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Life and educational history of James Weldon Johnson

James Weldon Johnson was born in the year 1871. He was a great artist who wrote several songs and poems in the late eighteenth century. James Weldon Johnson was born in the city of Jacksonville in Florida. In his life periods, he attained several major achievements in life. Weldon was born of a father who was a headwaiter in one of the luxurious hotels in the city of Jacksonville, Florida (Johnson and Rudolph, 47). Other than being a headwaiter, Weldon Johnson’s father was a schoolteacher in one of the schools in the city of Jacksonville. This made Weldon Johnson to undertake his studies in the City of Jacksonville. Weldon finished his high school studies in one of the institutions in the City of Jacksonville, Florida upon which he was admitted to Atlanta University.

After graduating from Atlanta University, Johnson Weldon got the job of being a principal in one of the former schools that he had learnt. As a principal, Weldon progressed with studies. He took further studies in law, a fact that made him be admitted to the Florida Bar. It is of critical importance to highlight the fact that alongside the academic achievements, Weldon Johnson was also a gifted artist. He wrote several songs, poems and other literary works. It is prudent enough to note that his art of composing songs started way back in the eighteenth century. In the year 1900, Weldon Jackson wrote the song was titled “Lift Every Voice and Sing” (Johnson and Rudolph, 74). Weldon Johnson’s brother by the name John Rosamond, in the school event that was scheduled to celebrate the birthday of Lincoln, set this song to music.

Following this, the song gained remarkable popularity and was later on declared the “Negros’ National Hymn” by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. However, in the year 1901, Weldon Johnson went to visit his brother who was living in New York and stayed with him there for a while. In their stay, they composed and wrote more songs with the Broadway Shows (Johnson and Rudolph, 59). Five years later after joining his brother in New York, Weldon Johnson gave up the issue of songwriting in a move that saw him become a United States Consul in the country of Venezuela. However, three years after being posted to Venezuela, Weldon was later transferred to Nicaragua. This was in the year 1909. That is the time Weldon Johnson started writing about his novel. This was in form of an autobiography and it was entitled “Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man”. The book was published in the year 1912 following a unanimous approval.

In the autobiography, James Weldon Johnson tells of a story of a young biracial man by the name Ex-Colored Man. This story majorly dwells on the racial prejudices as well as the discriminations that befell the blacks in America from the eighteenth century. The songs that characterize this autobiography are those full of paradox of race and color as was experienced in the earlier days of America (Johnson, 39). The songs depict a sense of encouragement in the perception of the readers, as well as, the fictitious subjects who were the victims of racial discrimination. The people being referred to in the autobiography, though in the form of a fictitious story, are the Black Africans who found their roots in America. At the time, racial prejudice was so strong in America. This brought a major drift between the blacks and the whites. The blacks were so much alienated and regarded as mentally inferior. The general perception of the whites in America was that the Black Americans had relatively low mental capacity to aide them in progressing in life. This was quite evident in the way Weldon Jackson descried some instances when the blacks were discriminated upon.

The story centers on a major character just referred to as “Ex-Colored Man”. This offers a paradox of reason in determining the balance of perception on the issue of racism relevant to Ex-Colored Man. This follows that the main character, Ex-Colored Man, is a man who claims a biracial origin (Johnson, 56). He is a white by skin color but black in descent. In this regard, it is quite had to tell where the man belongs with regards to race. However, the Ex-Colored man is shown to embrace the issue of being a white more than that of being a black or a Nigger. This follows that he never wants to identify with the racial stigmatism that is hurled on the blacks. This is evident when the Ex-Colored Man passes to become a white. The main character, the Ex-Colored man is depicted as a person who values the sense of individualism. He never wanted to associate so much with the fact that he was partially of black origin. It seems as if this was contributing a lot towards causing some form of annoyance. He did not want to associate so much with the blacks since he considered them also less superior. A good example is depicted when Weldon was discussing with him on the way and generalizing his speech.

” I, in referring to the race, used the personal pronoun “we”; my companion made no comment about it, nor evinced any surprise, except to slightly raise his eyebrows the first time he caught the significance of the word. He was the broadest minded colored man I have ever talked with on the Negro question. He even went so far as to sympathize with and offer excuses for some white Southern points of view. I asked him what were his main reasons for being so hopeful. He replied, “In spite of all that is written, said and done, this great, big, incontrovertible fact stands out,–the Negro is progressing, and that disproves all the arguments in the world that he is incapable of progress. I was born in slavery, and at emancipation was set adrift a ragged, penniless bit of humanity. I have seen the Negro in every grade, and I know what I am talking about. Our detractors point to the increase of crime as evidence against us; certainly we have progressed in crime as in other things; what less could be expected?.” (Johnson and Rudolph, 36)

The fact that black man raises eyebrows when Weldon used the personal pronoun “we” referring to the black leaves a lot to question. It means the Ex-Colored Man did not want to associate with the blacks following the inequities, discrimination and racial prejudice that have befallen them since they found their way to the United States. This is also depicted in his ironical talk when he describes the possible outcomes associated with progresses made by the Blacks in life (Johnson and Sondra, 56). Any progress made by Negros is seen as an opportunity geared towards causing social harm in the future. This is too controversial and depicts a high degree of racial prejudice as well as racial discrimination.

It is of crucial importance to highlight that music always plays a critical role in enhancing knowledge amongst individuals. Music may be used to inform people on certain things. In addition, music can be used to rebuke certain wrongdoings of different individuals within the society. Moreover, music can take the role of offering encouragement to the individuals who may be oppresses with certain situations in life. Several music always have certain tunes that are quite enlightening (Johnson, 36). Moreover, some tunes and lyrics are always full of the grievances shared by the populations forming the environment in which the composition draws basis. Such may involve tones of grief, rebuke, appraisal and discrimination. It is of critical importance to highlight the fact that regardless of the content of the music, most music are always composed with regards to the current or emergent situations as well as the oppressive histories that the population may have underwent.

Other than the oppressive histories in the past, music can also dwell on the constructive histories, thereby enlightening the listeners as well as informing them of the way things should be done. It is an indisputable fact that there are different forms of music. Some of these forms of music may include rap songs, gospel music, pop music as well as blues (Johnson, 56). In addition, the other forms of music include jazz and ragtime. Jazz and ragtime are some of the music types that draw their roots from the African Americans in the United States of America. These forms of music came in to the music industry following the oppression that the Black Americans or the Negros underwent when they were in United States in the earlier days.

There are several similarities that exist between the music in the Autobiography of Ex-Colored Man by James Weldon Johnson and that of “The Blues I am playing” by Langston Hughes. The music in the autobiography of James Weldon is of three different forms. First, the similarity comes in the forms or types of music used in the two autobiographies. There are secular music, ragtime and jazz forms of music. These two individuals use these forms of music in different ways (Johnson, 36). Both James Weldon Johnson and Langston Hughes, in order to shun the form of racial discrimination and prejudice that the Negros underwent in the earlier times when they were in the United States of America, use these forms of music. The songs bring a sense of enlightenment and sensitization concerning the historical injustices that faced the black race in the United States.

In concern to the above, it is of critical significance to highlight that Langston Hughes bears the greatest responsibility of brining to existence the Harlem Renaissance in the African-American literature (Hughes, 32). The tunes of the songs, rhythms as well as composition in Langston Hughes’ music, “The Blues I am Playing” brings a form of genre that depicts the life of Negros with some form of cultural development (Johnson and Rudolph, 46). It is of crucial importance to note that the two types of music namely the jazz and the blues characterizing the music of Langston Hughes are the major elements enveloped in the Harley Renaissance. However, on the contrary, the major forms of music that characterize the works of Weldon were the jazz and the ragtime (Johnson and Rudolph, 47). In his artistic works, a number of music have been composed by Langston Hughes that portray his sentiments, feelings and opinions on the issue of oppression, discrimination and racial prejudice that the Black Americans underwent.

The music touches on the racial discrimination that the white Americans practiced on their fellow black citizens (Johnson and Rudolph, 74). Hughes Langston issues a strong sense of criticism on the forms of oppression that the Black Americans underwent in the United States. He provide several evidences in the music “The Blues I am Playing” that shows the issues and realities that his fellow Black Americans faced within the American society (Johnson, 36). The music portrays that the racial oppression, prejudice and discrimination against the Black American people was evident and became extremely dominant in the twentieth century. Langston Hughes succeeds to bring his sentiments through the music by bringing in two women characters namely Oceola Jones and Mrs. Dora Ellsworth (Hughes, 32). These are the two main characters in his artistic work in the music “The blues I am Playing”. Dora Ellsworth in her part is depicted as a white American. She is still at her middle age and is already a widow. On the other hand, Oceola Jones is depicted as a Black American who is of African origin (Johnson and Rudolph, 51). Both the women had shared different perspectives with regards to marriage. The white woman, Mrs. Dora, becomes upset at the fact that Oceola wants to get married, thereby trying to discourage her.

On the same note, James Weldon Johnson also depicts a strong sense of racial prejudice, discrimination and oppression in his music autobiography entitled “Ex-Colored Man”. He depicts several forms of oppression and injustices that the blacks underwent in the earlier days in America under the hands of the whites. The oppression, discrimination and racial prejudice were so dominant that even in schools, the blacks and whites had two different groupings (Johnson and Rudolph, 71). In addition, even conversation between blacks and whites was hampered following the strong sense of discrimination that the blacks were subjected to. James Weldon Johnson’s music majorly dwelt on two forms namely jazz and ragtime. He majorly used these forms of music following the fact that they gained prominence and fame amongst the people of America who were his major subjects in writing the songs (Johnson and Sondra, 56). With this advantage, he gained the opportunity of sharing his sentiments and opinions with regards to the issue of racial discrimination, racial prejudice as well as oppression. He used this opportunity to enlighten the people on the several cases of racial prejudice that was subjected to the Negros in America. This helped in informing the people of the negatives that were associated with the issue of racial prejudice.

Works Cited

Top of Form

Hughes, Langston. The Blues I’m Playing: A Story. New York: C. Scribner, 1934. Print. Bottom of Form

Johnson, James W, and Rudolph P. Byrd. The Essential Writings of James Weldon Johnson. New York: Modern Library, 2008. Internet resource.

Johnson, James W, and Sondra K. Wilson. Along This Way. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books, 2008. Print.

Johnson, James W. The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Radford, Va: Wilder Publications, 2008. Print.

Marketing Plan for Relaunching Brewed Coffee: A Case of Maxwell House

Introduction

Coffee, which is known by a variety of names in different parts of the globe, is quite popular. According to the most current numbers compiled from simply the general population of the United States, each day, Americans consume a total of 400 million cups of coffee, which works out to an average of 3 cups per person (Vest, 2021). One thing is for certain, coffee is here to stay, and it is good for business. Whether one thinks of it as a routine drink, a means to wake up in the morning, or simply a way to relax, one thing is definite that it has many uses. Coffee businesses like Maxwell House have made a fortune from the love people have for coffee. Even then, some of the products have failed to pick up in the target markets. Organizations like Starbucks, Tim Hortons, and Dunkin’ are examples of the largest multinationals dealing with coffee and coffee products (O’Keefe, DiNicolantonio, & Lavie, 2018). The aim of this marketing plan is to detail the reasons – through the analytical lens of the marketing environment – Maxwell House brewed coffee failed.

Description of Business, Product and Target Customer

In terms of the overall business, Maxwell House Coffee continues to be a major player in the global coffee industry. One of the subsidiaries of Kraft Foods, which is the parent business of General Foods Corporation, is responsible for the production of the Maxwell House brand of coffee. The Maxwell House Hotel, located in Nashville, Tennessee, provided the inspiration for its naming, which occurred the same year, 1892 (University of North Florida, 2010). Up until the late 1980s, it dominated the market as the most sought-after kind of coffee in the United States.

On the product under review, Maxwell House Ready-To-Drink Coffee was first introduced to the market by General Foods in the year 1990, a significant amount of time after Mr. Coffee’s initial conception and just before to the meteoric rise of Starbucks and other major competitors (O’Keefe et al., 2013). The distinct packaging of Maxwell House could be found in the cold storage area of the shop. It offered a new method to experience the full flavor of Maxwell House Coffee that was simple to use and it came with a lot of great perks.

The target consumer of the product for Maxwell House Coffee was very specific. Launched in a period where coffee products were only begin to gain popularity, the Maxwell House Ready-To-Drink Coffee targeted the entire household as the key consumer. Freese (2021) notes that a majority of coffee businesses selling off the store coffee products target households and offices in a bid to reinforce the coffee drinking culture. Maxwell House Coffee was hoping for a significant penetration of the household category of consumers.

Why the Product Failed? Marketing Environment Analysis

A. STEEPLE

Social People’s actions in the coffee industry are greatly influenced by the many economic circumstances (Keiko, 2018).

Maxwell House failed to act on when consumers had more disposable income to spend more on goods that enhance the quality of their lives.

Another concern was the expansion of the coffee drinking population growing up in an era of domestically brewed hot morning coffee (Heng, House, & Kim, 2018), which Maxwell House failed to segment properly.

Technological The headquarters of Maxwell House Coffee were located in a nation that had an advanced technology infrastructure (Keiko, 2018). When a nation’s infrastructure for technological advancement is robust, this made it difficult for the new product to be accepted since it was associated with failure.

Economic The capacity of businesses in the coffee industry to achieve financial objectives is directly impacted by a complex collection of circumstances referred to as economic considerations (Higgins et al., 2018).

High economic growth rates, on the other hand, make it simpler to spend money (Seninde & Chambers, 2020), a factor that Maxwell House overlooked in a time where spending in the economy was high.

Environmental The concept of a closed-loop and the circular economy quickly became the standard in a number of industries as well as the coffee sector.

When an industry has strong institutional backing, recycling and reusing materials may become more simpler practices to implement. In a similar fashion, citizens of several nations participate actively in the recycling process.

Political At any point throughout the year, governments may alter the tax policies and trade regulations that are in place (Chen et al., 2019), which in turn may alter the environment in which businesses operate for the coffee industry, a situation that has been observed with various import-export policies between China and the United States.

Because it is distributed in so many different regions, Maxwell House Coffee is exposed to a greater number of political, structural, and systemic issues.

Businesses in the coffee industry need political stability since it has an impact on the confidence of both customers and investors, which Chen et al. (2019) note has a broad variety of repercussions for the economy.

Legal Businesses like Maxwell House Coffee were able to operate with less risk when they properly adhered to the regulations governing intellectual property.

Better operations in the industry was due to the fact that their patents are shielded from being duplicated, which provides them with a durable edge over their competitors.

Ethical Bean prices versus the retail prices

Pricing to match costs of production versus profitability

B. Porter’s Five Forces

Competitive Rivalry

For starters, Maxwell House Coffee confronts severe competition from other brands. Maxwell House Coffee faces competition from the brewing business, food service sector, and coffeehouses since it sells coffee in addition to other drinks and food. Potential competitors include Nescafe and Lavazza (de Figueiredo Tavares & Mourad, 2020). It might be a major franchise like Costa Coffee, or a tiny mom-and-pop establishment. Restaurants and bakeries like Greggs, Starbucks, and McDonald’s Cafes are featured in this category. There is fierce competition since so many enterprises compete in the same market. Finally, there is more competition since switching providers is inexpensive. Due to the availability of coffee shops in the region, customers may easily swap coffee shops in the morning. To conclude, Maxwell House Coffee confronts fierce competition due to its numerous competitors, limited product selection, and low cost of switching brands. This shows a high degree of competitiveness in the industry.

New Entrants

Starting a business like Maxwell House Coffee requires little upfront capital. Prices may vary depending on whether the new firm wants to construct a single coffee shop or a large coffee chain. Smaller coffee shops generally have lower costs for supplies, labor, and space than major coffee companies. As a consequence, new boutique coffee shops and other businesses may more easily compete with Maxwell House Coffee. To build a bigger network of coffee shops, though, one would need to invest much on branding (Brizek, 2012). They’d need to invest money on supplies, personnel, and facilities, but also on a plan to outperform a worldwide coffee shop chain or brand like Maxwell House Coffee. This would be on top of the other fees. In conclusion, the low costs of starting a company like Maxwell House Coffee and the high costs of building a brand make new competitors a little danger to Maxwell House Coffee. New competitors pose a moderate danger to the company.

Bargaining Power of Buyers

Changing service providers is easy and inexpensive for Maxwell House Coffee customers. Because there are so many places to obtain coffee, switching coffee shops is as simple as going to a new one first thing in the morning. It is easy for customers to switch coffee shops since there are many different types of coffee shops on nearly every street, especially in cities (D’Elia et al., 2019). There are also many options, so people may compare coffee suppliers and choose the one that best suits their needs based on availability and flavor. People may go to a coffee vending machine, swap brands, or buy a coffee machine to prepare coffee at home. They have all of these alternatives. Buyer power is important for Maxwell House Coffee since customers may easily switch suppliers, there are many alternatives, and the average purchase size is small. This shows that buyers have a lot of negotiating power.

Supplier Bargaining Power

First, since most suppliers are similar in size, they have similar negotiating strength. A small supplier indicates they only deal with a few firms and have a few clients (Patterson, Scott, & Uncles, 2010). They can’t suddenly boost prices or they’ll lose clients. Also, Maxwell House Coffee and other coffee shops wield influence, not providers, due to the diversity of vendors. Maxwell House Coffee may select from a variety of vendors and choose the most convenient. Finally, the abundance of coffee and tea makes suppliers weaker. Overall, Maxwell House Coffee suppliers have less leverage since they are small, provide a wide range of items, and are plentiful. Suppliers have little negotiating power.

Threat of Substitutes

Customers may choose from a variety of alternatives. We also know that switching coffee suppliers does not significantly raise cost burden. Finally, it seems that alternatives are not extremely expensive (Samoggia & Riedel, 2019). The cost of coffee from a vending machine or brewed at home is cheaper than coffee from Maxwell House. Maxwell House Coffee is also sometimes more expensive than other coffee shops, which may discourage people from using the company. The threat of substitutes is high for the firm since there are many possibilities, moving coffee suppliers is not costly, and substitutes are cheap. This suggests a high risk of replacement competition. The danger of new goods and competition appear to have weighed heavily on Maxwell House Coffee.

C. Consumer Behaviour

It was Maxwell House Coffee’s intention that the manner in which the coffee was packed, the ease with which it could be obtained, and the emergence of a new coffee culture would be the primary reasons why people would purchase their product (Fisher, 2004). If a company wants to market the ease of their product as an advantage, then the product itself has to be convenient in every aspect (Samoggia & Riedel, 2019). This is just good sense. The consumer population should have voiced their concerns over the foil-lined packaging during the focus group discussions that were conducted. If it had been packaged differently, this brand-new product may still be used today. Additionally, obtaining the freshly brewed coffee was not any simpler than making a pot of coffee at home or purchasing coffee from a cart at work.

Product Re-Launch – New Market Opportunity

It is important to note that the product failed mainly because of how it was marketed as a convenience product yet had no convenience when compared to the technological developments in the coffee industry at the time. Today, a new opportunity for Maxwell House Coffee regarding the same product would be completely repackaging it and rebranding it as a ready to drink beverage and packaged to compete with energy drinks such as Monster and Redbull. Coffee has already made a name as one of the best energy drinks to kick start a morning or to generally provide the steam required to keep on going (O’Keefe, DiNicolantonio, & Lavie, 2018). In America, it is a very trusted commodity. Therefore, rebranding the poor marketing, poor packaging, and poor branding on the original product will enable Maxwell House to reintroduce the product as an energy drink that can be consumed as is packaged, chilled, or even heated where necessary. These features will achieve the original ideas of trendy, convenient product, and an improved formula that is not confusing to the market (Freese, 2021). Additionally, the marketing will shift from the households only and focus on young people, offices, schools, and workplaces where coffee is supplied in vending machines (Higgins et al., 2018). can take advantage off. By completely altering the use of the product, the market will associate an already trusted brand to a relatable use.

Product Re-Launch – New Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning

People are purchasing based on trends that stress increased quality in a range of things rather than affordability, and one example of this is the rise in popularity of higher-quality coffees. Both mass-market coffees and specialty coffees have their own distinct places in the consumer landscape of the coffee industry in the United States. Products that are, on average, sold at inexpensive prices and may be found at supermarkets and convenience stores. The consumption of coffee sold in mass markets has been decreasing at a rate of 5% per year as a direct consequence of the trend toward increased consumption of specialty coffees outside of the house by consumers of all ages (Lombardi, Chidiac, & Record, 2021). Grocery stores are working with specialty coffee roasters to broaden their coffee offerings of higher quality in order to capture a bigger share of the mass market sales channels. Coffee shops were the only places in which you could get specialty coffee in the past since it was a branded, high-quality product (Haskova, 2015). In terms of quality, cost, and distribution, there was a clear divide, five years ago, between the coffees sold in mass markets and those sold in specialty shops. It is now more difficult to discern which category a coffee falls into due to the existence of two subcategories known as Premium and Specialty (Cranfield et al., 2010). It is recommended that Maxwell House aim for the general consumer market. In addition, the product has to be positioned in such a way that it is consistent with the rising trend of consumers becoming more health-conscious.

Maxwell House Coffee should develop and market the brewed coffee as an energy beverage with less calories. The geographic segment targeted is mainly urban, ages 22-60, and regionally in high coffee drinking nations like the US, Canada, Europe, China, Africa, and Latin America. Demographics include young couples, bachelors, single males, single women, energetic young people, students, and employees. In terms of behavior, the new product should reach to hard core loyalist, coffee lovers, and regular users. The Middle and upper classes of society are also targeted in terms f the psychographic elements.

Product Re-Launch – New Consumer Behaviour

Cultures greatly impact people’s decision-making processes in a positive manner. There is a cultural connection between people preferring Maxwell House Coffee over other coffees. Social characteristics have a favorable and considerable influence on brand choices. Some people’s preference for the new Maxwell House product over the old may be due to societal factors (Patterson, Scott, & Uncles, 2010). The choice is significantly influenced by one’s own circumstances. Social factors impact people’s purchases of Maxwell House’s new product. Psychological factors have a large role in influencing a choice, both favorably and negatively. Thus, psychological factors play a part in why some people favor Maxwell House coffee over other brands. Consuming goods with a reputation like Maxwell House’s should be considered if they want to improve. People don’t buy coffee-related things based on their socioeconomic position. Instead, they buy them for reasons they can see and feel, such product quality (especially coffee), atmosphere, and service. Despite the fact that drinking coffee is a habit that should be maintained, more people are increasingly experimenting with a broad range of coffee products (Haskova, 2015). Many people now drink coffee every day (Lombardi, Chidiac, & Record, 2021). Those looking to buy coffee will always have a solid alternative if Maxwell House Coffee continues to make the best coffee possible.

Marketing Mix (4P’s)

A fresh, high-quality product that is simple for consumers to recognize as having value and a purpose should serve as the foundation for the product strategy that Maxwell House Coffee employs. A market that is already acquainted with coffee goods and that has embraced and depended on energy drinks to keep people going during the day and at other times makes a lot of sense for a coffee-flavored energy drink because of the combination of these two factors. Therefore, for each of its goods, Maxwell House has to provide an experience that cannot be beaten or replicated by its competitors.

When it comes to pricing, a premium pricing plan is the one that works best. This pricing strategy takes advantage, within the framework of the marketing mix, of the fact that consumers have a tendency to purchase more costly items due to the misconception that higher prices indicate greater value (Cranfield et al., 2010). The price of brewed coffee from Maxwell House that is packaged and promoted as an energy drink should be higher than that of the majority of its rivals, such as Red Bull and Monster.

When it comes to its geographic positioning, Maxwell House should make the most of the fact that their coffee is sold in more than 70 countries throughout the globe. The continents of Africa, North America, Oceania, South America, Europe, and Asia are represented as key coffee drinking zones (Lombardi, Chidiac, & Record, 2021). Maxwell House should use their well-designed website, which contains information on how to make coffee, the various kinds of coffee that are available, how to get the best quality coffee and help farmers, how to make the perfect coffee for you, details about the taste, recommendations for the best equipment, and how the energy drink will be manufactured.

The marketing and advertising strategy for Maxwell House energy drink has to center on promoting the company’s brand via several channels, including social media, television, print advertisements, and email marketing. Maxwell House should never forget its obligation to its clients, the value it provides for the price it charges, and the importance of giving back to society; this is true even if the company has a vast customer base.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The ready-to-drink Maxwell’s coffee, which first appeared on the market in 1990, does not seem to be much liked by Americans, despite a notable love for instant products. The cognitive dissonance was generated by the fact that the enticing cartons, which included an image of a coffee cup that was steaming hot, were placed in store freezers directly next to bottles of milk that were frozen solid, making it difficult for customers to make sense of the packaging. It was said in the promotional materials for the beverage that it would provide consumers with a handy new way to savour the rich flavour of Maxwell House Coffee. Without a doubt, this was an original and intriguing concept. Due to the fact that the ready-to-drink coffee was packaged in aluminium foil, the container that it arrived in could not be heated in the microwave. Having these restrictions worked to the disadvantage of the product and the brand. Additionally, it seemed as if consumers enjoyed pouring hot coffee as it was the popular thing to do at the time. There was no longer a need for ready-to-drink coffee as a result of the widespread availability of fully automated drip coffee machines. Over eighty percent of homes had a Mr. Coffee machine, which made it simple and fast for consumers to brew coffee at home. The Maxwell House Ready-To-Drink Coffee did not provide too many advantages to the consumers who were intended to purchase it. It is recommended that the product is changed to a coffee-based energy drink and packaged as a ready to drink product.

Reference List

Brizek, M. G. (2012). Coffee wars: The big three: Starbucks, McDonald’s and Dunkin’Donuts. Journal of Case Research in Business & Economics, 5, 1-12.

Chen, X., Liu, Y., Jaenicke, E. C., & Rabinowitz, A. N. (2019). New concerns on caffeine consumption and the impact of potential regulations: The case of energy drinks. Food Policy, 87, 101746.

Cranfield, J., Henson, S., Northey, J., & Masakure, O. (2010). An assessment of consumer preference for fair trade coffee in Toronto and Vancouver. Agribusiness, 26(2), 307-325.

D’Elia, L., La Fata, E., Galletti, F., Scalfi, L., & Strazzullo, P. (2019). Coffee consumption and risk of hypertension: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. European journal of nutrition, 58(1), 271-280.

de Figueiredo Tavares, M. P., & Mourad, A. L. (2020). Coffee beverage preparation by different methods from an environmental perspective. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25(7), 1356-1367.

Fisher, C. (2004). Why Buy Fair?: Consumer Reactions to Fair Trade Coffee in a High-End Retail Venue.

Freese, L. (2021). Hungry minds: the visual and verbal language of taverns and coffee houses in early American periodicals. Word & Image, 37(4), 299-310.

Haskova, K. (2015). Starbucks marketing analysis. CRIS-Bulletin of the Centre for Research and Interdisciplinary Study, 1, 11-29.

Heng, Y., House, L. A., & Kim, H. (2018). The competition of beverage products in current market: a composite demand analysis. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 47(1), 118-131.

Higgins, J. P., Babu, K., Deuster, P. A., & Shearer, J. (2018). Energy drinks: a contemporary issues paper. Current sports medicine reports, 17(2), 65-72.

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Lombardi, C. V., Chidiac, N. T., & Record, B. C. (2021). Starbucks coffee corporation’s marketing response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovative Marketing, 17(2), 177.

O’Keefe, J. H., Bhatti, S. K., Patil, H. R., DiNicolantonio, J. J., Lucan, S. C., & Lavie, C. J. (2013). Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 62(12), 1043-1051.

O’Keefe, J. H., DiNicolantonio, J. J., & Lavie, C. J. (2018). Coffee for cardioprotection and longevity. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 61(1), 38-42.

Patterson, P. G., Scott, J., & Uncles, M. D. (2010). How the local competition defeated a global brand: The case of Starbucks. Australasian Marketing Journal, 18(1), 41-47.

Samoggia, A., & Riedel, B. (2019). Consumers’ perceptions of coffee health benefits and motives for coffee consumption and purchasing. Nutrients, 11(3), 653.

Seninde, D. R., & Chambers, E. (2020). Coffee flavor: A review. Beverages, 6(3), 44.

University of North Florida. (2010). Maxwell House Coffee. Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/historical_architecture_main/2246/Vest, A. R. (2021). Can Two Coffees a Day Keep the Heart Doctor Away?. Circulation: Heart Failure, 14(2), e008297.

Marketing Plan for the Federation of Female Lawyers (FFL)

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Introduction

The Federation of Female Lawyers is a non-profit membership organization for female lawyers that provides free legal aid to underserved women and children. Since its inception 30 years ago, FFL has reached over 3,000, 000 women and children and served them with free legal assistance. The organization has more than 1,500 women lawyers, advocates and law students. The organization is committed to attaining a society that upholds and respects women’s rights. Through its flagship Access to Justice program, FFL prides itself as one of the premier organizations committed to serving marginalized women through the provision of legal aid, legal advice, pro-bono scheme, self-representation and strategic impact litigation.

The Federation of Female Lawyers has its main office located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, with four more branches in Missouri, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Louisiana. The reason for selecting Oklahoma state as the location of the hypothetical company is that the state records the highest rate of domestic violence Statistics show that about 49.1% and 40.7% of men and women, respectively have encountered domestic violence at one point in their lives, including intimate partner violence, partner rape and partner stalking. Discussed in this text are FFL’s mission statement, goals, environmental analysis and SWOT analysis.

Mission Statement

The Federation of Female Lawyers (FFL) has a mission to promote the individual and collective power of women to claim their rights in all spheres of life. The rationale for selecting this mission statement has to do with the values and goals that define the organization. The institution seeks to ensure the rights of women are upheld and respected. Additionally, the mission statement reflects the values of versatility, professionalism, transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness that the organizations hold close to its heart.

Goals

Over the next years, FFL will undertake programmes meant to address the challenges of women in accessing their economic, social, and political rights. Access to Justice (AJ) and Women and Governance (WG) form the bulk of the organizations activities. To implement these programs, the organizations will mobilize stakeholders and resources to deliver justice to women and children.

Long-term Goals

One of the long-term goals of the Federation of Female Lawyers is growing its membership. FFL realizes that there is strength in numbers as they are bigger membership means more resources in terms of manpower which goes a long way in attaining the mandate. To grow the membership, FFL needs to provide adequate communication and strictly adhere to the principles of fair play and equity. All FFL members must be treated with fairness and given a chance to be elected into leadership positions in the organization at the board level. The organization intends to keep track of its membership numbers by maintaining an updated digital membership portal and sending reminders for membership subscriptions. They also plan on conducting quarterly recruitment drives, particularly in higher institutions of learning to encourage law students to sign up as members and giving recruits incentives. Another long-term goal is reducing the level of inequality between women and men in their workplaces, politics, and family setups and overall access to social justice, which is quite significant. The Women and Governance docket which will be in charge of these programs will keep track of the goal by keeping track of the number of women elected to political positions and tracking online and in mainstream media the progress of women in family and work set-ups and taking necessary action.

Short Term Goals

One of the short-term goals that the Federation of Female Lawyers has is to increase the number of women accessing justice by 50% in the next three years. This short-term goal can be measured through tracking the number of women that contact and get assistance from the organization. The organization has a digital data collector employed when screening the clients where clients’ details are recorded. Keeping track of this digital register is a great way to know whether the number of clients receiving help is growing or not. Another short-term goal that FFL has is to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization. To measure this goal, the institution will undertake client engagement so as to know whether it is making an impact or not.

Environmental analysis

This section contains an analysis of the environment within which the Federation of Female Lawyers operates. It is intended to lay bare issues that the organization prioritizes for intervention. Discussed are also the strategies that the Federation of Female Lawyers intends to use to resolve women’s issues.

Competitive Analysis

The main organization that the Federation of Female lawyers consider as competition is the National Domestic Violence Hotline. The organization’s mission is to answer calls to provide support and shift power to victims of relationship abuse. The organization links clients who contact them to expert and highly trained experts that provide free, compassionate and confidential crisis intervention education, information, and referral services in more than 200 languages. In the last 25 years of existence the organization has responded to over 5.5 million calls, texts, and chats from survivors of abuse, pushed for policy change, forged lasting partnerships and shifted advocacy to best suit the ever-changing needs of survivors (McDonnell, Nagaraj, Mead, Bingenheimer, Stevens, Gianattasio, & Wood, 2018). National Domestic Violence Hotline is considered FFL’s biggest competitor seeing that it provides the same services that FFL does and has been in existence for nearly the same time as FFL.

Economic Analysis

Several economic issues are bound to affect the nature of business at the Federation of Female Lawyers. The United States is the richest nation in the world with a gross domestic product of $20.94 trillion as of 2020. Specifically, Oklahoma State which has a population of 4,002, 612 has recorded an annual growth of 0.3% in the past five years, ranking it position 32 out of the 50 states in terms of growth rate. In 2022, Oklohama’s GDP got to $197.0 billion. Businesses employed about 1, 595, 221 individuals in 2022 with manufacturing, mining, and real estate and rental leasing as the three top sector employers. In 2022, the current rate of unemployment across the state stands at 3.0%. With the current inflation rates skyrocketing and an anticipated stable political environment, FFL is looking to attain growth while at the same time executing its mandate. Despite being one of the richest country in the world, it remains unequal with a myriad of economic and social inequalities. Notably, wealth distribution varies across regions however, women still have the least shares of wealth even at a family level.

Political and Legal Analysis

The United States has a progressive Constitution that gives women with a broad set of rights. However, the laws developed to implement those rights still remain somewhat non-responsive to the needs of women. FFL and other interested parties have come together to advocate and made the laws responsive to the needs of women and children. Politics in the United States are highly divisive, with parties divided into Democrats and Republicans. With such an environment, it is easy for women issues to be forgotten as other agendas take center stage.

Technological Analysis

Technological developments create opportunities for enhancing organizational efficiencies. The Federation of Female Lawyers has already incorporated information technology particularly in its financing sector. The organization has opportunities to use information and communication technology (ICT) in its programmatic works, members and service beneficiaries, and in managing its operations. The organization, for instance, has robust website that facilitates interactions with beneficiaries by posting reports, newsletters, pictures, annual reports, and announcements of any other information that might interest the members of the public.

Socio-cultural Force Analysis.

The United States society is founded on western culture and has been evolving since long before the US became a country. It has its own unique cultural and social characteristics such as arts, music, dialect, cuisine, social habits and folklore. What is interesting is that the world’s greatest superpower has nearly the same great extremities of relative poverty and wealth just like other countries. The general open market has various legal barriers that make both downward and upward status change difficult. Broadly speaking, United States culture is characterized with moderate social mobility.

SWOT Analysis

This sector comprises an analysis of the internal environment within which the Federation of Female Lawyers operates. It covers an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the institution. Worth noting the opportunities and threats facing the organization are considered external.

Strengths

Presence of a grants desk that handles resource mobilization challenge

Established a niche as a leading rights organization for women.

Partnerships and linkages that facilitate referral of cases to like-minded organizations such as the Children’s department or the police

Weaknesses

Funding challenge

Minimal involvement of men and other third parties in championing women’s rights

Overstretched staff, covering a wide area

Opportunities

Leveraging collaborations, alliances, linkages, and partners’ support in deepening program reach

ICT use in service delivery and communication

High demand for services Threats

Partner lethargy to fund the access to justice programme

Competing interests from other human rights organizations

Reliance on a limited poor of donors for a large percentage of funding.

Strengths

Having a grants office is a stronghold as it gives the organization a chance to put one or two persons in charge of fundraising. This is beneficial as the organization is better placed to implement programs without worry of fundraising. Having an established niche in the women’s rights sector is helpful as it indicates they come with experience as well as already established structures. Linkages and partnerships are helpful in facilitating referral cases that need additional support, such as from the police and the Children’s department.

Weakness:

Funding is a challenge for FFL just like other organizations. Meeting the annual budgets required to implement programs and cater to administration costs is not a walk in the park. It requires drawing constant proposals to potential donors as well as cold-pitching. Another challenge is finding men in support of women’s agendas as most of them shy away from such development agendas for women. An overstretched staff is another problem as the staff present there will be expected to cover a wide area that stretches them thin.

Opportunities

One of the opportunities is leveraging collaborations and support from donors to deepen the reach of their programmes. Additionally, also using ICT to communicate and delivery services would push the organization one step closer to its goal. Moreover, the high demand for their free legal aid services is another opportunity they should explore.

Threats

One of the threats that FFL faces is the lethargy of partners in funding the Access to Justice program which is the most demanding and also forms the bulk of the organization. Another threat is competition from other human rights organizations. Also, there is the reliance on only a limited pool of donors for high percentage funding.

Conclusion

In closing, the Federation of Female Lawyers (FFL) is a premier women’s rights organizations group with headquarters in Oklahoma, United States. Its mission is to promote women’s individual and collective power to claim their rights, the organization runs three program with the Access to Justice program as its flagship project. Facing many challenges, the institution trudges on in its mandate of providing women and children with free legal aid services.

References

McDonnell, K., Nagaraj, N., Mead, K., Bingenheimer, J., Stevens, H., Gianattasio, K., & Wood, S. (2018). An Evaluation of the National Domestic Violence Hotline and loveisrespect.

Life and Work of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Name

Course

Tutor’s Name

Date

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Iiyich was a Russian composer who was born in Kamsko-Votkinsk on 7 May 1840 and later died in St. Petersburg on 6 November 1893. He composed several works such as symphonies, concertos, operas, ballets, chamber music and was among the most popular theatrical music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer who made significant influence internationally as well as making numerous appearances as a guest conductor such as at the inaugural concert of Carnegie Hall in New York City in 1891.

Tchaikovsky’s work was recognized and honored b y very great people such as Emperor Alexander III who awarded him a lifetime annuity later in life. It was amazing that Tchaikovsky was not even a professional musician. The Great Russian composer had education in a particular career as a civil servant. Pyotr was born from a family that had a long military experience. His father who was mostly of Russian ethnicity worked as an engineer in the Department of Mine. All the parents were trained in arts including music which was very important especially considering that they lived in a very remote region. At the age of six, Tchaikovsky was already fluent in French and Germany through the help of the teacher who was hired to teach Tchaikovsky elder brother Nikolai and a niece of the family (Burt 2001, p. 410 -411).

At age of four, Pyotr took piano lessons where he proved to be an intelligent pupil who could clearly read music proficiently within three years. His parents were very helpful and engaged a tutor and buying him musical instruments such orchestrion. However, the parents changed their mind in around 1850 and sent him to Imperial School of Jurisprudence in Saint Petersburg maybe because they grew insensitive towards musical gift for their son and perhaps lack of better musical career in Russia at that time. Pyotr’s father also became broke and may have wanted Pyotr to remain independent as soon as possible. Music career was considered to be a very low career in Russia (Kavanaugh 1996, p.50-51).

The fact that both Tchaikovsky’s parents schooled in Saint Petersburg, they felt it important to take their son to The School of Jurisprudence which they felt would prepare their son for a career as a civil servant at the age of 10 and this made him board for two years. It forced him to stay almost 1,300 km away from his family and later begun a seven year course of studies after his two years in preparatory school. Separation of Tchaikovsky from his mother made him have an emotional suffering that affected him for the rest of his life and was further increased by his mother’s death in 1854. Tchikovsky mourned his mother for the rest of his life as he termed it the “crucial event” and claimed that it was vivid to him. His mother’s loss also made him to make his initial stern composition called a waltz in her memory.

The father thought it wise to take his son back to school so that his mind can be occupied with academic work which later made Tchaikovsky made lifelong friendship with fellow students Aleksey Apukhtin and Vladimir Gerard. Music greatly unified them and they maintained an extracurricular activity where they habitually attended the opera. Tchaikovsky further went ahead with his piano lessons by the help of an instrument maker Franz Becker who made several trips to the school. In 1855, Tchaikovsky father employed Mr. Rudolph Kundinger as a private teacher who suggested to his father that Pyotr did not have any future as a musician but later confirmed that his decision was based on his negative experience as a musician. Tchaikovsky’s father remained receptive about music career and did not know what to do about it making him to advice his son to finish school and try for a post in the Ministry of Justice.

Tchaikovsky later graduated with a position of titular at the age of 19 in 1859 and was appointed five days later to the Ministry of Justice. He served as a junior assistant within 6 months before being promoted to a senior assistant director where he stayed for the three years he took in the civil service career. He then attended lessons in music theory in Saint Petersburg where the classes were organized by Russian musical society to foster native talent. His attendance to the music lessons transformed changed him into a musical professional with enough tools for composure as well as the sense that his art was more than Russian or Western culture. The fact that his style of composition was global boosted his morale and other Russian composers in building individual style. Although his first Symphony was well received in Moscow in 1868, most of the musical conformist did not love his style. Tchaikovsky continued with his composition as well as music denigration by endlessly addressing the pitiable situation of Russian opera (ChaĭKovskiĭ 2004, p. 64-70).

Tchaikovsky first met a Belgian soprano Desiree Artot whom he described as one of the most lustrous opera stars of the day.he later married a Spanish baritone Antonina Milyukova who wrote to him to declare her love for him but the marriage was hasty and could not stay any further in the marriage. He was later involved with a wealthy widow whom he did not meet but gave him financial support of almost 6,000 rubles a year to boost his musical career between 1877 and 1890. The rich widow, Madame Nadezhda von Meck abruptly cut off her support for him perhaps because of Tchaikovsky’s sexual preference (ChaĭKovskiĭ 2004, p. 204-210).

Pyotr stayed abroad for another year after his matrimony breakup where he fully came up with Eugene Onegin. He further orchestrated the Fourth Symphony and made a composition of Violin Concerto and later returned to Moscow Conservatory in 1879. Between 1889 and1890, Tchaikovsky worked as a director of the Moscow branch of the Russian musical society where he invited many international celebrities to conduct and promoted Russian music as a conductor (Kavanaugh 1996, p.50-51). He also made several attempts to form groups with composers and other likeminded musicians such as the Belyayev circle and the five. He was awarded an honorary doctor of music degree by the University of Cambridge after he was voted a member of the Academia des Beaux-Arts in 1892.At age 53, after Pyotr performed his sixth Symphony, he died of what was expected to be cholera and was buried near the graves of fellow composers.Reference

Burt, D, S, 2001, The Biography Book: A Reader’s Guide To Nonfiction, Fictional, And Film Biographies Of More Than 500 Of The Most Fascinating Individuals Of All Time. Westport, Ct, Oryx Press.

ChaĭKovskiĭ, M, I, & Newmarch, R 2004, The Life & Letters Of Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky, Honolulu, Hawaii, University Press Of The Pacific.

Kavanaugh, P 1996, A Taste For The Classics, Nashville, Tenn, Sparrow Press.

Basics in Teaching Philosophy

Student’s Name

Name

Basics in Teaching Philosophy

Philosophy is a crucial discipline in human development that deals with ultimate nature of facts, reality, values, and existence. It significantly depends on the attitude and theories that are core in determining the behavioral response and acting as the guiding principle for general manners. Philosophy is interrelated to the psychological concepts by which one believe in and is challenging to put aside one these two aspects when studying the other. Psychology comes up with various theories and facts explaining the level by which the environmental, biological and the ecological factors primarily determine the human and non-human behavior. For instance, the Social Cognitive Theory is an essential element not only in psychology but also in the communication and education sectors. In this paper, aspects of self-analysis and reflection, the teaching philosophy, and personal fit and challenges are elaborated.

Reflection and self-Analysis

To start with is the bit of reflection and self-analysis regarding the critical aspects of this course and change its impacts to the individual’s conscience and psychology. There are many assumptions that people about teaching and psychological development during the learning process and social interactions. Philosophy is a crucial discipline that helps learners to appropriately interpret the fundamental factors affecting mind development and the learning theories that are associated with philosophy. When starting the course, there were some assumptions that I believed in that are entirely different to what I know now and the way if thinking. First is the assumption that philosophy was not in any instance interrelated with psychology. It was difficult to relate the two, and the belief was that these two disciplines could not at any instance correlate.

However, after studying the course, it comes to my realization that these two disciplines go hand in hand and one cannot do without the other. Philosophy widely deals with the curious facts concerning ethics, the nature of mind and knowledge. While on the other hand, psychology composes diversion of matters regarding social cognitive, childhood development, information processing and social interaction among many others. It surprisingly comes to my understanding that these two disciplines are connected, and to study philosophy there must first come the perspective of psychology. For instance, in learning about the nature of mind, there must come the attribute of the factors the lead to mental development, and this automatically comes from psychological aspects such as social interactions and the development of that particular child.

Secondly, the other assumption that substantially changed after the study of this course was about the relationship between social interactions and the development of language and mind. It was a belief that thought and fluency in language could only be achieved through studying if not natural. After the course, it came to my realization as one interrupts with others plays a vital role in the same. It is evident from practical experience that even the sharp students and the perfect ones in speaking are good social interactors. They will at all the time be attentive and active audience whether in class or other areas. As individual struggles to answer and ask a question or be involved in an instance that requires specific reaction, the minds are active leading not only to language improvement but also to their thought development as well as understandability. Therefore, it is essential to interact with others in every field that one is as it also enhances the development of self-expression ability. Parents and teachers should not impact fear to children as they develop so that they will grow with proper social interacting skills.

The third assumption that was there before acquiring the philosophical knowledge involved the effect of physical factors on the behavior of a person. Before, it was not to my recognition that the environment an individual is fostered to impact the psychology and behavior of that particular person significantly. There was a change after going through the education curriculum where I came to understand that environmental factors are critical in shaping the kind of a person that child will become at maturity. For instance, the children who mostly have challenges in language and poor understandability are likely to have nature in the unconducive environment to proper children growth. An excellent example of such physical factor is the torture of a child by the parents at home. The child will at all the time live in fear even to interact with others and to express himself all through unless a change occurs on the growth path. Hence, such a child will not be active in class and will at not instance think broader than what is stipulated to him. It will not only lead to significant retardation of the brain but also poor communication skills as the child will at no any time put into practice the aspects taught in class.

Teaching Philosophy

Furthermore, the other section to be elaborated in this paper involves the teaching philosophy. Considering the application of the knowledge and skills equipped throughout the course, as a teacher there will be perfection in putting in practice the skills to that capability of students understanding the concepts. The activities to be applied in the teaching process includes proper scrutinizing the philosophy learning models and students having practical sessions to put the skills acquired into practice. Also, the use of the psychological concepts is vital to enhance better understanding of philosophy. The learning theory that has shaped the thinking of how student learn best is the social cognitive theory. It postulates that the behavior of an individual is directly related to the environmental and personal factors. It applies to communication, psychology, and education, as it proposes that knowledge gaining of a person, is directly proportional to the observation of others regarding know-how, social media influences, and social interactions.

The social cognitive theory would look like the co-factor in ensuring proper development of the students’ psychology as it perceives learning as an internal process that is achieved through observation and response from the environment. The learning model enhances motivation which leads to attention in observing essential aspects of model’s behavior, retention of the learned ideas in the memory and reproduction where the students emulate the model’s actions. The students’ incentives according to this theory come directly from personal instinct, from the others, and self-reinforcement. In applying the theory puts self-regulatory process as a vital procedure in learning. It involves goal setting regarding one’s plan for change and conduct, self-monitoring through comparison of the performance with the targeted objective and evaluation by determining the quality of judgment and if possible providing self-gained impacts.

For instance, the practical activity to be used in class based on the social cognitive theory reflection and discussion. Each student will take an instance when he or she entirely self-regulated a thing and come up with factors which facilitated to the success of the self-regulation. After that each will present the individual findings to the rest of the class and discuss the psychological aspects related to enhancing effective planning, monitoring and evaluating. Also, self-reinforcement and vicarious are used as the motivational constructs in the class. Through self-reinforcement, the students will have the ability to carry out self-assessment on whether or not have achieved the expected goals. For example, through perfection in presentation, the student will know that the practical psychological aspects such as social interaction have a sound impact. Through vicarious, the student at an individual level will be challenged by the others hence having the incentive to work hard so that at a time to be better off.

Additionally, are the challenging and sensitive social and cultural aspects that affect the interaction of students within the classroom. They include ethnicity, race, sex, gender, family structure, religious identity, sexual orientation and socioeconomic status. The cultural differences that majorly affects social interaction in the classroom are religious identity and ethnicity. Considering religious identity, students come from various cultural backgrounds hence belong to different religious beliefs. It causes a significant effect during the class session and application of psychological aspects as some student claims some activities are bound their religion and others fear to interact with a specific race. For instance, many Muslims are segregated by their colleagues due to the Islamophobia that has emerged in the society relating Islam to assailants. Ethnicity to a greater extent also combats the interactions of the students. Depending on the instinct and the community where an individual is developed some behaviors are out of bond due to cultural restrictions. These students will strictly follow their principles even in class, and they are not willing to do critical things that might improve their skills.

Personal Fit and ChallengesFinally, is the segment involving illustration of the personal fitness and the challenges faced during the teaching experience? The college level is the best to teach in this case. The significant personal that facilitates perfection in teaching this grade level includes the skills and commitment. First, qualification in the philosophy field is accredited to tutoring a tertiary level class. It was evident with the results that were excellent and not only appealing to them but also their parents and other tutors. Secondly, my commitment and availability in providing the teaching services. College students are available at awkward time strategies, hence requires to be taught by a person who is flexible and can accordingly adjust the scheduled program.

According to the discussion above, philosophy is to a great depth related psychological aspects. In teaching philosophy believes, it is inevitable to use the learning theories that are substantially based on psychology. These two disciplines are essential in the society in controlling the socio-economic activities and cultural beliefs. Social cognitive theory is among the best modules that are effective in teaching philosophy and enhancing social interactions. Social interactions are crucial to every human life as they enhance brain and language development which are the critical features in children’s growth. Communications facilitate the development of self-expression skills that are beneficial to human beings social life.

References

Corbin, J., Strauss, A., & Strauss, A. L. (2014). Basics of qualitative research. Sage.

Friedrich, D. (2014). “We Brought It Upon Ourselves”: University-Based Teacher Education and the Emergence of Boot-Camp-Style Routes to Teacher Certification. Education Policy Analysis Archives/Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas, 22.

Muijs, D., & Reynolds, D. (2017). Effective teaching: Evidence and practice. Sage

Rogers, C. R., Lyon, H. C., & Tausch, R. (2013). On becoming an effective teacher: Person-centered teaching, psychology, philosophy, and dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. Routledge.

Scholl, R. (2014). ” Inside-out Pedagogy”: Theorising Pedagogical Transformation through Teaching Philosophy. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(6), 7.

A Fooled Nation: Hitler’s Rise to Power

With a lock of hair falling over his forehead and a square little mustache on his often, somber face, Adolf Hitler seemed a comical figure when he first entered into politics. He was a public speaker who ranted and raved until his voice was hoarse and sweat dripped from his brow. Hitler was an evil genius. With the help of fanatic disciples and gullible masses, he profoundly changed Germany and the political face of Europe; unleashing the most terrible war in history and unprecedented genocide in which more than six million Jews died.

Hitler is called mad; but were the men around him also mad? They were cultivated, educated, learned men. Germany wasn’t a backward country, preyed on by ignorance, but one of the most advanced nations in the world; renowned for great scientific and cultural achievements. His program was one for evil and destruction and yet the majority of the people in Germany accepted it. How did Hitler come to power? His ideas have lived on, unfortunately. Many around the world still find inspiration in his words. Also have lived on, the memories. Time has not dimmed the terms storm troops, gas chambers, death camps, and holocaust. A new generation asks, why?

On the morning of September 15 1930, early editions of newspapers across Germany brought the first reports that Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) had scored a stunning electoral triumph. Only two years earlier, the party had languished in obscurity. The appeal of the Nationalist Socialists was so small that most commentators, those who recognized them at all, saw them as a minor and declining party. Yet, when the polls closed on the evening of September 14, 1930 the NSDAP had become the second largest party in the Weimar Republic.

The NSDAP was founded as “Deutschearbei Partei”, the German Workers Party (DAP) in Munich, during January 1919. It was one of a number of German political parties clustered along the outskirts of German politics in the immediate post-war period. Initially, it was hardly more than a debate society. It had less than thirty members, only three of which were active political speakers. The organization would probably have remained this way had it not been for the extraordinary leadership and propagandistic talents of Adolf Hitler who joined the party in 1919.

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He stood out in no way as a boy and didn’t finish High School. He moved to Vienna in 1907 and applied to the Vienna Academy of Art, twice, but was rejected. The heads of the department felt he was not talented enough. They had no idea how this decision would affect history. When World War I broke out, Hitler enthusiastically enlisted in the German army. His life was going nowhere and the war provided him with something to fill the void. He was looking for an adventure. In the war, he proved a dedicated and brave soldier. He was temporarily blinded by poisonous gas and was shot on the leg. He learned a lot about violence and its uses. But he was never promoted to a leadership position. His supervisors claimed that he had no leadership qualities. They were quite wrong.

At the end of the war, Hitler was disillusioned and angry: Germany had lost. He became very nationalistic and anti-Semitic like many other disillusioned soldiers. He was sure, suddenly, that the purpose of his life was to lead Germany. Adolf the artist was the dead and Hitler the politician was soon to emerge. It was his remarkable energy and magnetism as a public speaker that first shot the party into the local Munich limelight and later catapulted the movement into national recognition.

From it’s beginning, the DAP was distinguished from other German parties. Like the others, it was extremely nationalistic, anti-Semitic, anti-Marxist and anti-Weimar Republic. But the DAP was determined to win the support of the working class for its cause. The party emphasized its commitment to “ennobling the German worker.” They claimed the Jews were controlling Germany and taking over. In reality, there were only about six hundred thousand Jews living in Germany and they represented less than one percent of the population.

From the very moment of his early entry into the tiny DAP, Hitler was determined to transform the party into a prominent political organization. He had great plans, most of which came true. His tireless activity (he was unemployed) and his surprising success as public speaker soon made him indispensable. By the end of the year, Hitler had become both propaganda chief and a member of the executive committee. At the same time the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP); or Nazis for short.

Hitler, ordinary as he seemed, turned out to be a mesmerizing speaker. During 1920, his reputation as a fiery and effective speaker continued to attract increasingly large audiences to his carefully orchestrated and powerful public appearances. His voice, his features, his words, the passion he displayed put a spell on his audiences. He was like a magician. But it wasn’t just magic: the meetings were always held in the late afternoons after his audiences had left work. They were more susceptible to what he had to say. The mood in Germany was grim and his public was depressed. Hitler took advantage of all their weaknesses. Doctors, lawyers, teachers and other members of the upper class, as well as workers began to join the Nazi party.

Hitler dressed up his creed with symbols of power. He put his early Nazi followers into brown-shirted uniforms and called them storm troops or SA. The name inspired fear. So did the way they looked and the sound of their boots. Hitler also created a Nazi flag: a red banner with a black swastika on a white circle. He did not invent the swastika and before he adopted it, the swastika was a positive, spiritual symbol that meant life and was used by many cultures.

Hitler’s followers left the meeting halls after he spoke shouting “Heil Hitler! Heil Hitler!” Fired by his words, they went out into the streets singing angrily, “When Jewish blood flows from our knives, things will be better!” Not only did they sing, they looked for Jews to beat up. With bully bravado between 10 and 15 of them would gang up on just one person. Hitler’s followers were everywhere. Out of fear or out of sentiment, the public hesitated to interfere.

Did the German government try to stop the brutality? It did, but by the time, the police got there, the aggressors had dispersed. In addition, the Weimar Republic was not very powerful. From it’s foundation during the coalition of 1918, two days before the end of World War II, until it’s demise with Nazi assumption of power in 1933, the Weimar Republic was burdened by a series of overlapping, political, social, and economic problems. A lot of hostility towards it was due to the Versailles Treaty.

Germany had agreed with the Allies to stop the fighting, believing that President Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic “Fourteen Points” would be the basis for a negotiated peace treaty. They found that the treaty was not negotiable and the German delegation was advised to agree or be taken over. The Allies, against President Wilson’s wishes, were determined to get their revenge on Germany. Under the terms of the treaty, Germany was charged with sole responsibility for the war, stripped of it’s colonial empire and a huge chunk of its land, and forced to pay heavy reparations. The treaty seriously disrupted German political and economic life and was considered horribly unfair by Germans and non-Germans alike.

By early 1923, Hitler was in firm command of the Nazi party. As he was responsible for the growth of the group, he could and did set himself up as its leader. Hitler was ready to test the political waters. He wasn’t willing to wait any longer and ruled out participation in electoral politics as the road to power. He was convinced that the Republic could be toppled by revolution. At the time, the Republic seemed vulnerable.

The Weimar Republic was determined to avoid the postwar recession and mass unemployment among the millions of demobilized veterans. It also had to pay pensions to millions of injured veterans, widows, sons and other surviving dependents of the war dead. It also, of course had to pay billions of dollars in war reparations. The result of all these economic demands was high inflation and the result of the inflation was a dramatic deterioration of the Reichmark’s (RM) value. In January 1922, a dollar was worth 8.20 RM. By December, it was worth 7,589.27 RM. In January 1923, it was worth 17,952 RM. By August the exchange rate reached an astronomical 109,996.15 RM to the dollar.

Economic life in Germany acquired an almost surrealistic quality. Imagine that in August you buy a ticket for a streetcar in Berlin for 100,000 RM. One month later the same ticket costs 4,500,000 RM and by November, it’s 150 million RM. In January you buy a kilo of potatoes for 20 RM. In October, the same kilo costs 90 billion. Bread was more than five times that, eventually at 467 billion. The price of one kilo of beef at 4 trillion simply defies imagination. Life was madness not to mention how it affected the cost of living. As prices went up, salaries went up but not quite as quickly as prices.

Meanwhile, the Allies refused to accept payment for the war offered in devalued German currency. They sent French and Belgian troops to occupy the Rurh. A broad political and economic crisis soon developed in Germany. There was rampant inflation, high unemployment, uprisings in the Rhineland, a communist coup in Hamburg, and mobilization of rightist forces in Bavaria. The Republic had the world on its shoulders.

This atmosphere of political and economic crisis inspired Hitler to enlist the NSDAP in a conspirational alliance with a number of other German, political parties and right-wing groups. They planned to overthrow first the Bavarian government and eventually the Third Reich. When at last the accordingly named Beer Hall Putsch went into action it was a fiasco. It was not very organized nor supported by the army. The conspiracy was immediately crushed, Hitler was arrested and the NSDAP was banned throughout the Reich. The humiliation of the Beer Hall Putsch taught Hitler patience. If he wanted to gain power, he would have to do it the hard way: by getting elected.

Although he was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in prison, Hitler was released within a year. During his short stay, he was given private quarters and allowed to receive visits often. While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), the bible of the Nazi party. In Mein Kampf, Hitler set forth his racial views. He said that Germans were the master Aryan race and deserved to rule the world. Actually, the Aryans were one of the first settlers of India and had nothing to do with Germany. He also said that the Jews were evil. The evil was in their genes and could never be eliminated.

While Hitler was in jail, the NSDAP participated in their first Reichstag election. Although the failure of the Putsch had sent the already shaky movement into disarray, some order was restored in the first few months of the following year. Shortly after the failed rebellion, Hitler had entrusted the leadership of the group to Alfred Rosemberg, a man with little organizational experience and less personal authority over the group; qualifications which may have highly recommended him to Hitler. The future Der Fuhrer didn’t want the Nazis to be entirely without leadership but he also didn’t want to be upstaged.

With it’s leader arrested and it’s organization banned throughout Germany, the NSDAP floundered. Before the Putsch, Hitler had given very little thought to any type of plan B should the plot miscarry. As a result, the party wavered on the brink of disintegration. But the election of 1924, nicknamed the “inflation election” because it was during a time when Germany was in a chaotic state due to hyperinflation, was a successful one. They brought in 6.5 percent of the vote.

Starting in 1925, with the institution of the Dawes Plan, Germany entered a period of relative prosperity and political stability. Just as economic turmoil and political unrest characterized the early postwar period, the years from 1924 to 1929 would be remembered as the Golden Twenties. It was the calm before the storm.

For the National Socialists, the next four years were filled with failed tactic after failed tactic to regain a foothold in German politics. After his release from the Landsberg prison, Hitler was determined to reestablish his control over the National Socialist movement. He was also still determined to climb to power the legal way. In practical terms this meant he needed to recruit more supporters for his Nazi party and needed to get them to vote for him.

But nothing worked. When the Reichstag that was elected four years earlier was dissolved, new elections were set for May 20, 1928. The NSDAP brought in 2.6 percent of the vote. It seemed that the organization was done with. Until Black Tuesday.

Half a world away from Germany was the US. But the distance didn’t stop the Great Depression in America from devastating the German economy just when it was getting back on its feet. In late 1929, industrial production began a steady slide. As production fell, unemployment rose. By January 1930, over three million Germans were unemployed. Once again the state of Germany was disrupted and there was misery.

Meanwhile, the NSDAP was better organized and better financed than at any other time in their brief history. Hitler had used the years spent in obscurity to firmly establish his leadership and came to be seen almost like a god to his fanatic followers. The Nazi machine began to take up steam and they began an extensive propagandistic campaign.

They promised debt relief to desperate farmers, new jobs for the unemployed and the perfect answer to very problem plaguing Germany. But it was more than that. Hitler and his Nazis provided hope. Hitler with his words wove a comforting picture of a united, prosperous Germany, which was exactly what they needed to hear.

He told them he would save them from the long chain of disasters. They had lost World War I and been forced to accept the brutal Versailles Treaty and then had to deal with inflation. Now this, the Depression. Screaming, his voice charged with emotion, he spoke of acquiring territory and winning glory for Germany. He told them they were not to blame for losing World War I, they had lost it because of their enemies, the Jews. Again and again he made the same points. Germans were a master race fit to rule the world. Nazis were a force of good in the world, Jews were a force of evil.

Soon, there appeared an upward curve in the Nazis’ electoral fortunes. They became incredibly popular and had a major breakthrough in the elections of September 1930. Their status as a major political party was instituted. As the depression deepened, the Nazi’s membership began to swell. By 1932, the NSDAP had a membership of 1.5 million. The most important election for the Nazis and for the whole world took place in 1937 after a very illustrious campaign. In its most dramatic stroke, Hitler took to the skies in a highly publicized tour appearing in 21 cities in six days. Their campaign was a great success. At this election, the Nazis took 37.3 percent of the votes. They had finally won.

The result put Hitler in a commanding position. But refused to name him Chancellor. This was a very unpopular decision. The Nazis were not yet the most numerous group in Germany but they were certainly the most active and rather most menacing. They desperately wanted Hitler to be chancellor. In January of 1933, President Hindenburg finally asked Hitler to become Chancellor. Because the Nazis did not have a majority of seats in the Reichstag, Hitler had to form a coalition government. In 1933 after the death of President Hindenburg, the German cabinets combined the offices president and chancellor to make Hitler, Der Furher. He had achieved his goal. He was supreme leader and unlimited master of all Germany.

Now he had the power to make war on the Jews. He wanted to make Germany Judenrein, free of Jews. He was going to scare them out.

As soon as Hitler took power he put his beliefs into practice. He abolished freedom of speech and assembly, banned all parties except for the Nazi party and had his political enemies murdered; including seventy-seven Nazis whose loyalty he questioned. Herman Goering, Hitler’s second-in-command, ran the Gestapo, the dreaded secret police. They arrested, tortured and killed any one who opposed Hitler. Joeseph Goebbels was in charge of propaganda and utilized all media to spread hatred of the Jews. The black-shirted SS wore on their uniforms the death emblem, a skull and crossed bones to signify that they were as obedient as corpses. Their duties were to conduct door-to-door searches looking for Hitler’s opponents. The list was a long one: Jews, communists, Gypsies, Poles, Russians, Jehovah’s Witnesses, socialists, unfriendly writers, homosexuals…. You could be arrested for anything or nothing at all.

Even his precious Germans weren’t always satisfactory. German cripples, the deformed and mentally ill, orphans, and the homeless marred his image of the master race. Hitler wanted to make all Germans perfect physical specimens. All of them tall and strong with blue eyes and blond hair though he himself was short, with brown eyes and hair. The Nazis controlled every aspect of German life. They organized Germany’s schoolchildren into “Hitler Youth Groups”. They wore swastika bands and were taught to hate Jews. They were also encouraged to spy on their parents and other adults and to report anyone who said anything against Hitler or his party.

And what of the German Jews? They were caught in a terrifying, situation. No one had ever expected Hitler to become Chancellor; and certainly didn’t expect him to become Der Furher. HIs raving speeches and messages of hatred were to be ignored in a civilized world. Right? The Jews had suffered from the war and the inflation and the Depression just like everyone else. Now their home was a strange, hostile, dangerous place no matter where in Germany they lived and eventually no matter where in Europe you lived.

The SS beat Jews in the streets, raided synagogues, trod on sacred Jewish objects, and burned holy books, laughing and joking as they did so. They mocked, humiliated and murdered Jews. Goebbels fed the flames of hatred. All over Germany, the press reported false acts of Jewish treachery. Stories about Jews drinking the blood of Christian children. The lies rang like truth when they appeared in bold, black ink on the pages of respected newspapers.

Moviehouses, cafes, concert halls and other public places began to put up signs reading, “Jews not wanted.” Signs at swimming pools read, “No Jews and no Dogs.” As if there was no difference. In cabarets, German entertainers put on mock weddings between a German and a pig that was wearing a sign that said, “I’m a Jew!” Hatred and suspicion were everywhere. Germans began to shun their former neighbors and friends. German mobs felt free to loot Jewish stores and homes. German children felt free to bully their Jewish classmates. April 1, 1933 there was a national boycott of Jewish stores. Armed, glaring, uniformed Nazis stood guard outside every Jewish store and allowed no one to enter.

On March 12, 1938 German troops marched into Austria. They were met not with resistance, but with flowers. Here too, Hitler launched a campaign against the Jews. Soon, Austria hated the Jews too. Jewish stores were, again, boycotted. The SS made Jewish men get down on all fours and eat grass, then climb trees and twitter like birds. They made Jewish women run until they fainted.

Now Hitler wanted Austria to be Judenrein too. But they were so annoying he wanted them out of all Europe. Let the Americans deal with them. Then one day, he decided he wanted them off the face of the Earth. He would make the whole world free of Jews. He needed an excuse to do so and was given one by a very enraged Herschel Grynszpan.

The seventeen-year old was living in Paris when he received word from his Jewish family that, being Polish they had been expelled from Germany and sent back to Poland. But Poland no longer recognized them as citizens and they were wandering around, stateless with invalid passports in the “no man’s land” between Poland and Germany. On November 7, 1938, or Kristallnacht, “Night of Broken glass” the angry boy went to the German embassy in Paris and shot the first official he saw. The boy was arrested and the official died two days later. This act triggered off events the dimensions of which Herschel could not have begun to understand or even guess at. It led to the Final Solution, the systematic murder of millions of Jews all over Europe. The Holocaust.

Hitler committed horrible crimes against the Jews and many others in the concentration camps, and ghettoes but he was never punished. In anticipation of his downfall Hitler killed himself in 1945. Because he did it himself he had the last laugh. His book, Mein Kampf is banned in Germany and considered a dirty word. Most Germans want to forget any of it ever happened. But perhaps they shouldn’t. The holocaust was plain, undeniable truth of the horror of humanity. It has been immortalized in pictures, in visual and verbal accounts of those who experienced it and the horrified minds and hearts of the world. If we always remember it and learn to understand it, then we can prevent it from ever happening again; if we answer the question, how did Hitler come to power?

Perhaps it is the weakness of democracies that anyone can take control. Hitler came to power the legitimate way, through participating in elections. True he broke or bent a few rules and cheated and lied but probably no more than any other politician. It is common belief that had Hitler come along at another less desperate time for Germany, history would have played itself out very differently. Germany was weak. The people were miserable and Germans were scared after being hit with wave after wave after wave of calamity.

The Nazis provided the answer for impoverished farmers, ruined shopkeepers and small-business owners, workers disillusioned with the socialists and communist parties, and a host of frustrated and embittered young people of all classes, brought up in the postwar years and without hope of personal economic security. Hitler did a lot of good for Germany, fulfilling most if not all his promises. He provided employment and stabilized the economy. Hitler told Germans they were the master race and promised them the world. He also provided them with a scapegoat; someone to pinpoint their anger at: the Jew. If someone had to suffer and pay the price for Germany’s prosperity then let it be the Jew. Such was their mentality. History books should not portray the Germans as evil; their eager acceptance of Hitler’s ideas and policies is the product o human weakness and imperfection.

But Hitler was evil. Perhaps the most evil of men. An amoral man he viewed his fellow human beings as mere bricks in the political structure he wanted to erect. Hitler has hurt and permanently scarred the world with his destructive message, a message that still lives. But he too deserves understanding. He was born to a submissive, quiet mother and a cold, fearful father. When he was eighteen, his mother whom he was moderately close to, died. He failed at his life’s ambition, to become an artist and saw the country he loved torn apart in a million directions; saw the people he loved starve. Maybe he did believe in every crazy thing he said. Who knows? But we must never forget the Holocaust or Hitler. Both event and figure have something to show about humanity that is ugly but always there. Always ready to strike out. If we forget, it might happen again.

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Basilica Nova and St Peters Square

Imperial Christian architecture and art is an important part of art when it comes to art history based on religion. Early byzantine art is also of great importance when it comes to art history and how this art was used in churches and in worship and how significant it was to the people then as well as now. This art not only communicates about religion but it also shows how the people of that time practiced their culture and how that culture formed a very deep connection to God and spirituality which is displayed through the art. Basilica nova was built by emperor Constantine while St. peters square was constructed under Pope Alexander VII. These two churches are of great importance to the Christian worship and in them there is a lot of art which expresses different beliefs and the way of living at the time the church was constructed. This paper compares and contrasts the two churches in terms of their architecture and the art within the churches.

Constantine came to the top of the roman empire leadership at a time when the empire was divided within itself and it was facing external threats due to its internal weakness. This was a time when a lot of people vied for the position of the roman emperor. In 312 CE, Constantine won over Maxentius in the battle of Milvian Bridge. Due to this win the empire came back together and this was a time when emperor Constantine allowed Christianity to be practiced since he believed that it was the Christian God who had helped him to win the war. This was despite the fact that he came to believe during his deathbed moments. After Constantine won over Maxentius. He realized that Maxentius was in the process of building a grand basilica which he took over and finalized. It is located near the roman forum and it was renamed basilica nova.

When the basilica was complete it came to 300 feet, 215 feet wide and had a height of 115 feet. It was supported by concrete walls which were 15 feet thick. It was decorated with marble stucco and veneer. The northern end had an apse and the southern end was flanked by a porch. The Colossus of Constantine was located at the apse and it was built of many parts and not one. the body was built with wooden framework, brick core and it was gilded. Some parts remain of the colossus and one of them is the head that is over 5.5 feet long and eight feet tall. It portraits an individual with clearly defined features like the jaws, hooked nose, and large eyes. One hand points upwards towards the heavens while the other one held an orb or a scepter. It was a common multipurpose hall during the roman empire times and it functioned as law courts, business transactions and law courts.

On the other hand, St. peters basilica took a long time to build and many people were involved. However, the most important person was the Pope Alexander VII. St peters square houses over 300,000 people at once and it is one of the most famous and biggest squares in the world (Jones). The square was designed by Bernini in the 17th century and it has very many columns and rows. The square faces St. Peters Basilica and it has a lot of art within it. The most spectacular art which can be seen is the two giant statutes of St. peter and St. paul who were the two apostles to Rome. Interior of St peters square is decorated with marble. The entire interior of St. peters square and basilica are decorated with marble, gilding, reliefs, and architectural sculpture (maverickonthemove). It has a large number of tombs especially for popes and these are considered great works. There are also other great works of art and one of the most outstanding ones is the Michelangelo’s pieta as the mother of Jesus holds Jesus after being removed from the cross.

The art which is within the basilica and the square was done by some of the most famous artists like Carlo Maderno, Donato Bramante, Gian Lorenzo Bernini among others. The square also contains the Egyptian obelisk also known as the witness and placed at the center (“St Peter’s Square Vatican Rome Architecture & Facts Guide”). It is 84 feet tall and including the base it is 130 feet. It was originally in Forum Lulium around 25-30 BC. Caligula brought it to Rome and erected in 37 AD.

These two churches represent different people however along the same line of faith. Constantine and his basilica nova represent the people of his time in the year 300 AD while st peters square and basilica represent the people of 17th century (Jones). The two have differences but still also have similarities. Some of the similarities include the fact that the worship is of the same God for both. Therefore, the churches are constructed for the same purpose even though during the time of Constantine the church was used for several difference purposes. Both of the churches have art and this expresses the ability of the people of the two different times to express themselves. The differences include the fact that basilica nova is a small church compared to St. peters basilica and square. St peters basilica and square also have a lot of art which comparing to basilica nova does not exist.

In conclusion, these two churches express the thoughts of its people and the art which they used to have within their abilities. Even though the differences exist, the most important part is the ability of the churches to express faith and art at the same time.

Works cited

Jones, Muffet. “Early Christianity and Byzantine Art.” Boisestate.pressbooks.pub, boisestate.pressbooks.pub/arthistory/chapter/early-christianity-byzantine-art/. Accessed 27 Oct. 2021.

“St Peter’s Square Vatican Rome Architecture & Facts Guide.” Visit Vatican Info – Explore Rome with Our Rome Travel Guide, 15 Aug. 2020, visitvatican.info/st-peters-square/#Astonishing_details_about_St_Peter8217s_Square_Architecture. Accessed 27 Oct. 2021.

maverickonthemove, Author. “St. Peter’s Basilica – Renaissance Architecture at Its Best.” MaverickOnTheMove, 10 Sept. 2016, maverickonthemove.wordpress.com/2016/09/10/st-peters-basilica-renaissance-architecture-at-its-best/.

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Basic Literary analysis paper structure

Single piece (one poem, or one short story, or one novel, or play, or film)

Introduction: summarizing the story line; place/setting/most important characters/you can give a basic chronological story line for the reader (provide background material) – thesis statement

Body paragraphs (3 points to support your thesis)

Topic sentence that introduces the point

Textual evidence is a direct quote or at times you will paraphrase

Commentary or analysis of that “evidence” must be talked about after

Conclude

Conclude –now summarize the three points you made

Focus on our paper is to have works speak to a time period

Introduction: What is the late Romantic period as it applies to America? – Thesis statement: In both Emily Dickenson’s and Walt Whitman’s works, each author embodies the spirit of the period in ……(fill in the blank).

Choose 4-5 poems to speak to your thesis statement (apply the body paragraph structure above)

Conclude

According to Whitman in “Captain! My Captain!, “Where on the deck my Captain lies,/Fallen cold and dead

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1.

A gang is defined as an organized group of people to commit a crime. For many years, there has been a concern about the rising number of gangs across the country. Different gangs have different names by they are all bonded by their desire to cause harm and mayhem, and this makes them a threat to social order and public security. The history of gangs can be traced back to early civilizations, and they have evolved as they respond to the evolving society that we live. A gang is often comprised of people who have similar demographic similarities and the intention to cause social disorder. In the United States, data shows that up to there exists more than a million gangs who account for more than half of the reported criminal activities. Although gangs were previously known to exist in large inner-metropolis, in recent decades, gangs are manifesting themselves into smaller cities and towns, including rural areas of the country. Gangs have infiltrated into most aspects of our lives, including suburbs, rural areas, metropolis, and correctional institutions and, to some extent, schools.

Modern gangs are identified with a variety of characteristics that generally apply across the board. For instance, some of the activities that are standard for gangs include vandalism, swarming, stabbings, drug trafficking, intimidation and extortion, shootings, theft, and murder. Members of gangs often identify themselves with certain dress codes. Gangs in the country are also associated with certain body tattoos and signs that make it easy to identify themselves. It is a culture for gangs to develop certain signs to identify their territories and prevent the encroachment of others in the same neighborhood (Boyd, 2018). Law enforcers have identified certain signs, nicknames, and dress codes that gangs associate with, which makes it simpler to identify and bring them to book. Gang targets public places where their victims are likely to be accessed, including transit stops, parks, malls, streets, schools, public beaches.

In recent years, the brutality of law enforcers in the country has been on the rise, especially towards African American men. Police brutality can be defined as the use of excessive force when dealing with lawbreakers of perceived lawbreakers. Many African Americans have died in the country due to the bullets fired by law enforcers, although there was proof that they did not pose a significant danger to the officers (Ostertag, 2019). As police brutality gained attention in the country, many activists and citizens of goodwill raised concern about the racial profiling that was witnessed as most of those who were victims were of African origin. Many people were concerned that history was repeating itself when African Americans had to deal with racial profiling after many years of fighting for equal rights during the mid-twentieth century. In the 1950s and 1960s, many African Americans faced persecution for being black, and they became victims of racial profiling in the country.

Gangs have a set of informal rules that guide their operations. For instance, some acts by one member that are regarded as betrayal attract punishment that would lead to death. Many gangs operate in secrecy and have gang leaders who are in charge of the operations of the gang and can punish members or individuals considered as going against the set rules. Although gangs often have a code of conduct, there is also the risk of conflicts among members, most of them which are solved through violence. Gang members often do the enforcement of gang rules, and each has a responsibility of ensuring adherence to them. When there is a conflict of interest among gang members, there is a likelihood that other members will take sides and divide into two gangs with a lot of hostility between them.

People have raised concerns about police brutality that is witnessed in the country is similar to gang violence that is being witnessed across different suburbs in the country. Although the argument is based on the recent conduct of law enforcers, there are aspects of truth and falsehood s that come with it. For a start, it is vital to acknowledge that law enforcers are legally established and are expected to adhere to the set code of conduct and the US Constitution. One would compare police officers with gangs based on their conduct, especially when the public feels that they are perpetuating injustices of marginalized groups. Recent actions of law enforcers shooting innocent people in different places across the country continue to give a reason for people to compare law enforcers to gangs. As legal bodies and people who are expected to protect the lives of every American, the police officers should be held in high regard. However, their actions have been disappointing in recent years.

In recent decades, there have been incidences where police officers have shot dead unarmed African American men under mysterious circumstances. When law enforcers appear to be rogue and act in total disregard for the rule of law, it creates a feeling that forces other people to compare them with gangs. Gangs like law enforcers who act in disregard to the provisions of law, cause mayhem to innocent people and often kill them without respecting their rights. A few years ago, activists who were concerned about the increased police brutality to innocent killing African Americans started the ‘black lives matters.’ It was aimed at ensuring that law enforcers were held accountable for their perceived racial discrimination against people of African descent. As the campaign gained publicity in the US and the globe, many people started comparing the police brutality to that of gangs. The actions of some rogue police officers significantly tainted the image of the law enforcers, and this offers insights into why some people compare them with the operations of criminal gangs.

Community policing is vital in helping to foster the relationship between African Americans and police officers. It seems as if there is bad blood between law enforcers and the people of African descent, and this should be addressed. It will start by developing a strategy that addresses the misconceptions that exist between the two factions of society and help create a new platform for their interactions. There is a need to create public awareness among the African American community that there is a need to be calm with police officers and do what they ask of them as long as it is within the law. This is because there is a perception that most youths from African descent are defiant, and they are unwilling to respond to law enforcer’s request because they are always armed. Making it clear to African Americans that the responsibility of law enforcers is to protect them and act in the interest of public goodwill. This would ensure that most of them do what is expected of them when interacting with police officers.

The use of body and dashboard cameras would help African Americans offer evidence when law enforcers are mistreating them, and in instances where one dies, they can offer alternative evidence to police accounts of events. They would also act as a deterrent against police brutality as law enforcers would realize that they are being watched. There have been instances where African Americans have been shot even when they surrender to law enforcers and proving that cases have always been difficult. Technology is the only alternative to providence proof of what transfers in instances where there is suspected police brutality. Encouraging the installing dashboard and body cameras would help gather evidence in instances of police brutality against African Americans.

White supremacy involves the advancement and support of ideas and beliefs that are based on the natural superiority of white races to other groups, especially against those of Hispanic and African descent (Lane, 2018). Other terms have been used to describe white supremacists, including fascist, ultranationalist, and racist. Most groups that are regarded as white supremacists employ violence in implementing and spreading their ideas. Although there are interventions that have been developed to address the issue of police brutality against African Americans, white supremacists are undermining them.

For instance, where people have the idea of white supremacists, they consider people from other races as inferior, and they are more likely to abuse or exercise extreme brutality towards them. This makes curbing the problem of law enforcers’ brutality to people of African descent difficult. White supremacist uses violence to spread their ideas, and this is likely to encourage law enforcers who are tolerating their ideas to use more force towards African Americans. If the white supremacists succeed in spreading their white supremacy in the country, there is a likelihood that the country will experience increased violence against people of African descent from not only law enforcers but also their sympathizers. There is a need for more research on the extent to which the training of police officers would be contributing to increased police brutality towards African Americans. Many law enforcers have developed a notion that people of African descent are more likely to commit a crime compared to white people hence the need for more research on the origin of this perception. It would be vital in explaining the police perception of African Americans and shape the interventions that may be needed to address the problem.

2. What is child maltreatment, and what is the scope of this problem?

Child maltreatment is defined as any act of commission or omission that is likely to cause harm o people to consider being under the age of 18 years. It includes all forms of child abuse that may cause physical, emotional, psychological, and social harm. Some actions that are considered child maltreatment include child neglect, ill-treatment, negligence for children’s welfare, and any other form of exploitation of children. Child maltreatment is a global concern for many stakeholders, and there has been a concerted effort to address the issue, although the interventions have not been comprehensive and effective. Child abuse will threaten the health, development, survival, and dignity of children. In the United States, child maltreatment is a concern for many organizations that deal with the welfare of children as the trend has been increasing over the years.

According to statistics by the World Health Organization (WHO), about a quarter of adults globally report having undergone at least one form of physical abuse at childhood. According to reports from the Child Maltreatment Prevention statistics, more than five million children in the country have undergone one or more forms of child maltreatment. The most common form of child maltreatment in the country is physical, emotional, and sexual and neglect. They account for more than ninety percent of reported child maltreatment hence raising much concern on what interventions are necessary to address the problem (Branson et al. 2017).

Delinquency is a major concern in the United States as the numbers of juvenile crime continue to increase in the country. The numbers of children and teenagers who are being arrested and sent to the juvenile justice system have been rising. Stakeholders in the country are raising concerns about the trend. What is of more concern is that some of the juveniles are being involved in the armed crime that would attract large prison terms. According to sociological research, studies on delinquency reveal that socioeconomic status is the primary driver of juvenile crimes in the country, although other factors come into play. Generally, juveniles from poor backgrounds or neighborhoods regarded as low-income earners are more likely to engage in delinquency compared to those from more affluent families. This mentions that some of them engage in crimes due to pressure from socioeconomic factors they face. Other factors that affect criminal activities in juveniles include drug abuse, neglect, gang membership, and age (Crosby, 2016).

A trauma-informed practice in our juvenile systems is the practice that is based on the acknowledgment of the turmoil that juveniles undergo under certain circumstances, which would lead to the commitment of crimes. The aim of integrating trauma-informed practices into the juvenile system is to ensure that they are responsive to the traumatic events which teens who are convicted have undergone or are undergoing to offer a holistic approach to rehabilitation. It aims at addressing the cause of post-trauma stress disorders (PTSD) such as sexual abuse, poverty, violence, gender identity, neglect, racism, disability, and any form of discrimination that would be traumatizing to juveniles.

Trauma in juveniles results from socioeconomic factors that are linked with their source of income for families and access to basic essential services. Dealing with trauma in teenagers would require a holistic approach that would address the social-economic factors that are attributed to trauma. Research has shown that trauma is a significant contributor to juvenile crimes land addressing the causes would significantly reduce the upward trend of trauma in the country. The critical consideration in dealing with the issue of trauma is developing interventions that addressing the root cause. This makes it possible to minimize the risk of juveniles experiencing the trauma and limiting its severity when it happens. Interventions should be aimed at addressing socioeconomic factors that cause trauma.

Research assessing the different implementation processes that are adopted in family and juvenile court systems indicates that they are quite different from standard criminal justice systems. The juvenile and family court systems are designed to offer offenders a second shot at life without entirely condemning them. On the contrary, the standard criminal justice system adheres to strict laws and aims to ensure that people are held accountable for their actions as per the criminal justice system.

Although there is more desire and effort to promote the integration of trauma-informed practice within the juvenile court systems, there are numerous setbacks that make it difficult for full integration. The high numbers of juveniles who are sent to juvenile justice systems have overwhelmed the number of personnel involved in the provision of trauma-integrated hence compromising its effectiveness. There is also concern that there is a need for more interventions aimed at preventing trauma that would increase the number of teenagers sent to the juvenile justice system as a long term solution to the problem of trauma in delinquency. As time goes by, the effectiveness of trauma-informed practices in the juvenile court systems would be assessed, and more data generated would be used to make them more responsive to current trends.

References

Boyd, R. W. (2018). Police violence and the built harm of structural racism.

Branson, C. E., Baetz, C. L., Horwitz, S. M., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2017). Trauma-informed juvenile justice systems: A systematic review of definitions and core components. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(6), 635.

Crosby, S. D. (2016). Trauma‐informed approaches to juvenile justice: A critical race perspective. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 67(1), 5-18.

Lane, B. (2018). Racial Integration and White Supremacy in America: Can America Integrate its Power Structures and Liberate Them From White Supremacy.

Ostertag, S. (2019). Anti-Racism Movements and the US Civil Sphere: The Case of Black Lives Matter.

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1.0 Introduction

Effective transmission of information from one person to another is very important because it enables the receiver of this information to effectively carry out his or her duties and the sender on the other hand to confirm that the receiver has responded appropriately to the instructions. Various information management models can be applied to effectively manage the flow of information in a library, an archive, a museum and a job seeking centre in order to achieve the highest results through effective communication (Grover, Greer & Agada, 2010). In a library, the nature of information is the documented findings of various researches carried out in the past; in an archive, information is in the form of records of past events; in a museum, information takes the form of scientific specimens, works of arts or other objects of permanent value which are stored in order to be used for exhibition, study, research among other uses. In this essay the role of Shannon-weaver, 5 rings and information transfer cycle models in the management of information in these four situations is discussed.

2.0 Information Process Models

In this section, a detailed description of three information processing models is carried out. These models include the Shannon-waver model, the 5 rings model and the information transfer cycle model. An analysis of these models is done so as to provide comprehensive information regarding them and how they can enhance success or be limited (fail) in the transfer of information within a library setting (Pandey, 2004).

2.1 Shannon-Weaver Model

According to this model, effectiveness in communication is possible when the following five elements are at their optimum level of performance: the source, the transmitter, the channel, the receiver and the destination (Steinberg, 2007). This is important because for information to be sent effectively, the source must be authentic and must ensure that this information is well encoded. Similarly, the device being used to transmit this information must be of high quality in order to ensure that all the necessary information is transmitted accordingly without any form of distortion. The channel used should not only be affordable to both the sender and the receiver, but must also be effective in ensuring that the quality of information being sent remains high throughout the communication process (Berk, 1989).

It is indicated that effectiveness of this model when the receiver is in a position to understand the language being used by the sender and should also have all the necessary equipment to enable him receive the information at its highest quality. In this information processing model, distortion of information may occur as a result of physical noise, being caused by poor technology or semantic noise caused by the receiver’s failure to understand the message either because of his or her literacy level, emotional state, distractions among other factors. These are some of the issues that must be dealt with to ensure that the communication process is smooth and effective.

This model puts in consideration the sender, receiver, channel, receiver, noise and feedback besides the encoding and decoding processes that ensure that the flow of information is effective. It can be inferred from this model that it is the simplest model as it offers a unidirectional form of communication and enables people to understand the negative impacts of ‘noise’ in promoting effective flow of information (Narula, 2007). Through using an appropriate communication channel and encoding a message that the decoder (recipient) is capable to understand, and noise is managed, then the feedback received will portray effective flow of communication through developing a mutual understanding.

2.2 Information Transfer Cycle Model

In this model, information is taken through a number of processes before it s ready to be used. The first process is the information creation process. This according to Vicker and Vickery (2004) can be done through basic research or applied research. In basic research, one carries out a study in order to come up with new information on a particular phenomenon. In applied research, the study is directed towards achieving a specific objective and it involves the use of existing knowledge in solving a specific problem. These two classes of research lead to the creation of knowledge in particular fields. This created information is then recorded and organized in a manner that would make it easy for any potential user to access it.

The stated process could involve the arrangement of the information according to the subject, medium among other criteria which would make it easy for the user to easily access it. The information is then stored either for short or long periods depending on the nature of the information and the needs of potential users (Berk, 1989). Once the information has been stored, mechanisms should be put in place to ensure that the information can be easily accessed by potential users. Depending on the diversity and quantity of information, various access systems can be used like catalogues, indexes among others. The final process of information management in this model is delivery. This is refers to how the information seeker should gain information. The mode chosen depends on a number of factors like the nature of the information seeker, the cost of the delivery mode and security.

2.3 The 5 Rings Model

In this model, information falls into five types: internal, conversational, reference, news and cultural. Internal information consists of the messages which run our internal systems thus allowing our bodies to function properly. Conversational information refers to both formal and informal messages that are exchanged between and among people. Reference information on the other hand refers to information that runs the world; news refers to the documentation of events as and when they take place while cultural information is an expression of any kind which comes to terms with the current civilization (Narula, 2007). This model just like the other two is very important in the management of the flow of information in various institutional settings.

3.0 Episodes

3.1Library

In a library, the information transfer cycle model is applied extensively in the management of the flow of information. This is because information found in the library originated from the researches having been conducted by scholars in the past. This information, after having been created by these researchers, was then organized by these scholars in manner that could be easily accessed by potential users like students and other researchers. The organized information was then stored inn the library for long or short periods depending on the nature of the information and the needs of potential users. The decision on whether to store a given documentary on a long term or short term basis depends on the relevance of this information to the users (Grover, Greer and Agada, 2010).

If this information was bound to be useful for a long period of time, then it could be stored in the library for a long period of time. If on the other hand, its usefulness was limited to a given short period of time, then a short term storage period could be in the offing. Access to this information is very important because the reason for its storage is to ensure that it can be accessed by those intending to use it. In a library setting, catalogues are used to access this information. The delivery mode could either be electronic or print media depending on the needs of the user as well as the financial capacity of the library.

3.2 Archive

In an archive, past records and the historical data of past events is stored for future use. The information transfer cycle model is also very effective in the management of information in an archive. This information is also taken through all processes involved in this model. It is first created through basic research on the people’s past ways of life or an observation of the same. It is then recorded appropriately and availed to the public for collection (Lancaster & Warner, 1993). It could either be restricted to a few people or made available to all the people depending on a number of factors. It is then arranged according to the topic, date created among other criteria to make it easy for people to access. Storage of this information is mostly done on a long term basis since a large proportion of it is of permanent value. Access to this information may also involve the use electronic catalogues among other means delivery being either in print or electronic media (Lancaster and Warner, 1993)

3.5 Museum

In a museum, information management applies both the information transfer cycle and the Shannon-weaver models. The information transfer cycle model is applied in the process of creation, collection, organization, storage and providing access to information while the Shannon-weaver model is applied most in the process of accessing and using this information (Chaturvedi, 2004). Information in a museum is obtained from the past events and past scientific studies which are then documented together with the supportive evidence. The whole process beginning with the creation of this information to the point of delivering it to the potential users is based on the information transfer cycle model. The Shannon-weaver model is applied when one is conducting a research with information from the museum forming a significant percentage of his source.

In this case, the source of information is the museum with information in different forms like scientific specimens, works of art among others. The channel used in most cases is usually oral communication whereby an employee in the archive explains to the researcher various aspects of the scientific specimens being studied. The researcher would have to be very keen on what is being explained in order to obtain information as effectively as possible (Berk, 1989). Various factors could cause failure of this communication process and therefore the concerned parties must address them. These may include poor emotional state of the receiver, physical noise or even the receiver’s prejudgment. If the receiver of this information is hungry or is in any other unstable emotional state, he may not get the message clearly. These issues must therefore be addressed for the communication process to be effective.

3.6 Job-Seeking Centre.

In a job-seeking centre, the nature of information exchanged relates to the specifications of jobs available for applicant; the applicants and their respective qualifications among others. The Shannon-weaver model as well as the 5 rings model is very useful in the management of information in this situation. According to the Shannon-weaver model, communication between the job-seeker and the agent must be very effective in order for the person to end up with the most appropriate job. This means that in communicating to the applicant about the available job opportunities, the agent must ensure that the channel being used is as effective as possible with as minimal distortions as possible (Pandey, 2004) .

This would ensure that the job seekers have the right information about the available opportunities and that only the right candidates apply for the jobs. In addition to this, during interview sessions, job seekers must pay attention to what is inquired of them in order to respond to the questions appropriately. It is also important that the right channel is chosen, for instance, if an oral interview is the choice, then there should be no noise within this environment. Both the job seeker and the agents should have right attitudes and in stable emotional states. The 5 rings model is application especially in the agent’s process of aging access to knowledge about new job opportunities in market.

4.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, information transfer is very important in organizations and therefore ensuring that the process is being carried out effectively should be one of the priorities of managers in these institutions. In transfer of information, one of the most important points to consider is the fact that information must be transmitted effectively and made available to the potential users in the most comprehensive manner (Steinberg, 2007). Access to this information can be enhanced by use of catalogues in libraries among other means. Whichever mode of accession is chosen, care must be taken to ensure that the mode of delivery is as effective as possible to the potential user.

References

Narula, U., (2007) Communication Models. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.

Steinberg, S., (2007). An Introduction to Communication Studies. Juta and Company Ltd. Print.

Chaturvedi, (2004) Business Communication: Concepts, Cases And Applications. Pearson Education India. Reprint.

Grover, R., Greer, R.C. & Agada, J., (2010) Assessing Information Needs: Managing Transformative Library Services. ABC-CLO. Print.

Vickery, A. & Vickery, B.C., (2004) Information Science in Theory and Practice. Edition 3. Walter de Gruyter. Print.

Berk, R.A., (1989) Starting, Managing, and Promoting the Small Library. M.E Sharpe. Print.

Pandey, D.K., (2004) Library And Information Science. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. Print.

Lancaster, F.W. & Warner, A.J., (1993) Information retrieval today. Edition 3.Information Resources Press. Print.