [OH-] pH pOH Acidity

1.8 x 10-6 M 6.3*10-9M 5.8 8.2 acid

2,754*10-5 M 3.6 x 10-10 M 4.56 9.44 Acid

7.07*10-9 M 1.412*10-6 M 8.15 5.85 base

5.01*10-9 1.995*10-6 M 8.3 5.70 base

Part I.

Virtual Laboratory Prelab Exercises for an Acid Base Titration

(Adapted from University of British Columbia)

Standardization of NaOH with a KHP solution: Acid Base Titration Info

http://chemcollective.org/activities/info/101Use the Virtual Laboratory to standardize an unknown NaOH solution (approximately 0.2M) to four significant figures via titration with 25.00 mL of a KHP standard solution.

This homework uses the virtual lab. Using a computer that is running Microsoft windows or Macintosh OS 10.1 or higher, go to http://ir.chem.cmu.edu and click on “Virtual Lab” in the upper left-hand corner. You can then either,

a) Run the lab as a Java Applet in a web browser by clicking on “Run the applet >>”.

b) Download and install the lab on your computer, by clicking on “download” at the bottom of the page.

To load the assignment, select “Load Homework…” from the “File” menu, and select

“Acids and Bases : Prelab Exercises, Acid Base Titration”.

Virtual Laboratory software offers interactive, simulation-based exercises that can replace paper-and-pencil Preparatory exercises in the Chem 112 laboratory.

In this pilot project you are asked to solve 4 problems using the Virtual Lab. The Virtual Lab homework will be marked out of 5 marks and 4 bonus marks will be offered for the participation in the project.

The Virtual lab homework answers should be submitted in your lab report. Two of the homework problems (#3 and #4) involve design of experiments.

Experiment #17: Homework for use with The IrYdium Project Virtual Lab

Use the Virtual Laboratory to standardize the unknown NaOH solution (approximately 0.2M) to four significant figures via titration with 25.00 mL of a KHP standard solution. What must be the minimum concentration of the KHP solution to yield the required accuracy in the NaOH results? Note that the buret should be read to 2 decimal places.

This problem should be done with the Transfer Bar toggled to Scientific Figures Transfer. In this mode, the Transfer Bar below the workbench will accept only values that reflect the accuracy of the glassware being used. For example, when you transfer a solution from a 25 mL pipet, type 25.00. When you attempt to pour a solution directly from an Erlenmeyer flask, type 25 and you will be able to transfer 25+/- 5 mL. The Solution Info window on the right will show only an approximate volume in the recipient flask. All volumes used in calculations must be read directly in the detailed view of the glassware.

Describe what glassware you had to use to obtain the required accuracy.

Tabulate your titration data (initial and final volumes).

Using the Virtual Laboratory, determine the maximum concentration of 25.00 mL of a KHP solution that can be titrated with 0.2M NaOH without having to refill the 50.00 mL buret during one trial. Again, read the buret to 2 decimal places and use “Scientific Figures Transfer mode”.

Using the Virtual Laboratory, design and perform an experiment to determine the concentration of the unknown HCl solution to four significant figures. The concentrations of the HCl, KHP, and NaOH are ~ 0.1M, 0.09000M, and ~ 1M, respectively. Use the “Realistic Mode” for this problem. In this mode, you cannot type in the amount to be transferred with the pipet, but rather you must visually withdraw liquid until the level matches the calibration line on the pipet.

Please outline your procedure and list the glassware used in each step. If in any step you diluted the reagents provided, what glassware did you use, and why?

Repeat the entire experiment in the Significant Figures Transfer Mode to check if your results from the Realistic Mode are correct.

4.Using the Virtual Laboratory, design an experiment to determine the concentration of the unknown HCl solution to four significant figures. The concentrations of the HCl, KHP, and NaOH are ~ 1M, 0.09000M, and ~ 0.1M, respectively. Use the “Realistic Mode” for this problem as per question 3. Again, please repeat the entire experiment in the Significant Figures Transfer Mode to check if your results from the Realistic Mode are correct. Also note that the HCl and NaOH concentrations are different from question 3.

Please outline your procedure and list the glassware used in each step. If in any step you diluted the reagents provided, what glassware did you use, and why?

Please Note:

The values in the Solution Info panel represent the actual volumes in the highlighted containers, their pH and concentrations of the species in solutions. These values should serve as a guide only. Do not use the Solution Info volumes/concentrations in any calculations, since you cannot actually measure them in the lab and they do not reflect the correct number of significant figures. Use only the values you can read off the pipet, buret, and graduated cylinder.

Part II.

http://chemcollective.org/activities/autograded/150Unknown Acid Problem

Your company has just purchased a warehouse containing an old chemistry laboratory, and the first order of business is to take inventory of the chemicals in the stockroom so that you can properly dispose of them according to current EPA regulations. Unfortunately, the previous chemist did not label the bottles very thoroughly and left two bottles marked simply “acid” with no further information.

Fortunately, you find an old notebook in the lab with a table of the acids used by the previous chemist. (See table below).

You decide that you can collect some experimental data which will enable you to both (1) identify the unknown acids by comparison with the lab notebook information, and (2) determine their concentrations. Since the disposal of unidentified chemicals is more expensive than that of known compounds, a few hours of lab work can translate into considerable savings for your company.

Acids pKa

crotonic 4.69

methylmalonic 3.07

diphenylacetic 3.94

picric strong

alloxanic 6.64

methyl-m-aminobenzoic 5.10

You can submit your answers up to three times. If all three answers are incorrect, you will be given the correct answer and asked to reload the page and try a new problem. Please be aware that reloading the page will result in having to start a new problem.

Please enter your answer in the form below, using 3 significant figures for the concentration

The unknown acid in the first bottle is:         

The concentration of the unknown acid is:  M.

Part III.Unknown Acid and Base Problem

Determining the pKa of a weak acid and weak base

In this exercise, students graph the titration curve of an unknown acid and base to determine their pKa’s and concentrations.

http://chemcollective.org/activities/info/103

This homework uses the virtual lab. Using a computer that is running Microsoft windows or Macintosh OS 10.1 or higher, go to http://ir.chem.cmu.edu and click on “Virtual Lab” in the upper left-hand corner. You can then either,

a) Run the lab as a Java Applet in a web browser by clicking on “Run the applet >>”.

b) Download and install the lab on your computer, by clicking on “download” at the bottom of the page.

To load the assignment, select “Load Homework…” from the “File” menu, and select “Acids and Bases : Unknown Acid and Base Problem ”.

(5 pts) The “Homework Solutions” cabinet contains a solution labeled “Unknown Acid,” which is a weak mono-protic acid with an unknown Ka and with an unknown concentration. Your job is to determine the concentration and Ka to two significant figures. Please report your results and explain your procedure. The concentration of the of the unknown acid through titration with the KHP sample while slowly adding Sodium Hydroxide solution to the mixture. The data obtained is recorded for the end points of the reaction.

2) (5pts) The cabinet labeled “Homework Solutions” also contains a solution labeled “Unknown Base,” which is a base with an unknown Kb and with an unknown concentration. Your job is to determine the concentration and Kb to two significant figures. Please report your results and explain your procedure.

Part IV.

http://chemcollective.org/activities/autograded/143Determine the identity of an unknown solid weak acid

The virtual lab stockroom contains NaOH, water and an unknown solid weak acid. Perform experiments to identify the pKa and molar mass of the bottle of unknown solid acid. You may enter your answer in the form below the Virtual Lab.

NOTE: You can submit your answers up to three times. If all three answers are incorrect, you will be given the correct answer and asked to reload the page and try a new problem. Good Luck! Please be aware that reloading the page will result in having to start a new problem with a different unknown acid.

Please enter your answer in the form below.

     The unknown solid acid has a molar mass of:  grams/mole     and a pKa of: 

Part V.

VIRTUAL LAB: Determination of the pH Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions

Instructions for Virtual Simulation Lab video walkthrough

To help you get started, please view a short video which introduces the virtual lab.

http://www.chemcollective.org/chem/common/vlab_walkthrouh_html5.phpSimulation Lab

http://chemcollective.org/vlab/100Determination of the pH Scale by the Method of Successive Dilutions

This homework uses the virtual lab. Using a computer that is running Microsoft windows or Macintosh OS 10.1 or higher, go to http://ir.chem.cmu.edu and click on “Virtual Lab” in the upper left-hand corner. You can then either,

a) Run the lab as a Java Applet in a web browser by clicking on “Run the applet >>”.

b) Download and install the lab on your computer, by clicking on “download” at the bottom of the page.

To load the assignment, select “Load Homework…” from the “File” menu, and select

“Acids and Bases : Method of Successive Dilutions ”.

Objective:

It is fairly common knowledge that neutral water has a pH of 7, acids have a pH <7 and bases have a pH>7, but few people understand this in terms of the actual hydronium ion concentration. Our objective is to develop an understanding of logarithmic scales by developing a pH scale

Background:

The pH scale describes the hydronium ion concentration in aqueous systems

pH = -log[H3O+]

[H3O+] = 10-pH = 1/10pH

The Method of Successive Dilutions is an experimental technique for preparing a series of solutions of different concentrations from one volume of stock solution.

Let’s look at a series of half dilutions.

With the virtual lab fill 5 flasks with a constant amount of water (less than half the volume of the flask), for simplicity, we will use 20 ml, but any amount will do.

*Virtual Lab Tip* – Right Click on each flask and label it

Now add the same amount of stock 1M HCl to the first flask (20 mL) and note that the concentration has been diluted in half, [H3O+] = 0.500M or 1/2 (1/21) the original molarity.

From this flask transfer 20 mL to the second flask and note the it has been diluted in half again,[H3O+]= 0.250M or is one fourth (1/22) the concentration of the original stock solution.

Repeating this procedure with the remaining 3 flasks gives:

3rd dilution: [H3O+] = 0.12500 or 1/8 (1/23) the original stock molarity

4th dilution: [H3O+] = 0.06250 or 1/16 (1/24) the original stock molarity

5th dilution: [H3O+] = 0.03125 or 1/32 (1/25) the original stock solution.

Let’s look at this in more detail:

[H3O+] = 2-n = 1/2n

Where n is the number of successive dilutions and by using a dilution factor of one to two, you have come up with a log base 2 scale.

Question: Would changing the volume of the original stock solution and the incremental dilution volumes to a new constant value effect the successive concentrations. Say by starting with 10 mL and transferring 10 mL increments? If you say yes, repeat the above with 10 mL increments and explain.

Assignment:

Make (and label) 7 Solutions by choosing the appropriate dilution factor so that each solution has a pH of 1-7.

1. What is the dilution factor you need and describe how you ran two sets of dilutions. Be sure to state how much water you initially placed in each flask and how much solution you successively transferred. = 1/27

2. Make a table with 3 columns; the number of the dilution, the concentration of the resulting solution and the pH of the resulting solution.

3. Write an algebraic equation based on your dilution factor, show that n = pH, and give the value of n for the original stock solution

4. Make a series of plots of [H3O+] (y-axis) vs. pH – number of dilutions (x-axis). Do these on three different sheets of paper with different [H3O+] scales.

Have the first one cover [H3O+] from 10-3 to 10-1 M and pH 3-1

The second cover [H3O+] from 10-5 to 10-3 and pH 5-3

The third cover [H3O+] from 10-7 to 10-5 and pH 7-5.

Arrange these sheets in order of smallest H3O+ concentration to largest (bottom of the y-axis being smallest, top being largest). Note how the magnitude of each scale has changed as you transcend from one sheet to the next.

Now take a 4th sheet of graph paper and try and squeeze all the data into one graph with a scale going from 10-7 to 10-1 (bottom to top) and pH 7-1 across.

5. Make a solution of pH of 8. Explain why further diluting will not work. This is because the pH of the acid has extended beyond the PH and has achieved neutralization.

6. (Optional) What dilution factor would result in an exponential decay e-n? The dilution factor, 1/10 would result in an exponential decay e-n.

Part VI.

Virtual Lab:  Titration

http://www.mrpalermo.com/virtual-lab-titration.htmlPrint this LabIntroductionIn chemistry laboratory, it is sometimes necessary to experimentally determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. A procedure for making this kind of determination is called an acid-base titration. In this laboratory process, a solution of known concentration, called the standard solution, is carefully added to a solution of unknown concentration until the mixture becomes neutral. The neutral point of the solution is recognized by an indicator’s color change. If the unknown solution is acidic, then the standard solution will be basic. The opposite would be true if the unknown solution was basic.We know that the mixing of equal amounts of acid and base ions will create neutral water. At the molecular level, this reaction can be illustrated with the following equation.    H+      +      OH-       –>     H2O  (acid)         (base) This equation states that one mole of hydrogen ions (acid) will neutralize one mole of hydroxide ions (base). Since we can exactly measure the moles of the standard solution, we can assume that the moles of the solution of unknown concentration will be the same at the neutral point. This is called the end-point of the titration. Using the equation MaVa = MbVb, we can use the experimental data from the titration to find the unknown concentration.Objective:

In this experiment the unknown solution will be HCl (aq) and the standard solution will be the base sodium hydroxide. You will know the concentration of the base and the volume of the acid and base used. With this information you can use the titration formula to calculate the concentration of

the acid. The diagram below shows the set up.

Pre Lab: Define the following words: Titration- _analytical method of determination of concentration of unknown through reacting with known concentration of regent________________________________________________________

Endpoint- ___this is the point when no reaction occurs________________________________________________________

Neutralization- _____________This is when an acid and base react to from a salt and water__________________________________________write the neutralization reaction for HCl reacting with NaOH. 

NaOH + HCl → H2O and NaCl

What is the pH of the solution at the end point of the titration?

The pH of the solution is expected to be around 7 for the end of the titration.

Procedure: 

The flask is filled with 10 mL of unknown concentration of HCl.  (Click here)  

Initial volume of acid in burette= 2mL

Final volume of acid in burette. = 12mL

Record the volume of acid on your data form

=12-2= 10 mL

Phenolphthalein Indicator is added to the flask. (click here) 

Record on your data form the initial volume of base in the buret (click here)

= 2mL

You will now start adding base (0.25M NaOH) from the buret into the flask to neutralize the acid.  The flask is gently swirled as the base is added. A pink color should appear as the base is added, but it will disappear as the flask is swirled.

The end-point of the titration will be reached when 1 drop of base makes the solution turn and stay pink.

 (Click here).

Record the final volume of base from the buret that was needed to neutralize the acid.  (click here) 

= 16mL

Data:

Volume of acid=12-2= 10 mL

Volume of base =16-2 = 14 mL

Calculation: Determine the Molarity (concentration) of HCl using the data you collected and the titration formula.  (The concentration of the NaOH used was 0.25M)  Record your answer on your data form in your notebook. 

Moles in NaoH= 0.25 moles in 1000 mL, 14= 14*0.25/1000= 3.5*10-3 moles

Moles of acid= moles of base, Molarity of acid= 3.5*10-3 moles in 10 mL, 1000= 1000 * 3.5*10-3/ 10 =0.35 M

Questions

State the purpose of this experiment.​

To determine the concentration of HCl using the titration method

Describe the function of the phenolphthalein in this experiment. How would this experiment be different if you had forgotten to add the phenolphthalein

The phenolphthalein is essential for identifying the end point of the reaction without it would be difficult

State evidence from the lab that the endpoint was reached.

The was a noted color change in the mixture from colorless to pink

It takes 75ml of a 2.5M HCl solution to neutralize 55ml of a base of unknown concentration. Calculate the concentration of an unknown basic solution.

Rem according to the mole reaction 1mole of acid reacts with a mole of the base.

2.5 moles =1000ml, 75mL = 75 *2.5/1000= 0.01875 moles

Moles in unknown= 0.01875 in 55 ml; 1000mL =1000 *0.01875/55 = 0.3409 Moles

If the actual concentration of the HCl was 0.33M what is your percent error?

(0.3409 – 0.33/0.33)100 = 3.30%

Environmental studies usually involve an analysis of precipitation and its response to pollution. To quantify the degree of contamination in natural rain water or snow, titration is used. The process is quick and results are reliable. Since most titration processes do not require expensive or specialized equipment, the test can be performed often and in different areas with relatively little effort.

Post Lab Questions:

A 1000.0 mL sample of lake water is titrated using 0.100 mL of a 0.100 M base solution. What is the molarity of the acid in the lake water?      

Moles in base = 0.1moles in 1000ml, 0.1 ml =0.1 *0.1/1000 = 1*10 -5

= rem moles acid = moles of base = 1*10 -5 moles in 1000 ml = 1*10 -5 * 1000/0.1 =

1M

                    b. Based on the molarity of the acid calculated above, what is the pH of the lake?

Water?

= -log (1*10 -5) =5

=5

Mead Took Cooley Concept of the Looking Glass

Name

Institution

Course

Instructors’ Name

Date

Mead Took Cooley Concept of the Looking Glass

The ideology behind ‘Mead Took Cooley’ concept of the looking glass states that people have a unique method of presenting themselves based on what other individuals perceive. The theory is based on three principles; the imagination of oneself appearance, personal judgment towards self-appearance, and personal feeling such as self-esteem (Gerardi et al., 2020). Unlike other scholars in psychology, Cooley based his research on his children and how they learned the word ‘I.’ People tend to learn various ideas from a distinct individual within the same society. After learning, individuals later comprehend other parties’ perception toward them, which is eventually utilized to generate a personal feeling.

An individual develops self-awareness after interacting with society members and eventually develops a meaning towards personal appearance. The perception developed within oneself is usually inseparable from society (Long & Wheeler, 2020). After a proper comprehension of oneself, an individual creates feedback to society, which eventually changes their perception.

Cooley states that the human mind is mental since it is social. The more people interact within a community, the greater the chances of an individual changing their perception. Every human usually involves themselves in specific activities within the same community because they expect precise feedback (Gerardi et al., 2020). The feedback is usually rooted back to the people surrounding an individual.

The way children progress in their development is a representation of Cooleys’ concept of the Looking Glass. Children tend to define themselves after socializing with other society members, such as their siblings and parents. Whenever children cry, they usually know that it will lead to a precise response from their parents.

References

Gerardi, S. (2019). Social Behaviorist Movement: Non-“Spooky Action at a Distance and Eastern Philosophy.” Sociology Mind, 10(01), 15.

Long, E. U., Wheeler, N. E., & Cunningham, W. A. (2020). Through the looking glass: Distinguishing neural correlates of relational and non-relational self-reference and person representation. Cortex.

MEASUREMENT REPORT SHEET

Download the report sheet, complete it, and then submit it as per instructions. Do not change the format.

All blue shaded areas require answers.

I. Metric units:

Prefix Scientific Notation Symbol

pico10 -12 or 1/10 12 (both *not* needed) p

nano 10 -9 n

micro 10 -6 µ

milli 10 -3 m

centi 10 -2 c

deci 10 -1 d

deca 10 1 da

hecto 10 2 h

kilo 10 3 k

mega 10 6 M

giga 10 9 G

tera 10 12 T

Metric base unit of measurement for

Mass Kilogram

Length meter

Volume liter

II. Conversions:

Changing units within the metric system.

Conversion

Example: convert .621 hl to liters 62.1 liters

convert .00078 mg to kg 7.8 x 10 -10 kilogram

convert 2.45 g to cg 245 cg

convert 1.9 km to cm 190,000 centimeters

convert 6.4 µl to nl 6,400,000

III. Length measurements:

Object Metric Your height 1.585 m

Area measurement for 2-D: Area = length X width; expressed in square units

Object Area in metric units Any book cover 210*297= 62,370 mm2

Area measurement for 3-D:

Area = length X width X height; expressed in cubed units

Object Area in metric units CD case (or similar object) 254*101*152=3,899,408 mm3

IV. Volume :

Volume experiments with water.

Answer Answer 1 teaspoon 0.004929 Liter 4.92900 ml

1 cup 0.23658 Liter 236.58 ml

1 tablespoon 0.014787 Liter 14.787 ml

1ml of pure water = 1g = 1cc

10 ml of water

10 g

10 cc

0.01 Kg

0.01 L

10000 mg

V. Mass:

Using metric measuring equipment. Measure the objects below. You may substitute items for similar ones in mass. All answers must be expressed in metric units.

To be measured bathroom scale

Can of paint 5.565 kg

Pencil 0.0005kg

Yourself 64kg

VI. Temperature:

Temperature measurements

Determine the temperature of the following and convert to get both °C and °F readings.

3 water baths: Use heat-resistant cookware for boiling water °C °F

Room temperature: 200 ml of water 22 71.6

Ice water: 200 ml of ice water 6 42.6

Boiling water: 200 ml of boiling water 100 212

Convert real life applications: °C °F

Normal body temperature 37 98.6

House thermostat 25.55 78

Refrigerator 4 39.2

Wind chill -36 -32.8

VIII. Scientific Notation:

Convert the following numbers to scientific notation:

32350000 3.235 x 107

0.00000123 1.23 x 10-6

25.44 2.544 x 10

2544.2 2.544 x 103

IX. Significant Figures:

Determine number of significant figures in the following

12003 5 significant figures

12.003 5 significant figures

1.2000 5 significant figure

12,345,000 5 significant figures

0.00012300 5 significant figures

End of Lab ☺

Means of Persuasion

Name:

Affiliation:

Course:

Instructor’s name:

Date:

Means of Persuasion

Aristotle wrote that to persuade an audience, one’s argument should have three main elements: emotional, ethical, and logical appeals.

Emotional appeals are meant to invoke the feelings that your crowd already has. One can do this by the use of images depending on what one is addressing. The photos should be simple such that your audience can understand fast. An author to support his claims can also use words. It is important to ensure that you use emotional appeals appropriate to your audience and topic of discussion. They should not be too much such that the audience feels manipulated.

Ethical appeals are used to show that your character is credible, such as those used in some nonprofit organizations. You can do this in many ways, such as citing your academic achievements, interviews, use of analogies, and building a common point of interest with your audience. Creating a common ground entails ensuring you and the audience care about discussion issues. Nelson Mandela was able to do this by using rugby to unite all the people of South Africa at one point. Citing the relevant sources will show that you are more knowledgeable.

Logical appeals are the most important of all appeals. One should provide evidence such as facts, statistics, surveys and questionnaires, observations, and data to be more persuasive. ‘Facts and statistics are two of the most commonly used kinds of evidence.’ It is also advisable to look at the counterarguments that one might have and know how to approach them.

Name:

Institution:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

Little Albert and Classical Conditioning

It is widely agreed that classical conditioning has the ability to work on any particular reflex. This includes orienting reflex, startle reflex, emotional responses like fear and taste aversions. The experiment was conducted on little Albert who was at the age of eleven months. The main aim was to condition the child to fear of a white rat when paired with loud noise. In this experiment, the researchers took a rat suddenly out of the basket and gave it to Albert. He proceeded to reaching for the rat using his left hand. When his hand touched the rat, a steel bar was struck behind his head. Little Albert jumped violently, fell forward and buried his face into the mattress. However, he did not cry. He later got up and started to reach for the rat using his right hand. Immediately the hand touched the rat, the bar was struck. At this point, he jumped in a violent manner, fell forward and then began to whimper. From the point of view of classical conditioning, this is also referred to as a startle reflex or a good scare (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

An unconditioned stimulus refers to a type of stimulus hat has he ability to evoke a response that is unconditioned response without previous conditioning. In other words, there is no learning that is required for the response to take place. Conditioned stimulus on the other hand refers to a previously neutral stimulus which through conditioning attains the ability to trigger a conditioned response. Conditioned response denotes a learned reaction to a particular conditioned stimulus whose occurrence is attributable to prior conditioning.

With respect to conditioning, Watson and Rayner (1920) undertook the tests on a table that was cushioned with a mattress and then situated in a small yet well-lighted dark room. In another experiment, Albert was taken into a large and well lighted lecture room that belonged to the laboratory. He was put on a table and placed in the center of that room under the skylight. The results that were attained from the two tests were very different. The concept of generalization refers to a state where the stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus finally elicit same response. An example in this regard pertains to little Albert becoming fearful of all other animals as well as the fur coat of his mother.

According to Watson and Rayner (1920), the conditioning did not last over time because it lost the intensity of the effect that it was having on little Albert. The concept of extinction denotes to the fact that in instances where the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli fail to be paired for a certain number of trials, the organism stops exhibiting conditioned response. Considering the current standards, the conditioning can not be carried out or replicated by the modern researchers. The current medical standards do not allow the humans to be employed in such a research. In most instances, animals are employed in psychological and laboratory research. There are various ethical concerns that surround the employment of this experiment. Seemingly, little Albert is exposed to frightening conditions that greatly undermine his quality of life. This is apparent in his reactions to the conditions the he is exposed to. The fact that the conditions had long term adverse implications on the wellbeing of the child implies that the research was unethical.

Reference

Watson J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3(1), 1–14

CONCUSSIONS ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mireya Ibanez

Mr. Delgado

English 102

March 29, 2021

Concussions are a very common phenomenon in most high schools within the American system of schooling. It is one of the causes of brain damage or injury and for long it has not been taken seriously. However, of late there have been many considerations towards the same whereby the numbers of diagnoses are seen to be going up. This is an indication that most parents and other stakeholders have taken notice of this issue and therefore they have made it responsible for them to fully engage and make sure that their children are properly protected against the effects of concussions occurring in high schools especially due to sports (Reynolds, 2016). The government has also had a big role to play as it has made several laws regarding the protection of the students who are exposed to concussions as well as treatment methods made better through the involvement of research, neuroscience, and general healthcare provision services (Underwood, 2016). Therefore, this paper delves deeper into concussions, explains what concussions are, how frequently they occur along the lines of sporting activities, what the government, the schools, and the parents are doing towards this, and generally what it means to have a concussion as well as the preventive measures possible.

Underwood, J. (2016). Under the Law: Schools should heed concerns over sports’ brain injuries. Phi Delta Kappan, 97(6), 74-75.

Underwood states that concussions have been occurring in the United States as students play in many instances and therefore this situation needs to be contained and handled in the best manner possible. Therefore he states that it is under this that the different governments in different states have made laws with regards to this and they have made it illegal for example a player to be taken back to the field immediately after they have suffered a concussion. Therefore it is an important aspect of the health of the players as they need to be protected from those factors which can lead them to have health issues. He gives an example of a student who was taken back to the field after just fifteen minutes of experiencing a concussion and due to this he developed brain injuries and his health deteriorated.

This article provides us with how the laws have been put into place and how effective they are in trying to control the adverse effects of concussions related to sports. Therefore, this is a strength while on the other hand, the article leaves out what should be done for those concussions which are not diagnosed and not reported. This article, therefore, is of great importance and informs to a great extent a lot about the role of lawmakers in controlling and preventing concussions forms dominating or making the sporting activity lame.

Piazza, S. (2014). Why is it so hard to stop sports concussions?. American Scientist, 102(5), 346-349.

In this article, piazza informs us of how it is hard to stop sports concussions. Through his discussions, we are almost noticing that for sports concussions to stop then we may have to stop sports completely. He discusses and compares researches about woodpeckers’ inability to experience headaches yet they do so much work and use their beaks which are closely connected to their heads. Through the studies, he helps us understand how woodpeckers’ biology and way of doing things is, and therefore it is not easy for them to experience concussions or brain damage because they are specialized in a certain way to their way of living and their manner of doing things. However, for the human brain which if it receives a certain amount of energy it can be damaged there is a need to protect it since it is one of the most crucial and important parts of the human body. he brings to our attention the efforts to stop concussions by different researchers as they have been able to come up with such helmets such that they can tilt inside within themselves and therefore able to make it possible for the head not to experience any pressure or damage since the helmets are designed in a very good way to prevent damage. There are also other ways he suggests that can help us to stop concussions.

This is a very strongly argued paper as it presents us with the different types of information available about the damage to the brain especially through concussions and how this is very difficult to manage or to make possible for it to end. Therefore this article is a very informative one and it is comprehensive as well as thorough and therefore it is a very reliable resource in the research about concussions, how frequent they are, and how they can be stopped.

Giza, C. C., Prins, M. L., & Hovda, D. A. (2017). It’s not all fun and games: sports, concussions, and neuroscience. Neuron, 94(6), 1051-1055.

In this article, the authors present to us the issue of concussions, their relation to sports, and the link between concussions and neuroscience. In the neuroscience sphere, the authors present us with the different clinical aspects of concussions and how they are not able to be imaged using MRI. Giza et, al. supports the fact that it is a difficult situation for the clinicians and their wish and desire to identify the concussions especially the ones caused by sporting activities for early treatment and response, however, this is not easily possible. The only remaining option is for the symptoms to increase and from the conditions which were prevalent or causative towards the concussions to be identified through history and thus treated. Even though apart from this there are many researchers which are being done and which are important towards this area.

In the process of management and treatment, Giza et.al presents us with the different options for carrying this out which is presented in four steps and which include; prevention of additional injury, activity versus rest, energy, neutral-transmission, inflammation and sleep, and finally too good to be true treatments or other findings. The Lystedt Law in 2009 enacted in Washington state looks to protect the rights and the danger exposed to those who are in this field of sports and therefore it is a very important law in protecting the individuals’ sports members and making sure that they are not harmed by the type of sports they engage in. lastly Giza et, al discusses eh risks and the benefits of sports.

This is a very important article as it provides mainly the relationship between concussions and neuroscience and how neuroscience is useful in the treatment of those people who find themselves suffering from concussions. Not only this but it also talks of how neuroscience is trying to advance the treatment of this issue and therefore a very important article for this type of research which is based on concussions and their relation to sports as a causative agent.

Reynolds, G. (2016, October 5). A Single Concussion May Have Lasting Impact. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/well/move/a-single-concussion-may-have-lasting-impact.html

‌the effects of a single concussion may be less estimated in terms of its effects however a single concussion may have adverse effects on the mental health of the person who experiences this type of mental disturbance. This is fully supported by this article by Reynolds. This article explains how statistics show that the numbers of those affected by concussions have increased especially among those of the age below 20 years old and this applies mostly to the ladies and girls under this age. This increase happened majorly between 2010 to 2015 and it is a worrying one. Even though it might be considered worrying Reynolds still states that it may be a way forward towards a positive direction since it might be a realization that it is important and therefore it might have led many parents towards going for more diagnosis for their children and therefore the rise in number.

This article also states that if a person experienced more than one concussion when they were young it meant that it was more than a simple concussion but that the child may have a serious brain issue even if lying hidden. Trauma and other mental issues experienced by individuals as they grow up is also an important part of realizing that they may have had a concussion at one point in time and therefore this needs to be looked into closely and the people to be given the attention needed.

This is a very comprehensive article of the new york times and it gives us the ability to see concussions from a different perspective. This is because most people believe that a concussion is just a concussion and may not have adverse effects on someone yet in a real sense they have adverse effects on someone and how they develop their mental abilities. Therefore it is of great significance when it comes to research about concussions.

CNN, J. H. (n.d.). These high school sports have the highest concussion rates. CNN. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/15/health/concussion-high-school-sports-study

In most American high schools we find that the students are very much involved in sports and into doing many physical exercises. Therefore it is also upon this rate of physical activity and exercises whereby we realize that most of the concussions occur in high schools according to CNN. This article reports research about concussions produced by Avinash Chandran in the university of north Carolina. She stated that the results concerned all the stakeholders including athletes, coaches, parents, and researchers. The information about concussions and their high prevalence in high schools, therefore, needs to be looked into and ways to limit or mitigate the issue put into place according to this article.

This article states that most of the concussions occur or happen during training, practice, and not during the real competition of games. Therefore more need and care is needed when people and the high schools are engaging and training for different sports. The legislation also is having a great and good impact in many states whereby laws concerning concussions and how the students can be protected more and being passed.

Therefore this is an important article when it comes to the statistics and how these concussions are so high in high schools. It serves as a great article and therefore can be utilized to a great extent in the study about concussions.

Concussions in Sports. (n.d.). Www.nationwidechildrens.org. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/sports-medicine/sports-medicine-articles/concussions-in-sports-article#:~:text=Concussions%20are%20a%20surprisingly%20common%20occurrence%20in%20sports.

Football, hockey, and soccer are the most common sports whereby students suffer concussions according to this article. A student may suffer a concussion be unable to diagnose it as a concussion since most concussions are soft and students may develop a headache as a result and in the process, they only realize that it is a headache and nothing more, however with time it is possible for such kind of mental distress to be a symptom of concussion. Most of these concussions are caused by sports in high schools and they are an important part of the school as they form part and parcel of the high school experience. However, this is a negative experience and therefore it needs to be rooted out. This is being done through legislation, more practice of safer methods, and other ways to make sure that concussions do not continue to take place.

After a concussion, it is highly recommended that immediate action and diagnosis be done to determine the extent of the injury and therefore advice on the best medication which if possible should also be administered immediately. The best assessment to be done for concussions is the neuropsychological assessment. There are rules and laws to end this and concussions are generally evaluated according to their level of severity.

Therefore this is a very important article of the research regarding concussions since it gives information on how concussions are dealt with as well as the basic information like what a concussion is. Therefore it can be of great importance and help in the research about concussions.

In conclusion therefore we can succinctly state that concussions have had a great impact on student’s mental ability and especially those students who are involved in sporting activities. As stated above concussions not only affect a student’s ability to concentrate in class but can even affect their social life and generally make the student a low performer when it comes to many tasks and areas of competence which the student was apt in before the concussions occurred. Therefore it is an important aspect of the lives of the students which needs to be considered great, and all the challenges associated with this solution since mental health is of very great importance to any student in their academic and social life.

Works cited

CNN, J. H. (n.d.). These high school sports have the highest concussion rates. CNN. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/15/health/concussion-high-school-sports-study

Concussions in Sports. (n.d.). Www.nationwidechildrens.org. Retrieved April 1, 2021, from https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/sports-medicine/sports-medicine-articles/concussions-in-sports-article#:~:text=Concussions%20are%20a%20surprisingly%20common%20occurrence%20in%20sports.

Giza, C. C., Prins, M. L., & Hovda, D. A. (2017). It’s not all fun and games: sports, concussions, and neuroscience. Neuron, 94(6), 1051-1055.

Piazza, S. (2014). Why is it so hard to stop sports concussions?. American Scientist, 102(5), 346-349.

Reynolds, G. (2016, October 5). A Single Concussion May Have Lasting Impact. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/05/well/move/a-single-concussion-may-have-lasting-impact.html

Underwood, J. (2016). Under the Law: Schools should heed concerns over sports’ brain injuries. Phi Delta Kappan, 97(6), 74-75.

A Principal’s Responsibility For The Actions Of Their Agent

Karen is shopping at Big Mart. She has with her an umbrella which is the same brand Big Mart carries. When a Big Mart employee, Steve, sees her leave with the umbrella without going through the checkout lane, he asks her to come back into the store. Steve says that he thinks Karen is shoplifting the umbrella. Karen tells him that she has had the umbrella for years and shows him marks of wear and tear. Steve apologizes and tells Karen she is free to go. Can Karen successfully sue for false imprisonment or defamation?

Karen cannot successfully sue for false imprisonment because as per the information in this case, the employee simply asks her to come back to the store so as to be able to clarify the misunderstanding. As an employee of Big Mart, Steve had the right to inquire about the originality of the umbrella. This is because he is supposed to protect the store from shoplifting. There is no defamation or imprisonment just a small misunderstanding that is cleared up without so much hustle to both parties.

From what you have learned about the relationship between a principal and an agent, analyze whether Steve or Big Mart could be liable because of Steve’s actions?

Steve is an employee of Big Mart and is expected to always be looking out for the best interest of the store a sue against him cannot hold however against the store it can hold. This is because an agent is expected to act for the interest of the employer (Rogers, 2012). As for the facts of the case, there is a clear reason as to why Karen had to be asked back into the store to answer a few questions; the fact that she walked into a store with one of their product means that when she is leaving she was bound to answer some questions about it. It was just a mere procedure to ensure that there is caution.

Karen was not suspected of shoplifting entirely, what Steve did was simply an act of precaution to ensure that there are minimal potential and actual shoplifting incidences at Big Mart.

References

Rogers, S. (2012). Essentials of Business Law. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Bible Research Paper

Introduction

Bible translation is the process of rendering text from one language to the next. Version is the manner in which the translated words are rendered. This paper does an analysis of a single passage that, as represented in the New International Version Study Bible and the New Living Translation Study Bible.

Comparison of Translations on an Internet Resource

The translation between the New International Version and the New Living Translation has various similarities and differences. The difference at the beginning is merely a choice of words and does not affect the meaning of the statement. In Exodus 3:1:1 (New Living Translation), it says that “One day Moses was tending the flock of his father-in-law” while Exodus 3:1:1 (New International Version) uses “Now Moses was tending the flock of Jethro, his father-in-law.” The NLT begins the chapter in a manner that makes it a continuation of another passage. The NIV, on the other hand, can be comfortable using the word only and making the passage appear to be independent. There is an enormous contradiction, however, in the second line of the first verse because one of the versions (NLT) says Moses went to Mount Sinai as he shepherds his father-in-law’s sheep while the other (NIV) says, Mount Sinai. There is a huge probability that both names refer to the same mountain, and they are different because they originate from alternate exodus traditions.

Other differences include the choice of words such as the use of blazing in NIV and flames in NLT in reference to the burning bush. The thoughts of Moses are also represented differently. NLT quotes Moses thinking his amazement, “This is Amazing” While there is no mention of amazement in NIV. The language and choice of word in both books is different. The meaning is not altered in any significant manner, but the language used is not similar. Sentences are arranged differently. For example, the NIV says, And Moses said, “Here I am.” While the NLT structures its verse like, “Here I am!” Moses replied. Verse 5 is identical in both versions. Verse 7 has some difference; in the NLV version, God says he is aware of the suffering of the children of Israel while in the NIV, the term concerned is used in the place of aware.

Information Found in a Study Bible and Commentary

God does not show himself fully. The idea in Exodus is not about the presentation of God to covenant people but rather his limited presence (Orr). God revealed himself through symbols behind barriers. God uses symbols of greatness, such as the blazing bush but behind barriers. The sight of the flames is distorted by the bush means God does not even permit direct sight of these symbols.

Information Found in a Bible Dictionary

Moses is a godly man that towers above any other individual in the Old Testament because he was instrumental in the introduction of God’s covenant with his people (Orr). In most of his life he has acted on God’s behalf in the creation of the nation of Israel, and has worked in a prophetic capacity, a judge, recorded the pronouncements of God, led God’ people during war, acted as an intercessor, performed miracles, and shepherded tribes of Israel who were unruly without tiring. By the time of his death, Moses had created a nation with strong military capabilities to displace the people that had occupied the land promised to Abraham.

Conclusion

The two Bible versions, NLT and NLV, renders the concept present in Exodus 3:1-10 differently but do not distort the meaning significantly. It is important to note that the rendering of information in this manner may result in a slight meaning difference in some people. This, however, does mean the two different versions provide contradicting information to the original.

References

Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. “Entry for ‘MOSES'”. “International Standard Bible Encyclopedia”. 1915.  

Stuart, D. K. Exodus (Vol. 2). B&H Publishing Group. 2006

A pre-screening document.

A pre screening document is a set of questions set by an interviewer in order to get information from the targeted group of people or individual. This is mostly experienced in hospitals where patients seeking medical care are advised to fill in a form, describing their health history and their current health condition. The purpose of a pre-screen document or form is to enable doctors with diagnosis or what the patient needs for treatment. In a rehabilitation centre, for example a drug addict wants to quit using drugs, the doctor asks the patient to fill in a form describing some of the drugs the addict uses, how long they have used them and to what degree. These are some of the information details present in a pre screen document. Drug addiction is one of the leading fatal problems (Bier, 1962) reigning most of the youth today, some fight to get out of it but the environment or due to peer influence they find it hard to stop (Barnard, 2007). But some take the most difficult step and they decide to openly declare their addiction; they join rehabilitation centres where they are taken through step by step process in order to recover. As they join the rehabilitation centres, they are required to go through a pre screening interview either orally or via filling a form so as to give the counsellors and doctors a go ahead of what to expect and through that they can decide which path they can take towards recovery.

Fill in the following detail.

Full name:

Sex/ age:

Marital status:

Contacts/ email address:

As Drug Rehabilitation centre the knowledge about our client’s health history and his current health status is our concern. For the questions asked below a tick if the answer is yes if no leave the box blank. For the information you are required to write the answers please do. Pay attention to what is asked and fill in the correct information.

Which kind of drug(s) do you use? Yes or No

Alcohol

tobacco

Marijuana

Khat

Cocaine

When did you start using the drug(s)?

For how long have you used the drug(s)?

How many times in a day do you use the drug(s)?

How did you get introduced to the drug(s)?

How do the drug(s) affect your body function when used and when not used?

What made you decide to want to quit using the drug(s)?

Please indicate any diseases that have affected you since you started using the drug(s) and how many times you have sought medical attention at a clinic, dispensary or hospital as a result of the same (Brick, 2008).

How has the drug(s) affected your social life, e.g. family, partners or friends (Barnard, 2007)?

Have you had cases of the following diseases or been diagnosed with the following disorders?

Yes or No

Whooping cough

Tuberculosis

Cirrhosis

Lung cancer

If you suffer any of the following diseases or have one of the conditions above, what medical action have you taken?

Have you had cases of hallucinations, seizures, and episodes of deliriums?

What kind of food does your meal consist of is it balanced or has more of carbohydrates or proteins or fats, if any of the above, please indicate and any other additional information describing your eating habits.

What is your personal description of drug addiction and what is your personal opinion about it?

What do you hope to achieve at the end of this rehabilitation program?

When all answers are fully and correctly indicated the patient is to sign his name and signature. The medical officer or psychiatrist in-charge should also sign the document.

Above is chart that is used to learn about the addicted patient and through the information doctors and counsellors have a basis of what to do.

References:

Barnard, M. (2007). Drug addiction and families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Brick, J. ( 2008). Handbook of the medical consequences of alcohol and drug abuse (2nd ed) New York: Haworth Press.

Bier, W. C.(1962). Problems in addiction: alcohol and drug addiction. New York: Fordham University Press.