Category: Uncategorized

Barnes, S., & Bloch, S. (2019). Why is measuring communication difficult? A critical review of current speech pathology concepts and measures. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 33(3), 219-236.This article examines Speech Pathology and it states that human life is organized through speech pathologies that represent people. It is the speech pathologies that access the sites of communication for interaction between different people. Due to lack of an explicit theory of communication based on speech pathology the practical basis for rigorous, conceptual and empirical communication measurement is limited. This is a big challenge for research and practice. In this review there is a discussion about the conceptualization of the present communication. It also discusses how models of communication have influenced the current measurement practices as well as ideas. It discusses the measurement in speech pathology of the co-present communication. Due to the difference in the SP co-present communication in the real time and SP intervention and assessment, the research gives suggestions for and directions for research so that there can be a drawing closer of these two concepts which are far from one another.

Swan, K., Hopper, M., Wenke, R., Jackson, C., Till, T., & Conway, E. (2018). Speech-language pathologist interventions for communication in Moderate–Severe dementia: A systematic review. American Journal of Speech – Language Pathology (Online), 27(2), 836-852. doi:http://dx.doi.org.umiss.idm.oclc.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-17-0043

This is an article which delves into the field of relating how communicative disorder relates with communicative participation. It mainly focuses on the patients with dementia. Therefore there is the argument that it is these people who suffer from dementia who are most of the time excluded from communicative participation therefore the research tries to establish the past researches about dementia patients and through this understanding there are recommendation on how the dementia patients can best be helped to engage in communicative process not just by listening but also by talking and letting them be heard. This is a way of making sure that there is equality and everyone is involved in the current society and not just those who are fluent and able to talk with no problems. In the research the stigmatization that comes along with communicative ability as well as the dementia condition is a determiner for active participation in the communicative process of any dementia patient.

Threats, T., & Worrall, L. (2004). The ICF is all about the person, and more: A response to Duchan, Simmons-Mackie, Boles, and McLeod. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6(1), 83-87.

In this article we see that the speech is necessary for any person who is to be of communicative importance. However there is a conflict in the way communication is possible for those individuals who have difficulties with health issues like aphasia and how they can make their way to the communicative field with more positivity and courage leaving their fear of failure behind. This article focuses on aphasia and especially the poem written by Chris and how this can be of great importance in the communicative process of individuals suffering from aphasia. This article is a response to Duchan, Simmons-mackie, Boles and Mcleod. It is not just a commentary on the importance of the ICF as the ealier works but this specifically focuses on responding to the claims of the above four as a criticism to ICF. Therefore this response plays its role and makes it possible for a more understanding to be gained about the role of ICF and that it not only focuses on the person alone but also focuses on more than the basics of what a human person is.

McLeod, S. (2004). Speech pathologists’ application of the ICF to children with speech impairment. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6(1), 75-81.

This article discusses the manner in which speech pathologists are able to apply the ICF not only to adults but also to children. This acts as a positive improvement in the field of speech correction. Due to the effects of ICF then it becomes possible for speech impaired children to improve them into better people through the assistance of speech pathologists who dedicate themselves to help the children. This article states that it is very important for a speech fluent child to grow because speech does not only help them to communicate but it acts as a gateway to so many opportunities which they can come along their lives. Therefore the communicative ability can be termed as not just any way of making the child grow but also a way of inculcating values, morals, discipline and other important aspects of the child to the outside world as displayed through their communicative ability.

Snow, P., & Powell, M. (2004). Developmental language disorders and adolescent risk: A public-health advocacy role for speech pathologists?. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6(4), 221-229.

This research article provides information about the importance of early communicative ability in the learning process. In this, the pathologists also bring out the importance of understanding the teenagers a well as children in their early years based on their communicative competence and ability. This is because language acquisition plays a significant role in the development of a child and not just the basics which are understood as for the sake of communication. In relation to psycho-social development good academic development is a protective factor against so many other risks and factors associated with schooling. However when it comes to communicative competence, it is similarly important for any society to view language as a norm of making life better for the children since it is their communicative ability that helps them to know more about their world and their development.

Baptism Ritual in The Catholic Church

There are many rituals in different religions; however, baptism has always had a central part and role in Christianity. This is very significant, especially among the Catholics who firmly believe that it is only through baptism that a person is fully initiated into Christianity. This is one of the significant rituals in Catholicism even though there are other rituals like mass, the last rites of a dead person, the anointing of the sick, matrimony and other rituals which are performed in the catholic church with relation to faith and trying to affirm the faith of the individuals who attend the church to fully believe that God is what is expressed in the bible as well as in the traditions of the church. This paper discusses the baptism ritual, the reasons why it is done and how it is done, and how this impacts the whole aspect of being a Christian.

Baptism existed even during the time of Jesus, and john the Baptist is the primary prophet renowned for making baptism resound with great importance just before the beginning of the public ministry of Jesus Christ. However, a lot has changed from the time of Jesus to the present time (Ferguson, 2009). During the time of Jesus, baptism was explained in two ways: baptism by the fire and baptism by the water. However, as Jesus stated to Lazarus, for any person to see the kingdom of heaven, they had to be reborn against through water. This is the firm belief of most Christians regarding the eligibility of one to be a Christian. It is from these beginnings and backgrounds that the ritual has developed into what it is today.

In the bible, there is no explicit statement that a person had to reject the devil or make a vow to stick to God for them to be baptized, and this explains the ‘puritan’ baptism practiced during the time of Jesus and the contemporary Christianity baptism which requires a person to do a lot of things and which is in an orderly manner (Spinks, 2017). In the current catholic church, baptism is done both for children and also for adults. The children are baptized believing that their baptism will change their place in heaven due to the original sin and place them closer to God. However, the baptism of the adults is the type of baptism that ensures that a person has a change of heart and they begin following Christ with new inspiration and faith.

Firstly, a person is trained on how to run and go on with Christian life, and after being trained about Christian faith and what it entails, the person is then initiated into the Christian faith through the ritual of baptism, which is done in a process. Firstly, in some places, the members undergo mandatory retreat before they are baptized, while this does not happen in most places. During the day of baptism, several things happen, including vows rejecting the devil and stating clearly that one will follow Christ from the time of baptism henceforth. The other part of the ritual is cleansing using water (Spinks, 2017). In the catholic church, this is done by pouring water on the head or the forehead of the person to signify that the sins committed from birth and the original sin are all washed away. There is also lighting a candle to symbolize that the person will be a light to those around him to spread the good news. These rituals are significant and serve a significant role in changing a person from a non-believer into a believer.

In conclusion, these rituals are significant to catholic Christians, and it means a lot to them. Without baptism, Catholics do not recognize a person as being fully catholic or Christianity.

References

Ferguson, E. (2009). Baptism in the early church: history, theology, and liturgy in the first five centuries. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

Spinks, B. D. (2017). Reformation and modern rituals and theologies of baptism: from Luther to contemporary practices. Routledge.

Running Head: MACROECONOMICS

Macroeconomics

(Presented by)

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(Presented to)

(Lecturer)

(Topic)

(Date)

According to Censky (2011), the level of unemployment has increased at very high rate in comparison to the employment rate. This has occurred in contrast to the expectations that job creation would occur. The unemployment rate has resulted due to the occurrence of a recession in the economy. The nation is under an economic recession; therefore, job creation is quite a difficult task at the present time. Economic recession has resulted due to the government excessive expenditure on response to several emerging disasters. The disasters include occurrence of unpredicted floods, and the occurrence of tsunami. In addition, the stalemate in Washington and the increasing gas prices have a role to play in the emergence of economic recession, and have created a tremendous uncertainty among the businesses.

The economic recession has created uncertainty among the potential business employers. The employers have great fears of dynamics of the existing federal tax policy and spending cuts. This has occurred since the congress has not yet attained a consensus on debt ceiling and effective measures of cutting down the nation’s deficit. The fear of the existing dynamics on the economy has led to small business employers developing a habit of observing what happens to large businesses in terms of job creation.

Politics have significant influence in the development of an effective-economic status of a nation. The nation has experienced political games that have resulted in a decline on the wage level for employees effectively. Politicians have engaged in a blame game of who has responsibility of decline in wage level, in the nation. In addition, the politicians have minimized the chances of job seekers participating effectively on job recovery. The reduction on employment levels formed the basis of political rhetoric that emerged from two sides of the nation’s politics. For example, the republican claim that the nation has inherent regulations and the stimulus-spending binge is not effective; therefore, job creation has a limitation. In addition, the republican add that the existing national debt forms challenge that the private sector has to face in order to create jobs. The government, on the other hand, claim that the public understands that there is a limitation on the available jobs. In addition, the government promises to implement reform patent laws after the congress passes the bill in order to create jobs.

Macroeconomics makes an analysis of the behavior, performance and decision-making of the nation’s economy. Unemployment rate is one of the factors that macroeconomics takes into consideration for the analysis of the entire economy. Censky (2011) article depicts a correlation of unemployment and employment rates in which the two factors have a negative correlation. This correlation results from the fact that the economy is in a recession due to the uncertainty created by several factors; such as, tsunami, stalemate in Washington, higher gas prices and floods. The uncertainty has led to employers developing a reluctant attitude towards employment. As such, the employment rate has reduced drastically for the whole nation.

Politics inherent in a given nation determines the strength of the economy. The government acts as the governing organ for formulating an effective macroeconomic policy. These policies include monetary and fiscal policies. As the government engages extensively on politics, the economy becomes a victim of subjection into a recession. However, the government may avoid such circumstances through concentrating on analyzing, as well as formulating an effective measure to adopt in order to safeguard the nation’s economy.

Reference

Censky, A. (2011). June Jobs Report: Hiring Slows, Unemployment Rises. CNNMoney.

Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/2011/07/08/news/economy/june_jobs_report_unemployment/index.htm?iid=HP_LN&iid=EAL

Introduction to Marketing

BUMKT1502

Business Report: PART B

Tutor’s Name:

Assignment Due Day

Week 7 Friday Executive summary

Coca-Cola and Pepsi companies were not initially as successful as they are to date. Most of their success is credited to a high level of investment from their managers and CEOs. Coca- Cola did not perform as well in the past. Most of its success came as a result of intense marketing and strategizing. One of the pivotal moments for the company was the sale to a more ambitious group. This acted as a stepping stone for the company to one of the most recognizable brands in the globe. Pepsi on the other hand has proven to be a strong competitor. Most of the strategies are geared towards retaining its customers and acquiring new ones. These two companies are ideal for the analysis of the competitive market in terms of marketing strategies. A company needs to take part in extensive marketing if they intend to remain in the market. Most of the customers demand for the highest form of quality making the competition stiff. The beverage industry is one of the most competitive due to the significance of beverages in the lives of the human beings. Both companies thus have to carry out extensive research so as to maintain their position and choice of preference (Bachmeier, 2009).

Table of contents

Executive Summary………………….………….……………..………………… 2

Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 4

Company overview ………………….………….……………..………………… 4

Marketing Concepts………………………………………..……………………… 5

Micro-environmental forces ………………………………………..………………… 5

SWOT analysis ………………………………………..……………………… 7

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… 7

References ……………………………………………………………………… 8

Introduction

The business market in the United States is that of a competitive nature. This is owed to the extensive competition between the companies available. The United States is one of the most productive companies in the world. This is credited to the existence of successful business franchises. The business market has developed from a simple market to a more complex market. Most of the innovations have come as a result of the emergence of brand companies such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi. These two companies have been in the market for more than twenty years. It is difficult to have a considerable level of success in an uncertain environment. The fact that the two companies continue to record a high gross profit makes the suitable for the following analysis.

Company background

Coca-Cola Company, an American public company, manufactures retails and markets non-alcoholic beverages. Its SWOT analysis by Taylor (2008) reveals a brand has been a market giant since its engineering by John Smith Pemberton in 1886 and founding in 1892 by Asa Candler. Pepsi, with its headquarters in New York, sells soft drinks such as Mountain Dew, Slice and Pepsi (Pepsi, 2011). Sales of its non-carbonated drinks contribute most to its revenues. It remains a leader in sales of sport drinks, PET bottled water, chilled juice and bottled tea and coffee. Its over 100 brands are distributed worldwide. Just like Coca-Cola, it produces beverage concentrates and sells to independent bottlers in addition to overseeing product promotion. Its major weakness is its dependence on the American market as 52% of its revenue originates from the US.

Market strategy and concept

A market consists of buyers and sellers. The need for a particular good or service is ideal for the buying and selling of a particular commodity. For there to be a supply there needs to be the demand for a commodity. One of the challenges companies are faced with is making their brand appeal to the customer base. If a market environment does not have reliable sellers and produces of goods and services of a company, they are forced to but from one seller. This is not ideal in that the company is in control of the market thus making their business a monopoly. A monopoly simply refers to a business or market that does not allow for competition between businesses. This brings forth a number of disadvantages such as the provision of poor services due to the lack of competition (Besanko, 2010).

Micro environmental forces

The presence of one producer limits the choice of the buyer. A market should therefore encourage the existence of more than one producer so as to improve the market conditions. Coca-Cola has been in the market for a considerable amount of time. Their main competition in the foods and beverage industry is Pepsi. Pepsi is has taken the role of competitor due to the fact that the company provides the same services as Coca-Cola. Both companies provide the famous cola beverage which is the most consumed beverage to date. For the companies to gain more consumers, they need to take part in a high market franchise that creates awareness of the products. This is a difficult test due to the different preferences and demands made by consumers all over the world. The competition between the two is different from most of the companies in the marketplace. Most of their marketing strategies are geared toward selling their brand as the best product in the market. One of the ways of marketing the products is by sponsoring big events such as the Olympics and major shows like the American idol. These shows are viewed across the globe making them convenient for the exposure of the brand. When the company takes on the responsibility of sponsoring another company, the sponsored company is inclined to reciprocate this favor by increasing the market potential of the company. Marketing is thus ideal for the success and sustainability for the company.

Customer privileges are significant for the analysis of the performance of the beverage industries. Customers have a great impact on the determination of the performance of the companies. As stated earlier, the competition is intense owing to the different companies in the market. This makes it difficult for companies to remain in the market for a long period of time. Companies have come out with ways of outsmarting each other to gain new consumers. One of the ways of achieving this is by differentiation the products. The beverage company has come a long way from the time of its inception. Most of the beverages were inspired by traditional cultural aspects in the country. Most of the products of both Pepsi and Coca-Cola were geared toward soft drinks. The companies created products that catered for different flavors available to their customers. Over the years, the demand of the customers continues to dictate the type of product to place in the market. This saw the change of the products from soft drinks to water and energy drinks. This widened the scope of both companies making them subject to the demands of the customers. One of the recent trends in the market is the demand for hot beverages such as tea and coffee. These beverages were initially provided by companies such as Nescafe and star bucks. The choice of Coca-Cola and Pepsi to take on this new market shows the amount of pressure that the company faces in their quest to become market leaders. The invention and innovation of new products continues to play a significant role in the industry. One of the ways the company can continue to maintain their position in the market is by differentiating their products. This would in turn provide more exposure and profit for the company in the long run (Ferrell & Hartline, 2011).

The SWOT analysis

In order for a company to establish its position in the market, they need to conduct a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis is basically a summary of the internal and the external market surrounding of any business. One of the factors to consider in this case looks at the performance of a company in relation to its competitors. The Coca-Cola Company provides a perfect example of the vitality of this type of research. The company has proved to be one of the most successful companies in the present market. This is due to the number of products available to their consumers. The company prides itself with more than 500 brands distributed to different countries all over the international market. One of the ways that the company has been able to maintain this strategy is through franchising their products. The company has managed to list itself in the new NYSE making it a public company. This gives the public an opportunity to own a section of the company by buying shares (Mazzucato & Open University, 2002).

The SWOT analysis is also ideal for the determination of the strengths and weaknesses of the company. All companies fall short of their projections at one time or another. One of the ways of avoiding this situation is by focusing on the internal and external strengths of the business. This makes the companies maximize on their strength and minimize on their weaknesses. Another factor is to focus on the external forces such as the legal and governing authorities. The company has to ensure that its values are in line with the ones of the authorities. This involves ensuring the observation of rules and regulations required for the company to meet before the inception of business (Pride & Ferrell, 2006).

The Coca-Cola Company and the Pepsi brand have been competitors for a long time. This is due to their provision of products that cater for the same clientele. One of the most competitive products of both companies is their cola soft drink. The companies are highly reliant on the American market which acts as a challenge for their growth. The Pepsi Company boasts the performance of mountain dew which brings in a large percentage of the company’s sales. The two have managed to outsmart each other in different parts of the globe. This has made them long time rivals in the beverage industry (Hill & Jones, 2008). Marketing involves intense advertising of a product or a service. A company needs to invest a substantial amount of money so as to improve the reception of its brand. Both Pepsi and Coca-Cola invest a substantial amount of money in advertising and marketing. This is essential for the sustainability of the brand in the households of the internal and external market.

Conclusion

The current market is difficult to venture into due to the intensity of the market factors. Both companies have managed to maintain their position as market leaders due to their market strategies. A company should ensure that it performs market research so that it can determine its competitors, strengths weaknesses. This will is significant in that market research assists the managers in decision making. A company is thus able to take the advantages and use them to its strengths. This in turn brings in profit that improves the performance of the product. Market research also encourages the company to avoid unprofitable investments. This is essential so that the company can project the future when making decisions. Market research is one of the principles of marketing. A company that does not conduct adequate research faces failure in the long run. Both Coca-Cola and Pepsi have proved to be iconic in terms of performance and distribution. This would not have been possible without extensive research and analysis.

References

Bachmeier, K. (2009). Analysis of marketing strategies used by PepsiCo based on Ansoff’s theory. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH.

Besanko, D. (2010). Economics of strategy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Ferrell, O. C., & Hartline, M. D. (2011). Marketing strategy. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Hill, C. W. L., & Jones, G. R. (2008). Strategic management: An integrated approach. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2011). Business ethics: Ethical decision making and cases. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Mazzucato, M., & Open University. (2002). Strategy for business: A reader. London: Sage in association with the Open University.

Pride, W. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (2006). Marketing: Concepts and strategies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

MARKETING DISCUSSION

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professor’s Name

Date

MARKETING DISCUSSION

The price sensitivity of a consumer is significant to marketing practice and theory because of its effect on profitability. A firm understanding of one’s product’s price sensitivity can help an organization identify the various price ranges that will maximize the business income while also determining the effect of pricing changes on sales numbers. Contrary to what many business people believe, a business’s product’s price sensitivity isn’t synonymous with its pricing strategy in terms of pricing. Previous research reveals that brand loyalty, customer purchasing preferences, the item is a luxury versus a necessity, and price of purchase compared to income influence price sensitivity. From this list, brand loyalty and customer preferences remain the most impactful areas of price sensitivity for my business.

Literature is filled with references to brand loyalty- depicting its nature, consequences, and correlates. Given the breadth and depth of input on the subject, brand loyalty assumes numerous sizes and shapes in literature. Although an agreed-upon description of the term remains elusive, numerous practitioners and researchers accept that brand loyalty impacts a business’s profit levels and sales for several reasons. Jacoby and Kyner (1973) postulates that customers tend to buy repeatedly when they are delighted with the services or products. These consumers become loyal to the business and its brand. Loyal consumers have been not only essential but also necessary for my business to establish brand equity and thrive in the market. These loyal consumers are price insensitive to price changes compared to non-loyal customers, who tend to be sensitive and hasty in making decisions about the brand. Due to familiarity with the business’s product quality, loyal customers are always ready and willing to shell out more money for the business brand as their trust is embedded in us.

On the other hand, customer purchasing preferences entail likes, dislikes, expectations, inclinations, and motivations that drive customers’ purchasing decisions. Gabor & Granger (2010) posited that customer preferences are a significant driver of price sensitivity. Although appealing to customer preferences is a standard marketing technique, today’s consumers have proven brilliant. Before deciding to buy a business’s products, they review product prices and performance via social media and online sites. While surfing this data, they can examine a product’s value and price advantages. With this, it has become difficult to ensure whether consumers’ required models are present. This affects not only my business but also others.

References

Jacoby, J., & Kyner, D. B. (1973). Brand loyalty vs. repeat purchasing behavior. Journal of Marketing research, 10(1), 1-9.

Gabor, A., & Granger, C. W. J. (2010). Price sensitivity of the consumer. Management Decision.

MORAL PLURALISM

(Author’s name)

(Institutional affiliation)

Abstract

There are several conflicting theories within the moral domain in regard to good and wrong. In the process of determining the level of truth, an important is played by personal interpretations and judgments. In attempting to live together in a society, there are so many challenges in appreciating the authenticity of conflicting views and establishment of levels of agreement. This paper explores what moral pluralism is and the differences between the different levels.

Moral pluralism refers to the assumption that moral truths exist. However, it is worth noting that this assumption does not form the basis of rationality and reliability of truths in comparison to those found in scientific and mathematical approaches (Richardson & Williams, 2008). There are varied views in regard to moral pluralism, for example, some people believe that actions that yield positive results are morally good.

There is a plurality of values and principles relevant to moral judgment that cannot be reduced. In the principle of utilitarianism, there is a belief that morally important considerations can be quantified into pain or pleasure while Kantian theory asserts that all forms of moral judgment can be reduced to a single principle which has to do with rationality and the individuals bearing rationality. Moral pluralism is not subject to complete ordering of rationality. Therefore, it is believed that no procedure or principle can exist without a unique or determinate solution of a moral question that involves choices in moral values and principles (Sneddon, 2011).

There is a belief that the most important aspect of different levels of morality includes relative majority of duties and values. For the rest of morality, it is believed that equality and general wellbeing are the core values. The foundational level of morality is made up of actions that do not harm others and do not facilitate taking of other people’s possessions. Also, other similar pluralistic theories believe that an individual does not need to break promises, to tell lies and rather an individual need to go an extra mile in showing concern for individuals with special connections. Several versions of moral pluralism are founded and based on such lists of values and duties (Davis, 2004).

In addition, most pluralists believe that there are no strict rationales of precedence that seeks to resolve conflicts that might arise among the actions and values on which they are based. In this regard, there is need to utilize values of judgment so as to resolve conflicts among actions and values of moral pluralism. However, the assumption of moral truths fails to provide any procedure for moral advisement.

Also, the truths upon which moral pluralism is based are not coherent and consistent. There are conflicting theories within the moral domain in relation to rightness and goodness and each of the many theories contain realities about moral life though none of them is comprised of the whole truth (Moon, 2012).

Most activities in the society raise a lot of questions in regard to the type of morality that is guiding the members of the different societies. There are common actions that show that the moral standards are low, for example killing without remorse and dehumanization of each other. This is because the modern society is diverse and heterogeneous in composition. Also, the various cultures and traditions in the society are dynamic and pluralistic in several ways. However, it is unfortunate that pluralistic aspects of moralism are widening over time (Hinman, 2008).

There are four levels of moral pluralism; radical moral pluralism, pluralism of moral practices, pluralism of self-realization and radical moral pluralism. Radical moral pluralism is a level that describes a situation in which people hold different views about morality. However, the believers in this have divergent and radical views yet they do not form the society entirely (Timmons, 2012). In a society, a group needs to be in agreement with certain crucial principles and practices. It is important for members of any society to have a general agreement of the fact that life is worth living and that the lives of all members of the society need to be respected.

However, it is hard to convince those who do not care whether they live or die because it is almost impossible to inform them that they are mistaken. Such people do not form a society because morality is a shared responsibility for all members of a society. It is important to note that a society may be morally pluralistic on the basis of the other levels (Hinman, 2008).

Pluralism of moral practices implies compatibility with social agreement on morality of several basic patterns. However, such agreements do not involve agreements on the variation on the use of moral principles to evaluate actions. In as much as several people believe that murder is wrong, there are members of the society who operate at conventional morality. In regard to murder, there are different moral principles that are compatible to different moral assessment.

Radical moral pluralism refers to moral practices that come from differences in moral principles, differences of facts, differences in circumstances and differences in perception of facts. At this level of moral pluralism, most moral issues are not clear. The developing modern society provides room for moral disagreement. However, in most areas of agreement there is compatibility of agreeable moral practices.

Pluralism of self-realization provides that as long as members of the society adhere to laid down moral norms, they are allowed to make choices on their values and lifestyles. It is a kind of moral pluralism that provides for crucial aspects of moral pluralism such as self-fulfillment and development. Such a society tolerates several differences that cannot be found in a homogeneous society (McDonald, 2011).

References

Davis, J. C. (2004). The Moral Theology of Roger Williams: Christian Conviction and Public Ethics. Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press.

Henry S. Richardson, M. S. (2008). Moral Universalism and Pluralism: NOMOS XLIX. New York: NYU Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=tU10u1F2bZwC&dq=moral+pluralism&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Hinman, L. M. (2008). Ethics: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory. Stamford: Cengage Learning.

McDonald, H. P. (2011). Creative Actualization: A Meliorist Theory of Values. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

Moon, J. D. (2012). Constructing Community: Moral Pluralism and Tragic Conflicts. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Sneddon, A. (2011). Like-minded: Externalism and Moral Psychology. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Timmons, M. (2012). Moral Theory: An Introduction. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=qWGp1iK9IlAC&dq=moral+pluralism&source=gbs_navlinks_s

A Description Of How A Customer Of A Given Bank Can Use The ATM

Question 1

The use case gives a description of how a customer of a given bank can use the ATM to make withdrawals from his or her bank account. In this case, there are two actors in the sector, that is, the bank and the customer. This leads to having some preconditions for the activity or transaction to take place. Firstly, the there is a connection to the bank that is active. In addition, the ATM should have cash loaded in it.

There are different situations that may take place in the event of the transaction occurring. The process is systematic and logical. Failure to follow the steps will lead to unsuccessful; transactions in the end. The use case starts at the point when the customer of a given bank inserts their card into the ATM. There is the validation of the user is performed automatically by the ATM after this previous event. This leads to the machine giving a display of the various tasks that it can perform or offer at this point. Many a time, at this point customers do select the tab command button “withdraw cash.” Then the ATM gives a prompt for an account from which the customer would like to make drawings (World Bank. 2010). 

The next stage requires the customer to select the correct account depending on the number and type of accounts owned. Then the ATM prompts for an amount the customer wishes to withdraw. After entering the amount, all the documents of the customer are sent to the bank in the form of a transaction. These documents include the PIN; card ID, amount that one wants to withdraw and the account from which the person is making the drawings. Then automatically, there is a response via the machine whether the transaction is successful or not. If it goes through, the card comes out and money dispensed. The aftermath of these events leads to printing of the receipts and the use case comes to successful completion.There are cases however when a transaction may become unsuccessful. This is possible depending on how the customer feeds figures and data into the machine, for instance, at the point of validation of user. If the validation fails, then the use case ends with a total failure status. If the customer enters the wrong account number, the ATM shall display a message indicating that the account entered is invalid. Then the use case can resume from a later stage when prompted to do so (World Bank. 2010). 

Instances arise when the user accidentally enters the wrong withdrawal amount into the machine. This may be either too little amount that the machine cannot process since it is set to work in that like that, or too large figures. Such amounts make unsuccessful transactions for various reasons as read in the terms and conditions of the banking service providers. This includes for instance, amounts exceeding withdrawal limits required per transaction, or the daily withdrawal limits.. There may also exist a case in which the customer’s account has insufficient funds. All the cases outlined make the machine issue a warning message and indicate the amount one is capable of withdrawing. Therefore, the customer is goes a step backwards from where they can resume to complete the transaction(Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

There are moments when the customer receives no response from the bank. In this case, the ATM will retry a number of times, even up to three times. If this continues and still the machine does not elicit any response, the machine may display a message indicating unavailability of network or failure. At this point, the ATM automatically returns the card and indicates closure for the moment. Therefore, the use case ends with a condition of failure (King, 2012).

Illustration

lefttop1.0 Use case model1.2. Possible scenarios

1.3 Cash withdrawal model

Question 2.

In this use case, during the use of the ATM to perform the transactions, one follows the similar steps followed in question 1. Therefore, the only things that change are the fact that it is cash depositing instead of making drawings. Therefore, a similar process is followed, but this time round, it involves changing the details to read deposit instead of withdraw.

The cash deposits via the ATM are possible only if the account to which the deposit is occurring has a link to the card. Cash or a cheque in an envelope is efficient while carrying out the transaction. The customer enters the amount of deposit into the ATM. The money is always subject to verification by an operator before approval by a physical operator. Therefore, the envelope is only acceptable after approval form the bank. In order to carry out this transaction, one has to follow several different steps.

To begin with, the user inserts the card into the ATM. Then one enters the personal identification number. From the transactions menu, one chooses deposit and selects amount and the form of money. Either the form can be in cash or cheque depending on which suits the user. After that, the sealed money placed in an envelope and inserted into the machine. There are options a person can choose from, depending on whether one is depositing though cash or cheque into the machine (Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

By the end of the exercise, the customer waits and receives the printed transaction ID on the envelope. This directs the user to send a deferred transaction and then prints the receipt. This receipt is a record that one can use as a proof of transaction. Thereafter, the user ejects the card and leaves the premises or bank. The following day, operators of the bank open the security box and count the money in the envelope. The commitment of the transactions follows this aspect (Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

Whenever wrong information or details input into the ATM, the transactions take a different course, and in any case, they may become unsuccessful. This applies when a person inputs the wrong PIN. Other instances that may terminate the transaction include when a person does not insert the envelope or inserts two or more envelopes in the machine. In addition, the transaction may fail if no money is in the envelope even when there is too much money in the envelope. The exception of the envelope missing is also a guarantee to having an incomplete transaction (King, 2012).

Question 3

Just like the other user cases, the process of making an account transfer follows some steps. However, for the transactions to work, the card a person is transferring to must have a link with the one that he is using. The customer inserts the debit or credit card into the ATM and enters the pin. One then selects the amount of money h/she wishes to transfer and indicates the account from which the transfer is to take place. This is followed with the account where the money is to be credited. The above requirements have to be in place for one to send the transaction. The customer then awaits for the confirmation message from the bank. The user prints the receipt and then ejects the card from the ATM.

There are times when unfortunate circumstances may occur while making the drawings. A person may enter the wrong PIN. This display a message may prompt one to try making the transaction again. If in any case there are insufficient funds in the account from which one is dong the transfer, they will receive a message. The message informs them that they do not have sufficient funds to carry out the transaction (King, 2012). Therefore, they have to load the card for them to carry out the transaction again. If the account that the transaction is being carried does not exist, the user will be prompted to check again and try. This also happens when the account credited does not exist. Incase no confirmation is received and the transaction have taken place, one should contact the service provider or wait a bit longer. However, in many cases, an error message indicating no network is visible. At times, the card may stick in the ATM. The owner has to contact the operators for assistance. The machine may also run out of paper. In this case, the user will not obtain the receipts but will get a confirmation message to indicate that the transaction has indeed taken place. In almost all of this cases, the user gets a prompt message to go back and start the transaction fresh from a particular point (Bruegge, &Dutoit,2010). 

Question 4

Management: this is an ethical challenge that arises on the part of the users due to various factors. Such factors include change requiring one to be in a position to manage that change effectively for maximum output. The change should have the ability and capacity to improve on the quality of people’slives. The elimination of workers from the workplace due to the technology has its own adverse effects on the user. This is because the user is obliged to learn new things in a new environment. This makes it difficult to comprehend since if it were human beings to offer the help, then it would of course become easier (King, 2012).

References (3)

Bruegge, B., &Dutoit, A. H. (2010). Object-oriented software engineering: Using UML,

Patterns, and Java. Boston: Prentice Hall.

King, B. (2012). Bank 3.0: Why Banking is No Longer Somewhere one Goes But Something ones

Does. New York: Wiley.

World Bank. (2010). Innovation policy: A guide for developing countries. Washington, D.C:

World Bank.

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Chapter Seven

A dietary supplement can be defined as any extra product that a person takes to supplement their diet, but the product itself is not a food item. These supplements must be taken orally in the form of pills, liquids, tablets or capsules. In 1994, the federal government implemented the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act to regulate the market on dietary supplements. The main reason why the Act may not protect consumers of dietary supplements is that the ingredients to be used in these supplements are not subject to premarket safety evaluations that apply to other ingredients for food in the market. Because of this, consumers may be exposed to some harmful or even toxic products as producers can take advantage of the laxity to use substandard ingredients.

In my opinion, dietary supplements should be regulated just like other medications. In current times, many people have resorted to nutritional supplements to improve their wellbeing. The market for dietary supplements has grown exponentially over the past few years, and thus the government has to take a closer look into what happens with these supplements. Some producers take advantage of existing lax laws and regulatory activities to produce items that otherwise would not be allowed in the market. Additionally, so many people aver put their faith into dietary supplements to the extent that they may use the supplements as alternatives to medication. The government should increase regulation of dietary supplements just like that of medications to ensure the safety of consumers and improve awareness on the issues.

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Band of Brothers

Band of Brothers is a true to life history that contains World War II organizations that incorporate paratroopers, Easy Company of the 506th Regiment, and 101st Airborne. The mix of these organizations brought the name ‘brand of brothers.’ Through a blend of account, meetings, maps, and portions from letters, Stephen E. Ambrose takes after the lives of this gathering of fighters from their preparation in 1942, their arrangements in Europe, and their lives after the war. By concentrating on the lives of individuals from one specific organization, Ambrose uncovers the truth of military life and the lives of the common men behind the ordinary expansive scale military accounts of the period.

Ambrose opens the book by portraying the men’s paratrooper preparing in Camp Toccoa, Georgia (U.S.) amid the last 50% of 1942, very nearly multi year after the United States entered the war in favor of the Allies. Amid their opportunity in Georgia, the men manufactured an organization character worked around their restriction to their boss, Herbert Sobel, and their responsibility to exceed expectations as paratroopers. In the wake of finishing their underlying preparing, the men kept preparing in eastern U.S. army bases and Aldbourne, England.

The first significance of Simple Company commitment was on the day an attack took place in Normandy, France. Essential identities for the organization rose amid activity, especially Richard Winters, who drove the organization and its contingent towards the end. Simple Company came back to Aldbourne in the mid year of 1944, short a few men who had been injured or slaughtered, and with a more mindful disposition that rose up out of their interest in fight. Their organization identity—fitness, teach, and a promise to taking care of business without superfluous heroics—rose now under the administration of Winters.

In 1944, Easy Company served in Holland as a piece of an absurd mission called MARKET-GARDEN. This mission tried the men since they were compelled to invest quite a bit of their energy in trenches and were just ready to move around during the evening. Toward the finish of this arrangement, the front they shielded had not moved. After a short rest in Mourmelon, France, Easy Company went to battle in the Ardennes, where they filled in as a major aspect of the ring resistance around the city of Bastogne, a vital site for the Battle of the Bulge. They later took Noville to remove the withdraw of the Germans. Badly arranged regarding hardware and weapons and compelled to get by in foxholes and snow, numerous individuals from Easy Company kicked the bucket in battle. Others broke under the weight of the battle conditions.

Their status as a major aspect of the amazing Screaming Eagles of the 101st Airborne was fixed amid the resistance of Bastogne, nonetheless, when their fruitful push to hold off the Germans while under attack was broadly revealed in daily papers. Ambrose relates in detail what a great many people don’t think about them, to be specific the toll those months in 1944 and 1945 went up against the initiative and officers of Easy Company. They went again to Noville, France, and in spite of proceeding to break under the weight of their long sending in battle zones, performed all around ok to enable Eisenhower to meet his objectives. In the most recent year of the war, Easy Company served nearer to the back in Haguenau, Germany, and invested energy recovering again in Mourmelon.

They last bit of their war got spent in Germany planning surrendering German troopers and removed individuals. They went up against reality of the Holocaust in a work and death camp. Basic Company was the first to arrive at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest in the German Alps, at that point thought to be a high-esteem target on account of its representative significance as Hitler’s withdraw. Amid these fading long periods of the war, numerous G.I.s, Easy Company among them, invested their recreation energy plundering, drinking, and getting a charge out of the organization of ladies who encompassed them. Simple Company’s war finished in psyche.

The men of Easy Company began off via preparing at Camp Toccoa, Georgia. This is the place the majority of the men beginning framing their enduring connections they had with each other and that they will always remember. They experienced diligent work, however at last it was all justified, despite all the trouble. They at that point were sent to England where they prepared increasingly and removed numerous training bounces from planes to prepare for the D-day attack of Normandy.

D-day happened on June sixth, 1944 and it went poorly well, yet the men could get to the ground. They were exceptionally scattered yet in the end could regroup and secure the shorelines under the initiative of Lt. Dick Winters. Not long after D-Day, Easy got sent into Holland for Operation Market Garden. At that point, they get sent to Bastogne to get to Berlin.

The Battle of the Bulge, which occurred in Bastogne, was the most noticeably bad piece of the war the men needed to experience. Their undertaking was to hold the cutting edge in the dead, solidifying winter of Bastogne. In any case, they needed to do this with scarcely any sustenance, no winter dress, and little ammunition. The armed force lost a considerable measure of men because of wounds and demise here.

Through huge diligent work and commitment, they can proceed with their push towards Germany. When they achieve Germany, they go over an inhumane imprisonment which stuns, alarms, and irritates the greater part of the men. Simple is then entrusted to take the town of Berchtesgaden, the last fortress of the SS, and Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest. The German Army at long last surrenders and everybody is greatly eased that it is all finished and that they effectively finished their undertaking.

The reason for this book was to show to individuals how this gathering of men could meet up in the midst of war and the greater part of the battles they needed to experience. Ambrose completed an incredible activity accomplishing this reason. Since he utilized verifiable actualities and data from the men of Easy Company he talked with, this present book’s story turns out to be quite a lot more intriguing than composing a totally anecdotal book.

I figure Ambrose completed a great employment celebrating the men of Easy Company for the greater part of the hardships and battles they needed to experience to battle for the United States of America’s flexibilities and freedoms. Likewise, this book is an exceptionally engaging perused. You never need to put it down for the way that you generally need to recognize what occurs straightaway and if the men can remain alive and continue battling. The characters are extremely amiable and you begin to feel like you are associated with them since you learn and experience all of what they needed to experience.

Band of Brothers by Stephen Ambrose is an astounding book. It completes a remarkable activity uncovering what the men of Easy Company, 506th regiment, 101st Airborne division of the United States Army needed to experience in World War II from preparing camp the distance to how they celebrated after the war and for the ones who made it back, what they did after the war. Simple Company was one of the best powers in all of military history. This was an enormous book that shows how the men of Easy met up and endured the most noticeably awful circumstances conceivable, and how they really turned into a Band of Brothers.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Ambrose, Stephen E. Band of Brothers. New York: Touchstone (Simon & Schuster), 1992.

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Ballet Dance Analysis

Music involves different aspects for instance there is the song, dance and the instrumentals used. With dance, there are different types of dance including ballet, salsa among other dances. Ballet is widely known and among the theatres that present such dances include the famous Miller Outdoor Theatre. One of the ballet projects presented during the concert that captured my mind to find it interesting, quality and detailed was the Black Iris Project. Jeremy McQueen founded the project in 2016 as the key choreographer. The presentation in the concert was detailed and had key ballet features.

To start, a ballet dance takes up a large space on the stage. During the performance the dancers utilised the space to ensure all the moves are clear. Ballet involves stretching of the legs thus needs a lot of space and the dancers should be keen enough not to bump into each other while dancing (Guss-West, Clare, and Gabriele Wulf 29). During the dance there were no interruptions thus making the dance interesting with clear moves. The Assemblé was uniform and legs could return to the same position without interruption. Further, the Grande Jeté and the Pirouette was so beautiful and one could not get enough of this move during the concert.

Not to forget the Ballerinas who performed the modern dance were dressed in the right ballet shoes a well as the suit. It is important to dress on the right attire for a specific dance since it matters especially on flexibility and setting of the whole dance mood. The dancers wore satin pointe shoes which facilitated balancing on one toe. After balancing on one foot, the ballerinas performed the adagio and the angle above 90 degrees was noticeably which was so commendable to the dancers. The attitude was very uniform among the dancers especially when bending the knee towards the back. However, the front attitude was not to perfection perhaps because it was among the last moves performed by the dancers. Also, the camber was performed and one could confuse the dance with a movie since it appeared like the dancers had no hip bone. Both the fifth position and the first position were clearly brought out in the dance. Generally, it is always difficult to perform the fifth position and go back to the first position but with much practice, the dancers will always find making the transition an easy task (Kholodenko, Boris, John, and Walter 414).

The time the dance utilized was around seven minutes. The dancers were fast enough to perform the moves since they made nearly all the moves done while doing ballet in such a short period of time. Also the time used to transit from one move to the next was very short to an extent one could not notice it. The short transition time is so commendable and a good way to present the dance. Also, the dancers did not struggle and less energy was used performing the dance. However, literally, one could say a lot of energy was consumed by the dancers because of the hard moves made. There was variation of movement and they first move related to the second move and so did the third relate to the second and so on. The movements followed a certain pattern and there were many moves and hard for one to give an exact number.

Conclusively, ballet can be a boring dance when performed by people who are not skilled and done enough practice. The dance was so interesting and it was so evidence the audience could not get enough of it. The choreography was also done well to an extent there were very few minor mistakes in the dance (something a ballet fun can tell and a music teacher). At the end of the dance everyone applauded to show they did like the dance. The dance was one of the best dances performed in the concert.

Sources

August 9th 2019 concertGuss-West, Clare, and Gabriele Wulf. “Attentional focus in classical ballet: a survey of professional dancers.” Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 20.1 (2016): 23-29.

Kholodenko, Boris N., John F. Hancock, and Walter Kolch. “Signalling ballet in space and time.” Nature reviews Molecular cell biology 11.6 (2010): 414.