Category: Uncategorized

Background Information

Ivan Pavlov is a psychologist whom I find interesting, born in 1849. He has made a name for himself in the field of psychology and has had an impact on the way that people see and understand dog behavior. Ivan Pavlov was born out of wedlock in Russia, where his father was employed by the Orthodox Church as a priest and his mother was employed as a cook for their family. The only evidence of Ivan’s existence is through baptismal records from 1847 until 1861 when he began attending school near St. Petersburg. His father had him sent to a boarding school for boys, and he proved to be an exceptional student, graduating at age 14. He then attended the University of St Petersburg, where he graduated in both science and math at age 16. He married a pedagogical student and spent the next few years teaching at a school, but also began researching his interest in physiology. Ivan Pavlov was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905 for his contribution to psychology. He died in 1936 at age 73 after suffering from illness for many years (Derouesné, 2021).

Theory

Pavlov’s Theory of Conditioned Response is considered as the foundation of modern psychology and is based around the theory of conditioning. The theory states that every animal learns through association, or what Pavlov called Classical Conditioning. The first stage of classical conditioning consists of increases in the response to a stimulus with repeated presentations, this was shown by an experiment conducted by Ivan Pavlov in 1888. The food extract used in the experiment was made from smelling salts, which consisted primarily salts and chemicals such as eucalyptol that are strong irritants to humans but have no effect on dogs (Adams, 2020).

Critique

The classical conditioning theory, in addition to serving as the foundation of what would become the behavioral psychology, is still relevant today for a variety of purposes. This would include studying the effects and causes of various diseases, being used as an animal-rights activist tool, or even to help workers and children adjust to harsh climates such as a desert. It was also used to describe the way that people learn to be aggressive or submissive in response to threats, which can apply similarly to individuals who were highly aggressive and were disabled as children but are now able to curb this behavior (Adams, 2020).

References

Adams, M. (2020). The kingdom of dogs: Understanding Pavlov’s experiments as human–animal relationships. Theory & Psychology, 30(1), 121-141.

Derouesné, C. (2021). Ivan Pavlov (1849-1935): His life and conditional reflexes story revisited. Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 19(1), 81-92.

Lessons Learned from WRTG 101

Assignments normally come with different levels of difficulty, and no doubt different objectives. My experiences in handling assignments during the course, have been of immense help, not just in improving my language proficiency, but also improving my writing skills. In particular, I feel that my work on the recent research essay assignment “Computer Animation and Technology,” was not only a learning experience, but the culmination of many lessons learnt during the course. I feel that I selected a very interesting and informative topic, which made the research easy to carry out and allowed me to complete the assignment quite well. My research essay turned out successfully because I was able to incorporate lessons learnt during the course quite well.

Although I initially thought that I did not have much to learn from a writing class, I have found that my writing has improved considerably and become more concise. This has no doubt been as a result of a number of new insights gained due to my enrollment in WRTG 101. The areas of improvement include formatting, paragraph and sentence structure, identification and usage of sources, referencing and citation as well as the elimination of pointless and run on sentences. As a result, my writing in the research essay assignment was more objective and to the point, not to mention authoritative and factual.

The choice of topic was mainly due to prior experiences with video games, as well as a keen interest in the raging debate over the benefits and drawbacks of video gaming. In addition to interest, I was also aware that such a controversial topic would provide me with the materials necessary to argue either way, making for an interesting and meaningful research paper. Taking the position that video games are not bad definitely posed a challenge to prove, which made the task even more interesting.

Completing the assignment successfully required that I utilize the lessons I had learnt in the course of WRTG 101, which I did. One of the first skills I learned in the class was how to format and structure academic papers. I opted to use a structure that included an introduction, body paragraphs and a conclusion. Operating using this structure ensured that the writing was organized and easy to follow. Such organization also made it possible to develop an outline prior to writing the essay, which ensured that any ideas were not lost due to confusion. Proper initial planning of the essay allowed me to develop a skeleton to which points could be added, with each statement in the outline forming a topic sentence for the body paragraphs. The effective use of a thesis statement ensured that my essay content was easy to follow, as well as write.

One of the most important lessons of any writing class, more so in academic writing, is no doubt learning to look for articles or sources and citing them properly. But before citation, one must learn to identify credible sources. An academic paper is only as authentic as its sources. A paper is considered factual only if the sources used are peer reviewed and the content is confirmed as factual, rather than simple opinion. In the research essay assignment, the sources that I opted to incorporate were only those that not only added considerable value and ideas, but were peer reviewed, hence credible. The important insights regarding where to look for sources, especially online using the UMUC Information and Library Services interface, ensured that my sources were from credible databases such as justor, proquest and other journal databases. Having identified key words such as “computer animation exposure,” and “academic achievement,” I was able to use search engines and identify credible websites, which I then incorporated in the paper. Learning how to distinguish between referencing styles and how to use them was a fundamental lesson to me, and it is my belief that the research essay demonstrated my grasp of the APA referencing style. In academic writing, being able to acknowledge another person’s work, helps avoid one of the cardinal and unforgivable mistakes: plagiarism. Plagiarism in academic writing is an equivalent of suicide. That is why all students must possess this skill in order to avoid plagiarism if they are to complete their studies successfully. Learning how to create in text citations and a reference list through the numerous assignments completed in WRTG 101 will serve me well in my undergraduate studies as well as any further studies I may want to pursue.

Overall, WRTG 101 has had a positive effect on my writing, as the skills gained will be of great importance in my future studies. The skills that I gained fulfilling the assigned tasks are not only applicable to the course alone, but will come in handy in future studies, more so when it comes to tackling academic assignments. As a result of my participation in WRTG 101, my writing is now clear, organized, and factual, as can be observed by how I was able to complete the recent research essay. Although my knowledge of the rules of academic writing has also improved and I am now a better writer than I was at the beginning of the course, the recent research essay assignment on computer animations made me realize that I am yet to completely eliminate grammatical mistakes and run-on sentences from my writing.

Contents

Introduction

TOC o “1-3” h z u I. Marijuana PAGEREF _Toc79816602 h 1 A Origin

B Factors

C Legal

II. Heading 2 A Purpose

B collaboration

C Evidence

III. Heading 3 A popularity

B Impact

C riskiness of substance

IV. Heading 4A policy changes

B hypothesis

C Comparison between marijuana and alcohol

IV. Heading 4 A Economic profit

B social effect

C removal of law

V. Heading 5 A chemical effect of marijuana

B challenges of teenagers

C responsibility of teenagers

VI. Heading 6 A marijuana trafficking

B increase of legalization of marijuana

C introduction of the RAND organization

VII. Heading 7 A long term significance of marijuana

B short term significance of marijuana

C addiction of the workers of the government

VIII Heading 8 A direct effects on individual health

B short term memory

C Results on the entire society

Marijuana We should not legalize marijuana for medical purpose

Marijuana is a drug from cannabis plant native to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, it is used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purpose in various traditional medicines.

Medical marijuana is legal in 20 states and the direct District of Columbia, recreational Marijuana is now legal in Washington and Colorado.

Marijuana is used in medication prescribed by physician and it has been approved, prescribed and made available to the public are very different from other commercially available prescription drugs. Due to this differences fake problems monstrous by the public and many physicians.

The first anti-marijuana laws in the United States date from 1911, when

Massuachusetts banned marijuana, followed in 1913 by California, Maine, Wyoming, and

Indiana. Other states followed suit over the next two decades; by 1933, 27 had

criminalized marijuana. The main factors generating these new laws seem to have been

anti-Mexican sentiment (whipped up by popular notions that marijuana was a social ill

brought by Mexican laborers) and fear that marijuana would engender criminal or even

murderous tendencies in its users.

At the federal level, marijuana was legal in the United States until 1937, when

Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act, effectively criminalizing marijuana and

prohibiting its possession or sale under federal law. Only those who paid a hefty excise

tax were permitted to use marijuana for medical and industrial uses. In the 1950s, a series

of federal laws, including the Boggs Act of 1952 and the Narcotics Control Act of 1956,

strengthened penalties against marijuana use and imposed mandatory jail sentences for

drug-related offenses.

Attitudes began to change in the late 1960s; in 1970 Congress repealed most

mandatory penalties for drug-related offenses, based on the view that mandatory

minimums had done little to curb drug use (Schlosser 1994). The 1972 Shafer

Commission, appointed by President Nixon and operating under the National Commission

The following are reasons why we should not legalize marijuana for medical purpose;

Heading 1In availability of enough evidence for therapeutic benefit;

Commercially available drugs are subjected to vigorous clinical trials to evaluate protection and worth in the United States.

There have been efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indication, which provides evidence that that showed that marijuana was superior to control but inferior to Ondansetron in treating nausea.

There has been only one randomized, double-blind, placebo-and active-controlled trial gaging the efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indications.

Conchrane collaboration the recent reviews find insufficient evidence to support the use of smoked marijuana for a number of potential indications, including pain related to rheumatoid arthritis. Dementia, ataxia or tremor in multiple sclerosis and symptoms in HIV/AIDS.

This all evidence does not mean that components of marijuana do not have potential therapeutic effects to alleviate onerous. Hence there is no enough evidence to legalize marijuana from cannabis plant.

Heading 2The use of the marijuana drug and popularity of the same continues to gain audience among young individuals who focus on its use as beneficial to health rather than harmful. The cannabis plant is indigenous to Asia, but is currently used the word over the increasing numbers among individuals who use the drug has basis on continued protests from the public displaying the estimated impact of marijuana liberalizations on marijuana and other substance use, driving under the influence, healthy behaviors, driving safety, the ease of obtaining various substances, illness and perceived self-esteem, friends’ substance use, friends’ disapproval of substance use or DUI, self-reported criminal behavior, perceived riskiness of substance use, and

disapproval of substance use.

Heading 3While we provide no evidence here for why the policy changes have not had more

substantial impacts, we speculate briefly on the underlying explanation. The most obvious

hypothesis is that, despite substantial resources devoted to enforcement, marijuana laws

exert only minor impact on use, so removal of these laws merely ratifies de jure what is

Marijuana advocates have had some success peddling the notion that marijuana is a “soft” drug, similar to alcohol, and fundamentally different formulated similarly; but as the experience of nearly every culture, over the thousands of years of human history, demonstrates, alcohol is different. Nearly every culture has its own alcoholic preparations, and nearly all have successfully regulated alcohol consumption through cultural norms. The same cannot be said of marijuana. There are several possible explanations for alcohol’s unique status: For most people, it is not addictive; it is rarely consumed to the point of intoxication; low-level consumption is consistent with most manual and intellectual tasks; it has several positive health benefits; and it is formed by the fermentation of many common substances and easily metabolized by the body.

Heading 4Under the state scheme, she testified, there would be “tremendous profit motive for the existing black market providers to stay in the market.”42 The only way California could effectively eliminate the black market for marijuana, according to Dr. Pacula, “is to take away the substantial profits in the market and allow the price of marijuana to fall to an amount close to the cost of production. Doing so, however, will mean substantially smaller tax revenue than currently anticipated from this change in policy.”

Heading 5The chemical effect of marijuana is to take away ambition. The social effect is to provide an escape from challenges and responsibilities with a like-minded group of teenagers who are doing the same thing. Using marijuana creates losers. At a time when we’re concerned about our lack of academic achievement relative to other countries, legalizing marijuana will be disastrous.

Heading 6Today, marijuana trafficking is linked to a variety of crimes, from assault and murder to money laundering and smuggling. Legalization of marijuana would increase demand for the drug and almost certainly exacerbate drug-related crime, as well as cause a myriad of unintended but predictable consequences. To begin with, an astonishingly high percentage of criminals are marijuana users. According to a study by the RAND Corporation, approximately 60 percent of arrestees test positive for marijuana use in the United States, England, and Australia. Further, marijuana metabolites are found in arrestees’ urine more frequently than those of any other drugs.

Heading 7In addition to its direct effects on individual health, even moderate marijuana use imposes significant long-term costs through the ways that it affects individual users. Marijuana use is associated with cognitive difficulties and influences attention, concentration, and short-term memory. This damage affects drug users’ ability to work and can put others at risk. Even if critical workers—for example, police officers, airline pilots, and machine operators—used marijuana recreationally but remained sober on the job, the long-term cognitive deficiency that remained from regular drug use would sap productivity and place countless people in danger. Increased use would also send health care costs skyrocketing—costs borne not just by individual users, but also by the entire society.

Marine Biologist

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Class period

Prof

Date

A career in aquatic science is ideal for people who enjoy being around or in water bodies. This career is one of the best options for people who love being around water. Aquatic careers include but are not limited to: diving coach, marine biologist, crabber, fish dealer, and aquaculture scientist. This career field is competitive and the pay is relatively good which makes it a suitable option for those looking for a stable job with some incentives. The recreational use of water bodies is also increasing which has resulted in an increase in demand and opportunities within this field as well. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a growth in demand within this field through 2022 while my industry’s national association predicts an even greater growth by 2024-25 (Morell 23).

The major classes needed to obtain this career include Biology of Marine Organisms, Marine Geology, Marine Pharmacology, Fundamentals of Marine Ecology, Chemistry, Chemical Oceanography, Marine Pollution, Aquaculture, Botany and Zoology.

The career that I am most interested in is marine biologist. I would like to study living things in the ocean and the effects they have on their environment. Marine biologists study the different marine organisms that are found in aquatic bodies; their ways of life, habitats, and adaptations to their environment. Marine biologists spend a considerable amount of time observing various marine animals and recording these observations in detail. They are often required to conduct scientific research as well and create results based on this research as well (Dipper 33).

The admissions criteria for an individual to get into these colleges that offer marine biology are very different, which is why it’s important to be sure that the school is a good fit before applying. So what are the admissions criteria? You can find this information on their websites. Some schools don’t have any particular requirements, but most require you to submit your GRE score. Many colleges also ask for an introduction letter from an academic advisor or teacher as well as letters of recommendation and transcripts from other schools you have attended. To effectively pursue a Bachelor of Science in marine biology, a student must score at least 55% in their 10+2 exams (careers360). Biology is a fundamental subject. One question we found ourselves asking was “Do I need to write a marine biology application essay?” The answer: some colleges do require it, whereas others don’t specify what form of essay they would like you to submit.

The average undergraduate programs tuition costs of institutions offering Marine Biology is about $30,400 per year. This program is a popular major in many communities and different parts of the country, but there are a number of specific costs that you need to be prepared for. The list below will give you an idea of what these costs are and what you should expect in terms of financial aid options if you decide to study Marine Biology. However, these fees can vary widely depending on the school’s location. This number ranges from $28,000 to over $62,000 per year at institutions in the United States and Canada respectively with each varying by region as well as degree level received at that institution.

The major employers or companies that offer employment in this career include United Way, American Red Cross, NASA, Kaiser Permanente, and Home Depot. Marine biologists tend to work independently very often. They spend much of the day in labs or outdoors studying marine habitats. In most cases, the marine biologist is responsible for identifying and studying organisms and plants. They may also track changes in populations over time and perform lab tests for pollution issues. Additionally, a marine biologist can work with other scientists or peer-review papers as well as teaching at an educational institution. The work hours are generally determined by their employer, with typical hours ranging anywhere from full-time to around 10 hours per week outside of the research lab (Vangelova 62).

A Marine biologist is an expert in aquatic life and ocean. They are scientists who conduct in-depth experiments, rehabilitate and rescue injured or sick marine animals. They also monitor animal behaviors for various research purposes. The job description of a marine biologist includes studying animal behavior with respect to their habitat, researching and identifying sea creatures, as well as promoting conservation of endangered species. They also take water samples from different parts of the world by boat or helicopter. Using sophisticated equipment, they will then analyze these samples to determine the health status of that particular body of water. Through this process they are able to add information on what is going on in the marine environment into their study methods. A Marine biologist conducts research about animals and water in order to aid in understanding marine life. They are also the ones who research, gather and analyze data about marine life that is vital to conservation, restoration and preservation of the aquatic wildlife.

This Chemistry career is significant to our way of life as humans in that there are many jobs which require a marine biologist, for example: pollution control, resource management and harvesting. A study in Science found that it is imperative to understand what we depend on and how we interact with the ocean before it is too late to turn back the clock. This includes understanding how these environments function internally and what they provide us with annually (i.e., fish we eat, metal ores used in manufacturing).

The average salary for a job starting marine biologist in the United States is about $36,000 to $66,000. For a middle marine biologist, an average salary can vary from $66,000 to $116,000 (POPKIN 44). Finally, for a max marine biologist in the United States, who has much experience and skills in the field of marine biology most likely will earn slightly above (careers360). Though this is not true for all countries and their economy standards. It does not have to be all about money; what it is about is your place in society and how you are going to interact with society through your career choice. For a max Marine biologist, the salary is often above $100,000.

The projected need for this career is booming! As our populations continue to grow, so does the need for sustainable food production. And that means more people working in jobs like marine biology. For example, shrimp is the most popular seafood in America, and it’s also one of the most ecologically destructive. So as a marine biologist, you’ll be on the front lines of finding sustainable alternatives to commercial fishing like shrimping (including cultivating oysters or farming sea cucumbers).

This career is popular in the united State of America and commonly in the United States. Nationally, this career is on the rise as a result of greater government interest for ecological protection and research. In 2016, north American marine biologist positions increased, which show a growing demand for this profession in recent years. If one are interested in pursuing a career as marine biologist or considering becoming one, it is important to take steps towards understanding the job market and where you might want to pursue your education or professional development. This site has information on demand areas such as state-related statistics that can help inform your decision making process.

Works Cited

“Marine Biology Courses, Subjects, Colleges, Syllabus, Scope, Fees, Eligibility”. Careers360.Com, 2022, https://www.careers360.com/courses/marine-biology-course#:~:text=Undergraduate%20Level,as%20additional%20subjects%20are%20eligible. Accessed 17 May 2022.

Dipper, Frances. “The Marine World.” The Marine World. Princeton University Press, 2021.

Morell, Virginia. Becoming a Marine Biologist. Simon & Schuster, 2019.

Vangelova, Luba. “Marine biologist.” The Science Teacher 87.4 (2019): 60-61.

POPKIN, GABRIEL. “CAREERS.” (2019).

LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE US’S CURRENT RELATIONSHIP WITH IRAQ, 2003

By (Author)

Name of the Class (Course)

Professor (Tutor)

Name of the School (University)

City

Date

Abstract

The relationship of the United States and Iraq offers a lesson on various diplomatic concepts and the underlying socio-economic and political ideologies. Various scholars have in the past shed light on the sociological aspects of the existing relationship after the decade long invasion and occupancy of Iraq by United States. Theoretical concepts of international relations will be explored to unveil the true picture of US – Iraq interaction aftermath. In the interest of researchers, academia and political science, it is imperative that this case is given critical assessment. This issue presents an avenue of intellectual discourse concerning the diverse disciplines that discuss international relations. In view of the social structure, economic policies and political strategies, this debate covers substantial research concepts that are important to ascertain validity and credibility of existing knowledge.

Background

The United States’ stay in Iraq has been on the global spotlight for over decade. The question many people ask is what the consequences this has on their relations. Apart from Iraq, United States interest in the Middle East has raised eyebrows leading to in-depth research on various dimensions (Lake,2009,pg.18-9). The Geopolitics of Middle East has been a significant contributor to its overall influence in the global economy. However, its socio-economic policies and political system has been the subject of discussion. Iraq wields a lot of influence in the region, and its political ideologies were being seen as a threat by the west. It is not a matter of retelling the chronology of the US invasion of Iraq, but the impacts this has on the global socio-economic and political position America occupy.According to Christol (2004, pg. 47-9) diverse acts of atrocities under the guise of setting the new global order of democracy was met with mixed reactions by Middle East nations and Iraq in particular. In this paper, it is important to note that the raging debate on the theoretical concepts surrounding diplomatic relations is the center stage for international peace agreements. According to Tate (2010, pg.128-9), the traditional mentality that international relations were limited to specific disciplines is ruled out. This explains the need to break away from the confines of philosophy, sociology and economics as the only relevant disciplines exploring diplomatic ties. International relations theories should equally not be misconstrued as solely for academia. This means it should be given much attention as it plays a critical role in mutual understandings in cross boundary relationships especially in this wake of open economies. The current relationship between United States and Iraq offers a lot of lessons on feasibility of tested theories concerning international relations. It reflects the complex international interactions that are characterized by divergent socio-economic and political ideologies. Kenneth N. Waltz is one of the scholars who assert the fact that diplomatic history has been marred with elitist decision making.

According Waltz, the consideration is on individual state, and to ideological, moral and economic issues, both traditional liberals and classical realists make the same mistake. They fail to develop a serious account of the international system—one that can be abstracted from the wider socio-political domain. Waltz acknowledges that such an abstraction distorts reality and omits many of the factors that were important for classical realism. It does not allow for the analysis of the development of specific foreign policies. However, it also has utility. Notably, it assists in understanding the primary determinants of international politics. He reformulated realism in international relations in a new and distinctive way. In his book Theory of International Politics, first published in 1979, he responded to the liberal challenge and attempted to cure the defects of the classical realism of Hans Morgenthau with his more scientific approach, which became known as structural realism or neorealism. Waltz insists on empirical testability of knowledge and on falsifications as a methodological ideal, which, as he admits, can have only a limited application in international relations (Jack, 2000).The case of US attack on Saddam Hussein and subsequent changes in approaches of managing Iraq indicates two sides of international relations theories. These include realism and idealism key in defining the relations among states and US – Iraq in particular. A realist theory can be seen as a tradition of speculation about the society or states. However, in international relations the realist theory is based on emphasizing the constraints imposed on politics by the nature of human beings (Ikenberry, et al. 2009, pg.93). The realist school belief that national self- interest mandate nations to constantly acquire power for the purpose of security and existence. It is usually contrasted with idealism or liberalism, which tends to emphasize cooperation. The negative side of the realists’ emphasis on power and self-interest is often their skepticism regarding the relevance of ethical norms to relations among states.

Hans Morgenthau is of the opinion that power is the undisputable feature which determines states policy on both foreign and domestic policies (Knopf, 1978). The realist theory is also known as the power or traditional theory which is centered on power politics. It is concerned with an explanation of what happened, how it happened which is used to predict the trend of what to happen in the future. The lessons observable from the case of the US – Iraq relationship triggers further research into the theories that must be discussed to boost the increasing need for International Corporation.

According to Brennan (2013, pg. 139-40), United States wield political and economic power and therefore play a central role in making decisions on global issues. The capitalism ideology has seen the America make several attempts to sink the communism, and this was the disguised intention of America. Military intervention by the US in most of its operation in the Middle East has significantly tainted its image in the international platform. Fingers point at neoconservatives who were well connected as the key architects behind the Iraq war. In regard to Guney (2007,pg.64),there was a political motive behind the lobbying with economic strategies. It is worth to note the involvement of several US presidents during their long stay of US military operatives in Iraq. The intertwining realism versus idealism approach dictates the perception of various people towards the US on how they handled Iraq.

Literature review

In respect of all facts towards the US relationship with Iraq, a lot of historical statistics can be established. Considering the deteriorating power of the US in 1972 as it was losing the battle to the Vietnam, it is possible that the same may hold for the case of Iraq. The ensuing scenario compelled President Richard Nixon to create an entente which was meant to deal with Soviet Union using China. Although this approach worked, concerns were raised over US alliance with such a genocidal Chinese government. In the words of Ryan & Kiely (2009,pg 351-2) this case is an equivalence of the US strategy of using neighbouring countries to Iraq like Iran to manage it.This was a case of idealism approach that actually cost the US as the global view of the unfolding event was that of using military power to prove a point. All the above cases presented a dilemma to the United States. The attempt to reconcile morals with ideals was difficult. Political scientists noted that it was prudent for US to form an alliance with China, Russia or Britain, but this was likely to taint d’etre raison for the administration of US (Calabrese & Sparks, 2004, pg.125-7). The other side of the argument fronted for moral regime would only be available when the regime itself was existing. This event exposed the diverse strategies of the US to defend its socio-economic and political position in the world against the rising influence of Nazi and the existing Soviet Union. The case of Saddam’s increasing influence in the 1990’s in the middle East had begun to shake US in a similar way and this must have been initiated there sensitivity towards Iraq.

It is worth noting that the arguments posted towards US history in its international relations from World War I combine politics with ideologies. US invasion of Iraq has been attributed to several factors, but the proponents also suggest superficial ideas on the outcome. Taking the case of United States war on the Jihadists, complexity of the ideologies comes out open. In this respect; there are two perspectives of idealists. According to Uslu (2003,pg 308-9) one wing of the analysts argue that by engaging the Jihad in the war, United States should stick to strict adherence to human rights by avoiding any action that would amount to such magnitude during its operations. This principle also prompted avoidance of any alliances with a country which is oppressive to its people. In this respect for instance, US co-operation with Saudi Arabia to pursue its agenda in Iraq is not acceptable. Saudi Arabia’s social structure is almost diametrically opposite that of US and has been noted to give little focus to human rights.

Another faction of proponents argued that US occupancy of Iraq was meant to create and promote democracy. One question one may ask is why just Iraq. The reign of Saddam Hussein was said to be marred with socio-economic and political oppression with zero tolerance to opposition. This was seen as dictatorial and retrogressive towards the increasing need of globalization. Another two dimensional idealists can be observed in this group. The neoconservatives believe that democracy could only be achieved by force hence justified military deployment by the US. Part of these neoconservatives emphasizes protection of human rights as the essence of democracy and in the event this is in full violation then military intervention is acceptable. In this regard, US relation with Iraq is hanging on the balance with a lot under research.

Another school of thought refers to United States past records in international relations like in the case of Soviet Union, Britain and china. It is evident that US had to manage Iraq with allied support of some countries in the Middle East. The ironical twist in this case is that such allied states are always morally incongruent with US. This is the underlying truth in the case of Saudi Arabia’s pivotal role in boosting operation of US against the AL Qaeda. On this basis, Iraqi issue was seen as normal and justified. Critical evaluation of the arguments registered by various entities to this effect leaves one clear indication that Iraq invasion by United States was valid. The opinion of Feldman (2003, pg.41-3) is that there was an extension of the discussion that Middle East democracy would only be achieved through the United States approach. The finite nature of American power necessitated the support by other countries in its attempt to eliminate Jihadists. This is a supportive idea to the fact that foreign engagement in some cases depending on the circumstance may require back up by other states. The Muslim Radicals in Iraq were many and neighbouring states input is required in terms of military training ground, strategic planning and intelligence services. One lesson that was learnt from this incident is United States’ inability to overthrow regimes while at the same time courting alliance. Idealism approach assertion that a country cannot keep its moral policies while pursuing economic and physical security is trivial. In some circumstances, security demands power which is always entangled in corruption. Besides, seeking justice without sufficient force may turn tables against the country. All these facts indicate that American must just have its military force in its fingertips and use it when situations arise. In this respect, US involvement in the Middle East was likely to be interrupted with poor democracy in Iraq hence its use of military force. After all, in the socio-political history, there are claims that sometimes war can come to you even if you don’t ignite it. The situation of America in Iraq exposed it to two mandatory moral losses i.e. annihilation or an opportunistic corruption.

Meernik (2004, pg.120-4) asserts that the political leadership does not offer the luxury of thinking about fair decision making. Even not taking action is considered a decision in the political sense. A critical assessment of the respective regimes of George Washington, Franklin Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon to Barack Obama only explores one doctrine. Long term goals are the best for sustainable political principle otherwise short term is coupled with a lot of compromises. United States has been a leading campaigner for capitalism and past wars like with Vietnam was pursued to this effect. Such have been its strategic plan of imposing new world order and suspected threat is to be smashed by dialogue or war. It is, therefore, no strange that Iraq was headed the wrong way hence its collision with US. Some historians point out that if idealism approach had been used by United States, Adolf Hitler would have triumphed in World War II. It is, therefore, important for the US to understand that seeking democracy beyond its political resources and military endowment significantly threatens strength of democracy (Gaur & SeṅGara, 2005, pg.307-8). This idea complimented with the observed relationship existing between US and Iraq reveals that in some circumstances national interest’s defense justifies individual interest’s protection.

The moral argument in respect of United States involvement in the war with Iraq in a show of fighting for democracy stands out excellent. There is a good moral rationale against US setting up a military base in Saudi Arabia and provoking the Al Qaeda. According to McCormick( 2010,pg.102),one reality that United States has to contend with is that it has several enemies against few allied forces that it can use to pursue its will in the Middle East. Just like the case of the cold war and World War II, moral policies must be preceded by splitting and crashing the enemy. In regard to Middle East, United States had to use divide and rule strategy to strengthen its presence in the region against the opposition of Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda militia. This was evident with Bush’s pragmatic approach in Iraq. Martin (2003, pg.11) puts it that the realism theory of politics resurfaces equally in the debate of US – Iraq relationship. This concept disposes morality as it can compromise the security of the country. It is common knowledge that United States attack of Iraq was not authorized by United Nations for obvious reasons. While UN relies on proving guilt, US move indicated that they were investigating innocence on matters of nuclear weapons. However, from the perspective of Americans, pursuing moral discourse would disadvantage their interest of gaining influence in the Middle East hence compromise their long term economic and political schemes. The pretense of invading Iraq in search for weapons of mass destruction was not approved by the UN Security Council. The realists argue that the foreign policy understates the significance of morality. In this regard, America pursued its individual interest in Iraq through military intervention in a show of absolute power thereby evoking rebellion from most of the Arab states like Iran and other Muslim radical entities like al Qaeda (Tollitz,2005,pg.13-5). Realists champion for strong military power as a platform for international political deals. America had tried this in Vietnam and Iraq with less care about the feeling of other nations. Crusade for capitalism has been its priority and cannot be interrupted by any force lest they issue military reinforcement. This means heavy spending on the military by citizens’ tax. The recent withdrawal of US military personnel from Iraq by Obama has nothing to show in terms of gain to American citizens since their invasion.

United States applied different strategies to tame Iraq and restore what they termed as political sanity. This means that, in some instances, mixed policies were employed. In that respect, President Bush was seen as beginning to pursue realism and liberalism. In this case, multilateral ties with other nations make it difficult to wage war in a foreign land in an attempt to solve a problem. With the increasing international pressure from the allies of US in the Middle East in regard to how it was handling Iraq, it had to bring in liberalism approach. As Amstutz (2013,pg.87) puts it, the Middle East hold a significant position in the global trade but their strong geopolitical unity and congruent religious doctrines had begun to threaten US actions in Iraq. To reduce the possibility of losing track of its mission in Middle East and keep its diplomatic ties intact, it masterminded evicting Saddam Hussein from power and initiating a democratic process of coming up with a new president. This is an approach of the complex independence which required America to push for internal acceptance by the Iraqi citizens. To achieve this, they installed a president who would consent to most of their policies while lobbying for peace in the public. International relations proved indispensable to the US, and this culminated to the commencement of withdrawing troops. The United States had substantial trade and socio-political policy disagreements with some of its Middle East allies like Israel, but was not easy to use military intervention to bring a solution. In such scenarios, United States used economic incentives to press for their interests (Kant, et al.2005, pg.221).

Past political records identifies President Clinton as the only leader who effectively blended realism with idealism in the process of promoting human rights. Brutal actions of United States in Iraq were carried out at the height of Bush leadership. He was a strict idealist who inadvertently ignored the public talk against US invasion of Iraq. It did not matter to him what the outcome would be provided the mission was focused on meeting the demands of America. A lot of corruption, deceit and propaganda misinformed the actions of Bush and he completely considered Saddam Hussein a tyrant who needed crushing. The picture painted all over in the entire military operation including the capture and execution of Saddam Hussein is an explicit show of absolute idealism. There is a tricky policy yoke in which Obama found himself. In view of Kaufman (2013, pg.123), the progressive withdrawal of US troops from Iraqi has placed his presidency under some question mark. The ongoing policy reforms in Iraqi portray him as a realist, but there is an information gap here since these are mere implementation of Bush’s plans. While Obama was campaigning in 2004 for the presidency, the issue of Iraq was coming out more prominently, and that tag has always remained controversial in the wake of his recent past foreign policies. The eminent lose that United States had begun to foresee made the congress push for withdrawal from Iraq. From 2003 United States had begun to apply diplomacy in handling the Iraqi situation.

There are several effects that US invasion of Iraq has caused within the tenets of its socio-economic and political landscape. There has been internal rebellion against western policies by a section of Muslim radicals that has made Iraqi a place of frequent bombing. Initially, a Muslim dominated country; there has been a gradual shift in socio-cultural behaviour which US wanted to use as a medium of infiltrating the society (Fernandez Sola & Smith, 2009, pg. 67-9). A lot of reported US led atrocities caused emotional pain to several citizens especially during 2003. The pursuit of Saddam Hussein and subsequent execution was coupled with mass infrastructural destruction, and this significantly affected the economic progress of Iraq. It is worth to note that Iraq owns a significant proportion of OPEC supply share, but this was affected by explosion of many oil fields during the gulf war of 1991 ignited by the United States. It is worth noting that misrepresentation of facts by media and the underlying realities all worked against the United State in regard to their foreign ties with Arab League Nations. Mass destruction meted on Iraqi people was considered to create more instability as Iraqi was forced to retaliate against US sympathizers like Kuwait. Iraqi was seen as the epicenter of Muslim extremists’ groups like Al Qaeda, which has put the citizens under perennial fear of explosives. On the political front, destruction of Saddam attracted mixed feelings of the Iraqi people but the majority had a taste of a democratic election.

Multi-dimensional analysis of post invasion in Iraqi put the USA at the losing end. This perceived failure by United States significantly affected its standing in the UN council. Its unauthorized invasion of the Iraqi raised question on its voting rights within the UN. The Security Council had to lobby for adoption of more foreign friendly policies in regard to the United States dwindling relationship with Iraq. The new turn of events from 2003 exposed the vulnerability of US if it was to continue with its brutal attack on Iraq. In this regard, a more favourable international relations approach that would conform to the increasing pressure of globalization was proposed. The theory of complex interdependency requires a more diplomatic approach towards international disagreements. United States presence in Iraq was slowly increasing the tension in Middle East, and this even sucked in other influential states in the region like Iran (Lebow,2008,pg.465-7). It was out of this increasing multilateral trade ties that forced United State to begin a journey into diplomacy. This theory is referred to as liberalism and comes between traditional idealism and realism.

Outright declaration of war without UN Security Council was becoming more challenging to the US, and this prompted Obama administration to start pulling out troops as a way of showing commitment towards new foreign policies. Although the complex link between realism and idealism political ideologies has not been exhausted, liberalism came in handy for the US as a potential power broker in this era of globalization.

Bibliography

Amstutz, M. R. 2013. International ethics concepts, theories, and cases in global politics. Lanham, Md, Rowman & Littlefield. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=548177.

Brennan, R. 2013. Ending the U.S. War in Iraq: the final transition, operational maneuver, and disestablishment of United States Forces-Iraq (USF-I). HYPERLINK “http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR232/RAND_RR232.pdf.139” http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR232/RAND_RR232.pdf.

Calabrese, A., & Sparks, C. 2004. Toward a political economy of culture: capitalism and communication in the twenty-first century. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=640049.

Christol, C. Q. 2004. International law and U.S. foreign policy. Lanham, Md. [u.a.], Univ. Press of America.

Feldman, S. 2003. After the war in Iraq: defining the new strategic balance. Brighton, Sussex Academic Press/Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.

Fernández Sola, N., & Smith, M. 2009. Perceptions and policy in transatlantic relations: prospective visions from the US and Europe. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge.

Gaur, M., & SeṅGara, S. 2005. Foreign policy annual, 2001-2009. Delhi, Kalpaz Publications.

Guney, N. A. 2007. Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Aldershot, England, Ashgate. HYPERLINK “http://site.ebrary.com/id/10211328.64” http://site.ebrary.com/id/10211328.

Ikenberry, G. J., & Moon, C.-I. 2008. The United States and Northeast Asia: debates, issues, and new order. Lanham, Md, Rowman & Littlefield.

Ikenberry, G. J., Mastanduno, M., & Wohlforth, W. C. 2009. International relations theory and the consequences of unipolarity. [Cambridge], Cambridge University Press.

Kant, I., Colclasure, D. L., & Kleingeld, P. 2006. Toward perpetual peace: and other writings on politics, peace, and history. New Haven, Conn. [u.a.], Yale Univ. Press. 221

Kaufman, J. P. 2013. Introduction to international relations theory and practice. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. HYPERLINK “http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=564222.123” http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=564222.

Lake, D. A. 2009. Hierarchy in international relations. Ithaca, N.Y., Cornell University Press.

Lebow, R. N. 2008. A cultural theory of international relations. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.

Martin, L. G. 2003. Assessing the impact of U.S.-Israeli relations on the Arab world. [Carlisle Barracks, PA], Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.

Mccormick, J. M. 2010. American foreign policy and process. Boston, MA, Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Meernik, J. D. 2004. The political use of military force in US foreign policy. Aldershot [u.a.], Ashgate.

Mockaitis, T. R. 2013. The Iraq War encyclopedia. HYPERLINK “http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=654417.118” http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=654417.118

Porter, M. E., & Schwab, C. 2004. The Global competitiveness report: 2003-2004. N.Y., Oxford University Press Inc, USA. 30

Rabasa, A. 2004. The Muslim world after 9-11. Santa Monica, CA, RAND.236

Ryan, D., & Kiely, P. 2009. America and Iraq: policy-making, intervention and regional politics. London, Routledge.

Tate, K. 2010. What’s Going On? Political Incorporation and the Transformation of Black Public Opinion. Washington, Georgetown University Press. HYPERLINK “http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=674972.129” http://public.eblib.com/EBLPublic/PublicView.do?ptiID=674972.

Tollitz, N. P. 2005. Saudi Arabia: terrorism, U.S. relations and oil. New York, Nova Science.

Uslu, N. 2003. The Turkish-American relationship between 1947 and 2003: the history of a distinctive alliance. New York, Nova Science.

Student’s Name

Instructor’s Name

Course Tittle

Date

A criminal defendant cannot use an extradition as a defense to the jurisdiction of the U.S. courts.

I fully agree with the United States Supreme Court decision on the Alvarez-Machain. The fact of Alvarez-Machain’s forcible abduction from a state with which the United States has a deportation agreement does not forbid his trial in a U.S court of law for desecrations of the felonious laws in the United States. There were no express provisions regarding requirements to refrain from forcible abductions or the outcomes under the agreement if such kidnapping happened (Jacques, 811). I agree that the language of the treaty, in the framework of its history, did not back up the finding of the treaty prohibited abductions outside of its terms. I support the court refusing to imply a term prohibiting international abductions in the treaty because the violations of any principle of international law did not constitute a violation of the treaty. The authority of the law court to try an individual for delinquency is not lessened by the reality that he had been taken in the court’s jurisdiction by reason of a “forcible abduction.” (Jacques, 811). The fact of the defendant’s forcible abduction does not forbid his trial in the U.S. court for violations of this nation’s felonious laws.

I support Rehnquist’s View More

Justice Rehnquist’s decision is a critical view that remains in the record if similar cases come up in the future. This Chief Justice delivered the opinion of the court. In this case, he gave an opinion on whether a criminal respondent, abducted to the United States from a state with which it has a repatriation agreement, in so doing gets a defense to the jurisdiction of this nation’s courts. Justice Rehnquist delivered an opinion of the court in which White, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, and Thomas joined. According to him, a criminal defendant does not, and he might be tried in federal district court for violations of the United States’ criminal law.

Work Cited

Semmelman, Jacques. “United States v. Alvarez-Machain.” American Journal of International Law (1992): 811-820.

MUSIC GENRES

Name

Date

Music Genres

This paper gives a critical analysis of Gangster and Country music genres. These have become some of the most popular musical genres in the contemporary society. Gangster rap music is believed to have originated in the United States of America (USA) in the mid 1980s. This was after its promotion by Ice-T and N.W.A. who made it the most lucrative hip hop subgenre. Since then, it has become popular with the urban population mainly because it reflects on the violent urban life demonstrated by many youths. On the other hand, Country music is believed to have originated in 1920s in the rural regions of southern USA (Darwidoff, N., 2007).

As already highlighted, Gangster rap music is reflective of the violent urban lifestyle of the inner city dwellers. It has become factious on the urban criminal activities. It involves the use of accompaniments like a drum machine, beat boxing and sampler. These enables it to produce melodious rhythms appropriate for subjects like crime, sex, racism, promiscuity, drug abuse, theft, street gang and homophobia. These are typically issues which are mainly concerned with the urban youths. Thus, explaining why it only thrives in towns in which such subversive conducts are cropping up.

Contrarily, Country music is associated with the rural population to whom it appeals most. It involves the use of instruments like banjo, harmonicas, fiddles and electric acoustic and guitars. They help in the dissemination of soft lyrics full of messages of love, unity, praise, poverty, industry, gender equity and liberation. These are issues which are of concern to all the people of all regardless of their age (Bill, C. M., 2009). Hence, the genre is associated with both the youths and the elderly. This implies that the two genres serve divergent interests of the diverse sections of the society. However, it is better to acknowledge that gang rap is not beneficial to the entire society. It negatively influences the youth to propagate vices like classism.

References

Bill, C. M. (2009) Country Music USA. Texas: University of Texas Press.

Darwidoff, N. (2007) In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music.

New York: Vintage Books.

Student’s Name

Instructor’s Name

Course Title

Date

Background of the Problem

For some time now, foodstuff surplus in the United States eatery industry has augmented significantly. Most of the researchers have put more attention on food discarded in households. Still, research on eatery food waste is missing, although the restaurant business is very significant to the United States financial sector. It is the biggest independent sector firm with a probable 12 million workers, which is equal to 8% of the United States employees (Leo et al, 430). It happens that up to 15% of sustenance bought by eateries does not reach the consumer because of excess food at several phases of the food chain. For many years, food waste has attracted the concern of the media, scholars, officials, and others, mainly because of its far-reaching impact on the environment and economy (Erin, 714). It is essential to come up with baseline strategies to be implemented to reduce food waste.

The purpose of this proposal paper is to explore and come up with strategies that restaurant owners can put into practice to lessen food waste and upsurge profit. The research of this proposal comprised of five independent restaurants that give no more than $300,000 in yearly income with a total of fifteen workers. The insinuations for positive social change include job creation, an increase in profits, and ecological enhancement for the American urban area’s occupants.   

Research question

The primary research question for this proposal was as follows: Which solutions can be proposed and implemented to reduce food waste management and, as a result, increase profit to the restaurant firm?

Interview Questions

I interviewed a number of restaurant workers and owners in order to discover the approaches to use to reduce food waste. I gave the following semi-structured interview questions to the restaurant owners:

Which food leftover reduction techniques do you use in this eatery to increase profits?

What money, time, and other resources do you give to foodstuff surplus reduction strategies that aids reduce wastage?

What challenges do you face when you practice food waste reduction policies to enhance productivity?

What strategies have you used to retrieve edible food that would otherwise go to waste and hand out it to those impoverished, and in what ways do such strategies affect productivity?

What commercial actions do you take part in that show your support and commitment to reduce food waste and increase returns?

What other information can you give to help me comprehend the strategies you use to reduce food waste?

Please describe and clarify your views on any new foodstuff waste reduction approaches that you propose to use in the coming days to increase productivity.

What is one thing about food waste that you wish everyone knew or understood?

What are some foods initiatives that you would like to see embraced?

The interview queries were designed to examine knowledge, attitudes, awareness, perceptions, and practice of staff and owners in food businesses on wasted food. Surveys and related journals inspired the questions I presented to them in the form of in-person interviews. The majority of them comprehended the environmental effect of waste in common, although others regarded their actions as insignificant if the government doesn’t take enough initiatives. Water, waste disposal, and energy were areas where chefs and managers saw their business as having an environmental effect.  

Proposed Strategies

I asked several respondents how much it concerned them to throw food because it was not eaten. Most of them gave me feedback that bothered them to throw food because it was not consumed. One of the staff said that throwing a lot of damaged expired food or prepared food is not their decision, so there is nothing to be concerned about, so he does not reason wasting food is problematic. He supposed it is essential and that it is a matter of clients’ food safety and foodborne illness. According to the respondents’ feedback, I can propose that the restaurant audit the waste. The best way to prevent additional waste of food is to recognize how it’s being produced. Managers and chefs can profit from analyzing their kitchen’s habits. I believe that a better understanding, smarter, and new practices to eliminate waste can be made.  

When I asked about the money and time allocated to food waste, most of the staff responded that a lot of time and money was spent dealing with food wastage. I can propose that it will be essential to donate surplus food to reduce food waste. On the other hand, instead of throwing away the restaurant food’s remaining parts, it will be useful to find a way to incorporate them into other dishes. For instance, I suggest using the skins and stalks of vegetables and fruits to create a new side or puree for a dish. Other strategies I propose to handle food waste are regulating the temperatures of the food, organizing the fridge, restaurants should avoid buying overstock, practicing stock rotation regularly, and paying attention to use-by dates. 

Reflection

I have learned many things from the interview I did with the staff and owners of the restaurants. Apart from that, the book “American Wasteland” has also taught me a lot. From my experience and the several things I have learned, I can now implement these strategies to reduce waste and implement ways to reduce them. I realize that it will take more than one individual to make a change of the magnitude. The only method the change will take is if the whole kitchen staff is on board with the initiative. Restaurant managers need to hold a staff meeting to educate the team on the importance of saving food. Once everyone understands the essence, the efforts to reduce food waste will be more successful   

Works Cited

Sakaguchi, Leo, Nina Pak, and Matthew D. Potts. “Tackling the issue of food waste in restaurants: Options for measurement method, reduction and behavioral change.” Journal of Cleaner Production 180 (2018): 430-436.

Stöckli, Sabrina, Michael Dorn, and Stefan Liechti. “Normative prompts reduce consumer food waste in restaurants.” Waste management 77 (2018): 532-536.

Peot, Erin. “American wasteland: How America throws away nearly half of its food (and what we can do about it).” Community Development 48.5 (2017): 713-714.

The Design of Digital Information Management System for Chinese Optical Stores and the Promotion and Application of SaaS Marketing in Retail Market

Background to the main issue:

The establishment of China’s first e-commerce sector signaled the beginning of a new era in the country’s economy. Digital economy created more than a third of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, according to (Karine, 2021). During the same year, more than a quarter of China’s physical product retail sales were conducted online, a figure that was far higher than the global average of 18 percent. In 2020, China accounted for more than half of all e-commerce retail sales worldwide, dwarfing the total amount of sales in Europe and America combined (Couture et al., 2021). With a total population of over 780 million people using e-commerce services, China has the world’s largest number of digital purchasers today (Yu & Cui, 2019). A movement in customer purchase behaviors is driving a shift away from brick-and-mortar businesses and toward online retailers, with China, the world’s largest e-commerce industry, projected to grow at a quick pace of 17.2 percent in 2019 as a direct result of this shift in shopping patterns (Li, Frederick, & Gereffi, 2019). As a consequence of these advancements, it is anticipated that the value of e-commerce will increase in the near future. Chinese e-commerce has grown rapidly as a result of widespread Internet and smartphone usage, improved consumer confidence in online purchases, e-commerce platforms, and a diverse variety of alternative payment solutions such as Alipay and WeChat Pay.

E-commerce in China is very developed, and the country’s Internet economy is quickly developing as a result of the country’s demographic dividends and traffic. In addition to the enormous Taobao, JD.com, and other online integrated retail platforms, WeChat, which offers instant messaging services, has started to construct micro-shops and introduce adverts into the circle of friends of those who use the service (Li, Frederick, & Gereffi, 2019). Douyin, which began with music-related creative social short films, has now expanded to include e-commerce models such as live streaming and online celebrity advertising as well as other services. Aside from that, they offer a number of financial services, such as payments and loans. In addition to banks, Chinese consumers may use online marketplaces Taobao and WeChat, as well as meal delivery services such as Meituan and Ele.me. Users are able to get funding. China has around 900 million internet users (Luo, Wang, & Zhang, 2019). China’s Internet is reliant on its large population for its quick growth, acquisition of market share, and ability to continue to gather funds.

Due to industry change and e-commerce behemoth domination on the C-end market, we choose to concentrate on the B-end market. The world’s biggest maker and exporter of optical products, China, has just surpassed 90 billion dollars and is on course to surpass 100 billion dollars in the next two years. According to the latest estimates, China presently has 31,000 optical establishments. A few large corporations dominate the UK, where four giants control the market: Specsavers, Boots, Vision Express, and David Clulow. These four businesses have over 1,000 stores in the UK, and they focus on crowds, pricing, and eyewear categories. These four giant eyewear brands are almost identical in terms of strategy, production, target markets, and corporate culture. As a consequence, the B-end side only has an insignificant amount compared to the C-end.

Few well-known names, such as Tyrannosaurus and its sub-brand Mosen, Mu Jiu Shi, aojo, and other quick fashion enterprises popular with youths, disguise the fact that China is the world’s biggest maker and exporter of eyeglasses. This has happened in part due to the global glasses business being controlled by behemoths and operating as a near-monopoly. Affecting the value of China’s $100 billion eyewear market, huge firms use techniques like mergers and acquisitions to hinder the country from growing its brand. As a consequence, the Chinese eyewear industry has a wide range of brands, but just a few well-known names. Famous brands’ items look and feel great, but they are 1-3 times more expensive than other eye brands’ products since they have their own stores and distribution networks. Our clients are not household names, but rather methods and processes. We also opted not to manufacture optical glasses since the world’s most well-known brands of optical lenses are likewise monopolized.

Research Question(s):

How can Chinese optical stores leverage the large e-commerce sector to create recognizable Chinese brands and occupy a larger market share in the optical wear industry?

Is the presence of large manufacturing firms in China a hindrance to local companies in relation to growth and market share?

Can the optical wear stores in China apply a hybrid combination of traditional brick and mortar stores and e-commerce to improve their position?

Method and Approach:

In order to answer the research questions, this study will use a qualitative research strategy that will incorporate case study methodology and interviews. The qualitative approach will be used in this research since it will be concentrating on the generation of knowledge rather than numerical representation of data. The goal of using a qualitative technique is for the researcher to be able to generate in-depth material (O’Connor & Joffe, 2020), as well as descriptive information in order to get a deeper understanding of the subject at hand (Shenton, 2004). Beginning with published research on digital marketing in China and other conventional marketing tactics, as well as their most recent developments in the financial industry, which are causing China to make headlines on a global scale, we’ll look for, investigate, and evaluate the findings of this research. The paper will look at why the rise of the e-commerce sector is speeding the development of foreign brands at a faster rate than the development of Chinese companies, particularly in the eye wear industry and market. Specifically, the researcher will make use of the resources available through the University of Leeds Library and on-line resources such as Google Scholar and EbscoHost in order to locate relevant articles, journals, and publications on digital marketing and how it relates to the Chinese eye wear industry as compared to the UK.

The research will follow and document business practices for 99 eye wear stores in China. In addition to the above, the research will introduce new strategies to business owners. The most difficult thing for normal shop owners to deal with is having a lot of mixed-brand goods that need to be sold. As a result, an inventory system that can be used on both mobile phones and computers. Because it doesn’t require the use of an extra tool, it is easier to use than the traditional method of inventorying things. Merchants can use their phones to scan the code, which lets them quickly update and write off their inventory. Because of technological limitations, stores can’t use digital management and collect customer information preferences data together because they don’t have enough space. As part of the system, it is easier to keep track of customer sources digitally and make unique files for each one. By looking at the store’s database feedback, store owners can figure out what people in the neighbourhood like to buy and how much they use. This includes people of all ages and genders. It will be possible to gather information about the most popular styles in the area, as well as improve and improve existing products, in order to come up with new glasses for OEMs to make.

In order to address some of the research questions, current developments in the FinTech business, as well as its marketing channels and potential disruptions, will be critically examined from a critical point of view, as will some of the research questions themselves. A critical qualitative analysis will be conducted with the goal of developing a long-term digital marketing strategy for Chinese eye wear stores and evaluating the impact on the optical industry. All of this will be combined to form a long-term digital marketing strategy for Chinese eye wear stores and evaluate the impact on the optical industry. Interacting with persons working in the Chinese optical wear business, including as shop managers, owners, manufacturers, and consumers, will be very beneficial to this research’s outcome.

Throughout the course of this study, the researcher will conduct a minimum of 12 interviews with eye wear industry professionals and members of the industry network. The general goal is to record the interviewee’s responses in order to utilize them in the future (with their consent and thorough explanation of purpose, consent signing, anonymity, and privacy issues addressed). The information and insights acquired via this technique will be used to enhance and criticize the overall study project as a whole. Every aspect of this qualitative study, analysis, and conclusion-drawing will be carried out utilizing theme analysis, which will make use of coding to integrate and explain the information gathered.

Timetable of Project Activities and Key Deliverables:

The most important deliverable is a 12000-word dissertation to be submitted to the Leeds University School of Business. The complete document will have chapters with the following headings: Introduction (chapter 1), Literature Review (chapter 2), Case Study Review (chapter 3), Results (chapter 4), Discussion (chapter 5), Summary and Recommendations (chapter 6). Additionally, the report will include a references and appendices section in accordance with the University’s specifications. Others include a quick summary paper sent to the participants and weekly drafts of chapters to the supervisor who will be reviewed and commented on.

Resources:

My experience and lessons gained throughout the course

The University library and access to high quality academic journals and materials:

•Journals and textbooks that are available from the university’s library either online or offline

•Web search engine Google Scholar

•Other relevant authentic websites accessed through Google

Interviews and case study revelations from eye wear industry stakeholders

Software- Microsoft Excel and NVIVO for qualitative analysis.

Supervisor input and faculty members

References

Couture, V., Faber, B., Gu, Y., & Liu, L. (2021). Connecting the countryside via e-commerce: evidence from China. American Economic Review: Insights, 3(1), 35-50.

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Lessons Learnt From The Us’s Current Relationship With Iraq, 2003

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Abstract

The relationship of the United States and Iraq offers a lesson on various diplomatic concepts and the underlying socio-economic and political ideologies. Various scholars have in the past shed light on the sociological aspects of the existing relationship after the decade long invasion and occupancy of Iraq by United States. Theoretical concepts of international relations will be explored to unveil the true picture of U.S – Iraq interaction aftermath. In the interest of researchers, academia and political science, it is imperative that this case is given critical assessment. This issue presents an avenue of intellectual discourse concerning the diverse disciplines that discuss international relations. In view of the social structure, economic policies and political strategies, this debate covers substantial research concepts that are important to ascertain validity and credibility of existing knowledge.

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

Background

The United States’ stay in Iraq has been on the global spotlight for over decade. The question many people ask is what the consequences this has on their relations. Apart from Iraq, United States interest in the Middle East has raised eyebrows leading to in-depth research on various dimensions (Lake, 2009, 19). The Geopolitics of Middle East has been a significant contributor to its overall influence in the global economy. However, its socio-economic policies and political system has been the subject of discussion. Iraq wields a lot of influence in the region, and its political ideologies were being seen as a threat by the west. It is not a matter of retelling the chronology of the U.S invasion of Iraq, but the impacts this has on the global socio-economic and political position America occupy. According to Christol (2004, 47-9), diverse acts of atrocities under the guise of setting the new global order of democracy was met with mixed reactions by Middle East nations and Iraq in particular. In this paper, it is important to note that the raging debate on the theoretical concepts surrounding diplomatic relations is the center stage for international peace agreements.

According to Tate (2010, 128-9), the traditional mentality that international relations were limited to specific disciplines is ruled out. This explains the need to break away from the confines of philosophy, sociology and economics as the only relevant disciplines exploring diplomatic ties. International relations theories should equally not be misconstrued as solely for academia. This means it should be given much attention as it plays a critical role in mutual understandings in cross boundary relationships especially in this wake of open economies. The current relationship between United States and Iraq offers a lot of lessons on feasibility of tested theories concerning international relations. It reflects the complex international interactions that are characterized by divergent socio-economic and political ideologies. Kenneth N. Waltz is one of the scholars who assert the fact that diplomatic history has been marred with elitist decision making.

Statement of the Problem

According Waltz, the consideration is on individual state, and to ideological, moral and economic issues, both traditional liberals and classical realists make the same mistake. They fail to develop a serious account of the international system—one that can be abstracted from the wider socio-political domain. Waltz acknowledges that such an abstraction distorts reality and omits many of the factors that were important for classical realism. It does not allow for the analysis of the development of specific foreign policies. However, it also has utility. Notably, it assists in understanding the primary determinants of international politics. He reformulated realism in international relations in a new and distinctive way. In his book Theory of International Politics, first published in 1979, he responded to the liberal challenge and attempted to cure the defects of the classical realism of Hans Morgenthau with his more scientific approach, which became known as structural realism or neorealism. Waltz insists on empirical testability of knowledge and on falsifications as a methodological ideal, which, as he admits, can have only a limited application in international relations. The case of US attack on Saddam Hussein and subsequent changes in approaches of managing Iraq indicates two sides of international relations theories. These include realism and idealism key in defining the relations among states and U.S – Iraq in particular. A realist theory can be seen as a tradition of speculation about the society or states. However, in international relations the realist theory is based on emphasizing the constraints imposed on politics by the nature of human beings (Ikenberry, et al. 2009, 93). The realist school belief that national self- interest mandate nations to constantly acquire power for the purpose of security and existence. It is usually contrasted with idealism or liberalism, which tends to emphasize cooperation. The negative side of the realists’ emphasis on power and self-interest is often their skepticism regarding the relevance of ethical norms to relations among states.

Hans Morgenthau is of the opinion that power is the undisputable feature which determines states policy on both foreign and domestic policies. The realist theory is also known as the power or traditional theory which is centered on power politics. It is concerned with an explanation of what happened, how it happened which is used to predict the trend of what to happen in the future. The lessons observable from the case of the U.S – Iraq relationship triggers further research into the theories that must be discussed to boost the increasing need for International Corporation.

According to Brennan (2013, 139-40), United States wield political and economic power and therefore play a central role in making decisions on global issues. The capitalism ideology has seen the America make several attempts to sink the communism, and this was the disguised intention of America. Military intervention by the U.S in most of its operation in the Middle East has significantly tainted its image in the international platform. Fingers point at neoconservatives who were well connected as the key architects behind the Iraq war. In regard to Guney (2007, 64), there was a political motive behind the lobbying with economic strategies. It is worth to note the involvement of several U.S presidents during their long stay of U.S military operatives in Iraq. The intertwining realism versus idealism approach dictates the perception of various people towards the U.S on how they handled Iraq.