Category: Uncategorized

MARKETING MIX

STUDENT NAME

AFFILIATION

PROFFESOR

SUBMISSION

Product

Samsung galaxy has been in the market for a couple of years, it has been a core series in its production of mobile phone devices. Samsung Galaxy 8 s an extraordinary device which will provide an extra iris scan which can be implemented on mobile baking apps. This will subdue the Samsung note 7 with an exemption of not only mobile phone scan but most mobile banking apps. Despite the announcement of Apple 8 in September, the android platform for galaxy 8makes it an exceptional device (Khan, 2007).

According to Samsung more products with unique features will be constant on the market at a relatively cheap price. Easy to use devices that last for long is important to maintain clientele. Most clients require a device that is secure to protect their personal information. Samsung has a permanently installed software that automatically detect a new sim card. This applies only to I Phone but with Samsung there are three numbers that can be notified in case of theft. The product will come in a variety of colours suitable for every client willing to have a high tech device.

Price

Amount of money that customer pay to obtain goods and includes, selling price, time payments and deductions. Imagine a product that has limited access to various important systems. The only possible penetration plan is ensuring price is strategically negotiated. Reducing the production cost Galaxy 8 has outdone most phones (Noel, 2009).Due to its exceptional pricing department it has been able to cut cost but still maintains the quality of the product. Most products of Samsung are regarded as counterfeit due to public misinformation of china. The introduction of tablet to computer implementation has been made much cheaper and easier and this has facilitated its cost strategy implementation.

Place

This is where a company sells its product and services and how it gets them to the customer. The distribution channel has an effect on profitability, firms have to have a logistics and supply chain that is effective and efficient. Lack of attention to the distribution channel will be disastrous in the market as distribution is important in having a competitive advantage. This activity involves, goods distribution channels, supply locations, inventory and transportation. Samsung S8 has footprint across major states in the United States of America and they can be used for effective distribution of their products. Distribution has a great effect on firm’s profitability and supply chains and logistics decisions are considered as very important in a firms cost decision process.

Samsung S 8 will concentrate on the untapped market with its new innovations. This will be done with distribution in airports which has various access to many international passengers. It has developed a distribution system across the world that is linked and provides efficient market to suffice its supply. In most nations or states Samsung offers after sale services at it customer care enters which are placed all over the world.

In the USA alone it has centres in 32 states. Its franchising scheme has enabled it to penetrate markets in developing countries which is a major boost (Khan, 2007). Social media has become a major deal in sales of various products. Samsung S8 will venture in a campaign that will sensitize clients on the technological advancements of its product. Intensive distribution will be done on social media platforms to boost its sales and create awareness of the product.

Promotion

All activities available to inform consumers about product. They include sales, advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing and personal selling. There are other P’s that fall under the Customer Lifecycle Cycle they include, people, process and physical evidence. Advertising influences consumer’s attitudes, knowledge and image concerning brands. It is relevant to promote a product that exposes a consumer, and captures their attention .Selection of the best media to use will be critical in reaching the target audience. All companies have referred their marketing to online social media sites as more consumers are logged in the internet around 90% time.

Consumers are usually subject to buying behaviours such as impulse buying, routine response and extensive and limited decision making this would be a relevant platform to advertise. Promotions require a huge budget and thus it is a marketing expense and should be considered while deciding the costing of the product. It is advisable to select an appropriate distribution channel, with high quality products, desired and priced appropriately need to reach the consumers

Promotional analysis on sum sang galaxy s8 is essential to the mobile industry since competition will help to define sum sang galaxy s8 market position and get benchmarks as well as determine the revenue and profitability prospects .Samsung has decided to improve its sales in regards to Note 7 and decided to venture on social media. The platforms offer various means of advertisement. Through TV and billboard acts it will reach a wide range of individuals across every state. Due to its impeccable storage facilities there will be a constant supply of products.

Referencing

Noel, (2009) Basics marketing 01: Consumer behaviour volume 1 of basics marketing. (Vol. 1, pp. 56-126) Switzerland: AVA Publishing.

Khan, M, (2007) Consumer behaviour (pp. 1-15) London: New Age International

S. Ramesh Kumar, S. R. (2009). Consumer behaviour and branding: Concepts, readings and cases-the Indian context. (p. 75). New Delhi: Pearson Education India.

Introduction

The article depicts that the use of linear and classical approach to organizational change include various concerns that must be brought on board in order to reduce the processing time for change process so as to help top management officials to crate a new work routine and order. The article also states that various way such as traditional assumptions are the best for change as they are finite as well as one-off situation that represents the exception rather than the rule of the change process. Ten of the organizational change philosophies are to help explain the important assumptions that govern change management in organizations.

Traditional Change Agenda

The article depicts that traditional change agenda are not to be ignored in the contemporary, this is because the current world is full change management approaches that add up to the best business strategies that have impact to the change process. The case in the article denotes that traditional change process is a humanistic approach hence favorable.

The philosophy of change is noted as a way of understanding organizational change or in another way it is considered as a paradigm that is able to determine the issues that leads to perceptions about the change process that employees, stakeholders and employees has towards change.

This is the oldest change philosophy that has been used in the world and it is considered to have originated from biology. It buys its ideas from the evolution and adaptation theories used in biology. This explains why change management has evolved over time and the adaptive strategies that organizations use during change management process.

The paper defines the other philosophies such as rational philosophy; also known as strategic philosophy, institutional philosophy; it makes a revolutionary assumption, resource philosophy; this elaborates the value of the assets amid other resources that can lead to change management, contingency perspective; this is based on the organizational performance towards change, in most cases it’s the result of change. In addition, psychological philosophy; this denotes that the dimension of change is based on individuals and personal experience, the other is political philosophy; this bears its change principles from sociological stand point, it states that change is based ideology or belief of systems such as conflict amid others. The other is cultural philosophy, systems philosophy, and postmodern philosophy.

The first part of the article shows the limitations of adopting a singular philosophy when managing the change process for organizations. It is clear that that despite the fact that there are various philosophy that constitute change management process, there are others that work best in different workplaces. This therefore states that this philosophies have there individuals advantages. In addition, the article states that organizations are dynamic and evolve over time hence the change strategies or philosophies also ought to change. The article also states that future research should be able to deduce how firms or organizations are able to manage all the relationship between the approaches or the philosophies and change management process.

References

Graetz, F., & Smith, A. C. (2010). Managing organizational change: a philosophies of change approach. Journal of Change Management, 10(2), 135-154.

Nurturing

Behavior is one of the most confounding issues in a broad sphere of intellectual fields such as psychology, philosophy, and anthropology. Intellectuals have dedicated significant research in understanding what informs the behavior of a person. This has created differing perspectives on understanding this phenomenon. One of the most common assertions is that genes are responsible for determining the behavior of a person. In this sense, genes are the intrinsic biological elements that become visible in observed physical behavior. A different school of thought asserts that nurturing affects the behavior of a person. Nurturing relates to the training that a person acquires as one grows up. It is critical to highlight that nurturing explains an individual’s behavior more than genes explain one’s manners.

One of the major breakthroughs in psychology was the discovery of the behaviorism school of thought. John Watson attains the credit for unveiling this theory for understanding behavior. Watson, in his speech on behaviorism, stated that a group of children would attain the training in becoming any kind of specialist (Gander, 2003). This occurs regardless of the idea that these children have different talents, interests, or tendencies. Watson asserted that people could only study behavior by considering the physically observable elements. According to Watson, such observation should ignore the internal mental states of persons involved. B.F Skinner propped this theory by conducting physical experiments on rats (Gander, 2003). Skinner found out that the rat could develop a consistent behavior based on the outcome it received from pushing the lever.

Religion is a principal element that governs how people conduct themselves. From ages, religions play a significant role of shaping how individuals understand the world. This understanding eventually develops into behavior among persons. This is because religion is the foundation of morality that defines the concepts of right and wrong. Consequently, these concepts of right and wrong ingrain into the psyche of people. Individuals such as the priests are vital in training individuals towards consistent behaviors. When the religious teachers warn individuals of punishment, they deter wrong behavior in people.

The concept of schools helps validate that nurturing informs individuals’ behaviors. In an advanced society, the school becomes the initial foundation in shaping people’s character. Since most individuals join school as children, most people tend towards positive characters. For instance, studies prove that education is influential in reducing criminal behavior among populations (Ordóñez & Tennyson, 2013). Education also influences the economic success of individuals. Some studies prove that the type of schools that a person attends determines the success of an individual in life. This explains why individuals who attend colleges such as Harvard tend to become rigorous intellectuals that people who attend other colleges.

It is discernible that nurturing affects people’s behavior more than genes influence individuals’ character. The behaviorism school of thought had helped validate that training influences affects individuals’ behavior. John Watson asserted that training could help a group of individuals become specialists in a given filed of career regardless of their preferences. Skinner developed this theory by performing physical experiments on rats. The scientist observed that a rat could develop a consistent behavior based on the outcome it received from pushing the lever. Religion also helps prove that nurturing influences people’s behavior. Religion forms a critical foundation in defining the concepts of right and wrong. Religion promises rewards and consequences that help define consistent behavior. The concept of schools also helps validate that teachers’ training influence how individuals behave and shape the world.

References

Gander, E. (2003). On our minds: How evolutionary psychology is reshaping the nature-versus-nurture debate. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ordóñez, . P. P., & Tennyson, R. D. (2013). Strategic role of tertiary education and technologies for sustainable competitive advantage. New York, NY: Hershey.

Name:

Professors

Course

Date

A Just Society

The idea of just society is of great relevance in the modern world. Justice is a quality of providing equality and fairness. It is essentially the quality of giving equal opportunities to people regardless of their background (Sandel, 7). The idea of a just society stretches among various aspects of life. For example, in the court, judges are expected to make a fair ruling to a case. Furthermore, in the corporate world, the employers should only hire employees based on their qualifications. Finally, justice may be applied in the society where the freedom and welfare of all individuals should be respected. The government led by President Barrack Obama and different systems and infrastructure as the judicial system ensures that justice prevails at all times. The philosophy used in this paper is Kant`s Moral philosophy to evaluate justice from a moral perspective. Morality guides human beings to act on situations based on beliefs and personal convictions.

The Moral Philosophy by Kant would lead to the most just society. Morality appears as personal and at the same time universal aspect of judging things (Sandel, 20). When morality is universal, then everybody has a similar interpretation and understanding of justice. Morality guides human beings and the societies make most of their judgment based on morality. Kant describes freedom as “being able to receive personal happiness without external limitations or forces that limit personal happiness”. In simple terms, freedom is being able to act as you wish without limitations. The Moral philosophy connects morality, freedom and justice together by indicating that humans have the capability to reason. Through the capability to reason that human beings practice justice from a moral perspective.

Citizenship

A just society provides for the citizenship of a person in any state in the country. A person can become a citizen in any state given that they are able to provide the necessary documents for registration. The senate continuously reviews the rules and regulations to make sure that they are just for all people who want to receive citizenship (Sandel, 35). The new group works in collaboration with the senate through providing suggestions for the amendment of the law to ensure that a just society is created. Issues like forceful deportation of people who have applied for citizenship or those whose time has expired needs reviewing. When creating a just society, only persons who violate the code of conduct should be deported. The opportunities to earn citizenship in the different states through green cards and visas need to be increased. Increasing citizenship opportunities is the best approach in solving the immigration problem.

The Economy

A major problem in the economy is employment, a stable economy is essential in creating a just society. In employment, justice needs to be applied in creating fair opportunities and chances for all people. The key criterion that needs to be implemented is the employment of people with the right skills and education (Sandel, 47. Experience and age may also be considered for different jobs, which require networking and mobility of the employee. From Kant`s point of view, opportunities in employment should be made available for all people who have qualified not discriminating people with disability. Persons with disability have complained repeatedly for being left out in the employment process. A just society is one where equal employment chances exist. They do not just exist; the employers create them. The committee works with different opportunities to request that 20% of the vacancies be left for persons with disability.

The employment issue is surrounded by another issue; wages. Once the issue of employment and equal opportunities has been resolved another issue presents itself which is the problem of wages. A just society should be one where there is no inequality among people of different class. This is because the laws assumes that all people are equal which affirms the significance of promoting equality in the society. The idea of just society contradicts with the situation where the employer makes huge profit while compensating their workers. Workers need motivation and a good salary motivates them (Sandel, 59). Employers need to find the balance between the highest pay and the lowest pay. Employers need to balance what they pay their employees with the company’s turnover and the labor used in the task. In addition, the skills and level of experience should be factors to consider. To create a just society rewards should be based on effort and employers should avoid giving demoralizing salaries.

Provision of Information

A just society needs access to information. The society today is an “information hungry society”. People on a daily basis browse the internet in search of answers and information that interests them. A just society in relation to the rising need by people to access information should be one where access to information is not restricted. Sources of information like the internet should not be restricted (Sandel, 52). People search for information to increase their knowledge and interact with people who have done what they are trying to do. Through accessing the information that they need people are able to prepare for the future. Restricted access to information is a form of injustice.

Have a look at the fundamentals of a just society according to the Morality philosophy by Kant`s, freedom is a key aspect. Freedom is the access to unlimited happiness without external interferences. Restricting access to information is limiting a person’s freedom to access information. Sources of information remain open for all people who are interested in a just society (Sandel, 52). However, government secrets on matters of national security remain classified information. The best approach to information access is by classifying information for that which relates to national security may not be accessed by everybody.

In a just society, the welfare of all members comes as a priority to all other interests. Everybody should enjoy his or her freedom that is unlimited happiness. Access to services such as health services and other social services should be done in a fair manner (Sandel, 78). Justice is not a matter of race or social class rather a matter of morality. The mind gives human beings insight on issues of morality through inner convictions. A just society should be directed by morality that gets a reference from shared beliefs.

Conclusion

A just society is one where opportunities exist for everyone fairly. The welfare of individuals should always be safeguarded to ensure that the society is happy. The committee, in order to create a just society works in collaboration with the law making institutions

(Paul, and Conway 21). Justice can be ensured and protected using these institutions and the judicial system. The basic guide to providing justice is morality. However, judicial systems are tools used to ensure that cases of injustice are handled appropriately. Judgments made in the judicial system will be used as reference material by the society in determining what justice is and how to come up with a just society.

Works Cited

Levitz, Paul, and Gerry Conway. Justice Society. New York: DC comics, 2006. Print.

Sandel, Michael J. Justice: what’s the right thing to do?. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. Print.

Behavior Management Plan

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Behavior Management Plan

Now that an ideal learning environment has been set created to facilitate learning between teachers, and students, the next step is to come up with a behavior management plan to guide the behavior of both learners and instructors. It is important to lay down rules and regulations that will inform the behaviors and interactions with each other as well as their teacher. Worth noting, if rules are not established, there is bound to be chaos within the classroom that tends to disrupt and derail the learning process. Procedures in the way matters are handled within a classroom setup are important as they help establish order and respect. Expectations are important as they encourage individual and group responsibility.

Rules

Various rules should be observed in the classroom by the students. Class rules are important because they help maintain order among learners. They should be observed regardless of whether the teacher is in class or not. One such rule is ‘Complete assignments and home works daily.’ This rule is the most important rule that should be observed in class. Learners need to recognize that it is their duty to attend all classes, contribute to the discussions, and finish all their daily assignments and homework. Learners should be deliberate with their assignments. They should prioritize them and avoid completing them during rush hour. They should create ample time to do their assignments. Learners, including high school students, have ample time to finish their assignments when they get home or before they go to dinner. Students should not have to rush in the morning to the classrooms to complete their assignments just five minutes before class starts (Alter, & Haydon, 2017). Additionally, students should be diligent and refrain from copying from colleagues or plagiarism work. They should make a point of finishing homework just the night before. Furthermore, learners should be systematic with revisions on daily classes, and they should prepare themselves for lessons scheduled for the next day.

Another rule worth considering is ‘maintain good body and personal hygiene”. It is important that learners know the importance of observing good personal hygiene. Personal hygiene is important for students as it helps students stay comfortable so that they can deliver desirable results. Students should make a point of taking a shower on a daily basis before attending class. For in-person classes, observing cleanliness is important as being dirty, smelly, and sweaty can make other people uncomfortable. This can affect their productivity levels in class and negatively influence their overall academic performance. After spending a long day in class, it is important for learners to take another shower to stay fresh. Furthermore, learners should also wash their hands before and after eating and sneeze into a handkerchief. Another rule is to ‘always be on time”. This rule is common in learning institutions. This is because everything operates on a schedule. Classes are timed, hence the need for learners to observe timeliness. Being punctual is one of the qualities that learners develop right from their first day of school. Learners must show up for classes on time to provide ample time to cover what they have planned for the lesson. Learners should know clearly when a specific class shall commence and end. This enabled them to plan and leave their homes early for the start of the class. It would help if learners developed a routine of arriving at school and being well settled in class before the bell rings. Another important rule to observe in the classroom is ‘No sleeping in class.’ This rule is important as it keeps learners engaged and focused on the right activities of learning. Students should remain active and fresh during class sessions. They should strive to listen to their teacher and takes notes or stay engaged in the topic of discussion by contributing their insights. If learners get tired, they should request a break from the teacher. Alternatively, they can also do warm-up sessions between classes and take enough water. Unless a student is ill, they have no excuse for sleeping during class sessions. A learner may also sleep in class with their instructor’s or school nurses’ permission.

Expectations

One of the most effective methods of assisting students in taking responsibility for their learning is encouraging goal setting and personal reflection. As a teacher, one can support students in this undertaking by helping them define their goals for studying. It helps if learners are given a chance to reflect and re-evaluate themselves. When students set a goal for themselves and try, they will do anything to attain those goals. Goals build a person’s confidence and boost their willingness to keep trying. Goal setting can be as telling learners to note down what they intend to learn on a given subject matter by the end of the lesson (Gentrup, Lorenz, Kristen, & Kogan, 2020). Another way to ensure students take responsibility for their learning is by giving them choices. Instructors should avoid making decisions on behalf of the students and encourage them to make their own decisions. This way, they will form opportunities for themselves to pursue their interests. Another expectation that can encourage learners to take responsibility for their own learning is talking less. The teacher should reduce the hours spent standing in front of them and addressing them. Instead of arranging classrooms in the convectional way where numerous rows of learners face the front of the class, teachers should consider arranging them as roundtables. This way, students can think together, communicate, collaborate, construct meaning through discussion and share ideas. The teacher does not have to approve every exchange; students should communicate with each other directly.

Task Procedures

While different pencil-sharpening procedures seem to work for different classrooms, it is important for every teacher to develop effective sharpening pencil procedures. To start with, only pencil sharpeners will be allowed in the classrooms. Secondly, the teacher should provide all students with pencils. This would mean that the pencils would be shared amongst the learners. The third procedure would be not allowing learners to store their pencils inside their desks. A team manager would keep all pencils under lock and key and only distribute pencils when instructed. Regarding procedure for going for lunch, learners will be required to wait to be served in the school cafeteria in a line and enter the service area in an orderly manner. Also, learners will raise their hands for assistance. They would sit at a designated table and remain sited until they finish their meal. As regards handing back graded work, the instructor can make their work easier and fast by developing group baskets and folders and using them to hand back the work to the students to employ while handing in their work. Then as the teacher grades the work, the teacher should stick it back into the folder for the group. When done, the teacher can now hand the folder back to the group, and together they can collect individual graded assignments.

References

Alter, P., & Haydon, T. (2017). Characteristics of effective classroom rules: A review of the literature. Teacher Education and Special Education, 40(2), 114-127.

Gentrup, S., Lorenz, G., Kristen, C., & Kogan, I. (2020). Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom: Teacher expectations, teacher feedback and student achievement. Learning and Instruction, 66, 101296.

A key concept of supply chain management

Abstract

Demand forecasting is the process of estimating the quantity of products or services consumers will purchase (Hugos, 2011). This work looks at an introduction of supply chain management and focuses on demand forecasting. It explores the features, scope and significance of demand forecasting and its contribution to effective supply chain management. It also explores some methods of demand forecasting and their beneficial use in providing accurate information to supply management in a business.

Key words: demand forecasting, supply chain management

A key concept of supply chain management

Supply Chain Management is the process of streamlining the supply side of business to maximize customer value. It involves creating measures that ensure supply is efficient and to the required quality standards. Management ensures coordination of all departments in a business to ensure that the business products are constantly available. A manager has to be flexible because of the tastes and preference changes of consumers. Effective supply chain management gives a business a competitive edge over other businesses. It requires a business to pay attention to what happens within the business all the way until the product is delivered to the final consumer (Hugos, 2011).

Supply chain management focuses on several areas that include in-store, sustainable supply chains, logistics and strategy and planning (Hugos 2011). In-store looks at processes involve in the actual store. This include measurements of on-shelf availability, retail ready packing and back-of-store processes. Sustainable supply chains are another area of focus for this management. This looks at sustainable distribution, transport collaboration and consolidation channels. The aim is to come up with sustainable channels that suit customer priorities and avail products to consumers without fail. Logistics is an area that focuses on strategies that agree with market trends and make sure the business is on top of the market. It considers details concerning inventories, location, transportation and information. Strategy and planning discusses forecasting and demand planning. It is a critical focus area for supply chain management. This looks at the challenges of demand forecasting and how it affects demand planning.

Demand forecasting is simply estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumer will buy. It involves analysis of past events and existing trends. Demand forecasting involves identifying how consumers are likely to purchase products or services. This requires critical analysis of whetherconsumers prefer online shopping or actually visiting the business centers to purchase the products or services. This is often demanding because it requires a study of different groups of people and their preferred method of purchase. This information makes it possible to provide accurate forecasting. Demand forecasting also analyzes when they may make this purchases. The importance of when consumers make their purchases defines whether the business products have peak and off-peak sale seasons. This information helps in forecasting because demand that is influenced by seasons makes it possible for the business to avoid excess supply and save on unnecessary cost. This is one of the tasks of demand forecasting that determine whether supply chain management is effective or not.Demand forecasting mainly focus on how much consumers will purchase. This is estimating how much demand a product or service will have in the near future.

Demand forecasting consists of several features that make it possible to understand the concept better. It is the basis of planning production program. A business is able to know the quantity of input for producing an estimated number of products. This guides the budgeting for production since the sector has an estimated target or goal. Demand forecasting is an estimate of sales in the future. Knowing the estimated quantity of products or services consumers will purchase gives the estimated sales. This makes it possible to project sales graphs and plan on the best strategies to use in order to meet the sales target. The basis of demand forecasting is present economic conditions and past trends. Past trends give an overview of consumer response to certain changes and how these affect their purchasing habits. Having past trends provides solid basis to project into the future while incorporating the current economic conditions. For example, if demand for clothes was high during the recession, it is possible to forecast that the demand may reduce as people have other priorities. The forecasting process tries to identify lines of profitable investment. This means that forecasting acts as a guideline to a business on what areas to invest in, for example, moving into new market, diversifying supply of demanded products and services and expanding to other countries.

Chase explains that it iseasier to predict the immediate future than the distant future and this defines the purpose of demand forecasting (Chase, 2013). Short-run forecasting helps in coming up with production schedules, creating price policies and setting sales targets for the business. Long-run forecasting facilitates planning of expansion to new markets, long-term financial and man power requirements as well as developing a suitable strategy to keep the business in the market for the long term.

When aligning the supply chain with the business it is important to identify the scope of forecasting. It determines the appropriate methods to use to make the business succeed. The business must determine whether the forecast is short, medium or long term. This is the length of time for the forecast (Mentzer, 2005). The specific purpose of the forecast also helps make the most accurate estimations concerning demand for a product or service. It is also necessary to identify the type of commodity because some commodities have a pattern of demand (Wallace, 2008).

Since demand forecasting is merely estimation, it is important to understand its significance. It helps in producing the right quantity of products. This avoids excess supply that causes a business to incur losses or more expenses to sell the excess products. It also helps in organizing the factors of production. Demand forecasting helps a business access probable demand and thus ensures effective production and planning. It also allows for estimated budgets and this helps in controlling the business expenses. It allows for stable management of production and employment of workers. Demand forecasting also makes planning of future investments and employment because it provides reliable information about the future.

Coming up with the most efficient method of demand forecasting requires consideration of factors like finances, expertise, purpose of the forecast and the nature of available information (Chase,2013). The first method is opinion polling. This is where buyers, experts and the sales force provide information about market trends. Involving potential customers ensures accuracy of the information, though the process is expensive and time consuming. The business may also choose to use collective opinion method by gathering information from the salespersons that are assumed to have accurate information about the market. The expert’s opinion method is also effective because it involves consulting people with actual experience in demand forecasting.

References

Chase, C. (2013). Demand-driven forecasting: A structured approach to forecasting.

Hugos, M. H. (2011). Essentials of supply chain management. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Mentzer, J. T., & Moon, M. A. (2005).Sales forecasting management: A demand management approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.

Wallace, T. F., & Stahl, R. A. (2008).Sales forecasting: A new approach : why and how to emphasize teamwork, not formulas, forecast less, not more, focus on process improvement, not forecast accuracy. Cincinnati, Ohio: T.F. Wallace & Co.

LINK UP SYSTEM

Workflow Analysis and Scheduling

Documents Enclosed

Section 1Task/Result List3

Section 2 PERT Chart4

Section 3 Gantt Chart5

Section 4Scheduling Constraints 6

Section 5Risks Avoided by Schedule Choice7

Link Up

The project designed and described earlier in our project design and control assessment stage involves development and implementation of a new computer system for the Community Mental Health System to be implemented in 83 counties with in the state of Michigan and its partner agencies. The project will assist in improving mental health care in different ways especially in providing a direct line communication between agencies irrespective of their geographical locations. Since the project will involve providing a secure network, it will better coordination, efficiency and speed up authorization of services for mental health patients within the state. Proper filling and access of medical records play a huge role of improving health care and the secure network will provide a good platform for record keeping. Moreover, the billing through the new system will be faster as well as appraisal of the period required to provide services to a client. Faster and easier authorization of services is bound to better accountability and provision of similar health care within the counties. Link up will further be helpful in maintaining quality mental health by eliminating future briefs and reports in case of patient transfers within the agencies since all patient information will be available in the system and accessible by health practitioners within the state of Michigan.

Question 2

Task Result List

Tasks to be Completed

Time Est. Results

1 Conduct a meeting to identify the agencies as well as counties likely to be affected by the new system. .5 day Following the identification of the staff and organizations likely to be affected, the team will be able to determine the hardware, software and knowledge needs of these employees.

2 Site Coordinators and administrators trained and certified

5 days Site coordinators and other administrators, including myself, concerned with overall training and implementation of the program will be trained and knowledgeable on the scope

3 Counties and other agencies that require certain hardware and software upgrades prior to the implementation of the project engage in urgent procurement exercises. 10 days Counties as well as other concerned agencies will be prepared to adopt the new Link Up system.

4 Meet up with site managers to schedule training dates as well as divide the training groups and the trainers into two. .5 day The groups to be trained from the 83 counties will be divided into 16 groups, 2 to be trained simultaneous. As such, 8 rounds of training to be carried out simultaneously will be scheduled.

5 Management will post the training schedules online and direct communication made to the concerned agencies and staff. 2 day The staff to be trained will become aware of exactly when and where they need to report for training.

6 Sites for training management and technical staff will be set up. 1 day Sites to be used in each of the two initial training sessions will be set up, with arrangements for the preparation of other sites to be used in future also being made.

7 A review of the curriculum, materials and programs to be used in training of management and technical staff will be done. 1 day The materials, programs and curricula to be used in training will be revised and ready.

8 Training of management staff will take place in rounds, with a total of 8 sessions being carried out simultaneously in 2 different locations occurring (A total of 16 groups trained). 16 days Technicians and upper management will be prepared to implement and use the new Link Up system, as well as train other employees.

9 Upper management and technicians, who will have participated in training, will prepare and submit schedules for training of employees from the individual centers, agencies and counties (all 83). 1 day Schedules and timetables for the training of employees from the 83 counties and partner agencies will be ready.

10 A review of schedules materials and curricula to be used in the training of employees from the different counties will be done and approved .5 day Counties and agencies will be ready to carry out training sessions.

11 Initial training of employees will take place simultaneously in different counties and agencies over an extended period. 30 days Employees will become aware of what the program entails as well as how to use the new system that will be in place.

12 Site administrators and trainers from individual counties and agencies, will meet management in order to add any new employees that may have come in between training sessions 5 days New employees will continuously be added into the training schedule and be incorporated into the employee roster so as to ensure 100% training for employees.

13 Management to update employees at weekly team meetings and include practice sessions to further enhance an understanding and the adoption of the new program. 20 days Employees will become aware of any changes in training schedules or program

14 All employees will be entered into the Link Up system and necessary permissions and securities set 2 days The employees to use the system as well as their levels of permissions will be set and the employees made aware.

15 A beta test run shall be instituted involving up to 10 counties and agencies, with some employees being used as model patients. 1 day Glitches and potential problem areas shall be identified.

16 Revision and correction of glitches and problem areas, as well as the establishment of a team of technicians to help in solving any future problems shall be done. 3 days Adjustments to the Link Up system will occur and a technical support team selected.

17 Submission of a completion report to Community Mental Health Services Regional office shall be done. 1 day The project will be ready for implementation.

18 The Link up program will be implemented 1 day The Mental Health system in the state of Michigan will change to Link Up and direct communication between all the service providers done.

19 Continuous appraisal and improvement of the system will be done. Open The system will be upgraded continuously.

2433320267335Identification of agency, county and knowledge needs (0.5 days)

Identification of agency, county and knowledge needs (0.5 days)

PERT Chart

-5086352380615Meeting with site managers for scheduling of technicians and upper management training (0.5 days)

Meeting with site managers for scheduling of technicians and upper management training (0.5 days)

51758855986780Submissions to the Community Mental Health Services Regional office (1 day)

Submissions to the Community Mental Health Services Regional office (1 day)

27787607526655Beta Test run (1 day)

Beta Test run (1 day)

-2933707582535Enrollment of all employees into the Link Up system (2 days)

Enrollment of all employees into the Link Up system (2 days)

-5086356485890Addition of new employees to the roster and training schedule (5 days)

Addition of new employees to the roster and training schedule (5 days)

26549356835140Weekly updates for employees(20

Weekly updates for employees(20

-5086355497830Training of technical staff and upper management (16 days)

Training of technical staff and upper management (16 days)

-4483104697095Review of training material and program (1 day)

Review of training material and program (1 day)

-5086353234690Posting of training schedules (2 days

Posting of training schedules (2 days

-4483103981450Setting up of training sites (1 day)

Setting up of training sites (1 day)

45764457009130Implementation of the Link Up project (1 day)

Implementation of the Link Up project (1 day)

48393354590415Correction of any potential glitches, and the establishment of a support team. (3 days)

Correction of any potential glitches, and the establishment of a support team. (3 days)

25590505986780Initial training of employees (30 days)

Initial training of employees (30 days)

25590505085715Review and revision of the submitted material (0.5 days)

Review and revision of the submitted material (0.5 days)

25590503653790Preparation, and submission of training schedules for employees by the trained staff. (1day)

Preparation, and submission of training schedules for employees by the trained staff. (1day)

35883851595755Procurement of software and hardware required (10 days)

Procurement of software and hardware required (10 days)

-2933701595755Training of site administrators and management (5 days)

Training of site administrators and management (5 days)

Gantt Chart

ID Task Name Start Finish Duration Feb. March April May June July Aug. September October

1 Agency Iden 25 Feb 25 Feb 0.5d 2 Training 26 Feb 2 Mar 5days 3 Procuremen 26 Feb 7 Mar 10 days 4 Meeting 8 Mar 8 Mar 0.5 days 5 Schedule P. 9 Mar 10 Ma 2 days 6 Training Site 11 Mar 11Mar 1 day 7 Review 12 Mar 12 Ma 1 day 8 Training 13 Mar 29 Ma 16 days 9 Schedule 30 Mar 30 Ma 1 day 10 Review 1 April 1 April 0.5 d 11 Initial Traini. 2 April 1 May 30 days 12 New Employ 2 May 7 May 5 days 13 Updates 7 May 23 Oct 20 days 14 Registration 8 Mar. 9 Mar. 2 days 15 Test Run 13 Oct 13 Oct 1 day 16 Corrections 14 Oct 16 Oct 3 days 17 Regional Off 23 Oct 23 Oct 1 day 18 Implement. 31 Oct 31 Oct 1 day Scheduling constraints

The project will be designed to achieve a common goal within a specified time. However, the implementation stage is designed in stages whereby every stage is expected to achieve a certain goal within a specified time. In projecting and allocating the time expected for each stage certain constraints will be observed. The following are five main constraints:

All technicians and upper management staff cannot be obtained at the same time from all 83 counties as it would cripple mental health services in the state of Michigan.

Health care system is a critical sector and limiting the number of staff, technicians and upper management available for duty in the industry in the entire Michigan state can have serious negative consequences. For these reason, the new project implementation should be designed in a way that ensures the stability of healthcare system is not negatively affected. During training, each county is expected to provide two health care stakeholders; a technician and a member upper management and during for all counties may result to shortage in the mental health clinics especially for small health clinics for some counties.

There are only two training teams for training technicians and management staff.

The project development stage is designed to provide training to counties is different groups and in different days. Meaning that since there will be two training groups the counties will be grouped into two groups for the training to be effective. Each training team will group the counties assigned in groups of five counties and each group will be trained for one, meaning that each training a team a group of five counties and a total of ten counties will be trained in a day. Therefore, the scheduling the entire project duration consideration will be taken on the training period.

There are a number of hardware upgrades that might need to be done in some counties before training can be done , the time required for procuring these reduces the time available for training.

There are two stages of training to be completed before final implementation of the project. The project is designed to provide training to all the members who will be involved in its implementation. To begin with, training will be provided to a few technicians and upper management members who will act as pioneers in their respective counties. After their training has been completed, they will be expected to design a curriculum as well as a schedule on how they will train the other healthcare practitioners in the counties. The two stages of training for all the members will take time but will be essential in ensuring proper implementation of the project.

The time allocated for correcting glitches identified after the beta test run will depend on how early employee training is completed. This means that training stage will be essential for the project but this will later be followed by a testing or feedback stage. This stage be used to develop a beta test run which will be essential for determining whether the project is actually positive for the health care industry in the state of Michigan.

Specific Risks that will be encountered with using the front-loaded schedule

The project will really on a frontloaded schedule for its design and planning. Front-loaded schedule means that the project will be developed using conceptual development process which with the main focus being on planning using strategic information. Front loaded schedule which is also referred to as pre-project planning schedule has several advantages when addressing risk. This is because it focuses on ways of minimizing risk by analyzing all available resources. However, the schedule will encounter several risks such as inability to tackle unexpected risks that mostly arise for external resources. This scheduling system does not also provide accurate financial statements since it relies heavy on estimates rather than actual figures. Bottom line, the project is expected to be successful under the front loaded scheduling system since the risks associated with the system are minimal compared to its expected strengths.

Introduction #2

Business ethics are the values and principles which operate in the world of business. They form the moral framework of the organisation. For Companies such as ShafferFashion, operating in a safe, healthy, and at competitive pay for all of its workers are important in ensuring ethics ae maintained.

Overseas Factories Use #3

Demands from interest groups have forced companies with overseas factories and operations to rethink how they interact with workers especially in the developing world. Tragically, nonetheless, well-documented issues relating to unhealthy and unsafe worker environment still exist in large scale, even for large companies such as Nike. ShafferFashion has the chance to use specially tailored approaches that will address the employee needs, ensure costs remain relatively low, and become a leader in business ethics.

Collaboration with competitors to create better work conditions in overseas companies is suggested as a viable option. While individual firm supply chain management is a form of competitive advantage, issues on labor conditions should not be an area of competition. Therefore, ShafferFashion must build on local capacity, come up with performance measuring initiatives, and explore ways to audit the suppliers.

Introducing Lean Manufacturing #4

ShafferFashion can bridge the gap between organizational and shareholder aims versus the issues in overseas factories relating to workers. Lean manufacturing is able to attain these goals with effectiveness and responsiveness.

The process is simple and sustainable for the company as it involves a focus on eliminating wastes, emphasizes flexibility, and enables skilled workers.

The lean manufacturing process allows workers to perform a variety of roles and tasks and are actively involved in process improvements.

The end goal is to enable employees to be more productive, ensure compliance of companies to labor provisions, and have a positive effect on the safety, health, and environmental compliance.

Collaborating with other entities #5

Collaborating with other entities is an effective option to ensure that ShafferFashion attains the continued use of overseas factories, but under improved working conditions. Partnering with the media to ensure that all efforts are shared with the public, collaborating with law enforcement agencies to ensure compliance, partnering with worker rights groups to fit strategy to overall employee benefits, and ensuring that suppliers remain ethical is a sure way to have effectiveness in implementing the suggested lean manufacturing and other strategies that will provide the company with a good public standing. These measures will also enable ShafferFashion to gain competitive advantage by enabling its workforce to be more competitive and productive compared to the competition.

Changing Business Strategy to Remain Cost Competitive #6

Companies often find it difficult to please all of its stakeholders, as they have different interests. Ultimately companies aim to make a profit and sometimes this can conflict with acting in a responsible way. Larger, global companies can often find it difficult to regulate their activities in other countries. ShafferFashion can leverage its position by changing and expanding its strategy to accommodate the increases in cost due to better working conditions. Creating an organizational culture that attracts only the best, maintaining sustainable business processes, establishing a unique value proposition based on sustainability, and identifying shifts in key components of cost are al expected to push ShafferFashion further ahead and make up for the costs incurred during the improvement process.

Changing Business Strategy to Remain Cost Competitive #7

As the global landscape continues to bring several waves of change, businesses are increasingly moving to take advantage in several fronts. For example, the demand for a more sustainable business processes brought about a wave of green and sustainable business that introduced new business models, companies and operations into the global market (Pandey, 2014). In line with new global demands, organizations are restructuring to operate better, in line with the current market dynamics and competition. As part of the solution for ShafferFashion, it is suggested that new changes be internally conceived to correct the demands of the external environment, including a change of corporate culture and a new focus on meeting the demands of the global market.

Changes Required to Serve Low-Income Communities #8

To become a cost leader, ShafferFashion will have to significantly increase its production scale by increasing the volume of materials so as to further reduce costs. Additionally, Business Roundtable (2020) advocates for investing and creating innovative technology to help firms become cost leaders. Technology may reduce costs through enabling more manufacturing of products per a given period, limiting the number of workers required for tasks, and other benefits to increase efficiency. Also, companies such as Nike have shown that sourcing raw materials and minimizing the dependence third-party products will lower costs (Anzia, 2021). Combined, these processes would help ShafferFashion to improve efficiency and limit its products and services to what is required.

Win-Win Scenario for all Stakeholders #9

A win-win situation would satisfy shareholder goals of profit maximization. Without satisfying the shareholders, the business would not exist. The first goal is to meet the bottom-line that includes cost reduction and profit maximization. Then, the new changes expect workers to have more pay, safer, and healthier work conditions. This goal can be attained, but may affect the cost competitiveness desire from the shareholders. A trade-off emerges where the shareholder needs to be satisfied, yet the workforce must remain satisfied in order to increase productivity and effectiveness of policies. The managers want reduced pressure to produce results despite the current environment. For worker rights groups, a win would entail labour laws compliance and better work conditions for the employees in said overseas companies.

Prioritizing Stakeholders #10

What is a win-win solution? It is a solution that caters for the needs of every stakeholder. Attaining a win-win solution for all stakeholders is fairly difficult since there are a lot of trade-offs that exist between solutions that satisfy different requirements. Without a doubt, ShafferFashion may be unable to meet the demands of every stakeholder group. In case a win-win solution is unattainable, the shareholder deserves priority. Other stakeholders’ goals would not be met fully, but through a partial implementation that caters for the most demanding needs.

Prioritizing Stakeholders: Power Influence Matrix #11

The ratings for interest and power place the shareholders, board of directors, and executives as the most important group. Nike showed the importance of ensuring shareholder prioritization and the support needed to ensure progress (Xu & Leibold, 2020). Therefore, this group must be prioritized over any other group. The stakeholder with the highest index is accorded the first priority. The interests of these groups include profit maximization and continue cost effectiveness. The Eyal Press (2020) best highlights how stakeholder wars have the power to destroy a business as shown by the involvement of the labor secretary in the regulation capacity against employees and the OSHA. Overall, it is important to ensure that the most important groups are prioritized.

Conclusion #12

Business ethics may present a dilemma for an organization. As the global landscape continues to bring several waves of change, businesses are increasingly moving to take advantage in several fronts. All factors considered, it is important to consider which stakeholder to prioritize. In the case of ShafferFashion, the needs of the Board of Directors, the executives, and the shareholders must be met first. They have high power and high interest.

References

Anzia N. (Jan. 26, 2021). Now is the perfect time to rethink your wardrobe, with an eye toward sustainability. The Washington Post.

Eyal Press. (October 10, 2020). Trump’s Labor Secretary is a Wrecking Ball Aimed at Workers. The New Yorker.

Business Roundtable. (September 2020). Addressing Climate Change: Principles and Policies

Xu. V. X. & Leibold, J. (March 17, 2020). Your favorite Nikes might be made from forced labor. Here’s why. The Washington Post.

McFall-Johnsen, M. (October 17, 2019). The fashion industry emits more carbon than international flights and maritime shipping combined. Here are the biggest ways it impacts the planet. Business Insider US.

Pandey, A. H&M Tests Renting Clothes to Boost Environmental Credentials. EcoWatch.

Marketing Strategy

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Bate

Starbucks Crowdsourcing Site

Introduction

When well defined, it signifies the collection of opinions, information, or work from a group of individuals, generally obtained from the internet. Crowdsourcing work allows organizations to save money and time while tapping into individuals with diverse thoughts and skills from all over the universe. For several years now, a great number of different websites have emerged that provide crowdsourcing services. They aim to utilize or take advantage of the massive number of anonymous personnel worldwide available to finish tasks. Crowdsourcing usually impacts marketing strategy by outsourcing idea generation to customers (Acar, 2018). Using Crowdsourcing by organizations for their marketing communication message offers insight into the minds of the consumers. It facilitates marketing the products or services for maximum impact in the market. Consumers can provide, check, and talk over submitted thoughts together with workers from several working departments (Hsiang & Rayz, 2020). Once a site is a crowdsourcing implement, it becomes a marketing research approach that brings clients’ primacies to light, social media users, and an operational internet promotion tool. By turning a large group of individuals for ideas and solutions, Crowdsourcing can give a lot of advantages over internal processes (Cui et al., 2020). Businesses can get access to great views, in addition, to engage the clients and drive marketing buzz. This paper evaluates the Starbucks website because it provides crowdsourcing services.

Ways by Which Starbucks utilized consumers in terms of Crowdsourcing

In March 2008, an American coffee company and chain known as Starbucks Corporation (Starbucks), found in Seattle, Washington, launched its crowdsourcing medium known as My Starbucks Idea. At that time, it was viewed as something of a novelty. In Starbucks site, Crowdsourcing entails obtaining the needed services, ideas, or content by asking contributions from an enormous group of individuals, and particularly from the online community, which is what they set out to perform. The company has launched some of the most successful products from the ideas through the ‘My Starbucks Idea’ initiative. Starbucks has used Crowdsourcing to experience skinny beverages, cake pop treats, and best splash sticks that prevent the hot drinks from pouring out during transport. The corporation tries to imitate the coffee shop barista experience virtual by building relationships and engaging with consumers. The firm offers their clients understanding into what they are doing and makes them feel like insiders through their ‘My Starbucks Idea.’  

The site is transparent and straightforward. Once an individual enters the website, it provides several options to pick. A person can submit a new concept through the website. One can also view ideas provided by other individuals. Customers can also check perceptions in action and those that have been proposed to strategic decision-makers. The corporation has a group of idea partners who read all the concepts after customers submit them. They then collect the most standard, innovative ideas and then give them to strategic decision-makers to decide how to put the ideas into operation (Cui et al., 2020). ‘My Starbucks Idea’ has had outstanding achievements. It has also been the source of ideas for cakes such as Hazelnut Macchiato, Cake Pops, free Wi-Fi, and many others. By the year 2013, when they celebrated the fifth anniversary of the site launch, the site has generated not less than 150,000 ideas and implemented 277 of those ideas.

Crowdsourcing’s Influence on Starbucks’ Marketing Strategy

Starbucks is now considered a pioneer in the online crowdsourcing space and a perfect example to follow. My Starbucks Idea generated an online community for this firm that is identical to great coffee and its deeply rooted culture with style. By understanding what their clients want and building upon social, they later removed their page from Shazam’s book to let their loyal consumers realize the skillful sounds they enjoy while supping the Venti Macchiato through the Starbucks smartphone app. Starbucks’ site where they do their business crowdsourcing has been actively engaging consumers for more than three years. It allows clients to submit their thoughts for better products, bettering the customer’s experience, and defining new community participation, in addition to other categories. The corporation frequently polls its clients for their preferred products and has a leaderboard to check which consumers are very active in poll participation, comments, and ideas.

Impact of Mobile and Social Media Campaigns on Marketing Strategy

Social media and mobile campaigns have an important influence on Starbucks’ marketing strategy. The firm likes to take risks with their social media promotions but attempts to put the letdowns lesser. They use social media, such as Twitter, Facebook, My Starbucks Idea, and YouTube, to interact with its consumers and further than that. Mobile and social media campaigns’ objective is to brainstorm how to develop ideas that can quicker and better commercialize their products (Acar, 2018). Social media is a powerful marketing tool because of the high brand exposure and the great return of investment. It has the biggest advantages: it enables Starbucks to reach its targeted audience, respond to their questions, and stay engaged. The mobile and social media strategies ensure that the marketing strategies are more fruitful and functioning towards business objectives.     

Conclusion

The benefits of Crowdsourcing to Starbucks include speed, cost-saving, and the capability to work with individuals who have knowledge that the internal group might not have. Suppose it takes an employee the whole week to complete a task. In that case, the corporation can reduce that duration to a matter of hours by dividing the job into several smaller segments and giving those parts to a group of workers.

Reference

Acar, O. A. (2018). Harnessing the creative potential of consumers: money, participation, and creativity in idea crowdsourcing. Marketing Letters, 29(2), 177-188.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-018-9454-9

Cui, L., Liang, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). The study of customer involved service innovation under the crowdsourcing: A case study of MyStarbucksIdea. com. Journal of Industry-University Collaboration.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JIUC-12-2019-0018

Hsiang, C. Y., & Rayz, J. T. (2020). Predicting popular contributors in innovation crowds: the case of My Starbucks Ideas. Information Technology & People.

https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-04-2019-0171

Lilac Chaser, Negative Renal Effect

Student’s Name

Institution

Chaser, Negative Renal Effects

Physical attributes of stimuli and Conditions of Viewing

It is an assumption that primary retina does not detect motion in higher animals. Delusions of the optical are mesmerizing though they make individuals to know more about perceptions of the vision. Emphasis on this paper is on the interactive testing and illustrations on the involved mechanisms of vision so as to make a better clarity and understanding on the subject, lilac chaser. The brain processes the information gathered by the eye to provide the perception that does not reckon with the source of stimulus’ physical measurements.

A physiological illusion that encompasses afterimages due to adapting stimuli of longer alternating colors or lights that are bright is assumed to be the effects on the brain and its interpretation. The early stages of processing of the vision are also presumed that a stimulus follows the neural path that is individually dedicated to it. It also portrays that activity that is repetitive results in physiological imbalance that changes perception. An optical illusion can be identified with images that are visually perceived to be in motion though not moving and that do not portray the exact reality of the phenomena (Hering, 2005). Apparent movement happens when an event of the vision takes place at one particular point then a similar event follows in the adjoining point in the same field of vision. The lilac discs vanish thus the appearance of visual fields. Stimulus of lilac presented to a given point of the visual field for a short while vanishes and a green afterimage comes into view.

The retina’s cones and rods adaptation results in the afterimage. Cones that get stimulation from lilac get fatigued and when the stimulus vanishes finally then the background that is grey appears like a presented green stimulus. Afterimages commence their growth after the adaptation of cones and rods though it is difficult to notice since the eye is moved more than three times in a second. The stimulus’ image then appears to be a new one since its observation takes place in the cones and rods that have not yet adapted. When eyes are kept still on the X region, then growth of afterimage is observed and then disclosed when the stimulus vanishes. Troxler’s fading effect occurs during the presentation of a stimulus that is blurred to the visual field’s region that is nearer to the fixating region as eyes are kept still. The negative aftereffects emerge due to illusion. Stimulus is presumed to disappear even when still presented in a physical manner. The spots that is green though stationery appears to move around in a circle due to the presentation of the spots of lilac.

Viewing Distance and its Effects

The viewing distance varies with the observers’ ability to see well when a green disc is observed running as the viewer gazes at the central region. There are no changes observed during the viewing session due to variation in distance. It is only the green spots that will be observed moving in a circle when the viewer prolongs his observation. The movement illusion seems to be working as the spots blink as they alter their positions thus motion is perceived. It is a negative after image that occurs when the cells of the cone in the retina become tired and extremely stimulated. The affected colors remain unchanged as a person moves his eyes due to the weaker signals of the cells of the cones. The signals sent to the brain are then interpreted as though they are different colors that are in motion. The green afterimage comes about as a result of a long gaze at an image of magenta. The result is due to the fatigue caused to the receptors of magenta by the magenta color thus production of a weaker signal. Afterimage, as a result, is then viewed as being green since the opposing color of magenta is green.

Negative Retinal Aftereffect

Bach refers to color aftereffect as a negative retinal after image since it becomes clear when an individual fixes his retina on an image for a given duration in a fixed position for several seconds. The adaptation of the retina on the particular position yields to the afterimage and hence the color that is complementary is observed. Zaidi, Ennis, Cao and Lee (2012) illustrates in their study that cells of the retinal ganglion are substrates that are neutral for the afterimage.

Aftereffect Transfer between Eyes

The effect of transfer is intrascortical and experienced on one hemisphere of a retina. The representation of a hemi-retina cannot have transfer activities in all the hemi-retina of both eyes. The transfer effect cannot occur as a result of the visual fields overlapping. Color appearance control indicates that the visual events change to afterimages that are green. Additionally, since a first time movement can be perceived to be a second time movement, visual event takes place at one point in the field of visual (Zaidi, Ennis, Cao & Lee, 2012). The color control measure is designed in a manner that ensures the red and blue colors keep moving up as the green one moves downwards till the center region becomes magenta. When speed control is used as a control measure then it illustrates the detection of movement in images as indicated in the phi phenomenon.

Implications of Fixation

The color aftereffect can be observed when one fixates on the region of X because it is not difficult to fixate at the central region. On the other hand, the color aftereffect becomes difficult to observe when an individual does not fixate at region X since the location of the retina are re-adapted and a brief uncovering of the afterimage occurs (Hothersaa, 2003). The appearance of the color of the stimulus is then viewed as being green since the opposing color of magenta is green as a result of a negative effect of afterimage.

Hering’s Conclusion on Color Aftereffects

Color aftereffects influenced Hering’s view about the structure of human visual system as it portrays that what is observed by the eye might not be the actual interpretation that occurs in the brain due to delusion. Accurate results might be tampered with due to color blindness and brightness or failure of the retina to adapt to avoid afterimages.

Color Opponent Process Theory

Hering clarifies how afterimages are captured by the brain in terms of primary colors that are classified into three. The process entails the theory of opponent process which states that the visual system of human interprets the information of color by processing signals from the retina’s rods and cones. The theory illustrates that there exist three opponent channels that encompass blue versus yellow, red versus green, and white versus black. Hering also notes that there are combinations of colors that human never recognize. Color responses of one channel are opposed to the responses of colors of another channel hence an afterimage of magenta will be produced by an image that is green. The photoreceptors that are green are fatigued by the green color and as a result a signal that is weaker is produced. Result that indicates less green color is interpreted as magenta.

Necessity for an Aftereffect

Slight movements are not enough to constantly keep the image in motion to parts of retina that are still fresh if the eye remains fixated and steady. The always exposed photoreceptors to a similar stimulus will eventually be tired of supplying photo-pigments therefore there will be insufficient signal to the brain that results in the aftereffect.

Implications of Viewing Using Monocular and Binoculars

Monocular and binocular viewings are used to enhance the vision of the observer so as to detect the sources of stimulus and their velocity. The input of vision will be a projection of 2D of a scene of 3D in the vision of monocular. Additionally, the projection of 2D’s motion will be by default not being enough to build again the motion available in the scene of 3D. The problem of inverse generalizes to the vision of binocular when perception of motion is considered at large distances where inequalities of binocular are a bad cue to depth. There are illustrations that the human brain applies several signals in specific alterations in disparity and ratios of monocular velocity to produce a motion’s sensation in depth.

Stimulation as a necessity for an Aftereffect

Stimulation causes the adaptation of the retina’s rods and cones to light brightness and clear viewing of images. Similarly, stimulation inhibits the afterimage from growing and therefore it is vital when fixating the eyes at the required point as it makes all the movements noticeable thus the aftereffect will be perceived. This would prevent the relay of the image on the rods and cone that have not adapted to brightness yet.

Experience of the Aftereffect from Stimulation

Steady fixation of the eyes on a point is significant for an aftereffect to take place when stimulation is blurry. When the retina is stimulated, afterimages are not formed in the brain thus aftereffect is not perceived as all the movements are noticed.

Color Appearance Backgrounds

. The color of the background is a mixture of gray with red, blue and green. The dot of lilac fade with fixation on the cross and a clear afterimage that is green in color is revealed as every dot is removed. The sensitivity loss is reflected by a fading part due to stimulus that is presented. Parts in the background that appear to be white are observed due to the renormalization. As a result, processing of the vision finally deviates from the expected color that is gray.

Neural Locus of Colors Afterimages

The article illustrates that a rebound of post receptor in the ganglion cells of retina constitute a signal of an afterimage that do not respond to lights below the bleaching level of photoreceptors. Additionally, the study paper shows that desensitization of photoreceptor is not responsible for color afterimages that occur due to generation of light of normal level.

Reference

Hering, E. (2005, January 1). Lilac Chaser, Negative Renal Effect.

Hothersall, D. (2003). History of psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Zaidi, Q., Ennis, R., Cao, D., & Lee, B. (2012). Neural locus of colors afterimages. Current Biology, 22(3), 220-224.