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Literary scrapbook

Classic English Literature

Literature connection

Shakespeare’s use of irony is very clear in Othello as was in his other literary works. In this particular play, Shakespeare employs the use of three kinds of irony. These include verbal, situational and dramatic irony. Verbal irony is a situation where a character says words that are in contrast to that character’s intention. Situational irony is when a given action of a character is in contrast to the characters actual intentions. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something about the character that the character does not seem to know (Colebrook 45). Shakespeare has used too much of this to make Othello the tragedy it is.

An Instance of verbal irony is like when Lago incriminates Cassio of having an affair with Desdemona, the wife of Othello. Lago says “I cannot think it that he would steal away so guilty-like (Shakespeare 56).” Lago is determined to make Othello jealous by making him believe that Cassio is having an affair with Desdemona. Most of Lago’s statements are meant to have Othello believe how Cassio is evil which the exact opposite of what he is is. Lago is careful though not to mention Cassio’s name but only utters statements that Othello interprets based on his own understanding. The dramatic irony that unfolds here is that Othello is made to believe what is actually not true. The actual enemy here is Lago but Othello does not seem to see this despite Desdemona’s efforts to make him see. The main aim of Lago is to remove Cassio in his place, but instead, Cassio is promoted to a higher position sabotaging Lago’s plan (Shakespeare 78).

Modern connection

There are many instances of irony in this play, but the strongest which revolves on the main theme of jealousy is “O, beware, my lord, of jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on (Shakespeare 67).” This is probably the phrase that really brings out the irony in this play. The main reason why Lago was telling all those lies about Cassio and Desdemona was because of jealousy. Lago is so jealous of Cassio and so bent on getting the place in the army that Cassio holds. Lago is jealous that Othello could promote a younger man to a higher level than him. He thus plans to use Rodrigo a rich man who Desdemona, the wife of Othello had turned down his hand in marriage. Othello thinks that Lago is loyal to him but in actual sense he is not. Lago tries to cause a rift in everyone’s life while pretending to be a very royal soldier. He is only bent at achieving his own end inspite of anyone. He ends up killing his wife who she believes was against his plans. This was before Lago had used his wife to betray Desdemona, who was her friend unknowingly. He had her pick Desdemona’s handkerchief which she had received from Othello as a present. Lago later uses this handkerchief to implicate Cassio convincing Othello that Desdemona was actually having an affair. He also convinces Rodrigo to kill Cassio, but he eventually kills Rodrigo himself when the attempt to kill Cassio fails. He kills Rodrigo of who they were plotting together since Cassio discovers that it was Rodrigo who had attacked him. That could have been detrimental to Lago’s plans.

Othello’s dramatic irony can be related to Forrest Gump, an American romantic comedy that has elements of drama in it. Forrest Gump, the main character is unaware of the historical significance of the various scenarios as well as the characters (Ebert 234). The audience though knows all this and is a step ahead of him. They thus watch in anticipation to see what his moves would be.

Personal connection

In relation to Shakespeare, I have learned that irony is not only inherent in the characters utterances, but also in the very actions of the characters. The plot of a work and the relation of the characters bring out the literary style of dramatic irony. Literary dramatic irony is according to me very effective in holding on to the attention of the audience. This is evident with the success of both Othello and Forrest Gump.

Works cited

Colebrook, Claire. Irony. London: Routledge, 2004. Print.

Ebert, Roger. Roger Ebert’s Four Star Reviews—1967-2007. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel

Publishing, 2008. Print.

Shakespeare, William. Othello; The RSC Shakespeare. (Ed). Jonathan bate and Eric Rasmussen.

New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.

Masculinity and Femininity

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Institution

The Masculinity-femininity dimension explains how the community’s dominant values usually the male is assertive to nurturing in masculine communities, maximum benefits and attention is given to men. The dimension describes how men and women in given community are expected to behave depending on community cultural values and beliefs. Issues about gender have always been a hot topic in the contemporary. This is especially as concerning the variations that exist between men or males and women (females), and the societal stereotypes about the roles and features of men and women. Femininity is an abstract term that is used to define a set of behaviors, roles and attributes that are associated with womanhood and womanliness (Chaffee, 2011). Masculinity, on the other hand, is a term that is used in describing the normative and aspirational style of living and being a natural-born man (Chaffee, 2011).

An example of community practicing Masculinity is the United States. This is the country where in the past women have been paid fewer wages compared to their counterpart males. This has created imbalances between the two genders, male and female workers. However, in the recent past, we have witnessed a balance being created between the gender differences as relating to the pay and the wages. Another case has been in the UAE where women have not been allowed to own driving licences. Walking in some places. Also, the women are expected to be accompanied by their husbands or males. this has caused biases and unfairness to the females.

References

Armitage, D (2007). The Declaration of Independence: A Global History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press

Chaffee, J, (2011). Thinking critically. New York: Cengage Learning

Masculinity as Spectacle

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Masculinity as Spectacle

Introduction

The issues of gender have been one of the commonly analyzed and investigated subjects in Hollywood musicals as it affects the present society. It has been addressed in cinemas and creates the male or female divisions in the community. Hollywood musicals are a film genre that involves the use of music, dance, and songs, which keeps changing its form periodically. Most cinemas and films point out feminism through various acts and female activities. The display of the masculine body, especially in positions that are associated with feminism, such as ‘to be looked at ness’ is unusual. Since it is uncommon for the masculine gender to be exposed, the male performers who engage in the activities receive critics from society and individuals. In Masculinity and Spectacle musical cinema, Neal identifies it as the only art that displays the male body in mainstream cinema in any consistent way. Men engage more often in dancing and singing than when it was considered a feminine activity.

Masculinity as Spectacle

Steve Neal agrees to the fact that film and cinema were a feminine activity. Still, Hollywood culture gives a platform for the spectacle of male muscularity to expose and use talent. The change creates specific responses from society, either positive or negative, that impact the lives of the performers. According to George Sydney, in his film anchors aweigh, women are considered obsessed and have the charming capacity to win over other ladies. These reasons make the society to recognize women in film and cinema rather than men. However, new developments of dancing styles and roles create masculine identity hence more participation. Also, using ‘men prefer blondes by Howard Hawks’, masculinity is depicted as a man who takes feminine roles in the feminine lives and well represents them as done by the female.

Masculinity Influence on male performers

Being a new character in the considered female role, a male performer is overwhelmed and overdetermines characterization through the body spectacle hence making more sense to the audience than the course of its story (Cohan and Hark, 1993). The male well represents the new roles. In gentlemen prefer blonde by Hawks musical; feminism is the crucial influence in prompting an examination of masculinity within structural theories of power, structural relations in patriarchy, and capitalism. Masculinity works together with feminism hence entirely bringing out the character. The female emphasizes the male aspects in Hawk’s musical. For example, after Malone takes pictures of Lorelei and piggy, they intoxicate him to recover the images as they fear for their reputation going public. After they succeed, Lorelei asks for a gift from Piggy for the work well done. Feminism displays the female characters seem to have more power than masculine traits.

In masculinity and spectacle, Neale identifies heterosexual masculinity as a structuring norm in both women and gay people (Neale, 1983). The pressure on men to be masculine influenced the male characters in accepting to feature in cinemas and films. As masculinity addresses in Hollywood musical, it favors adaptation. The male can now take the roles that first considered feminine. ‘To be looked at ness’ was one of the activities deemed feminine but currently undertaken by the male, hence giving them more power in artistic cinema. Also, male characters are more recognized by the audience due to the new roles seen as feminine. The male characters earn more respect from people viewing the cinemas and films since they are considered different from other acting people. In gentlemen prefer blonde by Hawk, the male characters are easily lured by the female to performing certain activities that they wish not to play. However, in society, the female was once considered weak and easily influenced by the male; hence contemporary art goes against this belief.

Masculinity tends to influence the audience due to the open and detailed act roles by the male characters. The audience used to seeing the female performing the functions considered as theirs. Although the audience loved it, the male characters make it different and more exciting thought to the female characters. For example, dancing was considered feminine and could only be done in public by a female. However, in Anchors aweigh by George Sydney, Kelly performs a live dance with Jerry Mouse, the cartoon mouse, and the audience loves it. Male characters seem to dance more than the feminine, and the audience could see the difference compared to the feminine dances. The responses from the audience encourage more masculinity and male characters to take part in films and cinema. Representation of male gender informs on the diverse roles of men in society (Gurkan, 2017). Also, more movies on masculinity are emerging hence making more people aware of the gender roles in socialization.

Besides the female identity, masculinity is also a constructible element and fictional male characters addressed in cinema and on television, to pass a message to the audience about masculinity (Anderson, 2017). The male characters in the cinemas have a specific role that they play. The roles represent a behavior in the society, and the way they act the function sends a message to the people watching the film. The male characters have become instruments through which people are made aware of the changing roles and developments in society. With the events in masculinity, the participants use cinemas and films, to inform the audience of the development by expressing it in the act. This act expands the responsibilities of the masculine characters from not only acting but also being a medium to send a message to the audience. The roles given depend on the type of message that needs to be sent to the public. They also have the power to minimize specific behavior by influencing the thoughts of the audience, which leads to a positive change by individuals.

Neale in muscularity and spectacle identifies that the male has a more active role in film and cinemas as the spectacle of male bodies is not marked as objects of erotic display and does not function as the gaze of spectators. Therefore, the attention of the audience may divert from the erotic show of male bodies to relating to fear, hatred, and aggression (Popalisky and Burt, 1998). Influencing the audience’s thinking maybe difficult hence end up interpreting what they see from the rational perspective other than developments. Such thinking implicates the male participants to shy away from feminine roles. Also, some may want to stick to the masculine roles as done before and fail to change to the new characters emerging from the changing society. Heterosexual masculinity and male gaze are unaccepted in some communities hence creating a negative image in the audience. This role creates a barrier between the masculinity characters and the society, which separates them from the organization. For example, in Hawks’ gentlemen prefer blonde, male characters are attracted to outward appearances of Lorelei and Russell and are disappointed later but keep repeating the same mistakes. The characters’ friendship and intimate displays may be disapproved by some of the people in the audience, minimizing the respect given to them in cinemas.

Masculinity also increases the roles of feminism in films. Hollywood cinemas complement feminine roles with the masculine to make the theme of a movie. The complemented functions enable the function of feminism to be revealed quickly, creating a feature that is appreciated by the audience (Macaluso, 2018). In George Sydney Anchors aweigh, Joe and clarence perform their navy duties appropriately until they find a runaway boy a return him to his aunt Susan. Their friendship and work get affected when they both fall for Susan, hence creating a lot of secrets and misadventures between them. Feminism affects masculinity and distorts its activities by influencing their feelings. The masculinity role in the film is made more exciting with the feminine part hence creating a storyline and theme that affects the audience to appreciate the masculine role. Therefore, the two characters need to be put together to create an exciting feature of films that impact an audience to watch more films. As feminine roles are performed with no male counterparts, feminism is not well revealed. One gender gets the power over the other hence both genders have to be represented in the musical films and cinemas.

Masculinity in Hollywood cinemas has also brought up more representation of roles for each group in the society (Mikkola, 2017). Media for children through cartoons not only show the feminine roles but also male characters reveal their responsibilities in the community. Feminism has led the female characters to seek love from a man hence showing the interdependence of the two characters. The ideal body and beauty standards were first considered feminine, but this has been changed through films as masculine characters also need to look functional and attractive. On the other hand, masculine roles have also been taken by the feminine traits through performing of male acts in cinemas. Females are considered weaker hence given household roles while the man had the responsibility to get income in the family. Cinemas change this aspect as more women become responsible for finding jobs and playing the role of a man in families. The character in films influences the female audience to practice such functions and fend for families rather than perform house chores. In gentlemen prefer blonde film, Monroe and Russell find various ways to get an income and also benefit from the masculine characters around them through performing acts to gain from them either in money or material things.

The development of masculinity roles in cinema and films , has developed the theme of underrepresentation and marginalization. This theme is in the sense that feminism has been widely used compared to masculinity hence more roles given to the female actors. Such analysis encourages more male roles to be developed in films and supported by the feminine roles to create interesting themes. Underrepresentation also influences the people in society to perform more responsibilities to increase their roles in films. The representations are used to pass a message to the audience; hence underrepresentation lowers the information getting to a broader group of the audience. The marginalization of feminism forces the masculine group to increase their responsibility to society. Balancing roles of both genders increases the audience as each gender wishes to see their role represented in the cinema. Also, sexual objectification has emerged due to the development of masculinity in Hollywood musicals. As male characters expose their body as the feminine, it identifies male characters as sexual objects, while this had been one of the roles of female characters.

Masculinity and feminism point out the unfair treatment of men and women in society. The roles played by both genders show how the counterpart gender treats them. For example, in men prefer blondes, the power of feminism is more expressed than the masculinity. Women use men to perform their work and indulge them in roles not considered to be theirs. Feminism and masculinity cinemas are about the things that occur in society hence easy to relate to the activities of males and females. An event such as singing was mostly don by female choices, but as masculinity emerges, the role is now shared between them. This change leads to various interpretations by the audience as some may feel it’s a female role, and others prefer the males hence undermining one of the genders. The theme of cinemas, either show the power of females over men, or the impact on a particular gender, in pursue of the things they want in life. Neale’s thinking of displaying the male body may be interpreted as undermining the male roles or taken as a development in the film industry.

The feminism and masculinity changing roles have led to changes in personality, especially with the characters in cinemas. They are performing a part that is considered for the other gender. Masculinity is considered sexual dominance while feminity sexual submissiveness. The difference between a man and a woman is shown sexually hence influencing the characters featured in the films. Performing a female role diminishes one’s personality since one neglects their dominance or submissiveness to play other roles that are not associated with them. This influences psychological orientations and behavioral patterns to act as the counterpart gender. The influence may be long-term, affecting the individuals for a more extended period hence influencing their perceiving in the society. Societal beliefs and cultures mat also change due to the influences of the characters as depicted in films and cinema of Hollywood musicals.

Masculinity films drive subsequent discussion of gender and movies. According to Neale, it has become a concern rather than a companion to the feminine roles. Feminism has existed for an extended period and has incited a lot of discussions until it became accepted by society. However, the emergence of masculinity brought a companion to the feminism role but is considered wrong and against societal norms. The focus has now been made on male representations to reflect dominant social activities irrespective of people’s thinking. Acknowledging both sexes and considering masculinity as having a more significant influence on the culture and standards set in institutions gives the Hollywood cinemas and different impact on an audience. Individuals have divergent thinking; therefore, an audience interprets various scenes differently, without consideration of the actual meaning as done by the male characters. Discussions made also influence people listening to or read the articles since authors analyses and conclude scenes according to their understanding. The developments made also provide more information to the Hollywood musicals on more activities to feature in their films and perform the roles given. The interpretation of the audience improves the characters acted in movies and cinemas. It is a way to get more and new ideas to improve Hollywood films and cinemas hence providing storylines demanded by the audience.

Conclusion

Neale identifies musicals as the only genre that exposes male bodies just as the feminine in a consistent way. Hollywood musicals are genres expressed through music and dances. These roles were considered feminine, but in the developing masculinity role, the style is used to express male responsibilities in the society through Hollywood cinemas. In Neale’s masculinity as spectacle, it addresses male muscularity, and Hollywood gives a platform for the male roles to be exposed t the public. In George Sydney’s Anchors aweigh, dance is performed by males hence showing the changing roles. Besides, Hawks’ men prefer blondes; heterosexuality is addressed, giving a new masculine role in society. These changing roles influence community as the characters exposed in the films are imitated by individuals. However, exposing the body is known to be feminine; hence the community tends to misinterpret it. This leads to reduced respect for the male participants. Also, the roles in the film influence the masculine activities done by the characters and are imitated since people learn from the cinemas they see. Masculinity has improved Hollywood musical cinemas by addressing issues affecting society.

References

Neale, S. (1983). Masculinity as Spectacle. Screen, 24(6), pp.2-17.

Gürkan, A. (2017). The Representation of Masculinity in Cinema and on Television: An Analysis of Fictional Male Characters. European Journal Of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(1), pp.402.

Anderson, E. (2017). Generational masculinities. Journal of Gender Studies, 27(3), pp.243-247.

Popalisky, D. and Burt, R. (1998). The Male Dancer: Bodies, Spectacle, Sexualities. Dance Research Journal, 30(1), p.76.

Macaluso, M. (2018). Postfeminist Masculinity: The New Disney Norm?. Social Sciences, 7(11), p.221.

Mikkola, M. (2017). Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). [online] Plato.stanford.edu. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2020].

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Literary Analysis, Writing poetry

Writing poetry or any other form of literature is greatly influenced by the prevailing culture. In most cases it is the culture that provides that people with ideas to write about. A look at various poems or forms of literature can provide the observer with accurate information regarding the cultural and other values were influential during the writing of the poem. The Literal analysis will involve examination of the cultural underpinnings that influenced the writing of the poem “America” by Allen Ginsberg.

America by Allen Ginsberg

Allen Ginsberg is a renowned 20th century poet, whose poetry reflected his opinions on many of the prevailing social and political issues in mid 20th century. With the 20th century being home to a flood of social changes Ginsberg never lucked something to talk about. He wrote the poem “America” in 1956 during the time of his domination. The poem was written in California at a place could Berkeley and was included in the original “Howl and other Poems” publication. The poem gained a great audience after the Second World War as the first documented political literal writing. It held the massages of the just concluded war. It was a statement on the war, and the political unrest in the United States of America following the war.

The poem is however not limited to the wars and its prominent phenomena such as the nuclear bombing on Japan. Being a lateral political statement, the poem explores issues of American foreign policy especially in relation to Asia; the pronounced racism in the nation, and resistance of communism that would characterize the cold war that followed in the preceding years (Poetry Foundation).

Ginsberg characteristically wrote poems full cultural and political references (Poetry Foundation). The poem “America “bears this characteristic as well. The reference to culture and politics is intertwined with reference to his own life and that of the people he associated with such as fellow poets and friends.

Ginsberg utilized a “long line” as the watershed for his creativity. He experimented riffing of rhythm and held that secret to getting the structure of his poem laid in the choruses of jazz music. His sentences were endlessly continuous, shifting from one subject to another with little or no relation to another. With this approach, Ginsberg hoped to get spontaneous human reaction and expression. Reading though the poem would stir the readers’ emotions and build them. The writer addresses America as jilted lover starting with discovery of America and moves to ridicule the country and mock its personified being for its culture.

There is what Ginsberg considers luck of culture in the introduction of his poem. Seemingly, the first cultural aspect of culture during this era the motivated Ginsberg to write the poem is the perceived negative culture. He lament that there had developed a culture of oppression and censorship. He notes that the censorship and oppression are not acceptable since it makes life hapless and devoid it and useful meaning. In this regard, it seems Ginsberg was totally dissatisfied with the culture at that time. Mostly notable, he expresses his hate for the culture of war and militarization associated with the Second World War, he tells America “go fuck yourself with your atom bomb” (5). The destructions and death appear to be greater than that oppression caused by the “Trotskyites” or simply the communists.

Another culture that influences writing of this poem is corporatism in America associate with “supermarkets”, which have “good looks” (15) and as a result are making several people rich, and repression of information associated with limited library services and subsequent free access to information (12).

Culture is associated with identify in this regard understanding ones culture is understanding ones identify whereas luck of culture is luck of identity. Gingrich at one time was so close to his nation and felt intimately connected to it. However, the new turn of events has changed that, making him feel like a stranger in his own country. He implies that the culture of his country has changed and the writing of the poem “America” is also based on the fact that he believes that all is not lost. His country can retrace its steps back to sanity that why he states in line 20 another approach that would help reconcile with America must be in existence.

It seems this poet feels that American social system is collapsing due to the development of the culture of oppression. He feels that his country is being “sinister” and is continuously losing “best minds” to the jails. This means that the number of people being incarcerated in the country is high than normal since some of the incarcerations are unnecessary. He even uses a peace symbol, a “plum blossom,” from the eastern countries when he states that, “the plum blossoms are falling.” The used of this symbol is meant to indicate the collapse of peace and order in the American society. This sorrow state of thing makes Ginsberg avoid reading newspapers since every day the papers carry stories of new murder trials. Violence was quickly becoming part of the American culture, a development that made Ginsberg very displeased. His displeasure amplified further by the fact that police conduct numerous unwarranted arrests, causing terror among the citizens. He does not believe that a great nation like America could betray its citizens through encouraging violence and development of culture of murders, unwarranted among other terrors and oppression.

The culture of affiliation to various ideologies is also explored by Ginsberg’s poem. According to Ginsberg people are also oppressed due to their affiliations. The government criticizes those people who strongly lean toward socialists or leftist ideas. The American cultures seem not to be accommodative of ideas that are demonized. However, Ginsberg feels that he does not need to apologies for his communist sentiments or affiliations. At some point he states that he will, “not say the Lord’s prayer,” which is an indication that of he is not apologetic for his sentiments and affiliations. He further evokes psychology to justify his deeds in the 36th line when he states that, “my psychoanalyst things I’m perfectly right.” The reference to the psychoanalyst emanates for depression treatment therapies he had taken some time back.

Media culture is yet another inspiration that influences this poem. Having hard a love/hate relationship with the media, especially in the 60s when he had a lot of attention as a political activist he felt the need to address the media in the poem in lines 41-50. Ginsberg notes a culture in which the country was being controlled by the media. The media had strong influence that it could impact on the public’s emotions and even stir fear in the elected leaders. Leader were not making decisions according to what is right, rather they were making decisions based on what the media will make of them or portray them. They were more afraid of the media than the impact of their own decisions.

The poem ends with sarcasm on the pervious sentiments. Despite the sarcasm, the new culture in America cannot be overstated. It is apparent that the erosion of culture and development of new errant culture inspired the poem “America” by Ginsberg. The cultural changes affect the security, justice, polices, ideology, media, economy among others. However, Ginsberg still maintains that something can be done about it.

Work Cited

Ginsberg, Allen. “America.” 1984. Web. April 20, 2012: < http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoem.do?poemId=1548>

Poetry Foundation. “Bibliography: Allen Ginsberg 1926-1977.” 2011. Web. April 20, 2012: <http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/allen-ginsberg>

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Introduction

Literary work has always made up a crucial component of any country’s history, and the American history is no different. As much as there are variations as to the exact time within which the literary works of any country can be traced, there is no doubt that different forms of literary works existed in any country since time immemorial. In addition, it goes without saying that these literary works outlined or chronicled the society as it was or rather as the writers saw the societies in which they were living. The American literature has its roots in the oral traditions pertaining to the indigenous tribes that inhabited the continent prior to the arrival of the Europeans. However, most of this literature remains unstudied simply because the tribes incorporated no written language. The same case applies to numerous other tribes or countries throughout the entire world. Most of the earliest examples pertaining to American literature are narratives that record the experiences and adventures of the early settlers (Sova, 23). As much as there were variations in the literary works, they were fundamentally the same category of literature that recounted events as seen via the eyes of the participants. This, however, made way for relatively more creative works such as poetry, fiction works, as well as commentaries on the numerous changes that the country was experiencing during the transition from being just a conglomeration of English colonies into a unified nation (Sova, 12).

Either way, literary works have always been a way of chronicling the events of any society. In quite a number of instances, individuals put down some literary works in an effort to trigger some thought in the minds of the inhabitants of that society and trigger a change in the way of live in that society. This is the case in two of Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories, both of which are meant to trigger some thought in the minds of readers and, therefore, instigate a paradigm shift. These are “The premature burial (1850)” and the “The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841)”. These two stories are similar and different in various aspects.

In the “The Premature Burial”, the author outlines a popular tradition that used to be carried out in London. He starts the fictional tale by mentioning a number of extremely disgusting, horrific and terrifying events that resulted in immeasurable suffering to many people. He, however, states that as much as these events are extremely crucial, events that caused an immeasurable pain to a single person at any time bear some heightened importance. This is the case for individuals who were buried alive after being thought of as dead. The narrator comments that there are instances where a sick person appears dead, while he or she is, in fact, alive. In such instances, the person may be buried simply because all parties think that he has died. It is not until sometime later that the person awakens only to find himself locked in a coffin and is unable to get out. The narrator also chronicles a number of fictional stories of people who were buried alive, only for them to wake up later and even be dug out of their graves. Next, the narrator outlines his own fears that he may even end up being buried alive himself. This is because rarely do people have it within their power to sense the occurrence of such instances, in which case the incidents may occur frequently without the people’s cognizance. In fact, rarely do people encroach on graveyards for any purpose whatsoever. In this case, most of these cases go undetected as there are no chances that the posture of the skeletons will be found awkward as to lend credibility to the fearful suspicions that the person was buried alive (Poe, 64). Admittedly, the narrator suffers from an illness known as catalepsy which renders the muscles rigid and stiff. At one time, the narrator falls into a trance for a number of weeks alone and upon waking up wonders what would have happened had his relatives discovered him in that state. They surely would have thought of him as dead and even buried him.

The “The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841)”, on the other hand, is a detective story that aims at unraveling two gruesome murders that involved a woman and her daughter. A bank clerk has been charged and convicted for the murders. However, the nameless narrator takes an odyssey to find out the truth and comes to realize that the murders may have been committed by an ape. He, however, has to prove that that is what happened and, therefore, places an advert for a lost ape in the newspapers. A sailor from Paris responds and later on admits that he saw the ape kill the two people, but failed to come out as he feared that people would blame him for the deaths of the two people. He ends up selling the ape and offers to pay the detective and the narrator, which the later declines.

One of the key similarities between the two stories lies in the fact that both stories were written in first person. It essentially appears that the narrator was chronicling some adventures or experiences that he has gone through in the society in which the narrator or the author lives. This is obviously the case in the case of “The Premature Death” as the burial of sick individuals was a common occurrence especially in cases where they were thought of as dead. It is worth noting that the two stories call for a clear analysis of the circumstances. For example, “The Premature Death” is essentially a call for repelling of these practices where an extremely sick individual is buried, without clearly ascertaining that he or she is truly dead. “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”, on the other hand, aim at outlining how possible it is that an individual will be convicted for a crime he never committed simply because shoddy investigations were done. This is the case for the bank clerk, who had been convicted for the two murders simply because the prefect of police was not willing to dig deep into the case and carry out some comprehensive investigations. In addition, the plot of both stories falls under the category of “The quest”. In “The Premature Burial”, the narrator is driven by the quest for the abolition of the tradition of burying people simply by assuming that they are dead (Booker, 34). The assumption is based on the thought that an individual who cannot respond is dead, whereas this may not be true. In the case of “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”, the narrator and the detective aim at unraveling the truth about the murder of a woman and her daughter. They realize that the police are uninterested in digging up for more details and investigating the murders in a comprehensive manner. This is because they think that they have the culprit in custody, based on a transaction that the banker had carried out for the woman a few days prior to her death (Booker, 49). In essence, the narrator has accompanied Dupin who feels obliged to solve the mystery. He owes the convicted bank clerk an unspecified that piques his interests in solving the case.

However, the two books differ in not only in their content but also in the style of narration. First, it is worth noting “The Premature Burial” uses numerous stories to put across the main point. Various fictional tales of individuals buried alive are given in an effort to outline the narrator’s fears of being buried alive. This is, however, not the in “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”, where the tale revolves around one mystery, which the narrator and Dupin (an investigator) wish to unravel.

In addition, it is worth noting that the two stories are in different categories. “The Premature Burial” may fall under horror story that aims at triggering a change in a certain inappropriate custom in the society. On the other hand, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” is a mystery story that has the sole goal of coming up with a solution. In essence, once Dupin has proved his theory that an ape carried out the murders, he has unraveled the mystery. All that is left is mopping up where the banker is released, the ape is caught and sold, and the investigator mocks the prefect of the police.

Works cited

Booker, Christopher. The Seven Basic Plots. London: Continuum (2004). Print

Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work (Paperback ed.). New York: Checkmark Books. 2001. Print

Poe, Edgar Allan. The Murders in the Rue Morgue. 1849. Print

Poe, Edgar Allan. The Premature burial. 1850. Print

Being Ethical and Moral

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The HIPAA laws being ethical and moral

The HIPAA laws provide protection to individual’s identifiable health information with the benefit of protecting public health. The Privacy Rule particularly permits disclosures exclusive of individual approval to public health authorities authorized by law to gather and obtain the information for the reason of preventing disease, disability or injury, including but not limited to public health observation, examination, and intrusion (Stephen, 2003).

Confidentiality- Privacy Rule

With the case of the wife asking the husband’s medical results, the physician cannot let out the results to her since the results are confidential. HIPAA laws Title II defines guidelines of maintain privacy of one’s identifiable health data. Confidentiality is crucial in ethics where third parties ask for information on medical data collected. In this case the physician should ask the third party (wife) to talk to the patient and agree about the information. In addition a disclosure must be signed by the patient declaring the rights of the third party to know about the results. The HIPAA Privacy Rule legalizes the disclosure and use of Protected Health information held by medical clearing (Stephen, 2003).

Telephone Etiquette

Health care telephone calls ignorance can be dangerous for the health care since the nurses, doctors and other medical administrative staff depends on the receptionist to create a welcoming and friendly front office for the patients. The receptionist is responsible for maintaining an effective environment where patients questions are answered, new patients are registered, appointments are scheduled and records updated. In cases where the receptionist is reluctant to pick calls, one should inform the office administration manager (OAM) to supervise and observe the behavior. Then the (OAM) should call the receptionist and remind her about her duties, and all the telephone etiquettes in a calm manner ask why she/he will not receive calls. Resolve the issue and give a warning of taking measures against it (Percival& Parker, 2009).

Medical error

When a client leaves the hospital without her medical results then definitely she will come back for them however, in cases where a medical error has occurred and a patient has been given the wrong results, then one should invite her to the hospital for another test to verify the results and give the accurate results. Explain you had two samples taken to the lab, one was either positive/valid and the other showed invalid. This time ensure there are no costs occur by the patient since it was a hospital error. Do not give her results at the shopping mall since privacy rule demands on privacy and professional ways to handle information.

Confidential data

One should keep the information confidential about the neighbor. One can choose to help or to keep quiet depending on the relationship you have with the neighbor. If she is friendly, then try to be closer and help her without mentioning about her health unless she tells you about it. In case she confesses her diagnosis don’t tell her you saw the file at the practicum site since it might demoralize her to feel exposed and her information not secure (2013).

Beneficence

It is the patients right to Make decision regarding who should know and be involved in the procedure. Therefore respect the patient’s decision and wait for the next procedure that shall take place without any obligations from the patient. The practitioner should act in the interest of the patient Beneficence (Stephen, 2003).

Loyalty

Having a sick child, I would bring her to the healthcare for check up and she will be diagnosed with the medicine required for her sickness. Taking the medicine would be fraud therefore bringing her for treatment would be the right procedure like the other patients. Equality should be maintained among the staff as well as the patients (Percival& Parker, 2009)

Employees Etiquettes

Every employee has equal rights of existence it the health care and therefore unless one is sick and has been given a sick off permit to exit early from work every other employee should exit the same time as the others. Since it is illegal to leave work early it is advisable to report this matter to the supervisor who should enquire why they go home early and warn them from leaving before time (Percival& Parker, 2009).

Conclusion

HIPAA laws should be observed and put into actions. Those that violate the laws should face the law and be answerable for violation.

Reference

Health, (2013). Protecting personal health information in research: understanding the HIPAA

privacy rule (03-5388). Retrieved from website: http://privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov/pdf/HIPAA_Privacy_Rule_Booklet.pdf

Stephen, B. U.S Department of Health and Human Services, (2003). HIPAA privacy rule and

Public health guidance from CDC and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from U.S. Government Printing Office website: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/m2e411a1.htm

Percival .T &Parker. J (2009). Medical Ethics. pp. 49–57 section 8 pg.52.

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Bell Hooks Response

Understanding Patriarchy by Bell Hook is an article that sheds light on the system that was institutionalized in our lives that assign males and females their gender roles while emphasizing what is expected of us according to our gender. While this article foundation is from the author’s experience in the fifties these dominant roles are still existing in our society. According to the author, patriarchy is a political-social system that enforces the dominance of men who are supposedly superior to women (pg. 10). The discussion below will focus on my view about various issues discussed in the article while evaluating whether they are evident in our society today and what can be done.

To begin with, I agree with most of the ideas that the author presents in this article. Firstly, the fact that it is believed that men should be the head of the household while the women only serve as their helper (pg. 1) is a sickening issue since it has led to not only most of the violence that is experienced in the marital households but that women continue staying in those marriages since that is the order of things. In addition, the author talks of what the therapist son who loved to play with the Barbie dolls until his brother’s friend gave him a look that suggested others, (pg. 2) the gender reveal we have today reinforce this as we have already picked that a girl color to be pink and a boys’ blue. What happens when the girl tends to be more masculine than she is feminine and vice versa? The author’s childhood story of the beating she experienced by showing interest in a game that was considered to be for boys is what is happening today, we have very many teens who are going to depression and even suicide when they feel like an outcast for not conforming to the society ideals (pg. 2). These ideals have been set by this patriarchal system that tends to assign roles based on our gender. Also, the fact that the mother aligned with the father’s action and never questioned the use of violence spirals to why most children from such family setup are either prone to withstand such violence in their marriages or they believe that such violence is the way to go.

Moreover, the idea that even for families who try to raise their children with no patriarchal ideals are bound to stumble upon these ideals in other institutions and tend to either try to conform is being experienced in today’s society. Today we have various families that are supporting their children who identify themselves with LGBT community but when they are out of the home setup they are bound to encounter resistance that in some case lead to some trying to conform. The ones who even end up getting married are bound to experience scrutiny since the male figure should be the dominating one yet what should happen in a gay union? Additionally, the author talks of the assumption about the children brought up in female-headed households either in gay or single-parent situation that they tend to lack various patriarchal ideals (pg. 3). These assumptions I believe are the cause of various marital issues where one partner tends to think that their partner is lacking since he lacked this figure while growing, it is wrong and until we realize that society cannot set up the expectation for us will still remain as victims of the system.

The author goes ahead and talks of the various impacts of the patriarchy system on our lives with the dominant one being the violence not only against partners but also the children. The patriarchy system believes that men should exercise their dominance by any means necessary (pg. 3), this in most cases have resulted in violence both physical and sexual which affects the victims in the long run if not the short run. The mere notion that this dominance can only be achieved by submission and subordination enforces that this system is harmful than it is beneficial and sadly it still today in the society because we do not share on how we as individuals suffer at its hands. Evidently, women are the most treated people with mental illness than men, this is from the patriarchy notion that men are to remain emotional cripples as claimed by the author (pg. 4). The system requires that not only are men to be dominant but also that they have to not show any signs of weakness, this has led to many men’s mental illness going undiagnosed leading to them seeking comfort from substance abuse escalating the even worse situation. In addition, the need for acceptance and respect is in no way related to the need for the patriarchal system, hence it is time that men know that they can be taken seriously without showing their dominance over the others either from their background with patriarchal approving fathers.

Works Sited

Hooks, Bell. Understanding patriarchy. Louisville Anarchist Federation Federation, 2010.

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Media Plan

A media plan are documented objectives, tactics, strategy and resource allocation for a target group. It is the media mix and schedule that are used to get to the target audience/ population(Baron, 12). Little finance and knowhow on the above elements always make reaching a target group tricky. Our organization has always served the purpose of creating convoluted plans aimed at ensuring a great business platform for Indian bikes in the market. Staying in the business for the Indian’s has been an issue since the 1950’s, their chief competition created by the Harley Davidson.

Marketing Plan

Creative

This plan will innovatively aim at people who are utilized to the conventional media, people born after the war, and bring back the Indian Cruisers to their level of dominance.

Promotion

Our advertisement target markets, in order to advance, will include three market occasions. Such are Bicycle week in Daytona Shoreline, FL on the first week of walk. There are also the Sturgis Bicycle Week in Sturgis, ND on the first week of August, in Daytona Shoreline, FL on the third week of October.

Company History

Indian Motorbike Assemblies is a producer of bikes based in Springfield, Massachusetts. They have been the main rival of Harley Davidson since 1903; it is the second most seasoned bike mark in the U.S. in the previous times, they were the largest producer of bikes globally.

Media Target

Our organization, in this agreement, will try to meet the following objectives;

To create a familiarity zone with the Indian Cruisers but keep budgeting within the $18dollar funding

To create the Indian Cruisers reemergence into business, with backing through the whole year of 2009

Focus on the forty to forty-five aged people with a pay pack of sixty thousand dollars.

Keep up attention to the item by arriving at X percent of the of the target market after presentation of the commodity.

Use media that will successfully impart the delight of owning an Indian cruiser

Media Strategy

We aim to concentrate on magazines and radio as an essential to create mindfulness for the target market.

Cooperate Analysis

Red Wing Motorbike

The cooperate was started by the Rock Legend, Steven Tyler. The Red Wing Motorbikes are currently sold at the Pritt-Harley Davidson and Berkeley-Harley Davidson franchises. With an overall decided target to be ‘a new brand to change the business sector’, they started offering bicycles in 2007. They promote that each bicycle is hand marked by Steven Tyler, a factor that has turned them into a significant player the business market. Their target group is of a higher age bunch with high wages.

Buell Motorbikes

This is an American bike maker located in east Troy, Wisconsin. It was established by ex-Harley Davidson engineer, Erik Buell. In 1993, the cooperate branded with Harley-Davidson and turned entirely in a subsidiary/ possession of the Harley by 1998. The Buell Motorbikes are known more for their dashing bikes than the road bikes. They have worked solely on the “Sportster” and other hustling or “groin rocket” style bicycles since they joined with the HD. Their center, which is essentially game bicycles, make them match our auxiliary target group(Baron and Scissors, 25).

NSU Motorenwerke AG

This is a German organization that was purchased out by the Volkswagen in 1969. The NSU group, arrived in the U.S at their prime, when the HD was hitting low. From 1955 into the 70’s, they held the position of the biggest maker in the U.S., after which they have not had an impact or accomplishment in the U.S. market. It is because of the emergence of stiff competition from other motorbike producers.

Target Market

Primary Target Audience

Indian Bikes has an outstandingly not the same number of customers as its significant rival Harley Davidson because of its costly item base. Indian shoppers are composed of white married men of between the ages of forty to fifty-five; they might be having young families back at home. They might appear as though they are a piece of Consistent American Centre; these are shoppers whose annual net salary might not be less than sixty thousand dollars. In most cases, these shoppers are professional experts. Quite a number work in Corporate America is holding managerial position. Largely, they are not so much outgoing. However, they do adore leisure and travel activities that are both associated with the rich status.

Secondary Target Audience

A second market that has buyer potential has been distinguished due to a wide base of Indian Bikes that engage a couple of bunches of different male age brackets. It comprises of white male of ages between thirty-five to forty, married or single, and may have an adolescent troop.Though they might appear as if they are part of a piece of Standard Centre America, normally, these are men whose annual income is not less than sixty thousand dollars.

Media Objectives

Media objectives are usually part of a four staged standard media plan that includes stating the objectives, establishing a budget, assessing the media choosing and implementing the choices(Bythe, 67-71). This plan has an objective of reaching out to the target group. Considering the high population of America, The advertisement on the reemergence of the Indian Bikes will appear on four Television Programs in including ESPN(180, 190, 161). Others are the History Channel (173, 158, 170), Speed (162, 214, 163), and Travel (143, 105, 127).Each program has an average rating of 20. Using the four programs results in accumulation of 80gross points. Their combined reach is therefore 40%There are also a higher likelihood/ chances that viewers of may also see any of the reading programs. 400 people are more inclined to be exposed to one or more television programs in a population that has 1000 television sets. GRPs for a program where the advert becomes visible X the frequency the advert runs.Using one schedule in all four programs for the commercial can help determine the frequency of the ad. 170homes watch only one program, 110homes view 2programs, and 70 watch three programs while 50 household view every program. The number of programs watched by every household add up to 800. Hence 400 households will be exposed to 800 commercials.The above procedure also applies to the radio. This is based on the assumption that the people watching the television programs will also listen to the radio. The radio, however, have a broadened base. For example, All News(117)WCOA, Pensacola has 70,000potential listeners, and 30,000 hear a commercial, an average of 43%. In this regard, Indian Cruisers will be able to realize its aim of bouncing back into the business.Continuity that entails the timing of the media assertions, will create the following trend; 15%in October, 25%in November, 45%in December and 10% for the rest of the year. The reason for such a high percentage in December is because most people are on Holiday. Considering that the target brand of audience of people aged between forty and forty-five will create a 60%sales derivative, the aim of this campaign is to raise the brand experience by 30%among them. The campaign will reach 1million in 12 markets using TV, radio, newspaper and magazines as well as social media.

Media Choices

TV Channels

To achieve our target market, we have decided to make the most use of link systems and particular TV day advertisements/ parts. It would promote and expand familiarity with the Indian Cruiser brand towards the end of the year in creating grounds for the arrival of the item into business in 2015 as per the plan. The quantities of the day parts and the link systems will be recorded in the following accompanying command: 45-54, 35-44, 55-64.The most conventional inside our target will be accompanying link systems and TV day parts as illustrated below:

ESPN(180,190,161)

History Channel(173,158,170)

Speed(162,214,163)

Travel Channel(143,105,127)

Discovery(132,132,117)Day Parts

Mon-Fr i8PM-9PM(492, 451, 335)

Mon-Fri 9PM10PM (489, 454, 345)

Mon-Fri 10PM-11PM (474, 428, 321)

Radio Stations

We plan to center on the encompassing ranges of bicycle occasions in utilizing these radio stations. Our specific aim is to build a consciousness of Indian’s vicinity at the occasions. Our choice of radio stations, based on the kinds of radio that our target group listens to are:

All News (117) WCOA, Pensacola,

FL ClassicFM(158)WJGL, Jacksonville, FL

Magazines

There are magazines that have a high record within our essential target business sector range, but also with high files in the optional and tertiary target age ranges too. Such are the magazines that we have chosen. We have advertised with these magazines amid the months preceding significant bicycle occasions in the United States. Through the advertisements, we trust, we will gather more backing for the advancements we want to run amid the occasions of Bicycle Week in Daytona, Sturgis, and Bicycle tober.

Newspaper

We intend to use paper that is more inclined to achieve our side spread demographic. The USA Nowadays is a top rated paper in America with a normal routine audience of 6,275, 497. Due to its achievement of a great reader base and general substance, it becomes the ideal choice for this intended purpose. The Divider Road Diary with a reader base of 5,063,751 would help achieve the purposes with a perfect measure of disposal wage to discover our item an appealing speculation. It is a paper of decisions for experts and speculators much the same. The paper that we intend to use for this particular purpose should have a big reading base that is also steeped into our target group(Carter and McGoldrick, 56).

Outdoor

Boards are to be placed in high activity regions in the weeks paving the way to and amid Bicycle Week, Bicycle to berfestand Sturgis Bicycle Week. This is specifically aimed at utilizing the boards viably. We will publicize all mid-year in North Carolina since it is the head office. To alarm newcomers and voyages that cruisers are accessible in the range and to help inhabitants remember their vicinity, boards will be put in closeness to Indian Dealership in the end.

Flow Chart

Radio Stations charge an average of $50 per advertisement compared other media that charge an average of $100 per advertisement. Their lower charges make more organization advertise with them. Radios are cheap and portable and hence the Radio stations are reachable to almost everyone. Our organization aims at using radios majorly as promotional media for the Indian Bike Cruisers for this reason.When an advert is relayed, so many people get it, but only a few of the targeted audience might get it(Carter and Mcgoldrick, 89-93). So the target coverage index should always be greater than the message index. Because the message does not reach 100% of the target group, it is important to record the projected number of coverage more than the projected reach of people.It is crucial to consider the budgeting cost of the advertisement while preparing the advertisement flow chart. The total cost of the advertisement should fall within the budgeting cost to avoid overstraining the company. The cost of our advertisement in this case is $55,400.00 while the budgeted cost is $60,000.00. A firm should prepare an advertisement flowchart that that has very low costs compared to the budgeted costs, but the ratio should not go below 50%. In this case, the firm has a ratio of 55400/60000* 100%= 992.33%. This means that the low chart, at almost 100%, is within the budget.Most of the target audience are working people who are mostly only available after work. The flow chart, therefore, should place most of the advertisements during the evening news in Channel TVs.

Budget

With the aim of reaching 150million adults within a year, the media campaign will run from January 2014 to January 2015. The client aims to spend $2,000,000 for the campaign. In magazines, the campaign will advertise 72ads. Because there are two magazines chosen for this campaign, each magazine will, therefore, run 36ads. With the exception of July, The People’s magazine will run advertisements throughout the year. Fifty thousand dollars will be spent in circulating four advertisements in the months of January, February, March, April, May, June subsequently then September, October, November and December.TV cables will take a total of 144 ads in the months of January, February, March, July, August, September, October, November and December. The total cost of these TV cable-ads will be 300,000 dollars.Personnel department will also be included in the resource budget. Their salaries and wages will consume a total of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Sixty thousand dollars go to the worker benefits, same as the payroll taxes and commission payments and bonuses, sixty thousand dollars each. That makes a total of one hundred and eighty thousand dollars. The total amount spent on the personnel will be four hundred and twenty thousand dollars.To determine the best campaign ad, research must be carried out(Blythe, 19). The primary research that takes place at the beginning of the campaign will cost around one hundred thousand dollars. Secondary research that goes hand in hand with the media campaign is for the purpose of monitoring the impact of the campaign on the intended market. The cost will be around forty thousand dollars. Research materials are kept in the library. Expenses that will cover for the services of a professional librarian will be twenty thousand dollars.Branded items and branding company cars with the product’s name will cost approximately one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. An interactive website will also be used in the campaign to maintain an online presence. The services of Smartweb, the company that has been identified for this purpose, will cost fifty thousand dollars. There will also be direct marketing that will include road shows and direct sales. This will cost thirty thousand dollars.There will also be internet marketing that will also involve the use of the social media for a period of four running months. The cost for achieving this will be twenty thousand dollars.Focus on the public makes it necessary to have a public relations advisor. Purposel, this is done to ensure that the prepared ads have relevant content that is agreeable to the target audience. There will also organize events that will include family fun day and a town cleaning exercise. Posters and flyers for the campaign will also be prepared to cost one hundred thousand dollars. The community programs that the campaign aims at sponsoring will cost a total of ten thousand dollars.Advertisement on the two newspapers in the months of March and September on a daily routine will cost, and on the radio stations will cost a total of four hundred thousand dollars. Training of staff in communications will cost approximately twenty thousand dollars. Incentives for the channels involved in the advertisements will cost twenty thousand dollars. Cost of buying computers and other equipment will cost fifty thousand dollars. Other costs will arise from postages of letters, telephone communication and travel. Such will cost a total of sixty thousand dollars.Telemarketing and fun fairs to ensure maximum exposure will cost sixty thousand dollars. Forty thousand dollars will be used in setting up a customers’ loyalty scheme to ensure that the customer retention remains high.

Cited Works

Baron, B. Roger, and Sissors, Z. Jack. Advertising media planning. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Print.

Blythe, J. Essentials of Marketing, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 2005. Print.

Carter, B., and McGoldrick, M. The expanded family cycle. Individual family and social perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 2009.

Miscarriage

A miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, is usually hard to deal with. It is accidental or natural ending of a pregnancy before a developing baby can live outside its mother’s body. Couples usually blame themselves for what has happened and it is really not their fault. It occurs in 15-20 percent of all pregnancies, usually in the first three months. Early miscarriages are due to chromosomal division errors or that the uterus, the organ in which the offspring develops, cannot with stand the pressure of the growing fetus (Miscarriage, online). According to The World Book Encyclopedia “up to 60 percent of all miscarriages occur because of defects in the embryo’s chromosomes. In most miscarriages involving defective chromosomes, the embryo cannot develop normally. A miscarriage may also occur if progesterone, a hormone necessary to maintain pregnancy, is in sufficient amount” (p. 508).

According to The World Book Encyclopedia “studies indicate that 15 to 20 percent of all diagnosed pregnancies end in miscarriage. The risk of miscarriage is highest during the first three months following conception (fertilization), during which time many women do not know they are pregnant. The over rate of miscarriage, including undiagnosed pregnancies, my actually be as high 50%” (p. 508).

They are seven different types of miscarriages. One of them is called threatened abortion which consists of bleeding in early pregnancy. It may be painless or cramping may be present. The cervix is closed and thick. Serial ultrasounds and blood work repeated over a week or two will distinguish healthy pregnancies from pending a miscarriage. Another type of miscarriage is inevitable abortion. If the cervix is open, miscarriage is inevitable. Usually the bleeding is increased and cramping is strong and rhythmic. Miscarriage is imment. Incomplete abortion is that the tissue has passed but there are some remains. Septic abortions are intra-uterine infection and they lead to miscarriages with associated fever, chills, abdominal pain, bleeding and cramping. Complete abortion is a condition in which products of conception are totally expelled from the uterus. Missed abortions are pregnancies where tissues are retained in the uterus. Recurrent abortion is a condition in which two or more successive pregnancies have ended in spontaneous abortion (Miscarriage, online).

Bleeding or spotting during early pregnancy from any source can cause cramping. The cramping is due to the passage of blood through the cervix. The blood may be from placental implantation bleeding, menstrual bleeding or bleeding due to miscarriage. Miscarriage bleeding is due to serval factors (Ingalls & Salerno’s Maternal and Child Health Nursing p.178-195)

According to Mirkin (2000) “the study shows that one cup of coffee a day increases risk for miscarriage by 30 percent, three to four cups by 40 percent and five cups doubles a women’s chances of a miscarriage. Caffeine intake increases the risk of miscarriage in non-smokers that drink four or more cups of coffee per day” (online). Miscarriage increases by 20 percent to 30 percent with this level of coffee intake. The study he did not include women who had morning sickness or vomiting during the first three months of pregnancy. Morning sickness causes vomiting which causes women not to drink coffee.

The Link between Abortion & Breast Cancer (online) indicated a significant risk of breast cancer due to early abortion, both spontaneous and elective. A women’s first full pregnancy causes hormonal changes which permanently alter the structure of her breast. The complete process greatly reduces the risk of breast cancer. A premature termination of a first pregnancy interrupts this process. Instead of protecting the breast from cancer, abortion leaves millions of breast cells suspended in transitional state. A first trimester abortion, both miscarriage or surgically induced appear to interrupt the breast maturation process at the worst possible time. When cells are reproducing the fastest, the risk that there will be an error reproduction is the highest. Cancer results from cells whose reproduction runs amok.

Ultrasound can confirmed miscarriage if the embryo measure out to 5mm in length from the head to the rump- “crown rump” length, and a fetal heart rate is not identifiable. Fetal heart rate can be identified in living infants this size is larger. An ultrasound testing has to be done before determine the end of your miscarriage. An ultrasound is the most common way to establish whether a pregnancy is continuing normally (Miscarriages Tutorial online).

When having a miscarriage you should keep drinking you prenatal pills. That will help you keep healthy. Women who miscarry should avoid getting pregnant again for at least twelve weeks. Eighty percent of women are ovulating normally by three months after miscarriage this allows the menstrual tissue to heal well and prepare for future pregnancy. When women are ovulating well subsequent pregnancies have a better chance of succeeding (Miscarriage’s online).

Having the experience of a miscarriage, you cannot blame yourself. It is something that is normal. It is something you cannot help. Every pregnant woman should take care of herself well especially during their first trimester.

The good news is that even after more than one miscarriage your chance of a healthy pregnancy is good. With testing and possible treatment you and your doctor can hopefully bring down the loss. The type of treatment will be necessary will depend on the cause or causes determined.

Immediately after your miscarriage, you will experience strong pains in your abdomen, similar to period pains. They are known as after pain cramping. These are triggered by this occur she release of oxytocin, the hormone that initiates your miscarriage. After your miscarriage you will want to schedule an appointment with your health care provider to make sure you are recovering well.

It can be devastating to lose a much longer pregnancy. To feel bad is natural, as feeling depressed and sad.

Suffering a miscarriage is one of the most devastating things that can happen to a woman, and to her partner. Many women conceive easily and are not emotionally or physically prepared for the shock of losing a baby. To make it worse, there are often complaints that the medical profession lacks sympathy, and investigations into the cause are normally not even considered until you have suffered three miscarriages. It may seem a callous approach, but the reason for this response is simply that miscarriage is extremely common. In fact, one in four pregnancies ends in miscarriage, usually before the twelfth week of pregnancy. If you do suffer a miscarriage, no amount of reassurance that it is ‘normal’ or ‘common’ can ease the pain. Give yourselves enough time to recover emotionally from your loss before facing the challenges of another pregnancy. As with any major life event, it is important to balance the need to grieve with the need to move on. And remember, most couples who experience a miscarriage can go on to have a healthy baby (miscarriage, online).

In conclusion sometimes a pregnancy ends in a miscarriage. There are a lot of reasons why this may happen in the early weeks. It is often the body’s way of rejecting a fetus that could never develop healthily. Occasionally it is caused by a problem that occurs during pregnancy or because of preexisting medical condition.. Miscarriage is pregnancy loss that occurs prior to 20 weeks, before the fetus is able to survive outside the womb. Most occur in the first trimester or 12 weeks of pregnancy. As many as 50 percent of all pregnancies may end in miscarriage, because many losses occur before a woman realizes she is pregnant. The causes of miscarriage are not thoroughly understood. When a woman has a first-trimester miscarriage, her doctor often cannot determine the cause. However, most occur when a pregnancy is not developing normally. Usually, there is nothing a woman or her doctor can do to prevent it.

Bibliography:

References

Abortion (1996) . The World Book Encyclopedia (vol. 1, p. 14). Chicago

Encyclopedia World

Mirkin, G. (2000, December 20). Coffee Causes Miscarriages. New England Journal of

Medicine. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://www.drmirkin.com

women/8815.htmlMiscarriage (1996) . The World Book Encyclopedia ( Vol. 1, p.14). Chicago:

Encyclopedia WorldMiscarriages. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from fertilitymeds.com/

Miscarriages.html

Miscarriage Information. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://drdecker.net

Miscarriage%20information.htm

Miscarriages Tutorial. Retrieved September 8, 2004, from http://www.infertility

Tutorials.commiscarriage_members/causescfm

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Being Mary Jane

Being Mary Jane is a popular television series that aired on Netflix and BET+ for four seasons between July 2013 and April of 2019. It was created by Mara Brock Akil and starred Gabrielle Union as the main character. The series revolves around Mary Jane, a black woman, her family, and her search for love. ‘Being Mary Jane’ is an accurate description of the lives of many black families in the United States. The series is centered on black culture, and how this culture influences how characters view themselves and those around them. Culture is an important aspect of self-definition, and many times people find themselves defined by and controlled by the culture they are born into. This rings true for many of the characters in ‘Being Mary Jane’ as they struggle to embrace the positive aspects of black culture while at the same time fighting against the negatives.

Culture can be defined as the norms, customs, ideas, and other social behaviors that characterize a particular group of people. Culture is an important part of ho individuals view themselves and others around them because culture defines every aspect of life. People judge themselves and others based on culture. For example, culture defines what is right and wrong, and when a person is caught doing something frowned upon, they are defined by their actions. Culture is an integral part of humanity. It defines how we treat each other in society. Some aspects common to all cultures include respect for others, and this is important in maintaining the humanity and dignity of people in society.

Racial profiling is a common part of life, and these profiles are typically based on negative stereotypes. People also tend to judge others based on gender, and this could not be less true in ‘Being Mary Jane.’ The TV series tackles some of the problematic profiles and gender biases with regard to both black men and women. Some of the negatives profiles and stereotypes associated with black men in the United States include criminal activities, alcohol and drug addiction, neglect of families, infidelity, and suicide, among others (Rossie 27). ‘Being Mary Jane’ has different male characters, some of whom conform to these stereotypes and others who challenge them. An example of the men challenging the racial profiling and stereotypes of black men include Mary Jane’s father, Paul Patterson. He is a retired COO of a popular airline, as well as a responsible father and husband. Some of the male characters who conform to negative stereotypes include Patrick Patterson, Mary Jane’s older brother, a drug addict who cannot take care of his children, and lives with his parents in his forties. The series adopts the same, mostly-negative portrayal of black men. Most of the male characters in the story are irresponsible, addicted to drugs, have multiple children with multiple women, drop out of school, among others.

Mary Jane is the central black female character in the story, and she too faces some racial profiling and stereotypes. She, along with other black women, are objectified and mishandled in the series ‘Being Mary Jane.’ The misogynistic and racist attitudes towards black women on the show are quite prevalent in the media. For example, Mary Jane is presented as an angry black woman just because she dares to hold on to high standards in what she expects from people, especially the men in her life. She is also portrayed as being unfulfilled in life because she is childless and unmarried (Smith 1). Her whole premise on the show is the search for love, to a level of desperation. Her own mother keeps pressuring her to marry, showing that this is something considered essential. Niecy is another example of the negative portrayal of black women. In her late teens, she has two children by different men, she dropped out of school, and she is rude and shows no signs of working towards a better future for herself and her children. This view of black women is different from that of the concept of Imago Dei, which is that all people are created in the image of God. Everyone is beautiful and enough as they are, but the black women on the show are portrayed as less than (Harris 2).

Revelation can be defined as the act of communicating a new and unexpected idea or truth. The Black experience in American culture is related to revelation because it involves the communication of something new. Most of the time, the country associates the black culture with negatives. However, there are some positive aspects of black culture which the media rarely chooses to reveal or focus upon. An example of the positives of black culture is the idea of family who stick by each other through thick and thin. ‘Being Mary Jane’ shows some perfect examples of this when Mary Jane bails out her family members from various problems, the Patterson’s stick together to support Patrick and Niecy, among others.

In conclusion, culture is an essential part of our humanity. Every individual is molded by their culture because it is the foundation for their thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors. The TV series ‘Being Mary Jane’ is an example of a media portrayal of black culture,, which includes racial profiling, stereotypes, misogyny, and racism. Media is an integral part of perpetuating negative portrayals of black people, and the series attempts to reveal some other positive aspects of black culture. Rather than glorify negative issues, the media should be responsible enough to present an accurate and unbiased view of black culture.

Works Cited

Harris, Chevonne. “In Defense of Being Mary Jane and Flawed Fictional Black Women.” The Huffington Post (2014).

Rossie, Amanda. “Being Mary Jane and Postfeminism’s Problem with Race.” Emergent Feminisms. Routledge, 2018. 25-41.

Smith, Jada F. “With ‘Being Mary Jane,’Mara Brock Akil Specializes in Portraits of Black Women.” New York Times (2015).