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Annotated Bibliography

Bibliography = a list of sources on a topic Annotated = with useful notes

Your annotated bibliography is a required first step towards the final essay. Each student will submit 5 sources with the following information provided for each source. After completing this step, don’t forget to use what you have created — much of what you put into the Annotated Bibliography can be directly used in the final essay itself.

Begin the document with a clear sentence explaining your topic and your purpose for writing about it.

Alphabetize and number your five sources.

Create an MLA-style works cited entry for each source. This is the time to work out the correct works cited format for each source. SPECIAL NOTE: use the Little Seagull Handbook, 3rd edition for the updated MLA style: sites like “autobib” and the provided entries from many websites are not all up to date. In the handbook, pages 119-169 cover the MLA style thoroughly and end with a sample student research paper. 

Write 2-3 sentences about each source. The first sentence(s) should clearly describe the source (what is it, where did it come from, and what is its main point?). The next sentence(s) should explain how you plan to use the source to help you accomplish your own goal as a writer.

Reproduce one carefully-selected quotation from the source, including the correct in-text citation

Final Essay Assignment

FINAL ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS

Jeffries

ENC 1101                                                   ► length :  5-6 pages with standard MLA formatting  + an additional works cited page

► purpose: combining personal narrative with formal research — you will develop and expand one of the shorter essays with the addition of research.   

►  research requirement :  5 -8 sources from FSCJ’s subscription databases &/or from a location approved by me.  At least one source must be a format other than a traditional article or news report (audio file, transcript, interview, scientific study, autobiography, etc.). At least one source must be used in print. At least one source must be from the subscription databases.

►important notes on process:  

topics and preparation ideas will be submitted well in advance of the paper deadline

no topic will be approved that does not have a clear and significant personal connection to the student’s life/experiences 

topics must be approved and cannot be changed after the draft workshop  

first drafts = 3 pages, 3 sources, all MLA formatting included

peer workshop with feedback is expected on the discussion board

final drafts = 5-6 pages (not including the works cited page)

A Portrait of Low-Income Migrants in Contemporary Qatar

Abstract

This essay is about a review of an article. It begins by explaining how the author chose the article and how he located it. The method of the review of the article is also described. The author proceeds to describe the purpose of the article and the research questions used in the essay. The research method and the research design are also focused on with the author explaining the strengths and weaknesses of the designs. The meaning of the article is also discussed, the essay concludes with a statement of the author’s position on the low income migrant issues.

Introduction

I chose the article ‘Portrait of Low-Income Migrants in Contemporary Qatar’ since it deals with the issues that are real in the area. Unlike other articles, this article introduces the topic of research with background of the research. The article is well developed with ideas well clarified and with a systematic flow that do not require a reader to seek further explanation. I located the article during my regular article research in the on-line library. Its availability and simplicity in language is what led me to reviewing the article. The purpose of the review was to grasp the author’s ideas and logic. I did the review firstly by skimming through then deep reading. I did this keenly and efficiently while noting the important ideas that were described in the article. I also reviewed it by reading other reader’s reviews on the same articles.

Discussion

The purpose of this article was to inform the reader on the issue the migrants face while they work in Qatar. The article’s objective was to research on the real situation that the migrants live in. it does this by doing survey on the immigrants. The survey asks precise questions about the way they live, their income, living standards, country of origin and how they ended up in Qatar. These questions depict the portrait of the migrants in Qatar.

This article used several questions in order to meet its objectives. The first research question that was investigated was the basic characteristic of the low income earners in Qatar. This was done by visiting the migrants in camps where the situation was assessed. The second research question aimed at answering on how the migrants obtained work in Qatar. The final question aimed at assessing the roles of ethnicity, religion and nationality in determination of the various experiences the migrants faced while working in Qatar.

Research design is the method that is used in data collection during a research. It may involve observational, case studies or surveys. In this article, survey was the majorly exploited research design used. Members of staff were trained for a period of three days prior to the actual research. They were taught on how to conduct their research. They were deployed in the camps where the low income migrants resided. They conducted interviews. This type of data was qualitative since it was done on a sample group with similar research questions. Some major findings were that the employees work under harsh conditions. Their living standards are low. Most of the migrants also want to go back to their countries after some time.

The research design used in the article has some strengths and weaknesses. The design used sampled subjects directly. This is an advantage since tee search is able to access firsthand information about the migrants. This research skipped some migrant like the nannies, drivers and other workers working in homes or Qatar nationals. This is a drawback since the situation in the homes is not forth.

The article successfully acquaints the reader with the knowledge of the situation migrants are facing. The results of the research show that there is a serious problem facing the migrants. They are not comfortable working under the conditions. The validity question that I had when reading the questions is on the methodology. The reliability of the respondents during surveys is always in question. I agree with the conclusion of the article that the research on it provides a statistical framework and analysis of the portrait of the low income laborers in Qatar.

Conclusion

Low income migrants face rough times in Qatar. Most of the migrants would wish to go back to their countries after some time due to these deplorable conditions. The government of Qatar and other United Arab Emirates should fight for the rights of the migrants by encouraging them to get immigrant lawyers who would take them through legal procedures for them to get their full citizenship. The government should also amend the laws protecting the migrants since the old laws are more to making them slaves than promoting and guarding their rights.

Reference

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Andrew Gardner et al (June 2013), Journal of Arabian Studies A Portrait of Low-Income Migrants in Contemporary Qatar 3.1 pp. 1 –17.

Literature Review: Acute Coronary Syndrome

Name:

Instructor:

Course:

Date:

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is caused by lack of adequate blood in the heart. In particular, the condition occurs when the coronary arteries are blocked hence limiting their ability to supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. Unstable angina refers to the chest discomfort that is caused by the lack of enough blood flow. Unstable angina is more severe compared to stable angina but less severe than myocardial infarction. Unstable angina which is also known as the angina pectoris is characterized by pain in the chest. When the left anterior descending artery is occluded, the walls of the left ventricle, the interventricular septum and other parts are affected. When the right coronary artery is affected the right atrium and the left ventricle become ischemic. On the other hand, when the circumflex artery is occluded the left ventricle, atrium, fasciculus, and the bundle branches become ischemic.

The etiology of this condition focuses on the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The process starts with endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction refers to a condition whereby the inner linings of the endothelium fail to function properly. Remember, the endothelium plays an important role in regulating blood clotting but this function is likely to be affected by several conditions including metabolic syndrome, hypertension, smoking and inactivity. According to Balasubramaniam, Viswanathan, Marshall and Zaman (2012) endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances, and an increase in leucocyte adhesion, hence leading to vascular reactivity. Ultimately, endothelial dysfunction leads to atherosclerosis.

According to the American Heart Association, more than a million people are affected by this condition every year. In 2006 alone, more than 1.4 million patients were discharged with a primary or secondary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Currently, there are more than 7 million people living with this condition. Beside death, coronary heart disease can lead to premature, chronic disability to the affected patients. Following a discharge, patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome require re-hospitalization within the first six months. One in every five patients diagnosed with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation, dies after hospitalizations. In total, acute coronary syndrome accounts for half of all mortality related to cardiovascular diseases. The cost of rehabilitating patients with acute coronary syndrome is enormous. The direct costs of treatment are estimated to be $75 billion while the indirect costs of treating patients with acute coronary syndrome are more than $142 billion.

A number of studies have been conducted to examine the threat of ACS among the American population. One such study was conducted by Doyle, Simon, and Stenzel-Poore (2008) using a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance. Using self-reported data, the researchers found out that the Southern Eastern states are the ones that are heavily affected by the ACS menace. The study analyzed the risk factors that are responsible for the high prevalence rates in the South Eastern states. One of the risk factor that was examined is the ethnic background and socioeconomic status. The southern eastern part is mainly occupied by minority communities including the blacks and the socioeconomic status of the occupants there is much lower compared to the rest of the nation. The high prevalence rate can also be explained by the lifestyle factors such smoking. The southeasterners also suffer from contributing diseases such as diabetes, coronary heart diseases and hypertension. Due to the high prevalence rates, death rates as a result of ACS are also significantly higher, in the southeastern regions, compared to the other parts around the nation.

ACS has affected other developed countries. In the UK, ACS is a leading cause of disability, and a leading cause of death. Currently, there are around 1 million ACS survivors while an estimated 150,000 people are diagnosed with ACS every year. The majority of those affected by ACS in the UK are the elderly and the leading risk factor is obesity. In England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 25% of the whole population is considered obese. The levels of activity among the residents in these four countries are also very low and this explains why ACS is responsible for a significant percentage of deaths that are reported in the country. Overall, £ 8 billion is spent in ACS-related costs.

Developing countries have not also been spared either. In India the prevalence of ACS has been on the rise and this occurrence has been attributed to an increase in the aged population. In Cuba, the crude mortality from ACS is 84 per 100,000 population while in the neighboring countries it is the second leading cause of death (Bonita & Beaglehole, 2871). Just like in India, a significant percentage of the total population in Cuba is made up of elderly people. Incidences of ACS in the developing countries are attributed to several factors. Firstly, low and medium income earning countries account for almost 80% of all chronic noncommunicable diseases that are reported in the world. At the same time, the local population in the developing countries continues to engage in lifestyle choices such as eating high-fat diets, smoking and living a sedentary lifestyle. As the residents continue to adopt the western lifestyle it is expected that the prevalence of ACS will continue to rise. These statistics illustrate to us that ACS is a serious condition which takes huge resources to rehabilitate patients. In addition, the disease has an adverse effect due to the loss in productivity. It is on this basis that it becomes important to evaluate the events surrounding the disease and how it can be prevented and managed.

Literature review

Acute cardiovascular syndrome is a form of cardiovascular disease and is a leading cause of death in the America. Death results when the atherosclerotic plaque breaks up hence stimulating platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. The thrombus formed then prevents myocardial perfusion. Remember, the myocardial cells require oxygen to function properly but the formation of the thrombus restricts the supply of the oxygen hence increasing the myocardial demand for the oxygen. As a result, the ischemic tissues become necrotic leading to decreased renal perfusion. Ultimately, decreased renal perfusion stimulates the release of renin, angiotensin, aldeosterone, antidiuretic hormone hence increasing workload of myocardium.

Balasubramaniam, Viswanathan, Marshall and Zaman (2012) evaluated the role of the endothelial cells in the atherosclerosis process. In the article Balasubramaniam, Viswanathan, Marshall and Zaman Balasubramaniam (2012) argues that endothelial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the expression of atherosclerosis. When the endothelium becomes impaired it fails to maintain vascular homeostasis. As a result, a number of abnormalities are experienced and they include loss of nitric oxide, over-production of vasoconstrictors, and reduction of the ability to control inflammation, thrombosis and cell growth. The endothelium also plays the role of producing vasodilators such as nitric oxide, and prostacyclin while regulating the effect of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1 and angiotensin. The loss of vasodilators and over-production of vasoconstrictors affects the integrity of the arteries. One such vasoconstrictor is angiotensin. Angiotensin not only plays an important role in the loss of normal arterial compliance and patency, but it also mediates the plaque weakening process in a number of ways. Firstly, it leads to the up-regulation of the IL6 gene which is produced by the plaque microphages. Secondly, it leads to the up-regulation of the MMP genes which then lead to the degradation of the plaque fibrous cap. Thirdly, it leads to the activation of the nitrogen-activated protein kinase cascades and tyrosine kinases. Finally, it mediates the stimulation of neo-vascularisation.

In the article, Balasubramaniam, Viswanathan, Marshall and Zaman (2012) further look at the impact of the risk factors such as diabetes in the progression of atherosclerosis. In their view, diabetes mellitus is a strong predictor, and the studies that have been conducted indicate that patients suffering from diabetes have very a little opportunity of recovering from ACS. Mortality rates for diabetes mellitus patients with acute myocardial infarction are also high. In this article, they also look at the role of endothelial NO synthase in the inflammation process. As a vasodilator, eNOS plays an important plays an important role in preventing leukocyte (Balasubramaniam, Viswanathan, Marshall & Zaman, 2012) adhesion while maintaining the antiflammatory state of the endothelium. However, the ACS leads to the low production of eNOS and the endothelial cells are activated to produce vascular cell adhesion molecules such as the VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. These vascular cell-adhesion cells promote the adhesion of the leukocytes to the endothelial surface.

In this article, Balasubramaniam, Viswanathan, Marshall and Zaman (2012) further argue that diabetes increases the platelet aggregation and adhesion process in several ways. Firstly, the condition leads to reduced platelet membrane fluidity. Secondly, the condition leads to increased production of thromboxane, hence increasing platelet sensitivity. Thirdly, it increases the expression of platelet adhesion molecules and the number of platelets. These two actors play an important role in the pro-coagulant activity. Fourthly, diabetes increases the expression of platelet surface receptors and generation thrombin. Fifthly, diabetes mellitus reduces the sensitivity of the platelets to the effects of the vasodilators. Sixthly, platelets of patients with diabetes mellitus are rich in cytokines and chemokines which contribute to inflammation of the endothelium. These findings are supported by Al Thani et. al. (2012) who concluded that diabetes is an independent predictor for presence of polyvascular diseases and ACS.

Another study that was conducted by Zhong, Tang, Zeng, Wang, Yi, Meng, Mao, and Mao (2012) investigated the role of cholesterol content in atherosclerotic plaque progression. Zhong et al. (2012) used a sample of 136 participants. The researchers assessed the cholesterol content of erythrocyte membranes. It is well acknowledged that cholesterol plays an important role in plaque formation. The key feature of the plaque formation is the erythrocyte membrane. Erythrocyte membrane is a key source of cholesterol in plaques. Their findings are supported by () who found out that CEM in ACS patients is significantly higher that in patients with stable angina pectoris. In the study, Zhong, Tang, Zeng, Wang, Yi, Meng, Mao, and Mao (2012 also (2012) investigated some of the factors that determine the size of the plaque in the artery. Obviously, the amount of the cholesterol determines the size of the lipid core. The researchers concluded that erythrocytes played a major role in plaque expansion by increasing the lipid content. In addition, they argued that cholesterol encouraged apoptosis of macrophages and formation of foam cells.

The role of the low-density lipoproteins as a cause of ACS was investigated by Meisinger, Baumert, Khuseyinova, Loewel, and Koenig (2005). Very Low-density lipoproteins are secreted from the liver, and are then converted to low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). LDLs may accumulate in the artery wall if their rate of removal is low (Meisinger, Baumert, Khuseyinova, Loewel, & Koenig, 2005). The LDLs stimulate the endothelial cells to express the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (Meisinger, Baumert, Khuseyinova, Loewel, & Koenig, 2005). MCP-1 then attracts monocytes from the blood. In addition, LDLs encourages differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. Macrophages promote the formation lipid-cell foam cells, which are the hallmark of the atherosclerosis process. Following this narration it is rather apparent that low-density proteins mark the start of atherosclerosis process, and its subsequent progression.

Plaque rupture

According to Kumar and Cannon (2009) the molecules in the endothelium mediate the adhesion of leukocytes on the endothelial surface. The monocytes penetrate the endothelial wall, where they interact with oxidized LDL, transforming into foam cells. The foam cells produce cytokines and other substances that maintain atherosclerosis progression. The plaque usually has a thin fibrous cap which is destabilized by the inflammation cells such as the monocytes, macrophages and T-cells. In the article titled, Coronary events, Armin, Masataka, Renu and Valentin (2012) revisit how the plaque forms and how it later erupts. An atherosclerotic plaque normally has a large necrotic core but a small layer of the fibrous cap. The expansion of the atherosclerotic plaque is facilitated by the accumulation of free cholesterol, and macrophage infiltration. The fibrous cap only has a few smooth muscle tissues and is often inhabited by macrophages and T lymphocytes. Once the fibrous cap erupts, it exposes the thrombogenic materials to the blood stream. Following the rupture of the plaque, thrombi are formed. It is the rupture of the fibrous cap that leads to the development of unstable angina and myocardial infarction.

A lot of research has focused on how the plaque ruptures. One likely cause is the accumulation of T-lamphocytes and microphages-derived foam cells which secrete cytokines and proteolytic enzymes leading to the depletion of smooth muscle cells. The apoptosis of smooth muscle cells is promoted by the mast cells which are abundant in the plaque. The reduction of the smooth muscle cells impairs the repair process. Remember, smooth muscle cells produce the cap-stabilizing collagen and so a significant reduction of the cells is likely to have deleterious effects. Plaque rupture is also facilitated by the blood flow-induced shear stress. It is assumed that as the plaque grows, the tensile stress on the plaque shoulders increases hence leading to fissuring and subsequent rupturing. Armin, Masataka, Renu and Valentin (2012) found out that areas of low shear stress had advanced plaques than areas with high stress. Armin, Masataka, Renu and Valentin (2012) further notes that not all plaque ruptures lead to coronary events.

Armin, Masataka, Renu and Valentin (2012) examined the atherosclerotic process and the effect it has on the size of the artery. During the initial stage, the size of the artery is usually normal. In the second stage, as the plaque formation progresses, the artery remodels itself to avoid lumen encroachment. In the third stage, the plaque ruptures and hemorrhages leading to formation of intramural thrombi. Armin, Masataka, Renu and Valentin (2012 notes that mostly the plaque heals and continues to grow. Alternatively, the thrombogenic materials may be embolized distally leading to coronary arterial insufficiency or asymptomatic micro-infarctions. In the fourth stage, if the right conditions exist, the rupture of the plaque leads to the occlusion of the affected arteries.

In the article, Armin and his colleagues also looked at the interplay of factors that contribute to acute coronary event risk (2012). One factor is plaque burden which is determined by the blood viscosity, platelet function, stress and smoking (Armin, Masataka, Renu & Valentin, 2012). The other coronary plaque characteristic is lumen encroachment which depends on shear stress, circadian variation, obesity, catecholamine surge and pollution (Armin, Masataka, Renu & Valentin, 2012). Other coronary plaque characteristics include lesion locations, plaque composition, plaque biology, plaque configuration, endothelial dysfunction and plaque remodeling ((Armin, Masataka, Renu & Valentin, 2012).

On their part, David and Valentin (1999) looked at the activities surrounding the atheromatous plaques. The formation of plaques according to can be traced to the early lesions. Early lesions then grow bigger as the extracellular lipid and cholesterol content increase and fibrous cap grow thin. This development according to David and Valentin (1999) occurs in 5 phases. During phase 1 the development of lesion types I-III occurs while in the phase 2, lesion types IV and Va develops (David & Valentin, 1999). Plaque disruption starts from phase 3, eventually leading to the growth of more complicated plaques. The acute coronary syndrome occurs in phase IV, when plaques are more complicated (David &Valentin, 1999). However, plaques may fail to rupture and occlude the affected arteries. Such plaques characterize the last stage of the plaque development.

Clinical sequellae and symptoms

The eruption of the fibrous cap exposes the content of the plaque to the blood elements. In addition, an alteration of the blood flow is experienced around the ruptured plaque and the blood flow supporting myocardial distal is reduced (David &Valentin, 1999). Vasoconstriction at the site of the ruptured plaque makes coronary events to become much more severe. (David &Valentin, 1999) If the ruptured plaque does not significantly disrupt the flow of the blood, only an asymptomatic progression of the lesion is experienced (David &Valentin, 1999). On the other hand, if the rupture leads to complete vessel occlusion, acute myocardial infarction results (David &Valentin, 1999). The common symptoms of ACS include chest pain, arrhythmia, shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness, heart palpitations, nausea, numbness, confusion, slurred speech, vertigo and headache.

Diagnosis

Detection of atherosclerosis is one of the main objectives of the diagnostic tools. One such advancement is the use of plasma markers. One of the markers that have been used widely is the C-reactive protein and the lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2. Such markers are used to predict coronary events. Using peripheral blood has become popular due to the low cost that is associated with this process. An alternative method that is used in diagnosing coronary patients is the non-invasive imaging. Some of the imaging tools that can be used for identifying vulnerable carotid plaques include: ultrasound, MRI, nuclear imaging and X-Ray multi-detector. A CT angiogram and a nuclear scan could also be used to check the site of rupture and identify whether the arteries are constricted or blocked. Other diagnostic tests include an electrocardiogram, blood tests, chest X-ray, and coronary angiogram.

Interventions

Reperfusion therapy

In the article titled, Acute coronary syndromes: diagnosis and management, Cannon and Kumar (2009) looks at the interventions for the acute coronary syndrome. Reperfusion therapy has been found to improve patient outcomes. The efficacy of reperfusion therapy in acute coronary syndrome was tested in a study that was conducted by Desai (2008). The 80 participants in this study were all ACS patients. The two researchers also compared the efficacy of the percutaneous balloon angioplasty and systematic thrombolysis. The two interventions were found to increase systolic and left ventricle functions.

Antithrombotic therapy

According to Kumar and Cannon (2009) the aim of this intervention is to maintain the patency of the infarct-related artery. Antithrombotic therapies are augmented by anti-platelet strategies such as aspirin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. Antianginal therapy could also be used and use of nitrates to reverse the vasospasm, reduce the coronary blood flow at the site of rupture and the myocardial oxygen demand.

Coronary surgery and angioplasty

It is apparent that administration of anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic drugs improves the chances of survival to the patients. These drugs are often used before percutaneous coronary or surgery revascularization is performed. The coronary surgery is performed to bypass the affected portion of the coronary artery. The grafted artery goes around the area with the plaque, a process that creates a new path for oxygen-rich blood. The efficacy of coronary artery bypass surgery is supported by a study that was conducted Kumar and Cannon (2009). All the participants in this study had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The result of the study indicates that high-risk patients who undergo surgery intervention have very high chances of survival. An alternative to the bypass surgery is the percutaneous coronary surgery otherwise known as coronary angioplasty or balloon angioplasty. The process entails using a catheter with a balloon at the tip. Once in place, the balloon inflated to compress the plaque against the artery wall. This process targets unstable plaques which have thin fibrous caps, lipid full macrophages, and deficient smooth muscle cells. During balloon angioplasty, a stent is used to maintain the patency of the occluded arteries.

References

Al Thani, H., El-Menyar, A., Alhabib, K., Al-Motarreb, A., Hersi, A., Alfaleh, H., Asaad, N., Saif, S.A., Almahmeed, W., Sulaiman, K., Amin, H., Alsheikh-A., Alnemer, K. & Suwaidi, J. (2012). Polyvascular disease in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome: its predictors and outcomes. Scientific World Journal, 2012, 284851

Armin, A., Masataka, N., Renu, V., & Valentin, F. (2012). Acute coronary events. Circulation, 10(1), 1147-1156

Balasubramaniam K, Viswanathan G, Marshall S, & Zaman A. (2012). Increased Atherothrombotic Burden in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Review of Antiplatelet Therapy. Cardiology Research and Practice, 2012, 1-18

Bonita, R., & Beaglehole, R. (2007). ACS prevention in poor countries: Time for action. Stroke, 38(11), 2871–2

David, E. G. & Valentin, F. (1999). Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture Cardiovascular Research, 41(2), 323-333

Desai, N.D. (2008). Pitfalls assessing the role of drug-eluting stents in multivessel coronary disease. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 85 (1), 25–7.

Doyle, K. P., Simon, R. P., & Stenzel-Poore, M. P. (2008). Mechanisms of ischemic brain damage. Neuropharmacology, 55, 310.

Kumar, M.D. & Cannon, C. (2009). Acute coronary syndromes: Diagnosis and Management. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 84(10), 917-938

Meisinger, C., Baumert, J., Khuseyinova, N., Loewel, H. & Koenig, H. (2005). Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation, 2; 112(5):651-7.

Zhong, Y., Tang, H., Zeng, Q., Wang, X., Yi, G., Meng, K., Mao, Y., & Mao, X. (2012). Total cholesterol content of erythrocyte membrane is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease and the therapeutic effect of rosuvastatin. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 117(4): 390–398

MBTI Assessment

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professor’s Name

Date

MBTI Assessment

Introduction

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), developed by Isabel Briggs Myers, is a psychometric questionnaire meant to examine psychological preferences in the way different individuals see the world and make their choices. MBTI assessment technique is usually used to assist individuals in better comprehending their personal communication preferences and how they engage with others. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator questionnaire is made up of four categories which include; extraversion (E) or introversion (I), sensing (S) or intuition (N), thinking (T) or feeling (F), and judging (J) or perceiving (P). It is believed that every individual has one chosen trait from each category, resulting in 16 distinct personality types (Kings etal. 2020). My MBTI assessment was taken from https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test.

My Experience Taking the Assessment

When doing the MBTI assessment, I was very excited to learn about my personality trait since I have encountered individuals who constantly ask what my personality trait is. I did not know what to tell them. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assessment consisted of many questions, the answers to which provided me with a chance to learn more about my personality. However, I had to approach each question cautiously to guarantee that I provided accurate responses. When determining how I deal with specific circumstances, I struggled to answer some of the Assessment questions, which caused me a difficult time. Generally, the MBTI assessment was beneficial to me as it assisted me in knowing my personality trait, which will help me appreciate and understand the differences in my relationships with my friends. 

Interpreting the Results of the Assessment

After completing the MBTI assessment, my results showed that my personality type is a protagonist (ENFJ-T). I have extraverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging personality traits. Being extraverted means that social engagement probably energizes me, and I tend to communicate my energy and excitement straightforwardly. Being Intuitive, it’s possible that I have a vivid imagination and an open mind, emphasising elusive meanings and far-fetched possibilities. My feeling personality trait indicates that I probably prioritize expressing my feelings and sensitivities, emphasizing social harmony, empathy, and cooperation. My judging personality trait shows that I am likely decisive and well-organized. I value clarity, and I choose planning over spontaneity. Lastly, being turbulent means being goal-oriented, sensitive to stress, self-conscious, and striving to improve me.

How the Assessment could be used in Career Counseling

The Myers-Brigg Type Indicator assessment I took can be used in career counselling to help the career counsellor know the different personality traits of other clients, thus learning how to handle each client effectively. The MBTI assessment can also be used to support the clients in identifying their most vital skills. In career counselling, clients will be able to understand better their areas of strength and areas of weakness if they are provided with MBTI assessments which give insights into their distinct personality preferences. Therefore, this Assessment could help career counselling clients learn more about their character traits and goals in life.

Ethical Dilemmas

An ethical dilemma is a predicament in which one must make a challenging decision between two possible conduct courses, each involving violating a moral standard. While completing the MBTI assessment questions, I did not encounter any ethical dilemma because when it came to answering the questions, I did not violate any moral standard. Even though some of the questions made it difficult for me to determine how I would genuinely respond in certain circumstances, I made sure that I conducted a thorough self-evaluation and decided how I often deal with specific situations.

Conclusion

It is essential to take an MBTI assessment as it will help you understand your personality traits. Knowing your personality may shed light on both you and the individuals you interact with. Also, it is crucial to comprehend MBTI since when you are familiar with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator; it will be easier for you to adjust your interpersonal approach to various settings and types of people.

References

King, S. P., & Mason, B. A. (2020). Myers‐Briggs type indicator. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Measurement and Assessment, 315-319.

Appendix

MBTI Assessment Results

The results of your personality test are in. Here they are:

Personality type: Protagonist (ENFJ-T)Traits: Extraverted – 64%, Intuitive – 54%, Feeling – 52%, Judging – 82%, Turbulent – 56%Role: DiplomatStrategy: Social Engagement

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

McDonald’s Organizational Culture

The organization culture of a firm defines values, habits as well as the traditions that influence the employees’ behavior. McDonald’s is one of the largest fast-food organizations in the globe and has an organizational culture learning among its employees. The organizational culture of McDonald support operational efficiency to maximize its production as well as the improvement of service quality. The corporate culture in McDonald’s therefore emphasizes the human resource development as well as efficiency, supporting growth and success of the business in the international fast food market. The organization culture of McDonald is characterized by; individual learning, people-centered, diversity and inclusion as well as organizational learning.

I can recommend various changes into the organization’s culture that include, improving on the leadership of the organization, an increase in the employees’ salaries as well as improvement in hygiene. There is a dire need to change the leadership of the organization as leadership acts as the steering wheel that directs a car to where it is needed. Similarly, the leadership of an organization is expected to lead and spearhead the organization towards the achievement of its goals. Poor leadership can lead to a loss in an organization.

The turnover rate among the employees is an essential culture, and this means that if an organization want to retain their employees, they will have to increase their salaries and at the same time improve on their working conditions. Poor hygiene may compel many employees to resign and look for work in an organization that has proper conditions for work. Salaries, on the other hand, are key to maintaining employees in an organization. Better payments mean employees satisfaction and reduced turnover as well.

Rotation among the employees is necessary as it helps in developing creativity and innovativeness. The company’s organization’s culture is devoted to enhancing the employees learning, and therefore the culture of rotation facilitates the employees to learn new ideas as they shift from one department to another. Rotation on the other hands decreases boredom as an employee will not have to do one thing all the time but will be excited to learn new ideas.

Work Cited

O’Neill, John W., Laura L. Beauvais, and Richard W. Scholl. “The use of organizational culture and structure to guide strategic behavior: An information processing perspective.” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management 2.2 (2016): 816.

Literature Search Worksheet

Childhood type II diabetes and obesity

Which topic did you choose?

Childhood type ll diabetes and obesity.

Which three databases will you use?

1. EBSCO Host

2. ProQuest

3. SpringerLink

Search each database, using key words, for relevant research on this subject. What key words did you use in the Search Strategy fields? Include all attempts and limitations used to refine your search.

1. Childhood type 2 diabetes and obesity

2. Obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes in children

3. Incidents of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in children

The number of citations identified from each database in the number of articles found field.

1. EBSCO Host: 117 citations

2. SpringerLink: 3626 citations

3. ProQuest: 1734 citations

A peer-reviewed nursing journal cited in APA format:

Badaru, A. A., & Pihoker, C. C., (2012), Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood: Clinical Characteristics and Role of β-Cell Autoimmunity. Current diabetes reports, 12(1), pp. 75-81

Answer the following questions using your selected research article

Is this qualitative or quantitative? What is the study design? What criteria did you use to determine the study design?

Qualitative research involves collecting, analyzing and interpreting data that cannot be meaningfully qualified or summarized in the form of numbers (Amaratunga et al, 2002). On the contrast, Quantitative research is the collection analysis and interpretation of data involving larger, more representative respondent samples and numerical calculation of results. This particular study involves qualitative research since the data collected is simply analyzed and interpreted without providing numerical calculations.

A research study design refers to the ways in which subjects or constituents of study are organized and observed (Lobe & Vehovar, 2009). The study design adopted here is flexible design. This type of study design allows freedom for data collection and is the most appropriate to use in the cases where the researcher is dealing with data that is not quantitatively measurable (Lobe & Vehovar, 2009). This study allowed freedom for data collection and included data that may not be measurable quantitatively.

How did you confirm that the journal you selected was peer-reviewed or germinal?

The ProQuest database from where the journal article was selected provided an option that made it possible to limit search to peer-review sources by selecting a checkbox on the search screen. Further the database gave description of the journal and indicated that it is peer-reviewed.

Does this research article generate support for evidence-based practice? If not, state why it does not. Please review the critical appraisal guideline on pg. 466-480.

The research article selected generates support for evidence-based practice since it contains the required key elements. It contains a clearly written research and uses data which is primarily generated from care delivery. The data is derived from data repositories of electronic health record systems. The data repositories consulted are the sources of empirical evidence which can be analyzed so as to discover and inform best practices (Dogherty et al, 2010).

References

Amaratunga, D., Baldry, D., Sarshar, M. & Newton, R., (2002) Quantitative and

qualitative research in the built environment: application of mixed research approach, Work Study, 51(1), pp.17 – 31

Dogherty, E.J., Harrison, M.B. And Graham, I.D., (2010). Facilitation as a role and

process in achieving evidence-based practice in nursing: A focused review of concept and meaning. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 7(2), pp. 76-89.

Lobe, B. & Vehovar, V., (2009). Towards a flexible online mixed method design with a

feedback loop. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 43(4), pp. 585-597. DOI

10.1007/s11135-007-9146-7

BHS402 Leadership & Management in Healthcare

The Symbolic Frame

What are the five suppositions of the symbolic frame?

The five suppositions of the symbolic frame are:

-What is more important is not what happens but what it means.

– Events and actions have different interpretations based on people’s experience or behavior, they might experience life differently.

– Facing uncertainty and ambiguity, people will create symbols to resolve confusion, find direction or a path, and seek hope and faith differently in life.

-The events and processes are usually more important for what is expressed than for what is produced. On the other hand, finding what someone is passionate about, different myths, ceremonies, rituals, family history/culture.

-Culture can help unite people and accomplishing desired ends.

What four major roles do ceremonies serve?

The four major roles that ceremonies serve according to the book, “How Great Leaders Think” are:

Socialization

Stabilization

Reassure

Convey messages to external clients or supporters.

In most cases this will help bring organizations and society together as one.

What is the value of stories to high-performing groups such as the Eagle Group?

The value of stories to high-performing groups such as the Eagle Group, is to show that the stories can keep the traditions going and alive, some of the stories can be examples to our daily lives and also be a guide to our behaviors and how we can fix that. Stories come from history, values, dignity, and facilitate the formation of different background identity.

A Preschool Classroom in Action

A person goes through various stages before reaching maturity. As growth takes place, both internal and external factors, influence the development of an individual in one way or the other. The environment forms a major component of the external factors. The environment where growth and development takes place does not only include physical surroundings, but also the events, activities and experiences in the life of a child.

The childhood stage of growth and development is majorly the time when a child is trying to understand the world and how to relate with and or to it. Therefore, there is a lot of adjustment to the environment taking place. In addition, most children learn by observation, relationship with the same environment, and exploring with others through playing activities. However, due to the many variations in what the environment has to offer, depending on an individual’s setting, these processes take place in different ways (Saracho & Spodek, 2006 ).

The immediate physical environment of a child needs to be well equipped to enhance healthy development so that a well groomed and all rounded child grows to adulthood. It should be well furnished with a variety of play equipments that will improve on the child’s strengths, supply their needs and nurture the interests of the young ones into well built careers. The provision of the play materials should take into account all these factors. In addition, to enhance creativity, a few materials need to be omitted so that the children can fix them in their own way. An instructor’s presence is very important since the child’s progress needs to be monitored and improved.

Robert Recio’s classroom contains most of the equipment that are necessary for an ideal preschool classroom. The play games and tools available help in the physical, social, emotional, and intellectual development of a child. In addition it provides an avenue for the students to discover and develop their talents. The presence of a teacher in the whole play lesson ensures that the development of a child is well monitored to avoid development related behavior disorders in the future of a child.

Physical environment can really affect the growth of a child. Access to primary health care, for example, determines to a larger extent the future health condition of a child and its ability to contract some diseases. The way a child socializes with the peers, and or in addition to the interaction level with he family influences greatly on how its relationships in the future will be. Other factors such as; the provision of basic needs, living standards and conditions, cultural values and beliefs play a big role in affecting one’s development(Saracho & Spodek, 2006 ).

Teachers play a central role in helping the young ones go through a healthy growth ‘program’. With the difference in learners, there is the need to understand the problems children experience and de-mystify these problems for them. In addition, teachers need to nourish their own executive and professional skills since they are dealing daily with challenging tasks that require a lot of expertise (Chickie-Wolfe & Harvey, 2007). Due to the nature of such a task, teachers need to adopt a strategy which stresses a positive outlook and have fun with the children.

In conclusion, the development of a human being is very critical especially at the childhood stage. It therefore calls for careful attention from the teachers the type of play diet they expose children to as this plays a major role in influencing their behavior patterns in future.

List of references;

Chickie-Wolfe & Harvey, S. V. (2007). Fostering independent learning: practical strategies to promote student success. Guilford Press

Saracho & Spodek, B. (2006). Handbook of research on the education of young children. Routledge, ed 2.

Between the World and Me

Name:

Affiliation:

Course:

Instructor’s name:

Date:

Between the World and Me

Excerpt 1

Coates sits with Samori however doesn’t attempt to comfort him, rather disclosing to him the truth. This is his nation, he is in a dark body, and he needs to sort out some way to live with it. Anytime, an individual of color’s body can be annihilated or attacked in any way, shape, or form, and the liable gatherings are infrequently considered dependable.

Coates sets that Americans consider “race” as one’s intrinsic element, given to them by Mother Nature. “Prejudice” is the need to dole out this component (shading) to individuals and afterward use it to mortify or pulverize them. Like this, Americans broadly accept that prejudice follows the race. Yet, individuals can see bigotry as an unfortunate outside outcome of Mother Nature—like a catastrophic event—rather than man’s handicraft if the race is characteristic. Coates contends that bigotry precedes the race. Choosing who considers an individual doesn’t rely upon qualities of actual highlights yet on the conviction that these highlights can demonstrate a chain of command inside society.

Coates contends that racism comes before the race. Choosing who considers an individual doesn’t rely upon qualities of actual highlights, however, on the conviction that these highlights can show a chain of importance inside society. People have consistently had diverse hair and eye tones. However, it is a fresher conviction that these distinctions can demonstrate how to accurately put together a general public or choose who has more and less worth. This groundbreaking thought is at the core of a gathering of individuals raised to accept that they are white. Yet, “white” as a race in America doesn’t generally mean anything. All white individuals were named something different before they were named white, for example, Catholic or Welsh.

Coates’s constant battle to grasp his nation’s brutality and his absence of control over his own body has freed him from his biggest fear disembodiment. in this way, the questioning and struggling are worthwhile, though he knows there is no cure.

Excerpt 2

All white individuals were named something different before they were named white, for example, Catholic or Welsh. The individuals who accept they are white are the individuals who experienced childhood in a country established on the conviction that it reserved a privilege to pick which natural attributes demonstrated society’s right. Coates says that dissimilar to “dark,” the expression “white” is attached to criminal force. The “rise of the conviction of being white”— white advancement—has nothing to do with white individuals’ socially connected things in America.

Coates fear the streets, as well. Youngsters’ folks beat them, so they fear their folks just as terrified of the police, and the messes with themselves are savage with one another. Learning the way of life of the roads is a day-by-day exertion to dodge savagery and secure Coates’ own body. The non-verbal communication, expressions, developments, and group connections that Coates must retain generally rule out a blunder to ensure brutality and wrongdoing. The posses in his local dress in garments that propose authority and battle in the city as indicated by complex codes and ordinances. Their loose garments, puffy coats, and anchors are intended to state control so no one can contact them. The equivalent is valid for noisy music and boisterous, forceful ladies. Coates would now see through these activities and realize that attempting to show up incredible is only a shield from the savagery’s dread against their past ages.

Coates sees an alternate world on TV. There, white young men don’t continually fear for their bodies, and life appears to comprise rural areas, picnics, and football cards. He perceives even as a kid that his everyday routine is a world away from the experiences on TV and that there is a brutal contrast between dark dread and white opportunity. However, he doesn’t have the foggiest idea of why this is the situation. He needs to get away from the anxiety of his reality.

Excerpt 3

This part speaks to the giant blossom of Coates’ scholarly examination. At long last, he makes it off the roads, out of youth, and away from the schools that couldn’t care less about his interest. Howard University is where he can always commit he needs to learning and satisfying his inquiries. He begins the portrayal of the college by calling Howard his Mecca. He expects that the peruser knows Mecca’s significance, which is a sport that attracts individuals to itself. When promoted, he alludes to the origination of Muhammed, the holiest city for Muslims. Realizing this definition explains what Howard intends to Coates. Coates has just expressed he doesn’t have faith in God, yet he trusts in continually seeking information and comprehension about himself as an individual of color in America. In this manner, Howard is his own Mecca, the holiest spot, as he continued looking for answers. In “the dark diaspora,” he sees individuals from his legacy who have scattered and populated various pieces of the world. After seeing groups in the undertakings and learning just about white pioneers, he, at long last, meets dark people who seek after a wide range of academic subjects and originate from various states and nations. He likewise strolls in the strides, in a real sense and allegorically, of his dark saints.

Coates develops to characterize himself as a searcher and a struggler. His days in the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center are essential to his development as an individual. He breathes in thoughts and assessments from bunch creators and afterward breaks down his contemplations about them. When he portrays seeing the variety of individuals on the grounds, he encounters an impression of what he has perused in the library. Indeed, even as they are, for the most part, dark in his eyes, they have various foundations and suppositions. At the point when he starts composing verse, it isn’t for execution yet for examination. Through every one of nowadays spent in the library, he perceives that writing is the best type of individual test; composing demands that you sort out what you truly mean and why you would not joke about this. Composing manages Coates’ cost the occasion to meet different writers, every one of who are, similar to him, looking for where they fit on the planet. These writers and his instructors challenge him and lead him to pursue considerably more. They constrain him to be explicit and raw about his work and considerations.

Excerpt 4

All through the part how the devastation of the dark body is as yet predominant today. While this devastation is promptly apparent to an individual of color, it is regularly substantially more subtle to a white individual, particularly the “Visionaries” who are not encountering persevering prejudice. Coates depicts childhood in Baltimore’s ghettos and how such neighborhoods the nation over are intended to be loaded up with individuals of color. Isolation isn’t lawful; however, government strategy guarantees it happens at any rate. Coates’ area was extremely vicious, and he (and every other person) was in steady dread for his body since it very well may be taken from him whenever. He first genuinely comprehends this when a kid pulls out a weapon on him for reasons unknown. He never had genuine security over his body. Another away from the devastation of the dark body is police severity consistency and how regularly it closes in murder, with no ramification for the cop capable.

So long after slaves were “liberated” and did not adapt anymore, the “right” of white Americans to take care of dark Americans through brutality and murder persevered unchecked and energized. Indeed, even still, the cruelty proceeds in the roads of lodging ventures and through police killings. Indeed, even where there isn’t savagery, frameworks that classify individuals of color as lower citizenry proliferates through mass detainment, the use of defamatory terms, and underrepresentation in advanced education, general sets of laws, and legislative issues. Coates attempts to disclose to Samori the heaviness of living as an individual of color in America. Indeed, even as a little youngster watching white America on TV, Coates felt the hole between his reality and theirs and the weight from that acknowledgment of that partition. This is no place more apparent than on Civil War combat zone grounds. America has lauded its Civil War as contention between states wherein the two sides were honorable and courageous, ignoring the truth that Confederates were battling to keep dark bodies subjugated. Coates takes Samori to these memorable spots with the expectation that Samori doesn’t fall into his fantasy yet turns into a conscious resident of the beautiful and awful world.

Coates guarantees Samori that being dark doesn’t make one insusceptible to doing terrible things and cautions him to be mindful so as not to get sucked into any country’s fantasy. In the Prince George area, dark police who have been sucked into the white Dream transform into similar bandits who sustain brutality under the law’s appearance. Coates’ set of experiences instructors challenge him to reconsider dark respectability and not mistake purposeful political publicity for challenging investigation. He reevaluates his belief regarding having a dark “prize case” of exclusively dark intelligent people, as though they are better since they have not fallen prey to the Dream and are in charge of their bodies.

Coates perceives how “white” Irish individuals are treated along these lines to the individuals who lose their bodies to servitude after taking a class about Europe. He contemplates whether being “dark” really has nothing to do with losing his body, yet whether the term just methods his race is at the lower part of the chain of command.

Coates urges Samori to recall slaves as people, not just as a mass of individuals. Each slave has his or her character, dreams, and family. Coates advises Samori to remember that individuals of color in America were oppressed longer than they have been free, and ages of people realized only chains. In conclusion, he stresses that regardless of how improved the dark race’s current circumstance is, it isn’t recovery for the subjugation of ages that preceded. It isn’t Samori’s duty to change the world. While it is a perfect world, he will, at present, need to battle with how to exist in his dark body.

Excerpt 5Coates calls attention to that, in his experience, individuals who accept they are white are fixated on absolving themselves from any doubt of prejudice. No one will concede that they are a bigot or know any bigots, even while acting bigoted. It is far simpler for Americans to think it is their diligent effort to acquire them the American Dream. While recognizing the past terrible days, the individuals who accept they are white are raised to assume that those sad days are over regardless of the proof of the jail frameworks, ghettos, and police brutality.

He turned to the dread enlivened brutality of his childhood to secure his child’s body. Had Coates been captured, one of Samori’s first recollections would have been his dad being attacked by similar police who had attacked so numerous other dark bodies. Coates realizes that he committed an error, and the mix-ups of individuals of color consistently cost them two-fold.

He motivates the peruser by expressing that individuals who accept they are white appear to be primarily worried about persuading themselves regarding their blamelessness or possibly ensuring they seem guiltless to other people. As a human, it is hard to understand that something you were raised accepting is genuinely imperfect. Everybody finds out about slaves in history books. Yet, numerous individuals stay willfully ignorant that bigotry exists, particularly the individuals who take the mantra that America is consistently number one. Coates admits that Americans spring naturally to pride and making themselves look great.

Coates trusts he has handed-off a similar message to Samori and admits that he is as yet apprehensive. Be that as it may, the constant danger of immateriality modifies all that he knows, from the savagery of young men in the city to being twice as acceptable, needing ideal habits out in the open so as not to raise doubt.

References

Coates, T. (2020). Letter to My Son. The Atlantic. Retrieved 12 November 2020, from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/tanehisi-coates-between-the-world-and-me/397619/.

Introduction

In present-day name-driven market place, ensuring a photo or film deal involving a celebrity has turned out to be an important step towards the acquisition of the celebrity’s photo or filming. As such, whether one is an agent, a lawyer, a producer or a sale executive, attaining a photo or a filming deal involving a star is probably among the most critical negotiations. According to Tulchin (1998), this is probably. However, once he or she accepts to take the particular role, then a delicate as well as an intricate balancing act commences. In view of this therefore, this particular paper intends to provide an assessment involving an image making negotiation process involving a famous Australian musician.

According to Tulchin (1998), the primary point in the negotiation other than the issue of money is normally, the star’s availability. Coordinating their availability is important though many times a significantly complex balancing act. In majority cases, Tulchin (1998) argues that the star’s representatives will more often than not want the availability date to be locked down. In my case, however, it was not that complicated as we contacted the musician’s agents who surprisingly heeded quickly to our request. Assured of the star’s availability, we set a determined date in advance such that there was a time for not only pre-production but financing and flexibility in any case production is late.

Even though, Tulchin (1998) highlights that the pre-existing commitments are often an issue especially where a star’s previous commitment to another project taking precedent to ours, this was not the case. Since the star’s deal and our deal were the key components in as far as getting studios, distributors as well as the project financiers to commit themselves to the production, all the parties expected the outcome to significantly weigh on whether the particular project will go on or not. Nonetheless, the star deal was made after an agreement on how the star’s pictures will be marketed, publicized as well as promoted bearing the fact that there are normally restrictions placed on the usage of celebrities’ images.

Once a deal has been accomplished, the next step is often the refining of ideas and the preparation for a shoot. The preparation for a shoot is usually by creating a shoot planner document that covers the various logistics of the talent facility requirements, transport, equipments, permits and timings and costs. In this case, the agreement was that should the location be more than 60 miles away from the star’s residence, then a per diem of $ 65,000 including a first-class transportation paid. Other than these, there were additional perks that were negotiated including publicity expenses.

The next process is the execution of the project whereby the shooting process begins. This begins with a pre-production process that entails generally rehearsals including wardrobe fittings, photo recording tests, make-up tests, hairdressing tests, publicity stills and may more. According to Leslie (2011), often there are issues of the celebrity’s agents wanting to resist the pre-production stage for free. However, in our case; we had no issues as everything was cleared in the negotiation process.

Once this is done, the process now moves on to real production where the process of carrying out principal photography starts. These normally include the photographer taking various photo shoots including trick shots, stunts and publicity stills. Other than photography, there is the making of interviews with the star. Once the process of production is completed, then the following stage is usually the post-production stage. As highlighted by Tulchin (1998), the post production process entails activities including the recording of sound tracks, looping, dubbing, additional publicity and finally the promotional services (Tulchin, 1998). The major issues with the production process are normally issues dealing with how much time the post-production process is taking. For instance, if a star is paid $ 200,000 for four weeks of principal photography, then questions regarding whether this amount integrated rehearsal and the pre-production or whether an extra amount should be paid. In our case, we did not face such issues probably due to the fact that thorough negotiations were made and a well-defined deal struck before the initiation of the project with the star.

Figure

Figure 1: An illustration of caption editing

Figure1: An illustration of one of the finished artworks from the images

In any independent image negotiation process, the scrappy nature with regards to lower budget and the apparently unrelenting mechanic relating to negotiations can, if not appropriately coordinated, lead to a production that does not make sense not only financially but also artistically. However, in the case of our star, the feedback was excellent with the star and the deal fitting into the arrangements. According to Leslie (2011), this is often a challenge and only few producers when dealing with many projects of this kind involving celebrities. On the other hand, the continuous consultations made between us and the stars’ management was essential in as far as avoiding many pitfalls or roadblocks that are prominent with many projects of a kind involving celebrities or stars.

Generally, this particular project has been an eye opener in as far as dealing with celebrity regarding their rights over their images. The experiences gained have undoubtedly been helpful in as far as going through the give-and-take process of negotiation towards the closing up of a deal. Of significant importance has also been the recognition of the various restrictions the agents put on the usage of the various footages as well as other pictures of the star, a factor that significantly highlights the complexity of having to deal with stars on matters relating to their images.

Conclusion

From the above, it is evidently clear that landing a celebrity has turned out to be more significant than it has ever been over the past several years. As highlighted above, this is probably due to the celebrity’s commitment with all the accompanying hype, promotional and the global market value that sets the production process in motion. However, as the paper highlights, there are various set guidelines that ought to be useful in terms of the inexorable give-and-take evident with negotiation processes involving any celebrity.

References

Leslie, L, 2011, Celebrity in the 21st Century: A Reference Handbook of Contemporary world issues, ABC-CLIO

Tulchin, H, 1998, Smooth Negotiating: Making the Star Deal