Category: Uncategorized

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

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Behavior modeling is an exceedingly common topic in today’s world. It involves mapping and observing the successful processes, which make the foundation of an exceptional performance of some sort. One can define modeling as a process of assimilating complex series of events and breaking them up into small parts for the purposes of recapping them. One of the most significant purposes of modeling is to develop a pragmatic model or map of a certain behavior, which one can utilize to simulate certain aspects of that performance. The main aim of modeling is to identify the significant factors of action and thought needed to produce the desired results or responses. This article will discuss the issue of behavior modeling and why today’s individuals should be concerned with the content shown in films and television programs.

The social learning theory is one of the common behavior theories relevant to criminology. Albert Bandura, one of the world’s significant psychologists believed that aggression and violence is learned through behavior modeling. He argued that people usually are not born with violent tendencies, but they model them later in life. He pointed out that people, and particularly children, learn violence and aggression responses from looking at and observing other individuals, either through the environment, media or personally. He argued that most people hold the notion that aggression and violence will lead to reinforcements. These reinforcements in turn can formulate into tension reduction, gaining praise from others, attaining financial rewards and building one’s self esteem.

During the Bobo doll experiment, the children participating in the experiment imitated the aggression the adults displayed because of reward or positive reinforcement achieved. Bandura had significant interest in development of children, and he pointed out that if aggression and violence in children was diagnosed early enough then these children would reframe from growing up to become adult criminals. He stated that aggression and violence in most children is influenced and encouraged by the positive reinforcement they receive from the family, media and the environment.

The same psychologist also believed that the media and especially, the television is a significant source of behavior modeling. In the current world, television shows and films show violence and aggression graphically. Violence is usually shown as behavior that is acceptable, especially for the heroes who never receive punishment. Since violence and aggression are prominent characteristics of numerous programs, children with a higher level of exposure to the media might show a relatively higher incidence of aggression in imitation to the violence they witness.

There have been numerous incidences and cases of extreme violence were individuals acted aggressively towards others, as a result, of violence witnessed in television programs and films. This is one of the main reasons why in the current world, where all sorts of things are allowed and broadcasted in media ranging from violence to abuse to substance and drug abuse to sexual abuse to undesirable social behaviors, parents must be careful with what they expose their children to in the media. As Bandura argued, children are predisposed to pick and simulate numerous kinds of bad habits from the media, and assimilating and copying the same behaviors. Because of these higher rates of instances of children copying or modeling undesirable behavior from the media, as well as, from adults, there should be increased concern on what films and programs are broadcasted in the television.

Reference

Bandura, A. (1962). Social learning through imitation. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

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Introduction

A learning environment with a different smell

A different smell … that is right. In fact, everything about this environment is different from the conventional learning environments. Right from the height, the length, the width, and (you guessed right), the weight. It is an Apple MacBook Air (11.6 inch). With a small size, sleek design and light weight, the Apple laptop makes for a full learning environment. It is 0.68 inches at the back, while its front has been narrowed down to a negligible eleven-hundredths of an inch. Most of the computer’s exterior sticks out, thanks to its void nature. Its front incorporates an indent that has been cut out from the bottom lip providing a spot where one can open the screen. It is noteworthy that the screen of MacBook 11.6 can be lifted up easily with one finger. One notable thing about the machine is that, its bottom and rear are pretty featureless. Its bottom incorporates four plastic bumpers, which essentially lifts the machine from the work surface. Its bottom also incorporates five-lobed Torx Screws, which are tempting enough for individuals who would be courageous enough to void their warranties.

On opening up the MacBook Air (11.6 inches), there is a typical laptop sight, which essentially incorporates individual black keys that stick out through the perfectly-cut holes on the case made of aluminum. It is noteworthy that its keyboard does not incorporate back-light, which makes it easy for low-light computing. The keyboard also makes typing easy, which comes in handy during online chats and even doing the exams.

MacBook Air’s trackpad is somewhat large, a feature that has been amplified by the machine’s minute figure making it quite impressive. A trackpad, also known as touchpad, refers to a pointing device that incorporates a tactile sensor. The sensor is a specialized surface that is capable of translating the position and motion of one’s finger to the relative position on the machine’s screen. The large trackpad in the MacBook Air incorporates a number of buttons, which aids in complementing the ease of use. This trackpad aids in the usage of the machine during learning as one can flip through the notes quickly and easily. Notably lacking in the MacBook Air are in-built optical drives, while the eject button has been replaced by power button. This, however, resembles any other key on the machine’s keyboard. As much as the keyboard may show considerable flexibility if pressed, one would not have to worry about it even when he is a heavy typist. In addition, as much as the power button resembles every other button in the keyboard, powering-off the laptop is not a problem since the machine sleeps remarkably quickly.

The MacBook Air incorporates an impressive display or screen that boasts of superb horizontal viewing as well as ordinary vertical ones. One notable feature of the learning environment is its impressive resolution of 1366×768, and the contrast that comes with a typical contrast ratio of 755:1 with minimum backlight and 696:1 with full backlight. The machine’s display is glossy, making it an impressive compromise between glossy screens that may look like annoying mirrors and matte screens that can mix colors. In addition, the laptop’s display uniquely lacks glass, which essentially shaves off the machine’s weight. The weight of the machine is further reduced by the edge – to – edge black-bordered display which has been replaced with aluminum. Nevertheless, its attractiveness has not been compromised or limited in any way. This is especially due to the incorporation of the antiglare screen. The laptop incorporates functional speakers, but relatively scarce bass. However, while the speakers make communication pretty listenable, external speakers or even headphones could serve the machine in a better way than the in-built speakers. However, one would appreciate that the inbuilt speakers can get quite loud, which aids in communicating with lecturers in e-learning especially when one needs to consult on a certain issue.

It is fortunate that the MacBook Air fully supports Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. The incorporated Bluetooth allows for quick transfer and sharing of data between two machines, in which case notes and other reading materials would be easily shared. Wi-Fi technology, or Wireless Fidelity in full, refers to a popular technology that enhances the wireless exchange of data by electronic devices over computer networks. The technology, therefore, enhances access of data and reading material from online libraries and other resourceful websites, thereby enhancing learning. In addition, varied inputs are showcased on the sides of the laptop. There is a USB 2.0 port situated on the left and the right side of the machine, a mini-DisplayPort port, remote-control jack, in-built microphone and combo headphones. Coupled with the Wi-Fi internet connectivity, the combo headphones and in-built microphones would enhance communication with lecturers and online chats. In essence, it would be possible to ask lecturers for clarification on issues that may not be clear such as requirements and submission of assignments, as well explanations on complex issues in the notes. Responses would be instantaneous just like a one-on-one or verbal communication, as long as there is sufficient internet connectivity. With the 68 GB hard disk capacity, the storage of notes and other learning materials would not be much of a problem. Surely, the learning environment provided by the laptop comes with an entirely different smell.

Behavioral Approach Psychological TheoryAuthor’s name

Institutional AffiliationTable of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Behavioral Approach Psychological Theory PAGEREF _Toc321723542 h 1Behavioral Approach Psychological Theory PAGEREF _Toc321723543 h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc321723544 h 3Radical: Skinnerian Behaviorism Theory PAGEREF _Toc321723545 h 4References PAGEREF _Toc321723546 h 5

Behavioral Approach Psychological TheoryIntroductionBehaviorism is fundamentally an approach in psychology that is founded on the suggestion that, it is possible to research behavior scientifically devoid of recourse to internal mental states. Behaviorism is a type of materialism, which denies any independent significance for psyche. One of the postulations of behaviorist idea is that, free will is deceptive, and that every behavior is subjective to the environment, either by means of reinforcement, or association. Behaviorism presupposes that behavior is discernible and can be interrelated with other discernible occurrences. Thus, there are occurrences that precede as well as follow behavior. Behaviorism’s objective is to clarify relationships linking stimuli (antecedent conditions), responses (behavior), and reward, neutral effect, or punishment (consequences) (Levy, 2009). 

In the 20th century, the behaviorist belief system ran simultaneously with the movement for psychoanalysis in psychology. Its key theorists were Ivan Pavlov, who explored classical conditioning, Skinner, B.F, who sought to present ethical foundation to behaviorism, linking it to pragmatism. There was also John B. Watson, who discarded the introspective methods, while he sought to confine psychology to investigational laboratory methods. A number of behaviorists argue that the study of behavior is the most appropriate or expedient approach in investigating mental and psychological processes. Other behaviorists suppose that it is the only approach of studying such processes, while others posit that behavior, in itself is the only suitable subject of psychology, and that the common psychological expressions, such as belief or goals do not have any referents and/or merely denote behavior. The theorists who assume this point of view occasionally refer to their branch of learning as behavioral science or behavior analysis rather than psychology (Levy, 2009). 

Radical: Skinnerian Behaviorism TheoryFundamentally, Skinner modified the system of belief of behaviorism in order to fit in his discoveries, which entailed operant conditioning. In scientific terms, conditioning refers to learning. Operant denotes Skinner’s thought that all organisms operate on their environment, meaning that, organisms execute actions that modify the environment surrounding them, either positively or negatively. Operant psychology is founded on the notion that an action performed by an animal or a person often has consequences that transpire naturally in the surroundings. This principal is referred to as operant conditioning. Additionally, reinforcement in this theory refers to something that would make it increasingly probable that a particular behavior would be repetitive. Skinner believed that, in the event that behavior is reinforced, it was liable to be repeated. He supposed that positive reinforcement is increasingly successful than punishment. Experimenters that utilize Skinner’s techniques have trained animals and birds to perform several unnatural actions. For instance, chicken may be trained to play toy pianos, while dogs have been trained to climb ladders. These uncharacteristic behaviors are trained through a process referred to as shaping. The successive approximation, or shaping of behavior, has demonstrated to be a successful training method. It has been adapted by therapists in training people to prevail over phobias or other maladaptive behaviors (Levy, 2009). 

Contemporary scientists recognize that learning entails additional complex amalgamation of factors. At times a deferred reward is increasingly effective than an instantaneous one. A mixture of punishment and reward can accelerate learning. Skinner’s ideas are adopted to train autistic and mentally retarded children. They are also utilized in industry to diminish job accidents, as well as in several applications in health-associated fields. Regardless of a few flaws in Skinner’s views, the main beliefs of operant conditioning continue play an imperative role in learning as well as behavior modification in the present day (Levy, 2009). 

ReferencesLevy, N. (2009). Neuroethics, New York: Pantheon Books.

Assignment 4

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Affiliated School;

A journal called, The Colour of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality In School Punishment, by Russell J. Skiba, Robert S. Michael, Abra Carroll Nardo, and Reece L. Peterson, focuses on the level of stereotype and racial discrimination in schools. According to the journal the minority group in America is ever on the losing end of the schooling system. This is because they are usually viewed with a certain stereotype that white students are not viewed with. The male gender is also on the losing side because girls are perceived to be naturally calm people and when they are involved in some wrong activity they are given second and third chances but the boys are not.

The main reason for the punishment discrimination is because most of the students from the minority race are socio economically not well off. This means the schools offers them free lunch and even caters for part of their tuition fee, in a nutshell they are a liability to the school and when they commit a mistake they are easily suspended or expelled from schools (Costenbader, 1994). Children whose parents do not have a full time job are discriminated against as compared to children whose parents have full time jobs. Blacks and Latinos are viewed as very violent and when they are in a group of friends they are referred to as a gang, this means a small incidence they are the first suspects and if they were in the least involved they would face severe punishment that if it were a group of white boys the case would have been different.

According to the Children Defence Fund, 1995, an African-American male has sixteen times more likely to be accused of a crime he didn’t commit as opposed to a white female. The chances of girls being reported to the disciplinary committee of a school are five times lower than that of boys. Teachers find it easy to deal with girls than with boys. The entire issue of there being discrimination in terms of gender and race in school punishment is not a foreign concept as data on the same has existed ever since 1975, however the civil rights office and office of the secretary for education choose to turn a deaf ear to it. In doing so, they encourage the mistreatment of bys from minority groups in schools. This increases the level of school drop outs that end up in the streets involved in illegal dealings as they make the ends meet. This kind of discrimination encourages the stereotypes that education tries to work against. In real sense the education system is fighting against education itself.

Racial discrimination at school encourages the hatred between children based on their racial differences. When teachers show that it is right to punish someone more severe based on their race, it makes the person to hate school and this leads to poor performances in schools by the minority (Costenbader, 1994). A school should be a place where equality is the foundations of all actions. This is because it is where most children most things that they later on come to apply in life. One should not be discriminated based on their race, gender and socio-economic status. The law should be an equalizing tool to ensure that discrimination of any sort is not encouraged in schools. This can be implemented by the office of the secretary of education.

References

Russell J. Skiba, Robert S. Michael, Abra Carroll Nardo, and Reece L. Peterson, (2012), The Colour of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality In School Punishment, University of Illinois Print Press

Children’s Defence Fund. (1975). School Suspensions: Are They Helping Children? Cambridge, MA: Washington Research Project

Costenbader, V. K., and Markson, S. (1994). School suspension: A survey of current policies and practices. NASSP Bulletin 78: 103–107

A Lecture on Spontaneous Speaking

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A Lecture on Spontaneous Speaking

Content and Organization

The speaker has managed to elaborate on the concept of spontaneous speaking, and this has made the message to be clear and understandable. Also, the speaker has used examples to indicate instances for both planned and spontaneous speaking while stressing on his topic of the day, which is the latter. The speaker uses statistics such as studies that have classified spontaneous or public speaking among the top things that many Americans are afraid of. For example, he states that 85% of Americans are fearful of public speaking while he feels that the other 15% are lying. He also uses questions and activities to drive his point home. Since the lecture is focused on spontaneous speaking, the lecture logically flows on some of the techniques that one can use to manage anxiety in impromptu speaking. Studies have indicated that the use of video clips and pictures are always useful in delivering lectures (Choi, Song & Oh, 2015).

To effect the logical flow of the content, the speaker uses images that reflect on the issue is discussing, and this enables the audience to connect and have an understanding of the lecture easily. He gives ideas on some of the activities one can do to manage anxiety, such as doing pushups or narrating tongue twisters in his case. The level of detail in the lecture is more than average since he can incorporate various situations that one can experience by engaging the audience of the instances.

Delivery

According to Sumit, Afifi, and Amara (2012), one of their recommendations for the effective delivery of a lecture is using an interactive form of a lecture that captures the attention of the learner. Throughout the lecture, the speaker was able to use humor to capture that audience’s attention. When using the slides to present the lecture, the speaker used titles and subtitles to capture the attention of the audience. By using the titles and subtitles, the learners are able to identify the key concepts for the lecture.

The lecturer uses complex sentences in various situations, and since the audience is diverse, the speaker used simple language for each member of the audience to understand the message. Through this, the speaker was able to provide a clear and informative lecture. He used simple and known examples to make the lecture interesting and clear. However, in most of the instances where he sourced information from outside sources, he was not able to give the direct source of information, for example, who did the research of 85% of Americans being afraid to speak publicly and this can be a problem to some members of the audience, especially if they are educated.

When communicating a message, even if it is simple or complex, it is always great to cite the source of the information since this makes it easier for one to convince the audience. The speaker used simple vocabularies that the audience would comprehend; in fact, in most cases, he used general statements to drive his message of spontaneous speaking. The speaker used pronouns like “you can say,” “we need to…” among others. All these pronouns do act as conversational words, and this enabled him to capture the attention of the audience.

References

Choi, Y., Song, E., & Oh, E. (2015). Effects of teaching communication skills using a video clip on a smartphone on communication competence and emotional intelligence in nursing students. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 29(2), 90-95.

Sandhu, S., Afifi, T. O., & Amara, F. M. (2012). Theories and practical steps for delivering effective lectures. Journal of Community Med Health Educ, 2(6), 158.

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“Lindon leader started small in the world of design he grow out to be one of the well-known designers worldwide and took the profession to the next level”

Introduction

Leadership and success are directly related. The relationship is based on factors that leadership entails; this means that success in one’s life is a dependent variable and leadership in the independent variable. This is because leadership is crafted using various factors or components. Lindon leader as a leader was not made overnight, but his life as a designer started many years ago at college and during in career experience. To be whom he is today and the fame behind his work is a long-term struggle (Sweetnam 61). Starting from a student at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, he has won various awards under his honor; all these are attributed towards the hard work he placed not only in designing profession, but also as a student from the said college. He started as an employee with a humble background (education) but later become a known designer in the world. Today he is ranked among the top ten best designers in the past 35 years. Various factors can be accounted towards the success and change of Lindon leader such as:

Positive Attitude as a Driver Transformation

Lindon leader is known to be a designer with a positive attitude towards everything he does in his work as a designer. As a leader of more than 100 people today; in his company, he ought to have a positive attitude and positive thinking skills. This has made him build inner strength and confident in his work. At field of art in one that demands openness of mind since it is built on only creativity and innovations on symbols and image. With the strength and confident, he can come up with outstanding work as the FedEx logo among others that has made him famous (Airey 12). Positive attitude and mindset have helped him to develop an understanding and giving solutions to the problem not only of the design work, but also to his employee. Offering solutions to clients has been one of things that Lindon leader is known of. He has credible mindset that gives him a hand over other designers of his time and even to the contemporary ones. Lindon leader is also a problem solver. Various companies and organization are faced with marketing issue and at last the end solutions to this issues is a brand image. In this case Lindon leader offers such organization logos that support their marketing concepts and campaigns hence end up being victorious in the business world. For example FedEx’s CEO, Fred Smith asked Lindon Company to offer him a logo that will place his truck business ahead of the others, and he did not mind what the company will do, but would only account for the changes they make. He was one of the happiest individuals who accepted the Logo when it was presented to him and approved it. Today FedEx is one of the most successful land and air transport in the world.

Transforming Other People’s Lives as a Facet for Change

Lindon leader is one who truly has changed lives of individuals and organization since he’s one person who finds design solutions to problems presented to him. One of the attributes of a successful leader is that he/she should not run away from the problem and should be confident in whatever he/she does. In this view, Lindon leader is one person that faces a problem the way it is presented, “he has been approached by various organization when in light of falling or running to liquidity due to poor or less constructive logos and designs, but not of them has a negative memory of not being helped by this leader”. It is true that Lindon leader moved from a small designer to a well-known excellent designer in history.

Accepting other Designers to Gain experience and Share

Leadership transformation and accepting others are one of the things that lead to a positive transition of Lindon leader who moved from a humble designing background to a successful and famous designer in the world. He was able to work under someone as a design director in one of the offices in San Francisco. He was working for Landor Associate, one of the leading global brand consultancy firms well known for executing strategy via design. But now he runs his shop in Park City in Utah whereby he continues to work the whitespace in developing logos and mark for a wide variety of organizations. As a designer, the ability to work at all levels is what counts to one’s supremacy in the future since designing industry calls for a lot of experience and exposure to mentor who has filled various “whitespaces” in the past.

Focus

In addition, the leader should be a person who is focused on attaining or achieving his goals or objectives. Without such dreams in life of a designer, then there is no hope to success like that of Lindon leader. With a goal of becoming one of the most outstanding designers in the world, started with the first the step that Lindon leader made at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena. His goal is evident that he one time wanted to become a well-known designer in history hence he took this bold step, rather he could have been a doctor if he had gone to medical school. As a goal attained, Lindon leader has a design philosophy of working “ I work to attain two things: clarity and simplicity. ” He states that a great design is generated of two things and him things that the world of design needs this two things to say that all is done in the best form and framework (David 10). This philosophy has always changed the life of Lindon leader transforming him from a small designer to a well-known international designer in world history.

Accept to Mentor Others

As a designer he has been able to work with others and also mentor various people towards success, “every design book or journal that does not have Lindon leader in into is considered empty.” This means that the leader is able to work in accordance with his spirit is success to change lives of others (Sharma, Rachna, and Madhavi 58). His works have moved around the world changing his life each day. For example, as FedEx trucks and air- careers move on air, all is counted towards in success hence this counts towards is transition from small designer to a well-known world-class designer in history.

Risk Taking

Lindon leader is one of the known design risk taker and one of the qualities of good leaders who have not only changed their lives, but also the lives of others is being a risk taker. “For example, the Lindon leader took the contract of designing FedEx Logo from the blues, he was not sure that he will meet the demands of the CEO. But he pulled up his team of professionals working at his organization and made sure they did they handled the task.” If the work could not be accepted then Lindon leader could risk paying the expenses incurred to the teams work on the logo among other things. However, with his risk taking drive, he made of the most extraordinary design subtraction designs in history.

Motivation through Challenges

In the design industry, a designer has to be motivated with the challenges that arise as he/she works on art. There is no well-developed designed logo and mark that misses its past challenge and downfalls, for the FedEx logo to be successful integrated there was a challenge to its success. Therefore, Lindon leader ability to work under challenges and to overcome is what has made him whom he is today. Therefore, it a challenge to upcoming designers that the world of designing is coupled with various challenges before one makes a step towards success or have a smooth transition from a smaller designer to a well-known designer (Sharma, Rachna, and Madhavi 60).

Commitment to Work

The other concern that is worth mentioning about Lindon leader is his 100 percent commitment to his Job. This individual is one of the most committed individuals in design industry. Filling the whitespaces to generate a meaningful logo or mark calls for 100% commitment to the work. Having worked for various companies before starting his company, this person was able to understand that success in the industry calls for tolerance and commitment. He states, “It took me more than ten years to work under pressure from my bosses and clients to be who I am today and my fruits of success are tailored towards commitment and devotion to my work, don’t look at my Logo but consider the time I spend to develop them.” Therefore, we can state that Lindon leader transformation from a small designer to a well-known designer in the world comes because of his commitment to his work, a challenge to junior designers.

Conclusion

It can be deduced that the path to success as a designer is not a wide path not is it a smooth path, but it’s a journey guided by proper leadership and experience. Lindon leader truly moved the ladder of design career from small designer to a well-known designer.

Works Cited

Airey, David. Logo design love: A guide to creating iconic brand identities. New Riders, 2009.

HYPERLINK “http://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LxxWFJzSgpIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq” http://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LxxWFJzSgpIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Lindon+leader+FedEx+designer+2010&ots=iXXToRE7If&sig=H5P4YT4V5pibyzC8C8d0inuTeoY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Airey, David. Work for Money, Design for Love: Answers to the Most Frequently Asked Questions about Starting and Running a Successful Design Business. New Riders, 2012.

Bone, Juliane. Trends in Logo Design Among Fortune 100 Companies. Diss. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 2011. HYPERLINK “http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/grcsp/60/” http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/grcsp/60/

Sharma, Rachna, and Madhavi Garikaparthi. “WHAT’S IN A NAME-LOGOS THAT EXPRESS NEW THINKING.” International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy 2.3 (2013): 58-67.

HYPERLINK “http://ijmrbs.com/ijmrbsadmin/upload/IJMRBS_51d1b2d6e3f74.pdf” http://ijmrbs.com/ijmrbsadmin/upload/IJMRBS_51d1b2d6e3f74.pdf

Sweetnam, John P. “When Stars Do Not Align.” Military Review 80.2 (2000): 61.

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Linux Vs. Windows

Introduction

Operating systems is the backbone of computing. Linux and windows are the main operating systems being used widely today (Comino & Manenti, 2005). Choosing between the two operating systems can be a daunting task since these operating systems both have their advantages and disadvantages.

Despite the disadvantages, Linux emerges to be the better of the two operating systems in terms of price, virus attack, software cost and reliability (Comino & Manenti, 2005). Linux also comes in many flavors like Ubuntu, Red Hat, SuSe, Lycoris, Knoppix and Linux Mint (Petreley, 2004). Linux is a very customizable while windows which is very popular, easy to use and comes with a number of flavors like Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 line (Petreley, 2004) Both Linux have both Server and Desktop systems but Linux is the best to use for a File Server as it is not attacked by viruses and is very stable (Comino & Manenti, 2005).

Linux vs. Windows

According to Mearian Lucas 2002, “Linux is customizable in a way that windows is not. The concept of the user interface is the same, but varies from one flavor to another”. For example, “the task bar may default to being on top or the bottom” (Mearian Lucas 2002).

Windows is compatible with many hardware and software programs since it is used by many people. Since most programs are very compatible with windows viral attacks are very prone in windows systems hence it reliability is compromised (Comino & Manenti, 2005).

Mustonen (2003)notes that, “ many of the software programs, utilities and games available on Linux are free ware or open source”. This lowers the cost of software as majority of windows software programs are very expensive line (Mustonen, 2003). Many user around the world use windows but windows suffers to the indignity of the Microsoft Product Activation Service and you might be asked to provide a Microsoft key incase you upgrade one or two major components of windows (Mustonen, 2003). Linux still has its problems in terms of case of use and hardware compatibility but it is still the better option (Petreley, 2004).

Petreley (2004) state that, “one can change the desktop to your own way incase you do not like defaults” . New versions of windows like Windows 7 have come with a better user interface and better appearances in the Aero Theme and are more stable than its preceding versions line (Petreley, 2004). However, many software’s and hardwares are incompatible with this version whereas new Linux versions (distributions) offer support for softwares and hardware drivers via their online support center which can be installed and updated via command line (Petreley, 2004)

In conclusion, Linux is good and stable and can be used for several months without needing to reinstall unlike windows, which crushes now and then making it the better option than windows (Petreley, 2004)

REFERENCES

Comino S. and F. Manenti, Government policies supporting open source software for the massmarket. Review of Industrial Organization, 26(2), 217. 2005

Mearian, Lucas. “Wall St. Leans Toward Linux.” Computer World : 1‐2. 2002

Mustonen, M. Copyleft – the economics of Linux and other open source software. InformationEconomics and Policy 15(1): 99-121 2003

Petreley, Nicholas. “Security Report: Windows vs Linux.” The Register : 1‐24. 2004

Marketing Tactics

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Date

Marketing Tactics

Marketing tactics can be defined as strategic ways of selling products and enticing potential customers to by the products. Online sellers use paid advertisement, internet marketing and diversity marketing to convince buyers to shop from them rather than elsewhere.

Paid advertisement is a type of marketing tactic whereby the marketer pays for space to advertise. Some of these ad spaces can be found in media, magazines and online at eBay for example or even in classified ads. With marketing campaigns emphasizing in all directions and methods of advertising, paid advertisement is said to captivate the general market globally (Ford “et al”, 2019). If the marketers pay more their adverts may be future on various platform frequently. To reach a final price the buyer and the space ad seller do bidding.

This type of market strategy has shown the following effects on the consumer

Familiarity of the products as the consumer gets more info on the product.

Consumers are motivated when they see an Ad.

For older age group this advertisement doesn’t allure them.

Wirth marketing tactics numerous we need to do or best to reach all potential consumers. In addition to marketing strategies sellers also use internet marketing to get to their consumers. Commonly known as online marketing is another marketing tactic where you use the whole online tools. This is a broad tactic as it includes emails, search engines, paid media and many more. Internet marketing makes marketing easy as it brings brands, products and services. Shih and Chen (2013) state that more internet visitors reach websites via search engines. Internet marketing has impacted the consumer in:-

Buyers have all the information they need and hence have ability to make decisions

Online reviews have helped convince other buyers

References

Ford, K. L., Albritton, T., Dunn, T. A., Crawford, K., Neuwirth, J., & Bull, S. (2019). Youth study recruitment using paid advertising on Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook: cross-sectional survey study. JMIR public health and surveillance, 5(4), e14080.

Shih, B. Y., Chen, C. Y., & Chen, Z. S. (2013). Retracted: an empirical study of an internet marketing strategy for search engine optimization. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 23(6), 528-540.

Marketing Management

Steps in the New Product Development Process

The new product development is significant and innovative process of bringing a new product in the market place in an effective and proper manner. The main steps in the development of a new product are discussed below:

Idea generation: It is the first step in the development of a new product. As per this, new and innovative ideas are generated by conducting market research and finding the actual need, wants and desire of the customers (Kahn, 2006).

Idea screening: Basically, business organization has an “Idea Committee that examines the ideas in order to introduce a new product in an effective and proper manner.

Concept testing: It is done after the screening of ideas. As per this step, the business organization analyzes that the potential consumers understands the benefits of the new product and services (Rafinejad, 2007).

Business analysis: This is one of the most significant steps in the development of a new product. The management of the company analyzes the cost, benefits, demand, competitors associated with the product.

Product development: At this state, the management of the company has decided to launch a new and innovative product in the market (Kahn, 2006).

Test marketing: According to this step, the company brings a new product on a very small scale in a very small market.

Commercialization: If the test marketing is successful, then the organization launches the new product on a large scale to fully satisfy the needs of the customers.

Review of market performance: As per this, the company reviews the performance of new product effectively (Rafinejad, 2007).

Factor Affecting Channel Strategy

There are various types of factor that directly or indirectly affect the channel strategy. For example, nature of the market, organizational objectives, distribution expenditures, reputation of the product, payment cycle, financial and human resources are the major factors that directly affect the channel strategy. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, these factors also influence a company’s channel choice. For instance, the nature of the market and product affects the channel of distribution. In this case, the manufacture can directly sale the goods to the industrial consumers. Financial and human resources also affect the company’s channel choice because for the large quantities of goods would need more finance and human resources (Cravens, 2010).

Factors Affecting Choice of Promotional Mix

There are various kinds of factors that affect the choice of promotional mix. For example, stages in the product life cycle, advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relation, directs marketing, types of product and regulations are the important factors that affect the promotional strategy. Apart from this, competitors, needs of consumers, characteristics of the target market and purchase decisions are other important factors that also affect the promotional mix (Withey, 2013).

Factors in Setting the Price For a product

Product cost, price of competitors, consumer demand, product positing, bargaining power of the customers, profit, market demand, industry standards, and business strategy are the important and significant factors that should be considered by the business organizations in setting the price for a product. All these factors directly of indirectly affects the pricing strategy adopted by the company. For if a company follow price skimming strategy, the cost of the product will force the company to increase the price. Hence, it can be said that, these factors affects the pricing strategy (Cravens, 2010).

Strategic Alternatives in Ansoff’s Strategic Opportunity Matrix

There are four alternatives in Anoff’s strategic opportunity matrix. These are discussed as below:

Market Penetration

Market Development

Product Development (Rafinejad, 2007).

Diversification

References

Cravens, (2010). Strategic Marketing. USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Kahn, K.B. (2006). New Product Forecasting: An Applied Approach. USA: M.E. Sharpe.

J Ross Publishing Series

Rafinejad, D. (2007). Innovation, Product Development and Commercialization: Case Studies

and Key Practices for Market Leadership. USA: J. Ross Publishing.

Withey, F. (2013). CIM Coursebook 03/04 Marketing Fundamentals. UK: Routledge.

Marketing Tesla Cars

Student’s name

Institution of affiliation

Instructor

Course

Date

Marketing Tesla Cars

Introduction

Tesla electric car company is one of the best companies in the automotive industry and it is gaining value rapidly. Tesla prides itself on being the largest producer of electric vehicles in the world and recently being the most valued car company. This is a great success based on the fact that the company’s goal is to reduce the waste in the world as a result of the people’s use of fossil fuels and other machines that produce a lot of waste in the environment. Tesla company is an electric car company that was founded around 2003 and it has its CEO as Elon Musk. It had problems in the past since it wanted to show the world that electric cars can be as good as other cars and that they can be affordable and dependable. The issue of production especially due to battery limitation has been a great source of concern for the company (Tesla, 2021). Therefore, productivity, even though good, has never been to its maximum due to limited battery supply. However, the company has invested in several areas through which the batteries will be available and more cars will be on the market. Tesla company does not do a lot of marketing however I have received an offer to be part of its leadership development program. The first assignment I have been given is to become a salesperson for the company and the product I am supposed to market is their electric cars to the apple company.

The Product Sold

Electric cars of the tesla company are f a varied nature and they are several. Tesla has models, S,3, X, and Y. these cars have their unique capabilities, and they are all very good and have their different modes of working. However, they are all-electric cars and they have very good ranges. Tesla cars are also proven to be some of the best when it comes to safety and security. For example, the Tesla model S has a 5-star rating for safety both in America and in Europe. This is a guaranteed number one since tesla cars are not only designed to be safe but they are designed to be perfect and pleasant to the user. The very high level of effectiveness and safety not only applies to the model S but also to all the cars that tesla company produces (Tesla, 2021). This makes it one of the best companies that are actually concerned about the safety of their customers to a great extent. Apart from safety, the cars are also very comfortable and easy to use. Automated driving makes it easy for the driver to navigate the road or even let the car drive them to the places they want to go. This makes it a very good car since its very few cars that have the ability to avoid accidents like tesla cars can and also have the ability to self-drive. The car is also fun as it has interactive options within it and through that, a person can be entertained as they drive. For instance, there is the option of Netflix, music, and other entertainment options on the screen next to the driver which not only serves the role of entertainment but also gives the driver the ability to control the whole vehicle from that interactive screen.

The Customer

The apple company has many employees and even though not all its employees can afford Tesla cars at the start, most of them will be able to afford it with time. The very first employees of the apple company I would talk to are the major employees and different managers of the other branches of the business. For instance, I would first talk to the executive management and those who run the apple company about the tesla cars which they already know but I would talk to them from a marketing side and show the importance of having tesla cars (Clarke, & Boersma, 2018). The executive members of the company are more likely t purchase the tesla cars and that is where I would put a lot of effort towards leasing them and making sure that they purchase. This is also because when they buy tesla cars, the rest of the workers and employees will be motivated to purchase tesla cars, and therefore I would try my best. After the executive, I would go to the different managers of the different parts of the business. For instance, there are production managers, managers in charge of manufacturing parts being brought to the company, there is a human resources manager and other types of managers who might actually be interested in tesla cars but they haven’t got an in-depth view of tesla cars. This might take time because the people at this level are many and they have the ability to purchase therefore there will be a necessity to concentrate on them.

After the second level, the third level would be to get in touch with the workers in charge of other workers and the hands-on skills workers. This includes the engineers, those in cost of producing different parts of phones and laptops, marketing individuals, and other people inside the apple company who are essential to the apple company (‌ Li, 2020). I might put some effort in them but not as much as the first group. However, as a marketer, I would show them everything and explain how good it is to own a Tesla car. Lastly even though not necessary but essential I would market the cars very briefly to the lowest workers like cleaners and secretaries among others. The intention of this marketing is not for them to buy but actually to initiate the interesting them and hope that they will purchase the cars one time in the future.

Buying Process

Any person interested in buying tesla cars or accessories can access them through the tesla website, Electric. In the website a person has to tap the kind of car they want and by selecting it they choose the time they want it and any other special requirements (Tesla, 2021). After that, they choose their location and the factory they would like to collect or the lace they would like the car shipped to. Then the total cost of everything is calculated, and the person proceeds to pay, then they are issued with a receipt. After this, the person awaits the delivery time, and there are communications in case of anything.

Completing The Sale

After marketing to the apple company employees, it is essential to get their views and listen to their needs (Chang et al, 2018). Therefore, the final thing about marketing is listening to the customers, answering their questions, and ensuring that they are satisfied with whatever information they are provided with, even though it has to be true.

Conclusion

I am excited to work for the tesla company that has always been my dream, and throughout the course I hope that I will develop more and more skills that might one day land me into tesla’s company as it has always been one of my best companies. I am a big fan of their cars.

References

‌ Li, B. (2020). Evaluation of Financial Risk in Apple Company.

Chang, Y., Wang, X., & Arnett, D. B. (2018). Enhancing firm performance: The role of brand orientation in business-to-business marketing. Industrial Marketing Management, 72, 17-25.

Clarke, T., & Boersma, M. (2018). Apple, the $1 trillion company searching for its soul. The Conversation.

Tesla. (2021). Electric Cars, Solar Panels & Clean Energy Storage | Tesla. Tesla.com; Tesla. https://www.tesla.com/