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Literature- Dubliners Araby By James Joyce

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Dubliners: “Araby” By James Joyce

Introduction

The short story, “Araby” by James Joyce, presents a narrative about the life of an unnamed boy who is infatuated by his friend’s sister. As a demonstration of his love for her, the boy seeks out to buy his sweetheart a gift as the Araby bazaar, which he considers as the best shop to get this gift. Through the use of the various characters in the story, the author puts his message regarding immature idealism and desire, which is subjected to disappointment.

The use of setting in the short story, “Araby” in James Joyce’s Dubliners has been receive a considerable amount of contest regarding the connotation and meaning that it provides its readers (Doloff 113-115). This is, specifically, in relation to bringing out the theme of love in the story. While some believe that the setting in “Araby” has been used to present love as being ideal (Müller 1-36), others argue that the setting has been used to illustrate love as being pragmatic. The former believe that the narrative regards a story about a desire for an ideal love, whereas the latter hold the notion that the boy’s infatuation presents a negative romantic irony (Ehrlich 309-331).

This paper examines the use of setting in James Joyce’s short story, “Araby”. Specifically, the paper examines how the setting has been used to reinforce the different themes and characters in the story, as well as, bring out the idea of dream versus reality. The paper argues the setting in the short story, “Araby”, brings out the theme of love as both ideal and pragmatic.

Background Information

The stories presented in Dubliners are based on James Joyce’s conviction that Dublin, in the years around the 1900’s, was characterized by extreme devout paralysis (Ehrlich 309-331). For that reason, all the stories presented in his book shared a common setting, which was the old Dublin. In most work of literature, the setting defines the atmosphere or the tone of the narrative. Not only does a narrative’s setting set the tone for the story being told, it also gives the narrative its resultant connotation and effect on readers. The short story, “Araby” is devoted to the use of setting to bring out various themes in the story, as well as, build on the characters in the book. Arguably, without the narrative’s setting, the story would not carry the meaning and significance that it does, and for that reason, would not have been a story at all (Doloff 113-115). Primarily, the setting presented in “Araby” portrays Dublin as a place where individuals are presented with an array of dehumanizing experiences.

Place Setting

Just like in all the other stories in the novel, Dubliners, the place setting of “Araby” is in Dublin, Ireland. Specifically, the story is set in the quiet North Richmond Street in Dublin. The most part of the story takes place at the narrator’s home, which is integrated with the scenes in various parts of his neighborhood (Ehrlich 309-331). The Araby bazaar is the second location setting used in the narrative, and it is in this setting that the readers are introduced to the different themes of the story.

Time Setting

The time setting presented in “Araby”, is between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. This can be picked from the small descriptions of the boy’s world, which are associated with the character of the Dublin society during this time.

Presentation of Setting

The setting in “Araby” is presented in two main ways including dream versus reality and darkness versus light. This presentation assists in the development of the various themes in the story, as well as, the character development.

Dream versus Reality

In the story, the boy, who is also the central character of the narrative is presented as person who is hopeful for a world of fantasy. His life in ‘reality’ is presented as being drab, ugly, and free from love (Doloff 113-115). For that reason, he yearns for a different life from the one he is living. In the story, the author explains a young boy’s world that is inimical to his ideals and dreams. To, further, illustrate the boy’s dreams and desires, the author provides a comparison of the boy’s differing views about his real world, as well as, the world in which he hopes to live. The real world is defined as being loveless, dark, and isolated, and it is a world, which the boy is striving to escape from. His dream world, however, is brought out as being vibrant and full of love, a love that he intends to share with the girl of his dreams (Müller 1-36). The contrast between these two worlds is further illustrated when the boy’s disappointment occurs, as he is forced to face reality, and awaken to the world around him.

Darkness versus Light

In the story, “Araby”, the author utilizes imagery of darkness and light, obscurely, to illustrate the boys dreams and reality (Ehrlich 309-331). The usage of darkness, as well as, other gloomy references creates the overall mood of the boy’s life and world. His real life is dull and boring, hence the need for a dark description to help the readers believe his story much better. Contrastingly, light is used by the author as a definition of what the boy considers as his ideal life. Observably, light is used in the boy’s description of Mangan’s sister, with whom he has been infatuated with. For that reason, light is used for the creation of the boy’s fairytale world, a world of dreams and illusions (Müller 1-36). Whereas darkness is used to describe a worldly, dull atmosphere, light is used to describe a heavenly and joyful atmosphere, which the boy longs for.

Impact of the Use of Setting (Arguments)

The immediate effect of the use of setting in the short story is that it illustrates the difference between idealism and realism. Additionally, the readers are introduced to a character that survives on his tawdry superficiality, and, in turn, ends up suffering for it. In essence, literalists agree that the impact of the story to readers involves the provision of a contrast between dreams and reality (Doloff 113-115). However, the connotation of this contrast cannot be established as they cannot agree on whether or not love is presented as a good thing. Spiritual paralysis, which further builds on the concept of dream versus reality is also illustrated in the narrative and assists in explaining the contrasting ways in which love is presented by the author.

Literalists who believe that love is brought out as something that is ideal in the story, explain that the setting in the story embodies a form of spiritual paralysis whereby the ideal, which is love, cannot be attained (Ehrlich 309-331). The setting of the boy’s world defies the fulfillment of his love, as he does not receive the love he has for his friend’s sister back. The argument here is that the boy’s realistic world prevents him from achieving his ideal state of life. The setting, in such a case, is presented in the view of darkness versus light. The dark tone presents the boy’s real life, whereas the light tone presents his ideal dream.

Opposers of the argument, also the supporters of the presentation of love in a pragmatic nature, argue that love is represented as an empty and futile flirtation. They argue that, the boy’s immature infatuation regarding love, prevented him from living his ideal life, as he kept hoping for something that he knew very well he could not achieve (Ehrlich 309-331). In essence, love is presented as a state of disillusionment where people cannot separate the ideal from the real. In this argument, the boy attained his ideal life when he finally grows up and receives gratification for true life and true living (Müller 1-36). In this case, the setting is used with special relation to dreams versus reality, whereby there is emphasis on living the real life as opposed to a hopeless dream.

Conclusion

After a careful analysis of the opposing arguments regarding the real nature of love as brought out in the novel, I have come to the conclusion that love if neither ideal or pragmatic. This is because, throughout the novel, the concept of love is presented from the perception of the boy, and for that reason cannot be concluded as having any tangible effect on an individual. Accordingly, the theme of love as brought out in “Araby” can be both pragmatic or ideal, depending on the lone of thought that one chooses to take.

Work Cited

Barney, Rick et al. Analyzing “Araby” as Story and Discourse: A Summary of the MURGE

Project. James Joyce Quarterly, 18.3(1981): 237-254.

Collins, Ben L. Joyce’s “Araby” and the “Extended Simile”. James Joyce Quarterly, 4.2(1967):

84-90.

Doloff, Steven. Aspects of Milton’s Paradise Lost in James Joyce’s “Araby”. James Joyce

Quarterly, 33.1(1995): 113-115.

Ehrlich, Heyward. “Araby” in Context: The “Splendid Bazaar,” Irish Orientalism, and James

Clarence Mangan. James Joyce Quarterly, 35.2/3(1998): 309-331.

Joyce, James. “Araby”, in Dubliners. Forgotten books, 1954. Web. 22 December 2011.

<<http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=0b703zfVVTQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22James+Joyce%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QAfsTq-mBomJsALBrJieCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=inauthor%3A%22James%20Joyce%22&f=false>>

Morse, Donald E. Sing Three Songs of Araby: Theme and Allusion in Joyce’s “Araby”. College

Literature, 5.2(1978): 125-132.

Müller, Sarah. Adolescence, Love and Sex in James Joyce’s Short Stories “Araby” and “An

Encounter”. United Kingdom: GRIN Verlag, 2009. Print.

Sosnoski, James J. Story and Discourse, and the Practice of Literary Criticism: “Araby,” a Test

Case. James Joyce Quarterly, 18.3(1981): 255-265.

Stone, Harry. “Araby” and the Writings of James Joyce. The Antioch Review, 25.3 (1965):

375-410.

Robinson, David W. The Narration of Reading in Joyce’s “The Sisters” “An Encounter,” and

“Araby”. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 29.4(1987): 377-396

Mass Communication Theories and Effects Prompt 1

Name

Mass Communication Theories and Effects Prompt 1

Students use their smart phones to talk, browse the internet, engage on social media, listen to music, and take photos and/or videos. They communicate a lot on the phone with their peers mostly, engaging on trends and interests. Students also engage a lot on social media for communication, information, entertainment, and various social interactions (Baran, 2006). Students use smart phones to take a lot of photos and videos for social media posting and to send to their friends and family for self-preservation and the need to belong. They also use them for internet browsing to inform themselves. Lastly, they use smart phones for listening to music on-the-go. On social media services, they mostly use Instagram, Tik Tok, Snapchat, YouTube, and Amazon (Webber, n.d.). They use Instagram for following up-to date entertainment content, Snapchat for exchanging their videos and photos with peers, and Tik Tok for sharing their karaoke skills in short videos. They further use YouTube for following up on their favorite artists’ music through short and longer videos, and Amazon to make online purchases. Over the years, the number of social media sites has grown, thus giving people more options to socially engage with. People have also become better versed with technology as it improves, thus increasing their awareness of how to maneuver these sites and use them for better interactions with friends and the world.

References

Baran, S. J. (2006). Introduction to mass communication: Media literacy and culture. Introduction to Mass Communication: Media Literacy and Culture.

Webber, Katie. (N.D.). Unit 5: Mass Media Theories & Effects/Science & Health Comm/Social Media. COMM 1000. https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=d61b4dc57d&attid=0.2&permmsgid=msg-f:1670824735694269211&th=172ff63ea4fe2b1b&view=att&disp=inline&realattid=f_kc0amygu1&saddbat=ANGjdJ8xiWu-Pq2Ahbrlh7ubxT6Dse6WV0_fuRYt9hEA8O0fb7ybi1kztSLs2vWPDPc05j2A0rWYkTCpQFT033fDT-eCLpukhSSZKGCGVEYqOwwV5t0OnPlovxgqZe7sBKn-87EKB_xgWaopWBuoJ2RG6hZOWA8TAFEuVNh1s3mjVTzId11BvNWeRTR7qTqM8XroiB7HaLh5GTGUTqvhIGfFrfMxZE09g4Fi4U_O-17aYpxQkdmT1hY2r3ZDYpZ-FtAEZYsYK8WIWIZL74lJchxgWuqzfVYBqzlixE0sFsxtWQE13EDg8H7EjTt83TqqQE5LkTyoNPJ0Suy-XqWy0HoKiExZAUla2p3NEwAVyqTbBw5_xbe4_WqORASt4AYxVcO6r4Gq6Z9WA-wcHTpVPccJCRXK1n0nbrS6ZkvZHMa6NalYbLPHSBgLRq8QHxY6u9pk1cqrTbyXUEwGZtJxg4iKEcb2O-7P9C5BfGDa6l1GvyXBkLp9iFY462cRmuqjxcLe2jbHde4l0AYtjSS5Z1aADz-XOvWpxXcYgysKO7r34KyQ47N-1VKDEAN5qtQ-IYImiPYzARUcjPR0sRq5aP7YLnfzUvtQUE9iBSjvBydF7VYH74f3P9jYW34KkFdSzmXuknvCPKYojZ0KrmSk4SY0EHB43hfkXMxzHuYybo6IEu0_eRNeo10QZo0gtiY

Mass Incarceration began in the 1980s during the Reagan Era (2)

Mass Incarceration

Student’s name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

Abstract

Mass Incarceration began in the 1980s during the Reagan Era. This time is distinguished as the beginning of the “War on Drugs[JA1]”. During this time, imposing harsh sentences for minor crimes became the status quo, thus disproportionately impacting communities of color-incarcerating men of color. My research project seeks to incorporate qualitative and quantitative data that illustrate how the criminal justice system has created complex structures of discriminatory practices. These practices disenfranchise and create circumstances of inequitably in the daily lives of black and brown men. Furthermore, my research aims to demonstrate that mass incarceration disintegrates families of color, extending the damage and propagation of imprisonment. [JA2]

Introduction

Arguably, the United States has the largest prison population per capita globally[JA3]. There are approximately 7 million individuals in the American prison system[JA4]. The rates of incarcerated individuals continue to grow astronomically. The growth in the penal system is a direct result of repressive legislation. This growing growth can be attributed to the legalization of drugs, and the war on terror. It is possible that the prison system may never reach a critical mass since the prisons are overpopulated, and it has become more expensive to house more people. The United States federal prison population grew by 266% between 1980-1995. In this time period, there was a significant increase in incarceration rates for African-Americans (who make up 12% of U.S. population) [JA5]. The rate of incarceration is also higher in major cities such as New York City (12/1,000) compared with rural areas (3/1,000) [JA6].

The phenomenon of mass incarceration historically was launched in the early 1980’s and continues to intensify. Mass incarceration is a direct result of stricter sentencing guidelines for drug offenders. The growth in the prison systems was most pervasive during the crack era. The crack era initiated an anti-drug campaign to dismantle poor communities of color. At this time, we saw the hyper-criminalization of men of color and distributing narratives used to subjugate them as super predators relegating them to second-class citizenship. [JA5] The crack era was politized and utilized as a fear-fueled instrument for politicians to get elected to public governmental office. Consequently, men of color become hyper-represented as crack users and crack dealers, hence responsible for the wave of crime and deprivation in their communities (Nast, 2020). Black and Brown men were and continue to be primarily the bodies occupying the cold spaces of prison cells.

Why is this problem relevant to social work?

Social Workers play integral roles in our society. These roles come in macro, mezzo, and micro efforts. At a macro-level social work involves large-scale interventions/advocacy affecting communities, states, and the country. At a macro-level social work seeks to effectuate change by bringing visibility to systems of inequality, inequity, discrimination, and often racist practices. In the case of mass incarceration, macro-level quantitative work conceptualizes measurements, statistical, mathematical, or numerical data. This information could give context to why criminal justice reform needs mobilization and a great deal of advocacy. [JA6]

A mezzo-level of social work involves community development, advocacy and activism. At this level social workers strive to empower individuals, communities, and groups by bringing visibility to their struggles and survival strategies. For example, a mezzo level response would involve organizing community activists in the Bronx within their neighborhoods, spreading information about mass incarceration to educate them about the problem and network with like-minded organizations. A Mezzo-level approach would actively engage with networks such as political lobbying groups that focus on changing laws pertaining to criminal justice reform. This level of intervention provides vital information for policy and legislative changes that need advocacy mobilized at local, state, or federal levels.[JA7]

Social workers can also work directly with individuals who are incarcerated. Social work is a field that often deals with seeking social justice. One area of justice that has recently been in the news a lot is mass incarceration. The United States incarcerates more people than any other country in the world, with 2 million incarcerated people as of 2014 (Cox, 2020). How does this issue relate to social workers? There are many ways! Social workers can help address this issue by working directly with individuals who are incarcerated and by advocating for changes to our system of incarceration. Moreover, many social workers deal with prison issues on a daily basis! They may be employed by an organization as part of their main job responsibilities or they could volunteer at a prison or jail ministry.

In many states like Alabama, nearly one in four people is either in jail or state prison. The number of incarcerated people has risen dramatically since 1980 and the percentage of the population that is behind bars has increased by more than 1/3 from 1980 to 2014 (Cox, 2020). In spite of this, some social workers may be totally unaware of the growing problem. There are countless news reports detailing the problems associated with mass incarceration including recidivism, high costs for prisons and jails and a lack of rehabilitation programs. This is not a surprise to social workers! They have often seen this happen firsthand through friends and family members and they may have even worked directly with individuals who are incarcerated or know friends who have been incarcerated. On top of this, what does this mean for the psychosocial wellbeing of individuals and for their families? How does it affect their ability to move onward in the future? What are the implications for society as a whole if such an enormous number of people are incarcerated? Social workers can contribute to the conversation surrounding this issue by becoming experts on these issues, bringing it into their practice and advocating for solutions.

Each person who is incarcerated has his or her own unique story. There are many reasons why someone may be incarcerated, but all of these stories have one thing in common: they need help. Social workers can use their skills and knowledge to assist individuals who are currently incarcerated but also releases who are newly released back into society. Every person who has been incarcerated deserves the opportunity to be transformed. Every individual should be able to transition back into his or her community and begin making a positive difference.

Social workers can work with individuals or families to promote safety and mental wellbeing living in the community. This can include providing support once they have been released, helping them identify resources, reconnecting them to the community, working with schools and other community agencies, and addressing feelings of shame and anger that often lead to negative behaviors when a person has been incarcerated.

In 2010, President Obama signed an executive order that reformed mandatory minimum sentences for many drug offenders who are convicted after August 20th 2011 (Cox, 2020). This change has not been without criticism. Many opponents of this reform are worried that once these individuals are released they will continue to sell drugs. This is a valid concern as many of them have no other marketable skills and may be dealing with mental health or substance abuse issues that contributed to their criminal behavior in the past. Yet, not all will relapse and in many cases, the risk of relapse can be reduced if proper support is provided and if the person continues to take anti-drug treatment or engages in voluntary community substance abuse programs once released.

Social workers can play a vital role in making sure these individuals receive needed support. Some social workers also work directly with children and families who have incarcerated members. In fact, across the country there are over 11 million children with a parent who is imprisoned (James, 2021). This is a family issue and not just a criminal justice issue. How does this affect the children? Many of these children live in poverty, often unable to access much needed services due to their family’s limited resources or because they are still living with their parents. The American Academy of Pediatrics has issued recommendations that call for developing policies that provide needed wraparound services to support vulnerable families with an incarcerated parent and providing parenting classes in prisons so incarcerated parents can learn how to effectively parent even while incarcerated.

Social workers play a vital role in helping children and families cope with the situation. They can provide emotional support, offer assistance with accessing social services and legal aid, assist in finding housing, and help children identify appropriate school programs. Social workers can make the transition easier for adults coming out of jail or prison by identifying appropriate support networks that is helpful to their transition back into the community (Western & Muller, 2013).

In addition to adults who are still incarcerated, there are many people serving sentences of different length who will be released at some point. Social work can assist these individuals as they transition back into society by helping them learn about available resources, providing job counseling and placement services, being available for mentoring if needed or assisting in finding housing. In addition, they can help them develop a support network to help them navigate the challenges and stigma that are encountered when returning to society.

Social workers work with individuals who are incarcerated in many different ways, but one way that is often not spoken about is that they may be forced to accept clients who are incarcerated. There are many stories of social workers being forced to do this by their employer or because they feel it is part of their job due to their contract. These stories speak of the fact that social workers do not have control over whom they choose as a client and it can be very stressful for them. It may also pose professional risks for a social worker if they refuse to take on clients who are incarcerated.

Answer-

The Independent variable [JA7] I would be looking at in my research is the various systems that uphold Mass Incarceration. The most crucial factor to examine is systems of inequity, disenfranchisement, and racism. These systems come in discriminatory, biased, and racist legislation institutions’ practices. It is essential to evaluate these systems as change is necessary. I am committed to proving how both independent and dependent variables illustrate how the cause and effect are intertwined. Not only is cause and effect in the case of Mass Incarcerated interconnected, but they are also sustained by each other. Mass Incarceration of men of color can thrive in American society through its insidious systems. One factor cannot be examined without examining the other. It is significant to demonstrate how these systems impact the lives of real people, hence connecting cause in effect as an interdependent phenomenon.

When it comes to the dependent variables [JA9] I will be looking at these systems as contributing factors on incarcerated men of color. The most obvious factor being that of poverty and the lack of access to vital services. These social and economic factors come in the form of educational systems, housing, healthcare, employment and transportation (Cox, 2020). The dependent variables are crucial to my research because they directly reflect how Mass Incarceration has a negative impact on getting employed upon release, housing and even quality education. With such issues many return to prison within a year after release or are unable to shelter their family in a safe environment. These circumstances only amplify the problems by placing more stressors on them while they adjust back into society after incarceration.

The independent and dependent variables are inextricably linked to one another. Both variables are essential to the issue my paper is about. To prove their interconnectedness, I will be employing both theoretical and statistical approaches. It is essential I employ statistics as they help illustrate how real people, not just numbers, are impacted by Mass Incarceration. The statistics will also give additional credibility to my research allowing me to show how these systems impact the lives of real people in comparison with others who do not have to deal with being incarcerated.

The work of Michelle Alexander does a great job of unpacking-revealing how the criminal justice system operates in maintaining repressive institutions. At the same time, Bryant Stevens shows that fair and just legal representation is not available to all. The work of Michelle Alexander also gives great insight into how racial disparities in education and economic status become a major part of the criminal justice process. Another area that is discussed as a part of this process is gender and the way it impacts mass incarceration (Western & Muller, 2013). These are some of the areas I am going to look at in my research paper. My goal is to show how these systems impact our society, the lives of real people, and what can be done to change this situation.

References

Nast, C. (2020). Ten Years After “The New Jim Crow”. Retrieved 19 April 2022, from https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/ten-years-after-the-new-jim-crow

Cox, R. (2020). Applying the theory of social good to mass incarceration and civil rights. Research on Social Work Practice, 30(2), 205-218.

James, K. J. (2021). Black Lives, Mass Incarceration, and the Perpetuity of Trauma in the Era of COVID-19: The Road to Abolition Social Work. In Shared Trauma, Shared Resilience During a Pandemic (pp. 281-290). Springer, Cham.

Western, B., & Muller, C. (2013). Mass incarceration, macrosociology, and the poor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 647(1), 166-189.

(2022). Retrieved 19 April 2022, from https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=sociology_class_publications

(2022). Retrieved 19 April 2022, from https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=n8L3HaALWb8%3D&portalid=0

Mass Communication Theories Prompt 2

Name

Mass Communication Theories Prompt 2

I use social media regularly to inform and to entertain myself. I post the most on Facebook, since it is easier to reach my targeted audience there through sharable content. It remains the most important in posting given that content remains on people’s timelines hours or days after posting. Facebook has also served me well since I started using it when it was fairly new in the market and was more sensible than what the market was offering. It is a social networking site which makes it easier to interact with like-minded people. When it comes to these services, I use a combination of them almost equally if not equally (Webber, n.d.). Depending on the day, I can spend the most time on Twitter when I need to inform myself about the trending matters locally and globally, and to understand how people are responding to these matters.

On other days, I spend the most time on Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram. Facebook also informs on trending topics in passing, engages in business content marketing, it allows interactions with the targeted audience in content sharing, creating content, and accessing shared content. YoutTube helps me gain access to interesting topics under discussion, have a stream of information from accessed sites, while also allowing me to listen to music. Lastly, I use Instagram for business content marketing and entertainment purposes, and more so the latter. Entertainment meets the need for self-preservation and the need to belong (Webber, n.d.). Over time, I have appreciated social media services in a more intentionally such as seeing Facebook more than a mere entertainment source to becoming informative in business, society-wise, and spiritually. These changes have occurred as I realize that there is a richness to life and with more maturity, comes more appreciation for such services in aiding growth in businesses, relationships, and spiritually.

References

Webber, Katie. (N.D.). Unit 5: Mass Media Theories& Effects/Science & Health Comm/Social Media. Comm 1000. https://mail-attachment.googleusercontent.com/attachment/u/0/?ui=2&ik=d61b4dc57d&attid=0.2&permmsgid=msg-f:1670824735694269211&th=172ff63ea4fe2b1b&view=att&disp=inline&realattid=f_kc0amygu1&saddbat=ANGjdJ8xiWu-Pq2Ahbrlh7ubxT6Dse6WV0_fuRYt9hEA8O0fb7ybi1kztSLs2vWPDPc05j2A0rWYkTCpQFT033fDT-eCLpukhSSZKGCGVEYqOwwV5t0OnPlovxgqZe7sBKn-87EKB_xgWaopWBuoJ2RG6hZOWA8TAFEuVNh1s3mjVTzId11BvNWeRTR7qTqM8XroiB7HaLh5GTGUTqvhIGfFrfMxZE09g4Fi4U_O-17aYpxQkdmT1hY2r3ZDYpZ-FtAEZYsYK8WIWIZL74lJchxgWuqzfVYBqzlixE0sFsxtWQE13EDg8H7EjTt83TqqQE5LkTyoNPJ0Suy-XqWy0HoKiExZAUla2p3NEwAVyqTbBw5_xbe4_WqORASt4AYxVcO6r4Gq6Z9WA-wcHTpVPccJCRXK1n0nbrS6ZkvZHMa6NalYbLPHSBgLRq8QHxY6u9pk1cqrTbyXUEwGZtJxg4iKEcb2O-7P9C5BfGDa6l1GvyXBkLp9iFY462cRmuqjxcLe2jbHde4l0AYtjSS5Z1aADz-XOvWpxXcYgysKO7r34KyQ47N-1VKDEAN5qtQ-IYImiPYzARUcjPR0sRq5aP7YLnfzUvtQUE9iBSjvBydF7VYH74f3P9jYW34KkFdSzmXuknvCPKYojZ0KrmSk4SY0EHB43hfkXMxzHuYybo6IEu0_eRNeo10QZo0gtiY

Mass Incarceration began in the 1980s during the Reagan Era

Mass Incarceration

Student’s name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

Abstract

Introduction

Why is this problem relevant to social work?

Answer-

References

Nast, C. (2020). Ten Years After “The New Jim Crow”. Retrieved 19 April 2022, from https://www.newyorker.com/news/the-new-yorker-interview/ten-years-after-the-new-jim-crow

Cox, R. (2020). Applying the theory of social good to mass incarceration and civil rights. Research on Social Work Practice, 30(2), 205-218.

Western, B., & Muller, C. (2013). Mass incarceration, macrosociology, and the poor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 647(1), 166-189.

(2022). Retrieved 19 April 2022, from https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=sociology_class_publications

(2022). Retrieved 19 April 2022, from https://www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=n8L3HaALWb8%3D&portalid=0

Literature Review on CRM Strategies for Ryanair

LITERATURE REVIEW ON CRM STRATEGIESName:

Course:

Lecturer:

Date:

Table of Contents TOC o “1-3” h z u

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826396” 1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc361826396 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826397” 1.1 Company Background PAGEREF _Toc361826397 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826398” 2.0 CRM Strategy PAGEREF _Toc361826398 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826399” 3.0 Dimensions of Customer Relationship Management PAGEREF _Toc361826399 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826400” 4.0 Objectives of Customer Relationship Management PAGEREF _Toc361826400 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826401” 5.0 Developing CRM Strategies PAGEREF _Toc361826401 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826402” 5.1 Company strategy PAGEREF _Toc361826402 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826403” 5.2 Consumer Strategy PAGEREF _Toc361826403 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826404” 5.3 The Value Formation Procedure PAGEREF _Toc361826404 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826405” 5.3.1 The Value the Consumer Enjoys PAGEREF _Toc361826405 h 8

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HYPERLINK l “_Toc361826409” 6.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc361826409 h 10

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1.0 IntroductionCustomer relationship has been a remarkable move towards creating a mechanism that can enhance means for maintaining personal reliability. To be aware of customer relationship management (CRM), one has to value the constantly shifting nature of the customer (Greenberg 2010). There are a huge number of companies paying outing a great amount of their finances on CRM making it imperative for service firms to identify the aims of their CRM proposals and the type of payback accrued by these companies. According to Shanmugasundaram (2008) CRM is a business plan to attain, raise and maintain profitable customer relationships with the aim of building a sustainable competitive edge. CRM is a critical strategy as relationships are coming to the front position of the competitive arena. There should be a mutual win for customers and all the firms’ stakeholders including employees and business partners for instance suppliers, debtors and creditors.

The concept of CRM enhances firms to modify particular manufactured goods and services according to every consumer’s requirements. It is possible to produce a personalised customised, face to face practice that will make the customer believe that he/she is being valued by the company enhancing creation of new markets chances that are found on tastes, earlier purchasing behaviour and past buying characteristics of the consumer. A customer is placed at the middle of a firm, consumer service is one of the important components of CRM but CRM also deals with managing customer relations within all company functions, places of contact and meetings (Almotairi 2009).

1.1 Company BackgroundRyanair Ltd. is one of the pioneer airlines to offer cheap scheduled passenger services. From 1985, Ryanair followed the footsteps of southwest airlines by consequently saving costs and offering low cost flights. The airline firm headquarters are located at Dublin, Ireland and has an employee capacity of about 4,200 employees. The airline operates with a fleet size of 120 Boeing 737-800 (Ryanair 2007). They have a Mission statement that they want to be one of the Europe’s most yielding and cheapest airlines. The company has an objective of establishing itself as Europe’s an airline that offers low-fares through improving and expanding services at low-fare (Ryanair 2007).

Ryanair uses the internet to communicate with their customers. They are well positioned with big plans for expansion, analysing their macro environment (Ryanair 2010). Tickets are sold online direct to the customers. Ryanair has been able to differentiate itself in the air industry by satisfying its customers since customers want flights to be affordable and quick. Customers not only pay less but also receive better services than Ryanair’s close competitors. Thus Ryanair has gone a mile ahead to improve both the positives that customers want when flying. Through their website Ryanair is able to reach its customers.

Figure 1 Market Positioning on the European Airline Market

Source: Ryanair (2007)

2.0 CRM Strategy

The main aim of CRM strategy is to come up with means of providing best value to consumers in more competent ways that employees identify as pleasing. The approach should be perfect for the consumer, the staff and the company. If the approach is not perfect for the customer Ryanair suffers sales and loyalty loss. The brand also has no future, it has to be good for the employee since if not they won’t be motivated to deliver the best damaging both the firm and the customers (Band et al. 2008). How good it is determines how motivated employees and customers are in continued investment. Due to competitive global market improved services are vital and the aim of the CRM strategy benefits the firm, clients and staffs equally.

3.0 Dimensions of Customer Relationship Management

CRM helps Ryanair to successfully allot available possessions to the segment of customers that is yielding most by identifying customer. CRM begins with potential consumer identification also referred to as customer acquisition. The stage aims at winning prospect consumers that could be most yielding. At this phase the lost customers due to competition can be analysed and how to win they trust again (Charalampos & Chang 2008). Consumer drawing; the step follows consumer recognition, the firms goes ahead to straight endeavour and possessions into pulling towards the intended subdivision. A component of client appealing could be express selling which is an encouragement procedure which encourages clients to place orders through various outlets (Richards & Jones 2008). Consumer maintenance; it is the essential apprehension of CRM. Exceeding consumer’s expectations is an essential condition of retaining customers (Charalampos & Chang 2008). The essentials of client maintenance are face-to-face marketing, reliability systems and grievances supervision. Face-to-face selling refers to personalised selling movements that are enhanced by sensing and foreseeing transformations in client’s conduct (Ngai et al. 2009). Client enlargement; this engages a reliable extension of business deal, concentration and client’s productivity. The element of purchaser duration worth examination is clear as the forecast of the entire net earnings a firm may look forward to achieve from a client (Kostojohn et al.2011).

4.0 Objectives of Customer Relationship Management

According to Dyche (2010) organisations pay for CRM products and services following the goals, consumer yielding and significance reproducing; Rynair is able to identify their important consumers and worth maintaining. A firm could also gauge the consumers whom are responsive to prices and those who bring small yields and low volume purchasers. Customer retention; it is vital to identify and appreciate that a portion of customers have left and specifically who they are. Identifying the reason behind their departure is a hard task. If a company loses more customers that means more revenues are lost by the firm. It is also a hard task to retain the existing one but it is much cheaper to retain them than acquiring new one (Frow 2011). Cross-selling and up-selling; this is concerned with identifying kind of products and services will add to customers total yielding. Extended-selling is trading a commodity or the service to a consumer that he/she had previously bought, the aim being to have repeated sales. Selling- more, encouraging a faithful consumer to purchase more yielding products and services. Extended-selling helps a firm trade the appropriate commodity and services to the appropriate consumers within the appropriate time frame. Behaviour prediction; firms are able to consider the most probable action of the consumer. According Ranjan & Bhatnagar (2008) data mining techniques are used to predict customer’s behaviour and foretell consumer’s prospect conduct. The important thing is a Rynair can actually identify who potential consumers could be. Personalisation is the capability of the company to tailor communication, commodity and services on foundation of the facts and tastes of the customers. This eliminates the guesswork and improving appreciative of consumers and their tastes over that client’s dealings with the firm (Tuzhilin 2012).

5.0 Developing CRM StrategiesThe development entails a double focal point to the organisation’s company plan and its client policy. How effectively the two interconnect essentially influences the achievement of its CRM plan.

5.1 Company strategy

It’s important to first consider business strategy before one determines the way the client policy could be expanded and the way it could change in future. The company plan procedure could start by means of an assessment of the firm’s vision, particularly as it relates to CRM (Ko et al. 2008). The industry competitive environment should as well be assessed.

5.2 Consumer Strategy

Firm objectives are under the control of chief executive officer, the board of governors and a plan manager, whereas client policy is normally the duty of the selling subdivision. CRM needs a team approach but it is regularly vested in individual based responsibilities, together with information and technology and selling (Lambert 2009). Consumer policy entails investigating present and prospect consumer foundation and coming up with types of partitioning that can be appropriate. Majority of the writers advocates in shift from a group market to that one of personalised or face to face marketing setting. Ryanair can exploit internet selling chances and essential cost-effective type of the internet to allow a great extent get into the market of partitioning. The plan expansion procedure includes a comprehensive evaluation of company plan and advancement of suitable consumer policy (Frow 2011). With this a firm is in a position to build up and put into practice its CRM actions.

5.3 The Value Formation ProcedureThe value formation procedure converts the yields of a plan progress route interested in systems that together pull out and bring significance (Ata & Toker 2012). It has three elements which includes, influencing the worthiness Ryanair could offer the consumers, focussing which worthiness Rynair airline could receive from the clients and effectively overseeing worthiness trade that engages maximisation of long-term worthiness of attractive consumer subdivision.

5.3.1 The Value the Consumer Enjoys

Worthiness obtained as of Rynair draws on the concept of the gains that improves the customer offer. Firm to firm and services selling perceives the client as a co inventor and co maker (Kim & Kim 2009). The gains might be integrated in the structure of a worth plan so as to describe connection along with the well doing of the commodity, the satisfaction of client’s requirements and the entire expenditure to the consumer (Richards & Jones2008). To conclude whether the value of plan is probable to an outcome of a better purchaser satisfaction Rynair should perform a value appraisal to measure the virtual significance that clientele set on the a variety of qualities of a commodity. Analytical tools may be used to determine customers with similar favourites considering commodity qualities. Such a tool could as well disclose considerable sell subdivisions through provision requirements which are not entirely addressed through qualities of the real offers (Frow & Payne 2009).

5.3.2 The Value the Company Obtains and Life Span Value

As of this viewpoint Rynair consumer worthiness is a result of co creation of worthiness, the utilisation of enhanced attainment and preservation plans and the utilisation of successful means supervision. Basic to this notion of customer worthiness is further research to conclude how the present and prospect consumer’s yielding differs transversely in various consumers and consumers subdivisions (Kevork &Vrechopoulos 2009). It is also vital to determine the financial side of customer attainment and consumers preservation and chances for selling between clients, inducing clients to purchase more and generating clients support should be appreciated (Nguyen & Papadopoulos 2011). These basics add to increase client’s duration. Client’s preservation corresponds to a significant piece of explore on worthiness generation. When a firm calculates the customer lifetime of various segments it is able to concentrate with the most yielding clients and client subdivisions. Worthiness generation procedure is one of the critical components of CRM since it interprets firm and consumer long term plans into particular worth offer declarations which expresses which worthiness is to be given to the client.

5.4 Information Management Procedure

This procedure is interested in compilation and application of client’s facts and in order in all Rynair’s client’s interaction areas to come up with consumers near and suitable selling reactions (Ngai et al. 2009). The main components of the information supervision procedure are the facts storeroom that gives a business recollection of consumers, IT system which comprise of the firm’s computer hardware, systems and network, examination implements and workplace face and backside office functions that supports most of the performance concerned in bordering straight with clients and supervising in-house process, running and provider dealings (Greenberg 2010).

5.5 Performance Evaluation ProcedureThe performance evaluation procedure covers important duty of making certain that Ryanair’s planned objectives in conditions of CRM are brought towards a suitable as well as satisfactory benchmark and fundamental for prospect enhancement is set up (Elmuti et al. 2009). The main components of this process are shareholder results; in order for a firm to attain the crucial purpose of CRM they opt to believe how to put up staff worthiness, client value and investor value and how to cut costs. Performance supervising; for a firm to become customer oriented they need to monitor and measure their CRM performance.

6.0 ConclusionRyanair has exhibited being successful in the past and not known to be second to anyone. Just like any other company Ryanair spends quite amount of their budget on CRM to win new customers and retain the existing customers. Ryanair creates an internet platform to foster their communication with their customers. They sell their tickets online minimising time wastage and they are not only cheap but deliver best airline services. For one to understand the objectives and strategies of CRM one must study the customers’ point of view and firm’s perspective. For instance for a company to win customers loyalty and profitability it has to be dedicated to the client but not vice versa for it to remain competitive. The concept of CRM provides firms with opportunities to modify specific products and services according to conformance of each and every customers need. They are able to personalise customise, one-to-one experience that gives the individual customer sense of being cared for thus creating new marketing opportunities based on preferences, previous behaviour and history of the customer. CRM dimensions help an organisation to come up with the best strategy of identifying, attracting, retaining and developing customers of lifetime. There should be a mutual win- win between a firm and its customers, that is there should a value creation in the process of CRM.

7.0 References

Almotairi, M 2009, ‘A framework for successful CRM implementation’, In European and Mediterranean conference on information systems, 1-12.

Ata, U. Z., & Toker, A 2012, ‘The effect of customer relationship management adoption in business-to-business markets’, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 497-507.

Band, W, Sharyn L, & Andrew, M 2008, Trends 2009: Customer Relationship Management. Forrester Research.

Charalampos, M., & Chang, Y. S, 2008, Beyond CRM: a system to bridge the gap between the customer and the global manufacturing supply chain. In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Proceedings of the 41st Annual 278-278.

Dyche, J 2010, The CRM handbook: A business guide to customer relationship management. London 1st Ed-Wesley Educational publisher Inc.

Frow, P. E., & Payne, A. F 2009, ‘Customer relationship management: a strategic perspective’, Journal of Business Market Management, Vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 7-27.

Elmuti, D., Jia, H., & Gray, D 2009, ‘Customer relationship management strategic application and organizational effectiveness: an empirical investigation’, Journal of Strategic Marketing, Vol. 17, no.1, pp. 75-96.

Frow, P., Payne, A., Wilkinson, I. F., & Young, L 2011, Customer management and CRM: addressing the dark side. Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 79-89.

Greenberg, P. (2010). CRM at the speed of light. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

Kostojohn, S., Paulen, B., & Johnson, M 2011, CRM fundamentals. Springer

Ko, E., Kim, S. H., Kim, M., & Woo, J. Y 2008, ‘Organizational characteristics and the CRM adoption process’, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 65-74.

Kim, H. S., & Kim, Y. G 2009, A CRM performance measurement framework: Its development process and application. Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 477-489.

Kevork, E. K., & Vrechopoulos, A. P 2009, ‘CRM literature: conceptual and functional insights by keyword analysis’, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 48-85.

Lambert, D. M 2009, ‘Customer relationship management as a business process’, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 4-17.

Ngai, E. W., Xiu, L., & Chau, D. C 2009, ‘Application of data mining techniques in customer relationship management: A literature review and classification’, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 2592-2602.

Nguyen, A. H., & Papadopoulos, T 2011, Exploring the potential benefits of CRM systems in customer-centric age: A case study of a telecom company in Vietnam.

Ranjan, J., & Bhatnagar, V 2008, ‘Data mining tools: a CRM perspective’, International Journal of Electronic Customer Relationship Management, Vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 315-331

Richards, K. A., & Jones, E 2008, ‘Customer relationship management: Finding value drivers’, Industrial marketing management, Vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 120-130.

Ryanair’s strategy 2007, Viewed July 11th 2013 from www.ryanair.com

Shanmugasundaram, S 2008, Customer relationship management: Modern trends and perspectives. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Tuzhilin, A 2012, ‘Customer relationship management and Web mining: the next frontier’, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 584-612.

CRM Ryanair 2010, StudyMode.com, Viewed 11 July 2013, from HYPERLINK “http://www.studymode.com/essays/Crm-Ryanair-295245.html” http://www.studymode.com/essays/Crm-Ryanair-295245.html

HYPERLINK “http://www.grin.com/profile/132855/sascha-mayer” Sascha, M 2007, Ryanair and its low cost flights in Europe, Munich, GRIN Publishing GmbH, HYPERLINK “http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/87815/ryanair-and-its-low-cost-flights-in-europe” http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/87815/ryanair-and-its-low-cost-flights-in-europe

Below the Surface Leadership

Below the Surface Leadership: Its Link to Purpose, Power, and Trusting Relationships

The workplace and society are both evolving simultaneously. It will need new leaders that can support and uplift their staff. These new leaders will fully embrace the leadership position and will be able to penetrate the hearts and souls of their people. The overall objective of the “Below the Surface Leadership” paradigm of inclusive leadership is to replace the divisive “exterior-ness” of conventional corporate cultures with cultures that encourage belonging. The “Below the Surface” leadership style of servant leaders sets them apart from other kinds of figureheads. As the world adapts to new problems, new cultures, and a new generation of leaders and followers, the distinguishing quality of a great servant leader will be the depth of character, or what is in a person’s heart.

In today’s complicated and fast-paced world, the most successful leaders reject the need to dominate and control people in favor of concentrating on setting up the circumstances for success (Power and Politics, Chapter 12). In today’s faster-paced and more unpredictable environment, where leaders have less direct control, a new approach to leadership is required. The “Below the Surface” leadership qualities of aptitude and character—patterns of behavior, abilities, and style preferences—are more important success drivers when conditions are more dynamic and unpredictable. The most flexible and resilient teams stick together behind mission-critical goals and maintain a strong working relationship so they can continue to make progress even when new obstacles appear or their environment changes. Consequently, it is essential to have reliable connections and effective team dynamics (Bergland, 2015). Leaders may encourage adaptation by motivating and energizing the organization via the application of purpose, values, and culture. These factors have an effect on people’s choices and actions in a manner that is more adaptable and flexible, and foster a culture of purpose-driven results, trust, and better relations.

Balboa and Glaser (2019) note that conversations may impact the physiology and psychology of the brain in addition to functioning as a route of information transmission. These modifications may either enable a person to have dependable and supportive communication or they may prevent them, forcing the individual to talk out of caution, fear, or worry. Transformational dialogues, sometimes referred to as co-creating talks, include participants in interaction dynamics such as sharing and learning (Balboa and Glaser, 2019). This process involves engagement of all followers as a strategy by a leader to create healthy connections. This cutting-edge mode of communication encourages careful listening to completely comprehend the viewpoints of others and encourages the generation of more original ideas. The “Below the Surface” leadership idea places a lot of emphasis on meaningful relationships. Conversation may help a leader earn the respect of their followers, increase their self-awareness, and exert greater control over them.

Now that a “new normal” is on the horizon following the COVID-19 pandemic, the most successful firms will embrace a leadership style that allows people and institutions to become much more adaptive in better responsiveness to changing business framework. After the pandemic, additional abrupt changes are anticipated, including a continuation of the unpredictable and variable nature of the situation as well as a greater need for openness and responsibility to a larger range of stakeholders. People and organizations will be able to notice and react to changes in the business environment more rapidly thanks to this paradigm. To do this, leaders would gradually veer away from more traditional approaches to leadership, which were effective when circumstances were more stable and predictable and relied on personal bravery and top-down orders. From a Below the Surface leadership perspective, leaders must get accustomed to having less power (Power and Politics, Chapter 12). The cascading of plans, information, and objectives via current hierarchies will lessen the ability of CEOs to directly affect the operations of their businesses in the future. As described in Chapter 13.3 (The Power to Influence), the way that power is perceived and utilized in the future will change substantially. The best leaders will instead concentrate on establishing the circumstances that allow their team members to quickly adjust to change (Bergland, 2015). They might do this by using the interpersonal skills necessary for effective leadership. Trust, empathy, culture, efficient teamwork, and information sharing are some of these skills.

In conclusion, outstanding leaders possess a range of skills, but a solid foundation of trust is the key to their success. In today’s leadership environment, flexibility as a leader is highly regarded along with good communication skills and the willingness to cede some of one’s prior power. Even the most assertive and persuasive team members must work together for the success of the team; otherwise, they run the risk of causing conflict and lowering employee engagement. According to the leadership theory “Below the Surface,” there has to be a major shift in the way that leadership is currently practiced. For “Below the Surface” leadership, good connections with team members are essential, as are open communication, real criticism, conflict resolution, and frequent check-ins, all of which are used to establish purpose, create trusting relationships, and exercise power in a way that is beneficial for all stakeholders.

References

Bergland, C. (August 12, 2015). The Neuroscience of Trust. Psychology Today. Available from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201508/the-neuroscience-trust

Balboa, N., & Glaser, R. D. (May 16, 2019). The Neuroscience of Conversations: A deep dive into the fascinating world of conversations. Psychology Today. Available from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/conversational-intelligence/201905/the-neuroscience-conversations

Chapter 12: Power and Politics. 12.1 The Basics of Power. BC Campus. Available at https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/obcourseweir/chapter/12-1-the-basics-of-power/

Module 13: Power and Politics. 13.3 The Power to Influence. Available from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-orgbehavior/chapter/13-3-the-power-to-influence/

A Model For Development And Evolution Of Complex Morphological Structures

Skeletal Biology

Students Name:

Affiliated School;

Date;

The article is; A Model For Development And Evolution Of Complex Morphological Structures. Published in 1991, the authors are;

ATCHLEY, W. R – He was the head of Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614

HALL, B. K.- He was in the Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1

The purpose of the article is to show the complex morphological structure of a mammal, how it develops and changes with time due to evolution and the factor of adaptation for better survival. The model is based on the premise that structural changes in the mammalian craniomandibular region is due to the act of natural selection that increases the strong and well adaptable features. Natural selection refines the process of integration of the various morphogenetic components in order for an organism to adapt to the different environmental changes that have occurred over time. The article focuses on the changes that have occurred on the skeletal and bone structure of mammals as far back as anthropology can proof.

The aim of the article is to establish that the morphological changes in the structure and functioning were due to several genetic and epigenetic factors. In order to establish the changes in which the current mammals change in their morphology, an embryo was closely examined in order to establish the developmental changes that occur in the organism before it achieves the final skeletal structure. The article addresses the development units; in this case the development units are the cellular condensation characteristics that are produced in the embryonic stage of the crest cells.

The methodology involved the use of the following as the items to be considered; the number of cell in the preskeletal condensation (n), the cell diffusion rate (r), the cell death rate (d), and the fraction of cells that is mitotically active during the condensation (f). The development units are analyzed in terms of the tissue differentiation process that they undergo. These includes; osteogenesis, chondrogenesis and endochondralossification.

In order to determine the changes and at exactly what stage they occurred the influence of the following factors on the development units is established. The factors are;

The cell lineage that the cell arises from

Inductive tissue interaction

The cell differentiation regulation

Extrinsic factors for instance hormones and muscles

According to the article, it was established that differences in mandibular morphology is not just affected by inheritable factors, but it is also subject to the process of natural selection. The divergent differences among organisms have occurred through changes in the above mentioned development units (Richards, 1988).

The difference in skeletal make up of organisms is subject to both nature and nurture and the effects of both factors, has demonstrated diversity. At the same time natural selection is meant to increases changes of survival for the mammals (Jantz, 1981). This is the reason as to why the changes analyzed from the above model from the embryo stage of the mammal to the point where the skeletal is fully developed. All the changes are meant to increase efficiency of the structure in the functioning of the organism.

The article explains the effects of developmental and evolutionary changes on the morphological structure and functioning of a mammal. Based on proper scientific observation, analysis and evidence; the model proofs that indeed the changes that occur to the mammals are still occurring due to genetic and environmental issues. The model also explains the relationship between the cell differentiation process and the skeletal structure.

References

Atchley, W. R. Hall, B. K. (1991). A Model for Development and Evolution of Complex Morphological Structures. Biological Reviews, 66: 101–157. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01138.x, Issue published online: 21 JAN 2008Article first published online: 21 JAN 2008.

Jantz, L. R. Ubelaker, H. D. (1981). Progress in Skeletal Biology of Plains Population, Cambridge University Press, London

Richards, D. G. (1988). Human Skeletal Biology: Contribution to the Understanding of the Skeletal Structure, Orthodox Print Press, New York

Bell Hooks Response Understanding Patriarchy by Bell Hook

Name:

Lecturer:

Course:

Date:

Bell Hooks Response

Understanding Patriarchy by Bell Hook is an article that sheds light on the system that was institutionalized in our lives that assign males and females their gender roles while emphasizing what is expected of us according to our gender. While this article foundation is from the author’s experience in the fifties these dominant roles are still existing in our society. According to the author, patriarchy is a political-social system that enforces the dominance of men who are supposedly superior to women (pg. 10). The discussion below will focus on my view about various issues discussed in the article while evaluating whether they are evident in our society today and what can be done.

To begin with, I agree with most of the ideas that the author presents in this article. Firstly, the fact that it is believed that men should be the head of the household while the women only serve as their helper (pg. 1) is a sickening issue since it has led to not only most of the violence that is experienced in the marital households but that women continue staying in those marriages since that is the order of things. In addition, the author talks of what the therapist son who loved to play with the Barbie dolls until his brother’s friend gave him a look that suggested others, (pg. 2) the gender reveal we have today reinforce this as we have already picked that a girl color to be pink and a boys’ blue. What happens when the girl tends to be more masculine than she is feminine and vice versa? The author’s childhood story of the beating she experienced by showing interest in a game that was considered to be for boys is what is happening today, we have very many teens who are going to depression and even suicide when they feel like an outcast for not conforming to the society ideals (pg. 2). These ideals have been set by this patriarchal system that tends to assign roles based on our gender. Also, the fact that the mother aligned with the father’s action and never questioned the use of violence spirals to why most children from such family setup are either prone to withstand such violence in their marriages or they believe that such violence is the way to go.

Moreover, the idea that even for families who try to raise their children with no patriarchal ideals are bound to stumble upon these ideals in other institutions and tend to either try to conform is being experienced in today’s society. Today we have various families that are supporting their children who identify themselves with LGBT community but when they are out of the home setup they are bound to encounter resistance that in some case lead to some trying to conform. The ones who even end up getting married are bound to experience scrutiny since the male figure should be the dominating one yet what should happen in a gay union? Additionally, the author talks of the assumption about the children brought up in female-headed households either in gay or single-parent situation that they tend to lack various patriarchal ideals (pg. 3). These assumptions I believe are the cause of various marital issues where one partner tends to think that their partner is lacking since he lacked this figure while growing, it is wrong and until we realize that society cannot set up the expectation for us will still remain as victims of the system.

The author goes ahead and talks of the various impacts of the patriarchy system on our lives with the dominant one being the violence not only against partners but also the children. The patriarchy system believes that men should exercise their dominance by any means necessary (pg. 3), this in most cases have resulted in violence both physical and sexual which affects the victims in the long run if not the short run. The mere notion that this dominance can only be achieved by submission and subordination enforces that this system is harmful than it is beneficial and sadly it still today in the society because we do not share on how we as individuals suffer at its hands. Evidently, women are the most treated people with mental illness than men, this is from the patriarchy notion that men are to remain emotional cripples as claimed by the author (pg. 4). The system requires that not only are men to be dominant but also that they have to not show any signs of weakness, this has led to many men’s mental illness going undiagnosed leading to them seeking comfort from substance abuse escalating the even worse situation. In addition, the need for acceptance and respect is in no way related to the need for the patriarchal system, hence it is time that men know that they can be taken seriously without showing their dominance over the others either from their background with patriarchal approving fathers.

As a daughter from a Mexican household that holds masculinity at a high level, I agree in all ways with all the author’s ideas. I am the only daughter in a household of two siblings, the other one being an older male and despite him being older he was allowed to go out while I was expected to do all the house chores if this is not the real depiction of masculinity in the 20th century am not sure what is. Unfortunately, this is an issue that goes across people of different cultures and regions where however young the male siblings are they are expected to take care of the households in the event the father is not around and the ladies they are expected that once they get married they should take care of the families while men are being the provider. While this may seem as men taking responsibility it reflects what the society expects of women; it is time we looked beyond such expectations.

Moreover, the author claims that the activists of feminist contribute to the patriarchal issues we are having today since in their movements they affirm their traits and make them believe that their domination of women is beneficial while in most cases that is not the case (pg.3)Bell also insist that the fact that patriarchal would be beneficial if the addiction and violence we see in most households was not evident, he is backed up by both Terkel and Faludi’s work but he criticizes Faludi’s work since nothing in her works does she try to challenge patriarchy.

Frankly, I could not agree more with the author’s idea that the patriarchy system is one that we should all work towards abolishing and that until we recognize and openly talk about it can we achieve it. Just as the author states that way of solving this will be the recognition that patriarchy is not only a problem for the men but also the female and that it should be seen that it is not only a threat to masculinity but a manifestation of their qualities in a better way. Additionally, the author believes that ones we make the distinction between patriarchal masculinity and masculinity will be one step closer to ending this cycle. Terrence one of the author’s supporters claims that the patriarchy affecting the society is embedded in our psyches and that it tortured both males and females. He adds that this type of patriarchy is what is between what people deem as masculine compared to what people deem as feminine and that entered the western civilization hence, destroying our notion on the various sexes. and our sexes.

In conclusion, most scholars while they continue about this system and its effects in the society it is up to us as individuals to stand up for what is right and destroy this system that while giving men what they think they deserve has led to violence, substance abuse that destroys the same system. Lastly, just like what a favorite cast from the New Amsterdam series states that if we can name it then we can treat, it is time we all openly addresses the patriarchy system by evaluating its impact to the today’s society and the ramifications in the coming years if we let it continue.

Works Sited

Hooks, Bell. Understanding patriarchy. Louisville Anarchist Federation Federation, 2010.

A Midwife Tale, A Book By Laurel Thatcher Ulrich

A Midwife Tale, a book by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich revolves around the life of Martha Ballard; a midwife in the Northern New England. In this book, Laurel examines the early American republic and the ordinary life of people living there. Moreover, she reminds us of the women role in households and society. On the other hand, New York Burning by Jill Lepore, recounts and recreates the budding New York City of the late seventeenth century. She shows and explores the political and social life of people living in the region at that particular time. This essay seeks to compare the different methodologies used by Laurel Thatcher in A Midwife Tale and by Jill Lepore in New York Burning.

A Midwife Tale utilizes the qualitative research methodologies to exemplify the eighteenth and nineteenth History and Culture in the American Human societies. Significant events have been shown either by the use of written and even oral histories as acknowledged by citizens living within a given era and society. Oral histories are usually in the form of legends, songs and myths delivered orally. Written histories on the other hand, often take the form of recorded journals, diaries, written narratives and official documents retrieved from a particular period in history.

More often than not, written histories are utilized because they provide more of the physical evidence required to substantiate the events in a given story. Laurel Ulrich has utilized the written histories to analyze the lives of women in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Particularly, she has based most of her work on the Diary of Martha Ballard. Through this diary, Laurel reveals the experience and lifestyle in the eighteenth century from Ballard’s and society perspective. Ulrich puts more emphasis on Ballard’s accounts of life and their importance because she considers Ballard’s diary as monument to an extraordinary life and evidence to the fragile network that links one generation to others. Additionally, the diary also makes it possible for readers to see the image and personality of Ballard as knowledgeable and science oriented lady.

Though New York Burning utilizes the qualitative methodologies, Lepore’s work is based on a journal. By necessity, she draws most of her research work from a journal written by Justice Daniel Horsmanden; a New York Supreme Court Judge. The document was written in the year seventeen forty four and it described as the most shocking and annoying documents in the early history of the American people. By adding political and cultural context to the journal, Lepore raises questions on whether conspiracy really existed or it was the blind fear that resulted in guilty verdicts for very many American slaves. Using the journal, Lepore not only confronts us with an awful conclusion, but also provides us with some background on the origin of attitudes of the whites living in New York towards all their slaves.

All in all, this essay has focused on two books; A Midwife Tale and New York Burning which remind us of the History of the American people. They remind us on the value of humanity to human lives and the importance of women to the society therefore the need to uphold and respect them.