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A Feminist Rhetorical Critic of Lolita

Introduction

It’s never what you’re doing; it’s about how you’re doing it. Lolita is a novel full of grim and disgusting subjects like pedophilia, incest, and assassination. However, based on class lectures, I would assume that the graphical representation proposed by the good professor in the novel was much better than what Stanley Kubrick had, owing to the censorship code in the studio. While I believe that if Kubrick could make the script, as Nabokov wrote the novel, I assume he might – that, after all, is Stanley Kubrick (Boyd). More morally, say, I think Kubrick at least addresses the idea of pedophilia as Professor Humbert reflects his feelings about the pretty young blonde Lolita, 15, in his diary. And although we never see any desire or love scenes, the dialog also demonstrates that they have a forbidden friendship. In a way, it can be called one of a Kubrickian psychological film, which, considering her intellect as a young adult, has Professor Humbert’s fascination with a young teenager. Subtle signs of Lolita trying to make something fun to Professor Humbert, like take off her shoes while lying on her bowel, I’d think that her foot will be in the book. In this analysis I seek answer the rhetoric question why girls should be protected from sexual abuse?

Methodology

The whole new alliteration is used to emphasize those terms to intensify the subject. The word Lolita is constantly stressed in the book since she plays the critical part of the one wish of Humbert. “Lolita, Light of my life, the fire of my loins,” the opening line of the novel Nabokov says. My sin, my core. My sin. Lo-lee-ta: the top of the tongue, three measures down the palate, then knock on the teeth, three steps down. Read. Ta”(Orozco).This pictures Lolita as “a solely verbal structure” (Bouchet) since her first name, rather than her character, is broken down in the document. In her essay The Details of Desire: From Dolores on the Dotted Line to Marie Bouchet’s essay “Nabokov’s prose while exploring the détails draws the reader to its writing content by different sound effects, bold metaphors, rhythm variations, and other stylistic aspects that give rise to a meta-textual influence,” she discusses this opening paragraph. [109]. He introduces his enthusiasm for Lolita in Humbert’s story

Pedophilia is a continuous sexual appeal to pre-pubertal girls. The pedophilic condition may be identified in persons prepared to report this paraphilia and persons who refuse any physical exposure to infants but provide objective signs of childhood. In comparison, Lolita was wise enough to consider sex and attraction to men in most cultures (Fowler). It is not appropriate to say that a far older man is in a position to have relationships of some kind, other than that of his family or friendships with a young woman under 18, and even that keeps moving her. In a few countries like Afghanistan, wedlock children, along with women in certain specific kinds of third world countries, are quite the rule for Taliban leaders – even the concerns amongst the First and Second World countries – who have little to no right to do so in their own lives. So the U.S. involvement of the military forces since 2001, the most protracted conflict since Vietnam, was in the U.S.

Discussion

On a few occasions, the dialog was talked about by the neighbors during one of the famous fights of Humbert and Lolita, so Humbert said that he needs complete power over her life. Jealousy and pedophilia could, in this student’s view, potentially be deemed a condition for further research. It is a little ridiculous that Humbert continues to regard his baby’s daughter like a pent-up homemaker. That is why she runs into a much younger boy’s arms. I can only believe that Nabokov wrote this in his book since they are natural habits inside an unhealthy partnership that focus on more psychological issues.

The revealing of Lolita’s virginity in a bathrobe with her opening scene also shows a rather “evil girl” attitude towards Humbert and the final good evening kiss near his lips on the first day of his visit. As already stated, when you are on the bed, Lolita is a little flirtatious with Humbert, but more dialog also revealed that both sleep together or only have sex (what my mother would do me if she finds out about us). In the end, Kubrick also pointed out that the material for a connection between the two may also have originated from the book; once again, he had to remove a ton of dirty content to squeak the film into the studio code. Mr. Quilty (Peter Sellers) interviewed Professor Humbert and followed them with interest on the road for a while and even picked Lolita up after being discharged from the hospital by challenging her connections as a father and daughter.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, we should develop legislation to defend girls from sextual abuse. Still, the lines we draw remain unstable (demonstrated in, among other ways, the constantly shifting age of legal consent). The morality of Lolita maybe only to see how deficient are our excessively simplistic dichotomies of desire and affection, seduction and abuse, children and adults, children and girls. As Michael Wood notes, Lolita doesn’t only reveal “just what a crime toward a kid is,” but it tells us that “Humbert is not a pedophile, and Nabokov’s Lolita is not a Lolita. But can ordinary pedophiles exist? Is this not a difficult concept in itself, and does Humbert, despite himself, not do us a little good by offering the idea so hard?” The Lolita stories compel one to replenish for their benefit the lines we draw for the girl and fight for the nuanced essence of the consent and the vastness of the grey field between white and black situations. In reality, Lolita’s ethical and esthetic consent puzzles are reiterated because they are part of what makes the plot so infinitely interesting, troubling, and puzzling.

Work cited

Boyd, Brian. Vladimir Nabokov: the american years. Princeton University Press, 2016.

Orozco, Wilson. Transtextualidad y reescritura en Lolita de Vladimir Nabokov. Diss. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016.

Fowler, Douglas. Reading Nabokov. Cornell University Press, 2019.

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A Farewell to Arms, a novel that was written by Ernest HemingwayIntroduction

A farewell to arms, a novel that was written by Ernest Hemingway, is the narrative of a disheartened soldier who happens to get entangled in a romantic relationship with his nurse. The soldier is confronted by the brutality as well as the nonsensical cruelty of the war. The soldier faces bare truths concerning how conflict compromises fundamental human relationships. In the novel, Italy’s responsibility is to prevent the Austro-Hungarian army from supporting the Germans on the battle’s western frontage, and Russia towards the east. The protagonist of the novel, who doubles as its narrator, is in the long run recognized as Lieutenant Henry. Henry is an American volunteer for the Italian forces, since the U.S has not yet come into the war. Henry oversees a faction of ambulance drivers of Italian origin (Hemingway 3). This paper posits to provide an exploration of the plot as well as the basics of the narrative.

THE PLOT

In the initial part of the book, Henry takes goes to Naples and comes back. Through his acquaintance, Lt. Rinaldi, Henry meets Barkley, who is an aide to a British nurse. Barkley’s fiancée had died in Somme the year before. Henry is immediately love-struck with Barkley and he spends a long time courting her. Henry’s initial meetings with Barkley come across as a playful game. The two characters are conscious of the surrounding gravity of events, but, all together, Henry and Barkley participate in a joint flight of the imagination. In tears, Barkley tells Henry that they would have a weird life (27). The offensive begins again as the snow clears, and Henry departs with three ambulances to a station in the mountains. In the first night at the station, a bombardment takes place and Henry is gravely injured in the legs. Henry loses one of the drivers, while another is wounded. Consequently, Henry is transferred to a field health-care facility, but he is later transferred to Milan when an American hospital opens there.

However, the hospital staff is caught unawares by Henry’s presence at the hospital, but they accept him nevertheless. Barkley comes to work at the American hospital with Miss Ferguson, who is her acquaintance in order that she may be close to Henry. The primary estimates give Henry six months to recuperate, but a second physician operates on him virtually instantly. Before long, Henry walks on crutches and is seen visiting restaurants in the company of Barkley. Barkley makes sure that, she works in the night shifts, in order that, they may spend time together during the night. Henry begins to engage in too much drinking, and as soon as he recuperates, he is offered leave for three weeks. He however, loses it since he acquires jaundice as a result of drinking excessively. Barkley owns up to him that she is pregnant, but Henry is not disappointed with her, but only troubled. Seemingly more significant than the fear of battle are the discussions and drinking in the officers’ mess, mirroring the triviality of the encroaching battle (62).

Prior to his to return to the battle front, the two spend a night in an inn. Henry departs by train at midnight in order to go back to Gorizia. On reaching Gorizia, Henry finds out that there are a smaller number people in the town, and the town is increasingly unexciting. He also discovers that, his acquaintance Lt. Rinaldi has grown to be increasingly miserable. Henry creates a fuss in the mess hall before leaving, as the two acquaintances chat over the war and life. The following day Henry arrives at the mountain station to search for the ambulance team. However, that night they are compelled to retreat following an Austrian assault. After a few days, the multitude of people who are retreating creates a traffic jam. Henry finds it appropriate to direct his three ambulances to take a path, but soon after taking the side road, the ambulances become stuck, and therefore, the team is forced to proceed on foot. Tragedy strikes as the come to a river, when one of Henry’s drivers is murdered, and another one is captured as he tries to escape. Henry and his remaining driver try reuniting with the Italian army, but, to their dismay, the Italian army has become suspicious of German spies. The Italian army is interrogating as well as shooting anybody who is not of Italian origin. Henry leaps into a river in an effort to flee execution, and consequently floats for a period of time. He leaps on a train and travels to Milan (71).

When Henry arrives in Milan, he discovers that Barkley has left to a town known as Stresa in proximity to the Swiss boundary. Henry acquires some new clothes from an acquaintance and travels by train to search for Barkley in Stresa. On arrival in Stresa, he enters into an inn and finds Barkley in the company of her acquaintance Miss Ferguson. The reunion of Henry and Barkley brings joy two the couple, although Miss Ferguson is distressed on seeing Henry since she does not trust him. In the course of their stay in Stresa, an acquaintance of Henry, who is a bartender, inform him that he faces arrest the following morning. The bartender grants them his boat to paddle to Switzerland. Henry paddles throughout the night, but on their arrival in Switzerland, Barkley becomes the first to be arrested (82).

Together, Henry and Barkley stay together in an isolated mountain town known as Montreux. The two spend their entire time in Montreux reading, talking, and hiking. By this time, Barkley’s pregnancy has fully-grown, and when the spring draws closer they shift into a bigger town. When Barkley goes into labor, the two hurry to the hospital where they arrive early at sunrise. However, Barkley still has not delivered the infant by midday. The doctor proposes a caesarian, and the operation appears to go well, but Henry soon discovers that Barkley has hemorrhaged and that the baby was born dead, having been strangled by its umbilical cord. Soon afterwards, Barkley succumbs to recurring hemorrhaging.

Basics of the Novel. The novel does not have any subplots, and the trifling characters are absolutely unnecessary. This perennially well-liked book draws its power from the intensity of Henry and Barkley’s affection for each other, as well as the power of the hostile forces that eventually tear them apart. The novel’s symbolic structure is developed around a succession of contrasting circumstances indicating an incessant dichotomy that would be labeled as “not home” and “home”. In spite of the adamant, denotative irony at the surface of the novel’s arrangement, the subsurface activities are structured connotatively around “not home” and “home”. Throughout, the novel, the author has worked entirely by implication, quiet repetition, and suggestion, therefore, placing the audience into potential awareness. The proposition for a symbolic “not-home” and “home” equation may be additionally extended and perceived as a sense of “home” (normalcy) versus “not-home” (the ridiculous).

The issue of what is delusion and what is authentic saturates the novel. In general held in reserve for philosophical argument, these issues provide the novel with an insightful drama. This is a tragedy in which the lives of the characters are profoundly affected since without dealing with these issues, they cannot flee the consequences of ignorance or indifference; in its place, their lives turn out to be inauthentic. In the author’s fiction, a character may act, strive and survive, but the character cannot be entirely human, a real being, until one sees beyond outward show to the real meaning (105). Barkley and Henry are drawn to one another via an illusion of seduction, love, as well as comfort that offers Barkley solace, following her fiancée’s death and Henry a diversion from the war. Following Henry’s injury, his craving for Barkley and the comfort she provides transforms from a desirable diversion to something indisputably real. Henry’s development in understanding as well as, the move to realism harmonizes the progression of the novel. Whereas at the beginning of the narrative, the adherence to an ordered world, picturesque landscapes, whorehouses and bars, conflicts with the backdrop of a growing war, subsequent to coming back from the hospital, Henry becomes increasingly conscious of the vulgarity of warfare and the nonexistence of the delusions. The novel’s resonating theme echoes the author’s contempt for the abstract concepts of honor and faith that contrast with the tangible facts of warfare. As Henry accepts the purposelessness of abstract views, such as conscience and duty towards one’s place of work, he ought to contend with the vainness of life. Henry acknowledges the ridiculousness of war, only to experience the loss of his wife and child through death, the irrationality of peace (179).

The difference between illusion and reality become interchangeable for Henry when fantasy and truth result in irrationality. By following Henry’s cyclic journey through the narrative, the audience is shoved in and out of nightmare and fantasy. Henry’s fortunes rise and fall alternately with the narrative’s structure. This emphasizes the notion that “home” is a fantasy, whereas “not-home” is the realism of suffering and pain. This highlights the dichotomy of illusion and reality is the inevitable sense of the illogical. It can be argued that, for the author the character exists vulnerably in a passive and, anxious association with the world. The author’s illusory subjects are strongly and peculiarly alienated from the real world. These characters give the impression of existing in an ideological void. This is because of their incapability to find any positive and meaningful relationship with the bigger public arena. Henry’s sense of illusion and reality result in the similar futile sense of emptiness and hopelessness. In the novel, the author demonstrates that happiness is a fantasy based exclusively on perception, and that the fantasy offers simply a temporary refuge from the authentic.

Works Cited

Hemingway, E. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Scribner, 1929. Print.

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u List of Tables, Figures and Charts PAGEREF _Toc334339172 h 2Abstract PAGEREF _Toc334339173 h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc334339174 h 4Background overview of Burberry plc (UK) PAGEREF _Toc334339175 h 4Background overview of Gap Inc. (US) PAGEREF _Toc334339176 h 7Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc334339177 h 8Theories on Profitability and Capital Structure PAGEREF _Toc334339178 h 8Relation between Market-to-book ratio, profitability and leverage PAGEREF _Toc334339179 h 10Overview of the Global Apparel Industry PAGEREF _Toc334339180 h 11Methodology PAGEREF _Toc334339181 h 14Data Analysis and Results PAGEREF _Toc334339182 h 15Comparison between Gap and Burberry PAGEREF _Toc334339183 h 15Comparison between Burberry and the UK Industry Averages PAGEREF _Toc334339184 h 19Comparison between Gap and the US Industry Averages PAGEREF _Toc334339185 h 23Conclusion and Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc334339186 h 31Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc334339187 h 33Appendix PAGEREF _Toc334339188 h 35

List of Tables, Figures and ChartsTable SEQ Table * ARABIC 1: Burberry Vs Gap ROE from 2002-2011…………………………………………..….14

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: Graph for Comparison of ROE for Burberry and Gap………………………………15

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2: Graph for Comparison of ROA between Burberry and Gap……………………….…16

Figure 3: Comparison of SPREAD-Gap and Burberry ………………………………………………………19

Figure 4: ROE for Burberry vs. UK Industry ……………………………………………….….20

Figure 5: Burberry vs. UK Industry 2002-2011 ……………………………………………….21

Figure 6: ROE Gap vs. US Industry ……………………………………………………………24

Figure 7: ROA Gap vs. US Industry Averages …………………………………………………25

Figure 8: FLEV Gap vs. US Industry Averages……………………………………………….. 26

Figure 9: SPREAD for Gap vs. US Industry Averages ………………………………………..28

Table 2: Outstanding Common Shares against Shareholders’ Equity ………………………….35

AbstractThis paper presents a financial ratio analysis of Burberry Group plc and Gap Inc using the Penman’s financial ratio decomposition method. The idea is to analyse Burberry’s performance in the apparel industry as a UK-based company and compare it to its US-based competitor and also compare it against the overall UK apparel industry averages. Gap Inc is also analysed in terms of performance and then compared with the overall US apparel industry averages. The aim and objective of the paper is achieved by reformulating the balance sheets and income statements of the two companies so that it becomes easier to identify the components of the balance sheet and income statement that entail working and financing activities. The profitability owing to each activity is then worked out. The ratios that focus on leverage, operating and financing profitability and general shareholder profitability are used to assess the positions of Burberry Group plc in relation to its competitors and the entire apparel industry. Burberry is selected for its long history of operation in the clothing industry, having been established in 1856. Gap Inc is selected for the fact that it has witnessed rapid growth despite being young since its establishment in 1969. The apparel industry has seen a rapid growth over the last 4 years yielding interest in it. This has also attracted more firms into the industry. The literature review section reviews various theories and studies that have been researched on the topic and views of various authors regarding the relationship between market-to-book ratio, profitability and leverage of a firm on the capital structure decisions made by the firm are discussed to help in fitting the study into the context of existing work. The results indicate that Burberry has poor position both in the industry and against its US-affiliated competitor.

IntroductionThe aim of this study is to compare two firms, one from the UK and another from the US. To achieve this, the study also focuses on the industries in which the two firms fall and compares the industry averages with the financial ratios worked for the firm. This objective is further achieved by focusing on two firms in the apparel industry- Burberry Group plc and Gap Inc. Burberry has been selected for its long history of operation in the clothing industry, having been established in 1856. Gap Inc is selected for the fact that it has witnessed rapid growth despite being young since its establishment in 1969. The apparel industry has seen a rapid growth over the last 4 years yielding interest in it. This has increased the level of competition and strategies firms put in place with respect to capital structure decisions can be revealed in various ways including analysis of their financial ratios and comparing the figures against the industry averages.

Under the literature review section, various theories and studies that have been researched on the topic and views of various authors regarding the relationship between market-to-book ratio, profitability and leverage of a firm on the capital structure decisions made by the firm are discussed to help in fitting the study into the context of existing work.

Background overview of Burberry plc (UK)Burberry is a brand that was established 156 years ago when it was founded by Thomas Burberry. Over these many years of operation, Burberry has positioned itself in the apparel industry to become a major player in the luxury business not just in the UK but on the worldwide business arena. Nevertheless, the company has in the past concentrated its business in the UK, US and Japan. Japan accounts for more than 50% of the company’s brand sales while the US and Spain combined represent about 25% of the brand sales. An analysis that was carried out by the equity research firm, Credit Suisse in 2004 showed that the company’s focus of distribution on licensing especially in its Japanese market and wholesale approach in Spain results in low gearing for the company while creating a positive potential for increased consumer demand.

The company has two main investment options with the high-end apparel accounting for 60% of the company’s revenues and the accessories section accounting for 29% of the revenues.

In terms of creating shareholder value, the company has a longstanding record since the year 2000. It has achieved this through the acquisitions of brand licenses and distributors and the expansion of its distribution chains in its markets. GUS, which is the main shareholder, is fundamentally a seller for the company’s products. As at 29 August 2012, Burberry had a market capitalisation of 5.89 billion pounds with a volume of 698,953 shares being traded at the London Stock Exchange at an average share price of 1,362 GBP. The industry average market capitalisation stood at about 884 billion pounds.

The company has more than 500 store locations worldwide and employing approximately 6700 employees. Prior to 1955, Burberry was an independent company, after which it was acquired by Great Universal Stores. While the company has had a long history of existence and operation, it was not until July 2002 that it was floated on the London Stocks Exchange as a publicly traded company. Burberry Group plc has an operating income of and its latest share price as of 26th August 2007 closed at an average of 1,362 GBP (US $2,128).

The company faces great competition from the UK, US and globally. There are many companies competing in this industry on the global arena. The industry is less attractive to new entrants hence the greatest competition comes from the firms that are already operating. New entrants are not highly attracted to the industry because the value of the global apparel industry has only grown moderately in the past despite the fact that entry does not require large capital outlays. Major competitors in the apparel industry in the UK include Arcadia Group Limited, which is based in the UK, Giorgio Armani in Italy, Benetton Group in Italy among many others in the region. In the US, Burberry Group plc competes against companies such as Gap Inc.

Another aspect that can weaken the negotiating power of buyers is the likelihood of retailers fragmenting buyers more by differentiating themselves on the basis of the type or style of clothing they deal in. while style is viewed as an abstract concept that could be purely psychological, these fragments play a major role in winning consumer identity and loyalty (Yuen & Chan 2010). Customer loyalty as a driver for profitability of a firm has been explored extensively in previous studies. Customer loyalty and satisfaction are understood major drivers to a firm’s competitiveness, not just in the apparel industry, but in any industry (Yuen & Chan 2010). The conceptualisation of customer satisfaction varies from researcher to researcher. Cronin & Taylor (1992) argued in favour of the measures skewed towards transactions, with Anderson (1994) basing his arguments on the aspects of eventuality of the buying and consumption process. Regardless of the inclination of the researcher, customer satisfaction hinges on the extent to which goods and services meet the expectations of the buyer or consumer. Ultimately, the expectations of the consumer are drawn from the range of needs from the consumer, thereby establishing the link between consumer needs and satisfaction.

Background overview of Gap Inc. (US)On the other hand, Gap Inc. is a US specialty apparel company established in 1969 and focuses on apparel, personal care products for all types of customers and is one of the major competitors in the global apparel business. It deals in casual apparel, accessories and individual care products for men, women and children under four main brands. The brands include piper lime, gap, old navy and banana republic. The company has an extensive online presence and it has also penetrated into the Chinese market even though it has plans to triple the number of stores in this market. Some of the websites that the company has its presence include wwws.babygap.com www.gap.com and www.piperlime.com, among others where it has its e-commerce stores. China being an emerging market for almost every industry, it creates an opportunity for many companies to show their international presence and garner an extra mark on the competitive edge.

The company has more than 3,260 store locations in North America, Japan, UK and Ireland. Out of all the stores, about 3,036 are operated by the company while the rest are franchised to third party operators. Given its strategy in store operation, having more stores being operated by the company has been cited as strength of the company and ability to command the market as the dependence on third parties in distribution and product sale is reduced. The strategy also helps in boosting the company’s autonomy in brands. Another strength of the company is its model of operating debt-free balance sheet and free cash flow. It is listed on the New York Stocks Exchange and its share price averaged 23 GBP (US $35.2) as at 27th August 2012.

Literature ReviewTheories on Profitability and Capital StructurePrevious literature has showed that the market-to-book ratio and profitability play a significant role as determinants of a company’s capital structure. Along this view are two theoretical viewpoints that attempt to explain the perspective taken by a firm when making such financial decisions. Market-to-book ratio and a business’ profitability play important roles in the financial decision making. It is commonly expected for companies with higher market-to-book ratio exhibit lower leverage ratios. Lower leverage ratios indicate stronger financial standing of the company as there is reduced risk when a company has a lower leverage ratio (Hovakimian, Hovakimian, & Tehranian 2003). For that reason, firms that have higher market-to-book ratios are highly likely give out equity when opting for external financing. Moreover, companies with higher profitability have a higher likelihood of issuing debt. These empirical regularities are still a subject of much debate on the basis of the interpretations of the two factors. This debate arises because of the two schools of thought, which offer differing views on the issue of a company’s capital structure. One school of thought, the tradeoff theory, argues that firms opt for optimal capital structure by aiming to balance the tax factor and incentive benefits realised from debt financing as well as the expected costs associated with bankruptcy. On the same grounds, the theory further holds that firms that have higher market-to-book ratios have higher likelihood of greater growth opportunities (Gereffi & Memedovic 2003).

Whenever future investment opportunities arise, the firm would not wish to miss on the chances of good investments and therefore they are also determined to keep the leverage ratios lower to reduce those kinds of risks (Gereffi & Memedovic 2003). This approach makes them more likely to give out equity whenever investment opportunities come by and amend their target leverage ratios appropriately. Other scholars in the tradeoff theory of thought have also expressed views that firms that have higher profitability are typically under-levered because they tend to passively build up internal funds. This trend provides an explanation for the negative correlation between profitability ratio and the leverage ratio. Thus profitability fails to offer a proper explanation for the post-financing ratio since the passive function of the profitability has been corrected (Hovakimian, Hovakimian, & Tehranian (2003).

The costly external financing theory is the other school that that offers an explanation of the capital structure of a firm as the firm aims to strike a balance between the tax factor and financing opportunities. According to proponents of this theory, the theory has two arms. One arm is the pecking order theory and the other is the market timing theory. The first part of the theory (the pecking theory) is hinged on a fundamental assumption which holds that a firm’s external financing costs exceed the internal financing costs because of the asymmetric information. Relative costs thus have a defining role in determining the financing decisions of the firm. The market timing theory, on the other hand, assumes that market dynamics may affect the way firms select costs and this is likely to vary from firm to firm or even through time. These aspects are likely to arise from the fact that firms are likely to mis-price due to the dynamics of the market. This is likely to change the cost of equity financing. It implies that when this happens the pecking theory is rendered broken (Gereffi & Memedovic 2003). Even though the two arms of the costly external financing theory act in different ways, they have a common feature of placing emphasis on the significance of the external financing costs in determining the capital structure decisions.

The theory draws a lot from the firm’s market-to-book ratio and its profitability to develop the interpretation of the capital structure decisions made by the firm. Therefore, based on this theory, firms that exhibit higher market-to-book ratios have higher chances of issuing equity. This is as a result of the relationship between market-to-book ratio and cost of equity financing where a higher market-to-book ratio indicates a lower cost of external equity financing. This perspective of market-to-book ratio has become the chief foundation for a formal argument of the market timing theory (Baker and Wurgler 2002). Other scholars have argued that market valuation of equity is a major driving force of leverage ratios (e.g. Welch 2004). Firms fail to institute countermeasures that can help in offsetting the changes that occur to leverage ratios due to disparities in market valuations.

In fact, when opting for external financing, firms that have more positive equity market valuations have a higher probability of issuing equity, and this makes them further deviate away from their initial or target leverage ratios. This evidence is in agreement with the concept that companies are concerned more about external financing costs than their target leverage ratios.

This analysis focuses on two companies in the apparel industry. For the UK-based apparel company, Burberry plc is analysed while GAP Inc. is analysed for the US-based apparel company. It is important to have an overview of the global apparel industry to see how the two firms compare with the rest of the global apparel industry.

Relation between Market-to-book ratio, profitability and leveragePenman et al (2006) observe that market-to-book ratio (which is also called book-to-price ratio- (B/P) has a positive correlation with subsequent profitability or stock returns. This relationship is now commonly referred to as the book-to-market (or sometimes also called HML) effect. The market-to-book ratio stands as a feature that loads risk but it is not certain what direction the risk would be coming from since irregularities in the ratio could be as a result of either market mispricing of the firm’s stocks or due to actual pricing of the risk involved. When it results from the dynamics of market efficiency (when it underpins how efficient the market is) it is basically a rational attempt to price the risk (Penman 2004). It could also be an interpretation of abnormal returns resulting from mispricing and in this case it underpins market inefficiency. Either way, it is important that information on the expected model of returns of the company is known to have full idea of what causes any change in the market-to-book ratio of the firm. Therefore, comparing the ratio with other financing ratios such as financial leverage (FLEV), return on equity (ROE) and the return on common equity (ROCE) is an important endeavour to gauge the position of the company in terms of profitability and leverage. This position is also supported by the study conducted by Zhang (2000). Conservative accounting leverages ROCE equation and the leverage effect flows through the profitability accruable to shareholders. Hence, as the amount of anticipated ROCE grows, the market-to-book ratio also grows (Zhang 2000).

Overview of the Global Apparel IndustryThe global apparel industry has been expanding considerably as a result of the trade policies that existed before 2005. In 2005, the World Trade Organization initiated an agreement on textiles and clothing (known as ATC), which removed a number of the quotas that previously helped in the regulation of the industry. This move caused a remarkable fluctuation in the balance of global apparel industry in terms of trade and production that made firms to restructure their strategies in bid to realign their production policies and sourcing systems in the midst of the new economic realities and the paradigm shift in the global politics (Karina, Stacey & Gereffi 2011). These changes have resulted in other significant factors that impact country competitiveness in the global apparel industry. These factors include costs of labour, production costs, and competencies among other minor factors.

Thus, emerging economies such as China and Bangladesh have provided opportunities as centres for lower-value assembly within the value chain of the apparel production because they offer low-cost alternatives in the production segment. In order for other smaller countries to maintain their competitiveness, they have to upgrade their workforce skills or else they fall out of the value chain. Nevertheless, Karina, Stacey & Gereffi (2011) observe that while the global apparel industry has become a trillion dollar industry, it has become an important economic stimulus for many economies especially for developing countries and low income economies account for about 75% of the world clothing exports. The industry is a prototypical model of buyer-driven industry with power asymmetries in the chain where the suppliers and the target buyers in the global apparel chain do not exhibit symmetrical power balance (Gereffi & Memedovic 2003).

Due to the power asymmetries between the buyers and producers, the global buyers are the ones who determine the type of products to be produced, where they are produced, who produces them and the costs of production. This constraint makes firms to outsource production or manufacturing by establishing a special network of global contract manufacturers especially in the developing countries since that is where costs of production are low and provide chances for competitiveness in the highly competitive global market. Most lead firms that create these manufacturing contracts are mostly headquartered in the developed nations such as US and those in Europe.

All global industries rely on international standards, so does the apparel value chain. For this reason, factories have to measure their performance regularly to ensure achievement of the standard quality, time-to-time tracking of price and timely delivery of the products. All these present challenges facing the companies in the apparel industry and any company that fails on any of the small issues is likely to be overcome by the challenges and fall out of the competition.

The global apparel industry is also characterised by market segmentations where the market segment that takes the largest share of the global apparel retail market is the women’swear segment. This segment accounts for over 50% of the industry’s global total value. Other segments include the menswear, which represents 32.5% of the industry (as per the 2010 figures) and children’s clothing. This segmentation is based on the target consumer. With respect to segmentation by region, America and Europe have an equal representation of the industry’s global value with each accounting for 37.3% of the value. Asia-Pacific represents about 23%.

MethodologyThis section provides the methodological approach taken to achieve the objectives of the study and answer the research questions. Profitability analysis using the traditional activity-based approach has traditionally presented a number of problems, one of the main ones being the contamination, where the method fails to distinguish between the financing factor and the operating factor. The traditional approach also mixes up the two factors, even though this problem is resolved when the drivers are decomposed into ROA, SPREAD and financial leverage. Since the value drivers still fail to distinguish between the two main factors, a more efficient financial ratio decomposition method is needed to deal with the problem.

The logic behind the Penman is that analysis of a company’s profit should be based on the incorporating the financing factor and the operating factor as two separate factors in the analysis. Several ratios are calculated to help in the step-by-step arrival at the conclusive results. Some of the basic financial analyses carried out include calculation of the sales to net operating assets ratio, the operating income to net operating assets ratio, and the return on equity ratio. Return on assets is also worked out alongside other ratios.

The first step in the analysis is the reformulation of the income statement and the balance sheet. The process of reformulating the balance sheets and income statements is done so that it becomes easier to identify the components of the balance sheet and income statement that entail working and financing activities. The profitability owing to each activity is then worked out. The ratios that focus on leverage, operating and financing profitability and general shareholder profitability are used to assess the positions of Burberry Group plc in relation to its competitors and the entire apparel industry.This enables easier computation of the ratios under the Penman’s financial ratio decomposition method. The analysis uses data from 2002 to 2012. SPSS and Excel are used as the main tools of analysis for the data.

Data Analysis and ResultsComparison between Gap and BurberryIn the analysis and comparison of the ROE for Burberry Group plc and Gap Inc. the graph below shows the relationship of the two firms in terms of the comparison since 2002 to 2011. As the graph indicates, the ROE for Burberry has been less turbulent than that of Gap, which shot up sharply between 2002 and 2004 jumping from -0.52% in 2002 to 13.34% in 2003 and then further to 23.32% in 2004. Generally though, looking at the figures, it is evident that Gap Inc exhibits higher ROE ratio than Burberry. This shows that Gap is better at and capable of generating cash from its internal operations than Burberry. Profitability metrics thus, based on the results of the ROE shows that Gap Inc is better placed than Burberry. Another important observation from the results is that Gap’s ROE is more turbulent while Burberry has an almost streamline ROE over the 10-year period of comparison. Gap Inc has a median ROE of 22.33% while median ROE for Burberry is 0.24%. Thus for both companies, the mean and median for ROE are positive in all cases. However, even though the median ROE for Burberry is positive it is small at 0.24%.

ROE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

GAP -0.52% 13.34% 23.32% 23.27% 22.10% 13.90% 17.63% 25.73% 22.57% 27.01%

Burberry 0.35% 0.30% -0.54% -1.09% -0.58% 0.18% 1.19% 1.17% 0.78% 0.16%

Table SEQ Table * ARABIC 1: Burberry Vs Gap ROE from 2002-2011

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 1: Comparison of ROE for Burberry and Gap

For financing leverage in the analysis, levered profitability after decomposition (ROCE) has a mean of 18.83% for the US affiliated firm Gap Inc while that of Burberry Group stands at 0.19%. For the two companies, when a correlation analysis is done between the ROE and ROA, they both have a strong positive correlation that is almost close to unity. Therefore, the correlation between ROE and ROA for Gap is 0.9607 while that for Burberry is 0.9555. This relationship is expected for a business whose assets generate profitable sales. However, when ROA is analysed individually for the two firms, it is evident that Gap has a higher mean of 32.08% while Burberry has 0.13%. The graph below also shows that ROA for Gap has witnessed a steady growth for the years under review. The graph also shows a streamline movement of the Burberry over the ten-year period under review. It is like one it would be construed as to imply Burberry avoids high-risk-high-return capital decisions.

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 2: Comparison of ROA

The mean of the two constituents of the financing leverage effect, FLEV and SPREAD, for Burberry Group are both negative at -17.21% and -1.23% respectively. However, for Gap Inc, one component, FLEV, is negative at a mean of -28.28% while SPREAD is positive at a mean of 29.62%. When the two components were analysed for correlation for the two companies, the results indicate that they both have negative correlation. The Pearson correlation coefficient between FLEV and SPREAD for Gap Inc is -.83979 while that for Burberry is -0.1448. These results indicate that the correlation between Gap’s FLEV and its SPREAD is stronger than that for Burberry despite both being negative. There is thus a big and noticeable disparity in the two companies.

The relationship between negative FLEV and a company’s profitability has been documented by Penman and Nissim (2003). The negative FLEV indicates that the financial assets exceed the financial liabilities and this is a favourable situation for the company to aim for. The FLEV measure does not include the operating liabilities of a business but includes the financial assets.

Financial leverage lifts the return on capital employed (ROCE) over the return on net operating assets (RNOA), with the effect of leverage being determined by the magnitude amount of FLEV and the spread between the return on net operating assets RNOA and the borrowing rate. A company that has a positive spread is in a favourable position than the one that has negative spread (Penman and Nissim 2003).

Some authors have related this negative correlation between the two components arising from a positive correlation between FLEV and the net borrowing rate of a firm. It implies that a firm that has higher leverage has a higher risk and therefore the lenders charge higher interest rates to compensate for the increased risk. But the primary reason for the negative correlation between Gap’s FLEV and its SPREAD is the negative correlation between the firm’s FLEV and its ROA (standing at -0.858) since profitable business organisations firms tend to have low net financial obligations. The correlation between Burberry’s FLEV and its ROA is positive at 0.566. In comparing the SPREAD for the two firms, the mean SPREAD for Gap Inc was found be positive while that for Burberry is negative (at 29.62% and -1.23% respectively). The chart below provides a good graphical overview of these results.

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 3: Comparison of SPREAD-Gap and Burberry

From the individual figures for the two companies over the 10-year period, it can be deduced that Gap Inc has maintained a relatively positive SPREAD and growing over the years than its competitor in the UK, Burberry. However, throughout the analysis, from what has been mentioned earlier up to now, it is evident that the period between 2003 and 2006 had particular effect on the two firms. This is evident from the way the two graphs move (though not with the same magnitude) in a similar manner with respect to direction.

Comparison between Burberry and the UK Industry AveragesFor the analysis and comparison of Burberry Group plc and the UK apparel industry averages, all the ratios analysed for Burberry Group plc and Gap Inc. are carried out. Graphs are also generated to provide a better picture of the comparisons since 2002 to 2011. The results show that Burberry has a higher (stronger) correlation between its ROA and ROE than the industry average. However, both correlations are positive. Burberry has a correlation of 0.955 while the industry average is 0.648. With respect to the actual ROE, Burberry has a ROE of 0.19% against an industry average of 1.19%. It can thus be deduced that Burberry has a performance that falls below the industry average hence its position in the industry is worse than an average firm in the UK apparel industry.

Figure SEQ Figure * ARABIC 4: ROE for Burberry vs. UK Industry

As the graph above indicates, the ROE for Burberry has stood below the industry average between 2002 and 2007. In 2008 Burberry had a better ROE than the industry standing at 1.19% against the industry average of 0.55%. The firm’s ROE again dips below the industry average in 2010 even when the industry is showing an upward trend. Therefore, the figures along with the graph provide evidence that Burberry is generally giving return on equity that is less than the industry average. The median for UK industry average and that for Burberry are both positive though the industry median is greater than that for Burberry (0.94% for UK industry average and 0.24%). This further reveals that Burberry falls below the industry average in terms of mean return on equity and the median return on equity.

For ROA, the industry statistics provide a mean of 1.16% and a median of 0.89%. Burberry Group plc has a mean ROA of 0.13% and a median of 0.53%. This also gives evidence that

Discussion

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Date

Barton Fink

The greatest genre-bending of the Coens’ films, Barton Fink, is a system of a complete inside joke: an art motion picture that creates heartless fun of the affectations of art films. Cannes remunerated the film with a lot of rewards that the fiesta consequently decided to change its rules to avert such sweeps. The movie’s miscellaneous features have resulted in disregarding efforts at genre categorization, with the film being severally referred to as a horror movie, film noir, a Kunstler roman, and a buddy film. It has several fictional religious overtones and allusions, in addition to references to numerous real-life events and individuals (Stefon, 2016). Various elements of the movie’s narrative, commonly an image of a woman at the beach which reappears all the way through, have generated quite a few annotations, with the Coens acknowledging various intentional emblematic features while repudiating an effort to communicate any particular message in the movie.

Barton Fink uses some artistic conventions to emphasize the film’s mood and provide visual stress to specific themes. The features combined with several melodramatic pauses, strange discourse, and indirect violence threats make an atmosphere of great tension (Stefon, 2017). The Coens elucidated that “the entire film was supposed to feel like catastrophe or impending doom. And we certainly needed it to culminate with an apocalyptic feeling” Coen’s feeling is not about the coarseness of Hollywood, or reasonably it is, but then not merely, because Hollywood’s coarseness is corresponding and perhaps surpassed by the coarseness of Barton’s egocentricity, his entire tribune of the working man, call of the fishmongers’ trip. Like all of the Coens’ creations, “Barton Fink” has a thoughtful film style. The Hollywood of the late 1930s and early 1940s is observed here as a universe of Art Deco and long hotel corridors, profound shadows, and bottomless swimming pools.

Reference

Stefon, M. (2016). That” Barton Fink Feeling” and the Fiery Furnace: The Book of Daniel and Joel and Ethan Coen’s Barton Fink. Journal of Religion & Film, 12(1), 1

Thomas, L. (2017). The block attacks: Barton Fink. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 106

Assignment 6: Flooding

Name: FORMTEXT      myUH ID# FORMTEXT      In this assignment, you will investigate peak yearly discharges for Buffalo Bayou using data collected by a USGS stream gauge since 1949 (after construction of the Barker and Addicks reservoirs). Be sure to download the Excel file. You may need to get help from a TA in the GLC. Due Monday, May 2.

Rules Acknowledgement:

Before beginning the assignment, acknowledge that you know the rules of the assignment as listed above. Type “I understand answers need to be written in my own words in full sentences with the exception of values in tables. I also know screenshots/images need to be my own” (5 pts)

FORMTEXT      Part 1: Basic analysis of peak yearly discharge data for Buffalo Bayou

Using the Excel data on the “Buffalo Bayou Discharge” sheet, create a scatterplot with the dates on the x-axis and the peak discharge on the y-axis. Select the scatterplot option that only has points plotted, no lines. Copy and paste your graph below. (6pts)

[Paste graph here]

Describe what the graph is showing you (how would you explain this graph to someone else?). (4pts)

FORMTEXT      You may be able to notice a trend or pattern in your graph. To more accurately determine that pattern, create a linear trendline and display the R-squared value.

What is the R-squared value? (4pts)

FORMTEXT      Describe the trend in your data and what it means. (4pts)

FORMTEXT      Some people may be quick to blame climate change for this trend. The “Houston Rainfall” tab in the Excel document contains yearly rainfall totals for Houston since 2001. Create a scatterplot of the data with years on the x-axis and rainfall total on the y-axis. Paste your graph below. (5pts)

[Paste graph here]

Create a linear trendline for this data. Has there been any significant change in the amount of rainfall that Houston receives over the past 21 years? (4pts)

FORMTEXT      What else do you think is responsible for the trend you described in part a? (5pts)

FORMTEXT      READ CAREFULLY: There is a trend as to what month or months of the year Buffalo Bayou reaches its peak discharge, which indicates our rainy seasons. First, you’ll need to determine what month each peak discharge occurs. Using the empty column to the left of the Date column, type =TEXT(A2,”mmmm”). Copy this formula down the rows. This will extract the name of the month from each date. Now, you need to figure out how many times each month had a peak discharge on the bayou. We are going to use a new function in Excel, the countif function. The names of the months are in column G. Go to cell H2 and type =COUNTIF($A$2:A$75, G2). This will look at all the names of the months in column A and tell you how many times January (which is the G2 value) appears. Copy that formula down to December to see the data for each month.

Fill in the table: (6pts)

Month Number of Peak Discharges

January FORMTEXT      February FORMTEXT      March FORMTEXT      April FORMTEXT      May FORMTEXT      June FORMTEXT      July FORMTEXT      August FORMTEXT      September FORMTEXT      October FORMTEXT      November FORMTEXT      December FORMTEXT      Now create a line graph of this data with months on the x-axis and the number of peak discharges on the y-axis. Use the “Line with Markers”. Be sure to use the line graph, not the scatter plot. Paste your graph below. (4pts)

[Paste graph here]

Interpret your graph and discuss what time or times during the year Buffalo Bayou is most likely to reach its peak discharge. Which time or times of the year is it least likely to reach peak discharge? What does this say about our seasonal weather? (7pts)

FORMTEXT      Part 2: In-depth analysis of flooding recurrence on Buffalo Bayou

In the Excel file, complete the rank column on the “Buffalo Bayou Discharge” sheet by ranking all of the peak discharges from 1 to 74, with 1 being the highest discharge and 74 being the lowest discharge. What are the dates of the highest and lowest peak discharges? (6pts)

Date of highest discharge (1): FORMTEXT      Date of lowest discharge (74): FORMTEXT      Now calculate the recurrence intervals for each discharge. N is the number of years on record (74) and m is the rank. What are the recurrence intervals (R) for the following peak discharges? (6pts)

Date Discharge R

5/26/15 17,400 FORMTEXT      9/13/08 10,100 FORMTEXT      3/12/97 7,650 FORMTEXT      Create a scatter plot with recurrence interval on the x-axis and discharge on the y-axis.

Copy and paste your graph below. (6pts)

[Paste graph here]

Which type of trendline best fits this data? (3pts)

FORMTEXT      Add the trendline and show the line equation and R-squared value. What is the R-squared value for this data? (2pts)

FORMTEXT      You’ve probably heard that Hurricane Harvey was a 100+ year storm event. However, your current graph doesn’t show that. In your data, what is the recurrence interval for the flooding from Hurricane Harvey and why isn’t it over 100? (5pts)

FORMTEXT      

Using your trendline equation, we can calculate what the discharge of a 100-year event should be. You know what m, x, and b are in the equation, just substitute the values. What is the discharge for the 100-year event based on the trendline? (5pts)

FORMTEXT      The discharge in Buffalo Bayou for Hurricane Harvey was 32,600 cfs, which is very different from the 100-year discharge you calculated in question 10. So, what is the true recurrence interval for a discharge of 32,600 based on your equation? For this question, we’ll need to solve for x in the line equation instead of y because now we know what y (32,600 cfs) is and need to figure out x. You can manipulate the line equation variables to isolate x; we’ve done this on several previous assignments. Enter this equation in excel =exp((y-b)/m) and substitute the values accordingly. What is the recurrence interval for the stream discharge associated with Hurricane Harvey? (5pts)

FORMTEXT      Complete this questionnaire about assignments and the use of Excel and Google Earth in this class. You’ll need to be logged into your cougarnet account. (8pts)

Name

Institution

Course

Date

Assignment – History

First assignment

https://youtu.be/iXuEI1AG_OE

Based in the short videos in this folder, and some independent research of your own, answer the following questions:

Why do we study History?

History helps us understand the people and communities. It offers information on how community and people behave. It further helps us understand the activities that the community engage in, and thus helping to make better community and people (Stearns, 1998).

In a paragraph or two, what is the history of mental illness in the US?

Majority believe that mental illness started as a religious punishment or demonic possession. Negative attitudes towards mental illness persisted into the 18th century in the United States, leading to stigmatization of mental illness, and unhygienic (and often degrading) confinement of mentally ill individuals.

When did Fountain House open and by whom?

Fountain House started in 1940 at Rockland State Hospital in Orangeburg, in New York. It started when a group of patient met and started sharing stories, read and painted and took part in social functions. Afterwards, they met again outside the hospital and continued with the club. Their belief was to support one another with life challenge problems ad sustain their social community. They hoped that their successful recovery would eventually transform community’s view on people living with mental stigma.

What is the Clubhouse Model of Psychosocial Rehabilitation?

This is a comprehensive and dynamic program to give assistance and chances for individuals undergoing severe and persistent mental illness.

Where do the 2016 Presidential Candidates stand on Mental Health issues?

According to the 2016 Presidential Candidates, almost a fifth of Americans experience mental illness every year (Witkin, 2016).

Work cited

Witkin R., (2016). Where the 2016 Candidates Stand on Mental Health Issues.

Stearns N.P, (1998). Why Study History? (1998). American History Association.

Adapted from PBS Online’s “Timeline: Treatments for Mental Illness”. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

Liberating Young Saudi Girls from Patriarch driven mentality

Name

Institution

Date

Liberating Young Saudi Girls from Patriarch driven mentality

“To be female is, according to that distinction, a fact-city which has no meaning, but to be a woman is to have become a woman, to compel the body to conform to a historical idea of ‘woman to induce the body to become a cultural sign, to materialize oneself in obedience to a historically delimited possibility, and to do this as a sustained and repeated corporeal project” (Butler)

Introduction

In Saudi, women emancipation has dwindled to crises levels. In fact, being female is a source of equal pride, equal opportunities, and equal competition. A woman in the contemporary Saudi does have equal resource and abilities parallel to that of the male counterpart. However, conventional reflection has often relegated woman’s role in the society to appear, as that does not have a decisive power to request for equal rights and justices. The commencing discussion will attempt to prove that a liberated Saudi girl stands a greater position to compete favorably against patriarch based opinions and agendas. This research is based on a movie Wadjda, which seeks to portray the life of young Saudi Girl, inclined to social rigidity, but wishes to explore her inner-self, a personality of adventure and genderless factors. The study examines critical studies showing how the Saudi situation has subjected women to a series of global problems. Besides, the study provides a personalized reflection with intent to integrate the liberal literature highlighted in the background section.

Background

As seen from the Wadjda movie, much of the contemporary research in relation to women has focused on women emancipation at the expense of primary and in particular, critical attention has been directed to examine whether women could achieve equal status as that of men when they are already grown. However, this approach lacks a coherent justifiable approach because the social constraints are entrenched deeply into the culture. This affects the psychosocial analysis that young girls should understand the role sexuality in affirming the purpose of a woman in the social development. The Wadjda movie provides a distinct analysis that sexuality plays a significant element in Saudi women. In this regard, few researchers, namely, Foucault 1978, Butler 1988 and Ranciere 1991 have provided much of the needed approaches in relation to young girls understanding their sexuality as their identity and not necessary a trade-in for security favors offered by the male sex. Other mounting studies have attempted to evaluate on the importance of women emancipation especially in relation to the development of human theories of sexism and subjectivism as well as, the much contended marriage factor.

Literature

Problem Statement

Social culture and rigidity concern

Epidemiological approaches on stereotypes against Saudi women have existed on almost every hemisphere of Saudi’s culture. There has been an optimal reluctance to examine the severity, which optimally affects vulnerable groups. This is evident even in the Wadjda movie. Sa’Ar (406) argues that unpleasant realities of prejudices within the Saudi culture are primarily responsible for deviant projections against the entire feminine gender. In fact, the social culture against Saudi women has ensured that the male sex dominates in all social sectors and more so education. Indeed, women in Saudi are poorly educated, unemployed and this accentuates on social violence decisively. In the year, 2003, Shirin Ebadi Nobel Prize winner, attempted to warn Saudi women against this stereotypes.

From this warning, it is clear from that the scholarly approach towards stereotyping against Saudi women has ensured that women rights are now considered at serious risk shaken by unpredictable shocks.

Surveys on Saudi women culture have justified that educated women culture differs significantly from the uneducated women. These prejudices and stereotypes stretch valiantly to causing complication of everyday life, lack of time, lack of motivation, family responsibility, and lack solidarity among women. Olimat (2) further argues in relation to these diversities in what the text considered as unique vulnerabilities. Indeed, in Saudi, approaches regarding study of violence in vulnerable populations have argued that an explanation regarding risk factors of stereotypes explains the adequacy of explanatory frameworks.

Sexism illuminates to Subjectivism

Wadjda the film talks about a girl who desires to beat the odds of sexism, and in fact, desires to conduct a boyish life. After watching the Wadjda Husband movie, one will be compelled to think whether the moral subjectivism initiated against the feminine sex is primarily responsible in triggering extreme emotivism that attempts to hold the moral judgments. In this regard, it is necessary express the feeling that cannot be morally be criticized. Ideally, the rationally criticized feelings are technically projected by the error theory (Joyce, 520), which holds that moral judgments are equally false whether sexist, or anti-sexist Double (503). Conversely, the according to the video, one will notice that intuitionism is not much stronger since it encounters when sexist ideologies predominate the argument to argue that males ought to be treated better than females and that business matters in that sense.

The discussion further melts down to the role of prescriptivism in shaping a moderate Saudi girl to consider that woman held an important position in the society. Such views have periodically tarnished the benevolent theory since after all, Saudi women do consider themselves as seconding the patriarch driven social dominion and not establishing an equivalent competitive sex. The discussion on subjectivism is emphasized by the nature of voting and education and leadership roles. This debate introduces a series of other debates; for instance, sexist language and the introduction of male issues like, paternity leave.

Stereotyping is evident in the movie. In relation to the earlier discussion presented in this assessment, -stereotypes- Krause quotes Cook (1999) who cites as examples interference of Christian missionaries on one hand and contemporary efforts to rescue Arab women from being killed for becoming pregnant without being married. This research considers that moral postmodernism as failing culture that has failed to offer a practical agenda. Consequently, post-colonialism agenda deepens these stereotypes. In fact, the incorporation of economic factors in the basic social setting was evident.

In an analysis, one will notice that there is an alternative on the concept of suggested which attempts to perceive the moral subject to not being static and that which is not constructed on basis of language, culture, gender, and ideology.

Therefore, about the subject of formation, there has been an impetus seconding the formation fragmented the experiences and this remains technically adjustment to traditional subject. In any case, it receives integral status of exclusion when relative is initiated to examine whether its dominion has any deep significance. Sexism is primarily responsible for the development of subjectivism, and a later part will attempt to argue how the masculine doctrine is entirely responsible for the development awkward ideologies.

Sexuality and Marriage (pigeonhole)

Ginat argues that the term honor is not an exact translation of respect, but in the Saudi culture, the strict code of modest for women and unequal treatment of the female sex is a well understood phenomena. A man is a source of hope to several women in the Saudi culture, and, in fact, this hope stretches significantly to explaining the restrictions of where Saudi Muslim women are placed in the Saudi society – subjects. In this regard, restrictions placed in the Saudi women reflection sexuality acts as the most serious breach of the modesty code. Further in the aspect of the stereotype, there has been a constant debate in Muslim societies says that women inferior position is attributed to her supposed to their sexual appetite and moral laxity. Therefore, in relation to the video, it is good to argue that a married woman is not only protected and offered shelter by the patriarch dominion, but also guided, controlled, supervised, and special cases rectified brutally by the patriarch dominion and that is right.

Ahmad (193-194) conducts a series of comparison in relation to women position in the society. In these assessments, it is clear that the bride’s group should tether the bride to continue protecting its relatives long after her marriage since honor is entirely at stake. On the other hand, the bride’s new kinship plays a decisive role in selecting and judging a temperate woman one that is fit for their clan. In this case, it is good to argue that is a gap between technical ideology and reality. There is another stereotype: whenever the unmarried woman is found in immorality, she is killed by the members of the native family. This illusion accelerates the spontaneous ignorance that women are the receiving subjects when it comes to the subject of immorality, and to be on the safe side, marriage remains an important agenda in their lives.

The aspect of marriage and social ambition in Wadjda movie

“Saudi men cannot stand an experienced and intelligent women, it would seem as though the man is afraid of her because….he knows very well that his masculinity is a test and not an essential justification of truth” source author 2014

In the light with this apprehension, there has been as subsequent effort attempting to discourage women from advanced education. As a result, women have been coerced to think inline of marriage and that business is formerly accepted. In this result, the marriage factor remains as a strong ambition for most women. In fact, according to the video, marriage is an important aspect more than education to an average Saudi woman.

This is constructively backed by the pigeonhole that the value of women deteriorates with age. In fact, their youth is seen as the only important thing in their kinship. Further to this, their youth is only important in giving the husband sexual pleasure, bearing children for the kinship and serving the extended family and more so the husband with food. This period last from the age of the girls in the video although to menopause, not to mention that also through this period, masculinity is at free to practice polygamy.

Male Guardian

….if the bride selects a marriage partner who is not suitable to the clan’s expectation, the guardian is not obliged to marry her to him, and if the she presents a candidate and the guardian presents a candidate the guardian chooses a different candidate altogether……source author 2014

There has been a derivative debate attempting to clarify how women are capable of marrying themselves to any man. This can be debated collectively on the exception that a young girl whose father has authorized to conclude the marriage contract is naturally left out of the process of negotiating. Further to this, the masculine dominion will naturally extend until marriage where the married man is expected to make an important decision regarding his woman in her oblivion. In fact, the most problematic issues relate to the eligible guardian in the marriage contract and not the role of the female being sought.

For the Saudi culture as presented in the Wadjda movie, a senior man has a distinct authority over a member of the clan including the younger men and women and this authority extends deeply on the subjects of distinct forms of control subordination. In this patriarch society, the guardian male (whether right or wrong….it is not questionable) gender arrangements and the only way for young girls are to comply with decisions as they come. The question that every woman is concerned is not whether the quality of decisions she makes are sufficient but whether the quality meets the standards of the male guardian.

Research perspective

How teaching changes this setting as seen in Wadjda movie

Elementary Education and Female literacy

Watt 8 attempts to clarify the literal differences between a Saudi women living in Canada and her native counterpart living in a stereotyped like Saudi. In this analysis, one will notice that a female access to training and education depends on the degree of how cultural and religious belief defining her position in the society. In the previous assessment, we leant that the Saudi culture defined the role of women as providers of love and comfort to the competitive man and caretakers of their families in a broader sense. However, the commencing assessment (which is in the light with our teacher in the video) is developed structurally to ensure that modernity encourages women to be equal players in the society with men.

Watt uses the media analysis to compare the quality of lives between various Saudi, and in this analysis, it is clear that liberated women in civilized stood a great advantage to fight against social rigidity since education liberated them constructively.

In Saudi’s reality, women and more women will be required to join the general workforce, and this stretches deeper to masculine careers; for instance, industrial machine operators, contractors, and electricians. However, as a matter fact, marriage remains to be a competitive deterrent to feminine education and in the real sense early marriages prevents women from competing for equal opportunity and in any cases, most technical and non-traditional training requires the minimum of nine years of elementary education (Wadjda, 2014). In this regard, the girls in the video represent a desired generation. However, the social rigidity identified previously in this discussion has acutely constrained their prospect of attaining formal education.

Sexuality development and Mobility concerns as presented in Wadjda movie

One way in which this system of compulsory heterosexuality is reproduced and concealed is through the cultivation of bodies into discrete sexes with ‘natural’ appearances and ‘natural’ heterosexual dispositions (Butler)

Foucault and Butler attempted to compare modernity versus enlightenment and the evolution of sexuality with time. This is a crucial consideration in human development. In this case, Saudi feminine problems in relation to patriarch dominion ensure can be answered by Foucault judgments in what the texts considers as politics of the body. The Saudi woman is entitled envisage a personal inner space, and education becomes the only decisive application that would be applied some of these problems (Wadjda, 2014). In his writings, one will notice that Foucault was more interested in power than with power in the emergence of the modern subjects. Therefore,

Foucault provides a decisive analysis that attempts to aid women with polymorphous techniques of power, and in this case, not sex as a practice but sex as the theme of the manifold discursive practice. As a matter fact, the subject matter is not sex as a piece of offering to the patriarch dominion, but sex as an analytical enterprise that seeks to present equality.

Conversely, it is prudent to advocated Foucault text to the young girls since according to the Foucault, the western approach in relation to the concept of sex, one will notice that the post-Renaissance period advocated for the internalizing of social norms related to moral and in particular to sexual behavior. Butler supports the theorems as he sets out a political stall. Eventually, his uses a strategy that denaturalize and signifies bodily factors. In addition, this text should be explained to the young girls who due to ignorance they are trapped in a much deeper patriarch dominion. In fact, the young girls will have a firm stand for denouncing the proliferation beyond the binary frame after reading the text. The drag example is a decisive approach that Butler applies when identifying naturality factor. This is a vital prerequisite required while deliberating on the role of identity shaping the destiny women.

The above two deliberations provides a critical assessment of the unique role of women in the society. In this regard, Ranciere provides a pedagogical approach that can be applied to aid the various levels of teaching. Butler attempts to present a complex theoretical analysis examining the nature of Arab men and their attempt to use patriarchy as a doctrine. Ranciere provides a series of pedagogical advisories that can be applied to mitigate sexual indifferences and psychological inferiority complexes.

In Ranciere’s approach, one will notice that the author offers a decisive methodology of performing. Firstly, it is good to note that Ranciere’s text advocates equality and this is the only methodology that decisive goals are achieved. In fact, Ranciere’s approach is advocates the radical treatise on the democratic education. In relation to Ranciere’s specification is the knowledge that what woman advocate is the ignorance of what is needed and what is achievable in class. Secondly, in light with Ranciere’s analysis, it is clear that the how the girls can approach of learning what they never knew about the equality subjects encourages optimism in relation to gender equity. After providing Ranciere’s assessment in class, the girls can draw both reassurance and the ambitious claims about what the Saudi culture considered as impossible. This circumstance is also evident in Wadjda movie.

Summary

The video inspiring this study is barely five minutes long, but what it advocates is instrumental to reignite a cultural thrift. The study has conductively advocated the adoption of Butler and Foucault ideas. This can be applied by using Ranciere’s objectives in a pedagogic approach titled using education to liberating young Saudi from patriarch ideologies. This study has been instrumental in seconding that young Saudi girl needed much decisive attention in the quest making them better and competitive against social driven rigidity, masculinity, sexism and subjectivism. The circumstances surrounding the experiences of a typical Saudi girl are perfectly presented in the Wadjda movie. This research clarifies that women must change and make a decisive contribution of building the economy and not acting on a secondary role in the whole business of masculine development. In an encapsulation, education provides decisive answers to detach from social and cultural constraints, especially those relating to patriarch dominion.

Bibliography

Ahmad, Fauzia. “Graduating towards marriage? Attitudes towards marriage and relationships among university-educated British Muslim women.” Culture and Religion 13, no. 2 (2012): 193-210.

Butler, Judith. Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory, Theatre Journal (Dec. 1988), pp. 519.

Double, Richard. “When Subjectivism Matters.” Metaphilosophy 34, no. 4 (2003): 510-523.

Double, Richard. Metaethical Subjectivism. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate Pub. Ltd, 2005.

Foucault, Michael. The History of Sexuality. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication, New York. (1978). Stanford University Press, 1991.

Ginat, J. Women in Muslim Rural Society. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2013.

Joyce, Richard. “The Error In ‘The Error In The Error Theory’.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 89, no. 3 (2011): 519-534.

Krause, Dagmar. Timothy Findley’s Novels between Ethics and Postmodernism. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2005.

Olimat, Muhammad. Arab Spring and Arab Women. Routledge: London. (2002).

Ostade, Ingrid Tieken-Boon Van, and Rajend Mesthrie. “Zero tolerance of prescriptivism?” English Today 26, no. 02 (2010): two.

Rancière, Jacques. The ignorant schoolmaster: five lessons in intellectual emancipation. Stanford, Calif: 1991.

Sa’Ar, Amalia. “Masculine Talk: On the Subconscious Use of Masculine Linguistic Forms among Hebrew‐ and Saudi‐Speaking Women in Israel.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 32, no. 2 (2007): 405-429.

“Wadjda,” YouTube video, 2:47, posted by “Film Festivals and Indie Films,” March 06,     2014, HYPERLINK “https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RoU_QC-VQQ” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RoU_QC-VQQ

Watt, Diane. “Challenging Islamophobia Through Visual Media Studies: Inquiring Into A Photograph Of Muslim Women On The Cover Of Canada’s National News Magazine.” Simile: Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education 8, no. 2 (2008): 1-14.

Marketing Media Insights: Search Engine Analytics Report

Student’s Name

MKTG3013

Instructor’s Name

Date

Executive SummaryThe purpose of this report is twofold: First, it aims to identify an idea for new products and other concepts that may improve existing products for Institute XYZ of Business Technology (a fictitious learning institute). Secondly, marketing media insights will be employed in developing content for a webpage, a Facebook page posting, and a Google text ad to market a newly conceived idea for the same organization. Online learning has garnered a lot of attention in the last 2 years. As a result, services provided have required the use of social media marketing to attract potential consumers. The insight-driven service analyzed in this report is a new online course targeting fresh college students. The idea is to improve online learning through personalized services and marketing the same as the future of college education. The report concludes that the Institute XYZ of Business Technology has created an improved program that personalizes learning content to match these demands with the learning outcomes targeting fresh college students and first year post graduate students.

Keywords: new product development, media insights, social media, keywords research, Google Ads, Webpage, Facebook, personalized learning, and online learning.

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Executive Summary PAGEREF _Toc101809426 h 21. Introduction PAGEREF _Toc101809427 h 41.1 Purpose of the Study PAGEREF _Toc101809428 h 41.2 Justification for the Research PAGEREF _Toc101809429 h 42. Marketing Media Insight-Driven Idea PAGEREF _Toc101809430 h 42.1 Details of the Insight-Driven Idea for the Product PAGEREF _Toc101809431 h 42.2 Market Research Processes and Analytics Procedures: Voice of Customer (VoC) PAGEREF _Toc101809432 h 52.3 Potential Value to Customers and Value to the Firm PAGEREF _Toc101809433 h 53. Marketing Media Insight-Driven Content PAGEREF _Toc101809434 h 63.1 Step by Step Process for Keyword Research PAGEREF _Toc101809435 h 63.2 Customized Keyword Research for the New Product PAGEREF _Toc101809436 h 63.3 Content for Three Types of Online Media PAGEREF _Toc101809437 h 83.3.1. Webpage Content PAGEREF _Toc101809438 h 83.3.2. Facebook Page Post Promoting New Interactive Online Learning PAGEREF _Toc101809439 h 93.3.3. Google Text Ad using Google Ads for Promoting the New Service PAGEREF _Toc101809440 h 104. Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc101809441 h 10References PAGEREF _Toc101809442 h 12

1. IntroductionSocial media refers to Internet and smartphone-based platforms and technology that allow people to connect with one another as well as share information and ideas. Creating communities or networks, as well as encouraging participation and engagement, are all part of what social media is all about, as the term implies (Gosal et al., 2019). From the above definition, brands must use a range of digital media channels to attract and engage prospects and customers in order to connect and develop communities. It also made mention of the difficulty in persuading people to participate (Ansari & Khan, 2020).

1.1 Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of this report is twofold: First, it aims to identify an idea for new products and other concepts that may improve existing products. Secondly, marketing media insights will be employed in developing content for a webpage, a Facebook page posting, and a Google text ad to market a newly conceived idea. Online learning has garnered a lot of attention in the last 2 years. As a result, services provided have required the use of social media marketing to attract potential consumers.

1.2 Justification for the ResearchThe insight-driven service analyzed in this report is a new online course targeting fresh college students. The idea is to improve online learning through personalized services and marketing the same as the future of college education. Marketing media insights are important in such an endeavor because they will enable the brand to closely monitor their communication message as well as the people targeted in digital platforms including the webpage, Facebook, and via Google Ads.

2. Marketing Media Insight-Driven Idea

2.1 Details of the Insight-Driven Idea for the ProductCOVID-19 was a major industry disruptor in the education sector. It forced colleges and other institutions of higher learning to quickly implement and adapt to a fully online-based curriculum. One of the many advantages of online learning is the ability to reach a large number of students in a participatory manner. Other advantages include: increasing the efficiency of teaching and learning through technology, increasing the efficiency of e-Learning administration, lowering public expenditure on training and education, and increasing the efficiency of research, among other things (Al Arif, 2019). However, the learning and teaching processes was not without usual teething problems. For example, there is a notable lack of motivation amongst learners (Bali & Musrifah, 2020), infrastructural issues (Fauzi & Khusuma, 2020), technical issues relating to digital literacy (Putra, 2021), a lack of connection through in-person interactions (Dhawan, 2020), and poor course structures and quality (Singh & Thurman, 2019). From these insights, a survey conducted by García-Morales, Garrido-Moreno, and Martín-Rojas (2021) found that students are eager to return to the traditional system of brick and mortar learning, an issue that may put several institutions and employees at risk of losing their jobs. To improve the online learning problems, the report looks at ways to especially enhance better in-person interactions through personalized learning programs, and addressing course structures and quality of learning to adapt to the new demands in education.

2.2 Market Research Processes and Analytics Procedures: Voice of Customer (VoC)Voice of customer relates to a business’ need and strategy to listen and address the issues mentioned by customers. In this case, learners make the customer base for online learning institutes. From the gathering of information and understanding their feedback, Peters et al. (2020) found that more than 47% of current university students prefer a more interactive system of learning, terming the online learning process as too detached and poor in terms of engaging the student. Marketing media channels such as social media, news, search, and blogs indicate that despite the movement away from traditional learning, consumers in the learning environment still look forward to a return to ‘normalcy’ regarding their learning structures. As a result, it is important that improvements be made to ensure better consumer feedback and satisfaction through personalization of learning process, more interactive learning, engagement, and improved quality.

2.3 Potential Value to Customers and Value to the FirmProviding helpful products and services to students may aid in increasing sales, increasing their loyalty, and enhancing the reputation of a school, among other things. Improvements in customer service, advertising, digital marketing, or any other area allow a variety of strategies that schools may employ to raise the value of their consumers (Foroudi et al., 2019). It is possible that learning how to provide value to a customer’s experience will have a substantial impact on an organization’s long-term performance and survival. Clients may reap the advantages of higher-quality education, affiliation with a prestigious school known for its excellence, superior learning outcomes, and a greater total return on their investment.

3. Marketing Media Insight-Driven Content

3.1 Step by Step Process for Keyword ResearchInstitute XYZ of Business Technology is responsible for posting the product/service specifics on the internet if the insight-driven concept of incorporating a more personalized system of learning is adopted, resulting in a better service delivery of course concepts that is ready for sale. In practice, when generating online text content for services, firms require a search engine optimization (SEO) approach, which means they optimize content for organic listings as well as exposure on social networking platforms (Wedel & Kannan, 2016). For the purpose of creating search engine optimized content, the marketing team often develops a keyword research methodology that is also used when creating text content. In a step-by-step process for keyword research, the phases include: identifying a comprehensive list of all words and phrases that apply to online learning indicative of a searcher being interested in pursuing a course. The next step includes expanding the list to include relative search volumes for every keyword (Katz, 2016). Here, more personalization and quality words and their related searchers will be added. Then, the list will be prioritized, categorized, and the preferred landing pages identified. Over time, the keywords list would be refined.

3.2 Customized Keyword Research for the New ProductThe quality of keywords may make the difference between winning and losing in a marketing campaign and a time-consuming waste of effort and resources. It will be the keywords chosen for the newly upgraded online programs for Institute XYZ of Business Technology that will decide the whole SEO marketing plan from start to finish. The first step will be to conduct a study of the niche for online learning. The idea is to get an out-of-the-box idea and aid in discovering more angles to the SEO and marketing strategies applicable to online learning. In this process, there will be a market survey of talking with current students to know their demands better, thinking from their perspective, and getting online communities involved in a discussion. A list of important and relevant topics founded on online learning will be made. Then, the topics will be filled with key words. The chosen topics are: online learning, improved online e-learning services, interactive courses, enhanced university courses, best business schools, modern e-learning institutions, and improved college structures. With these topic buckets, keywords will be identified that fall into the various categories. WordStream’s Free Keyword Tool, Keworddit, AnswerThePublic, and Google Keyword Planner will be used to conduct keyword research. They are presented in table 1 below.

Keyword Research Tool Keywords generated

WordStream’s Free Keyword Tool University

Home schooling

School

Department of business

Department of education

Department

Faculty

KewordditDeep learning

Interactive learning

E-learning

University

Home schooling

School

Higher education

Academic integrity

AnswerThePublicAchievement

Development

Accessibility

Deep learning

Interactive learning

E-learning

Google Keyword Planner Blended courses

Enhanced learning

University

Home schooling

School

Table 1: Keywords Research Outcomes

One of the most critical steps that the organization can do is to determine who the ideal customer is. It is the first step toward business success. To give a more tailored experience that suits the client’s (the ideal student’s) needs, the firm must go one step further and construct a customer persona that will befit the aforementioned keywords (Carlson et al., 2021).  A customer persona is a representation of a sample group that is based on analysis and research of real customers and reflects an audience – a person. A persona is a portrayal of a group’s core characteristics and characteristics. The organization may get information on the clientele in a number of methods. or instance, doing the keyword research will enable a better understanding of the potential customers. Utilizing social media or data from online school’s learning systems, evaluations, customer surveys, and other means to Google the terms the customers use online.  After amassing this data, the organization must discover how and where customers spend their time online and connect with them there (for example, which social media platform do they prefer: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube or a combination of all. Then, the organization must adjust its social media updates to the customers’ preferred tone of voice. For the webpage, the organization will create material that is demographically targeted based on the above keywords research. finally, the organization will collaborate with well-known individuals, influencers, professions, or companies who are admired by the customers for testimonials in the webpage.

3.3 Content for Three Types of Online Media3.3.1. Webpage ContentThe following is the content of the webpage describing the new improved service based on the above ideas:

Discover a comprehensive collection of online business courses that can help you make smarter business choices and flourish in today’s highly competitive business environment. Management and leadership courses, quality and modern conflict management courses, enhanced entrepreneurship courses, management systems in business, training on customer service, various courses on risk assessments, interactive and practical human resource training, business operations for a post-COVID era, new management practices, and more are all covered in our various improved learning and courses. We endeavor to provide a rich learning experience that allows you to grow essential business knowledge and skills for the modern globalized environment.

There are a variety of reasons why you would choose to enroll in a business course with us. It may provide you with the opportunity to advance your profession to the next level, or it may serve as an exhilarating first move towards pursuing a different route altogether. Professionals from all fields of business, from entrepreneurial aspirants to those interested in management, may benefit from some of our complimentary online business classes, no matter what their motive for enrolling is. Additionally, you have the convenience of completing the program from the comfort and privacy of your own personal settings at a speed that is appropriate for your schedule.

At Institute XYZ of Business Technology, we provide business course choices that can help you get started in your career and get the critical business skills that companies are seeking for. You can also update your business abilities and add to your current certifications. We offer a new interactive program that engages the learner directly into the entire learning process. We personalize our courses in a way that achieves both learner expectations and learning outcomes. 

3.3.2. Facebook Page Post Promoting New Interactive Online LearningThe following Facebook post will be used to promote the new and improved online learning at Institute XYZ of Business Technology.

Earn Your Degree with us at Institute XYZ of Business Technology

Our numerous degree and post-graduate programs take a comprehensive approach to business education, laying the groundwork for long-term career adaptability while also providing a solid foundation for immediate success. In this course, you will benefit from an innovative learning style that is centered on future studies. You will also learn how to handle changes in technology, perspective, and other factors as you develop the skills essential to sustain long-term company success in a quickly expanding digital economy. These technology-agnostic frameworks and models place a strong emphasis on the process and understanding in order to provide long-term experience and competency. You will analyze case studies and engage in simulations of business challenges in order to prepare to use your knowledge in a real-world setting when the opportunity arises. Visit our web page at www.businesstechnologyschool.xyzinstitute for more details.

3.3.3. Google Text Ad using Google Ads for Promoting the New ServiceFor the Google Search Network, the keywords will appear when potential customers enter search terms. This advertisement will be used by Institute XYZ of Business Technology to promote its many business-related business programs. The advertisement will be a rich media display ad that will feature the following banners: The picture will automatically alter depending on who is looking at the advertisement and how they interact with it, according to the advertiser.

4. ConclusionAs the education system change son a global scale, a gap emerges in the market or online learning where customers (learners) are demanding more personalized content and process in the teaching and learning structures. As such, Institute XYZ of Business Technology has created an improved program that personalizes learning content to match these demands with the learning outcomes targeting fresh college students and first year post graduate students. Using the media insights above, content for a webpage, a Facebook Page post, and a Google Text Ad using Google Ads have been created for Institute XYZ of Business Technology in order to market it to students.

ReferencesAl Arif, T. Z. Z. (2019). The use of social media for English language learning: an exploratory study of EFL university students. Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching, 3(2), 224-233.

Ansari, J. A. N., & Khan, N. A. (2020). Exploring the role of social media in collaborative learning the new domain of learning. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 1-16.

Bali, M. M. E. I., & Musrifah, M. (2020). The Problems of Application of Online Learning in the Affective and Psychomotor Domains During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 17(2), 137-154.

Carlson, J., Rahman, S. M., Rahman, M. M., Wyllie, J., & Voola, R. (2021). Engaging gen Y customers in online brand communities: A cross-national assessment. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 102252.

Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of educational technology systems, 49(1), 5-22.

Fauzi, I., & Khusuma, I. H. S. (2020). Teachers’ elementary school in online learning of COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Jurnal Iqra’: Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(1), 58-70.

Foroudi, P., Yu, Q., Gupta, S., & Foroudi, M. M. (2019). Enhancing university brand image and reputation through customer value co-creation behaviour. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 138, 218-227.

García-Morales, V. J., Garrido-Moreno, A., & Martín-Rojas, R. (2021). The transformation of higher education after the COVID disruption: Emerging challenges in an online learning scenario. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 196.

Gosal, A. S., Geijzendorffer, I. R., Václavík, T., Poulin, B., & Ziv, G. (2019). Using social media, machine learning and natural language processing to map multiple recreational beneficiaries. Ecosystem Services, 38, 100958.

Katz, H. (2016). The media handbook: A complete guide to advertising media selection, planning, research, and buying. Routledge.

Peters, M. A., Rizvi, F., McCulloch, G., Gibbs, P., Gorur, R., Hong, M., … & Misiaszek, L. (2020). Reimagining the new pedagogical possibilities for universities post-Covid-19: An EPAT Collective Project. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 1-44.

Putra, R. W. P. (2021). Improving the students’ motivation in learning English through google meet during the online learning. English Learning Innovation, 2(1), 35-42.

Singh, V., & Thurman, A. (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? A systematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988-2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289-306.

Wedel, M., & Kannan, P. K. (2016). Marketing analytics for data-rich environments. Journal of Marketing, 80(6), 97-121.

MARKETING MAJOR

TO:PROFESSOR

FROM:STUDENT

DATE:(INSERT DATE)

-1333501854210SUBJECT: (INSERT SUBJECT)

Marketing is an area which I am interested in and in this area of business the importance of communication is very important as it helps those within this field to communicate properly and make sure that whatever they are advancing and bringing to the market is fully accepted. Therefore it is a core part of business marketing and it comprises of the role of character as well as the role of competency or being competent in making sure that the success of marking it attained and made possible. These two are very essential in ensuring credibility is attained in written form within businesses since a person’s character as well as how they put down the message determines how this message is perceived and if it goes into making the organization better by marketing it (Raciti, 2010). Therefore character being and very important aspect should be visible through the writing and if the character is perfect then it means that credibility is attained. Character to some extent can be displayed through the level of competency and therefore these are two areas I want to work on very much.

The reason why I want to work on my competency and character is that these two play a very important role in my major which is marketing. Therefore working on them makes it possible for me to be successful in this field and my general career as a marketer. I would work on these two mainly through first of all making my character better in person and therefore this is expected to be passed down to the written communication as I will also practice more about how to be competent in my writing and keep on sharing with professionals in this area for more information and skills.

Therefore the ability to be competent and professional in business written communications is very important and therefore using this I will be able to overcome the issues at my job and make my marketing job better.

Reference

Raciti, M. M., & Dagger, T. S. (2010). Embedding relationship cues in written communication. Journal of Services Marketing.

Liberal Arts Capstone Assignment: Speech presentation

Speech presentation is one of the hardest activities have had to do in my personal life and educational career. I have had to make many speeches requiring different levels of preparation. During speech presentation, it is advisable to understand your audience and relate to them effectively in order to present your points efficiently. One of the speech presentations that stand out in my encounter is the one I presented for a group work in high school. I believe I presented myself appropriately to the audience, because I used sufficient and accurate body language as well as eye contact. I was nervous before being given the limelight to start the presentation. I had prepared for the presentation a day before the actual presentation in my room and I intended to deliver on the objectives. I developed supportive props and charts to aid my presentation. During the presentation, I was clear, vocal, and precise to adhere to the assigned duration.

At the end of my presentation, all I could hear were jubilations and appreciation from the audience. I made a great impression on my audience through organized, clear, precise, and vocal presentation. This is because of the feedback I obtained from my professor as well as other students and my group members. This was the best presentation I had done with the ability to overcome my great fear of presenting in front of a crowd of more than 100 people. I used attractive concepts and jokes to appeal to my audience hence capture their attention. My trick had worked on the audience, thus an opportunity to present the main points effectively and efficiently utilizing the props and charts for illustration.