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Lesson plan using bloom’s taxonomy

Name

Institution

Lesson plan using bloom’s taxonomy

Effective learning strongly relies on proper curriculum methods for it to be effective. To achieve this different learning domains have been developed and produced a variety of results. The Bloom’s Taxonomy is a perfect example of a learning domain or style that has been implemented and attained excellent results in learning. This is because the learning domain strongly concentrates on providing recalling systems or facts recognition. To achieve this objective bloom’s Taxonomy is designed to be implemented in six stages and can be used to teach different school grades and disciplines. A good example of a bloom’s taxonomy is a six stage calculus lesson plan for second year high school students.

Knowledge: the students are assisted to remember what they have learnt previously relating to the topic. This is to assist them in bridging their mind with appropriate information that will assist in understanding the new concepts.

Comprehension: this is requiring assisting student to grasp the new learning material or concepts. In calculus teaching the stage can easily be attained by translating numbers to words or simply summarizing the concepts.

Application: the stage mainly focuses on proper use of learning materials and concrete situations. This will require ensuring the students can easily use the principles, theories, methods and concepts associated with the topic.

Analysis: breaking down the entire topic into components or parts in relation to the organizational structure will be essential. The aim of this stage is to ensure students identify the part, relate them and recognize the principles required. In calculus students need to understand the stages that come with the final mathematical decisions to be able to properly understand the concepts fully.

Synthesis: the main focus of this stage is the ability of students to put the part together to come up with one whole. This stage also requires proper communication qualities and research to understand which sections are critical to the final answer.

Evaluation: ability to judge value of material is determining the required purpose. This being the final stage in the lesson plan according to Bloom’s Taxonomy, students should be able to evaluate the quality of the final results.

CONTENTS

Introduction

TOC o “1-3” h z u I. Marijuana PAGEREF _Toc79816602 h 1 A Origin

B Factors

C Legal

II Inavailability of enough support 2 A Purpose

B collaboration

C Evidence

III The use and popularity of marijuana drug 3 A popularity

B Impact

C riskiness of substance

HYPERLINK l “_Toc79816605” IV. Evidence for policy changes and hypothesis 4

A policy changes

B hypothesis

C Comparison between marijuana and alcohol

IV. Tremendous economic profit 5 A Economic profit

B social effect

C removal of law

V. chemical effect,challenges and responsibility of teenagers 6 A chemical effect of marijuana

B challenges of teenagers

C responsibility of teenagers

VI. marijuana legalization ,trafficking and introduction of Rand organization 7 A marijuana trafficking

B increase of legalization of marijuana

C introduction of the RAND organization

VII. Social and chemical effect 8 A long term significance of marijuana

B short term significance of marijuana

C addiction of the workers of the government

VIII Results of marijuana on individual health 9 A direct effects on individual health

B short term memory

C Results on the entire society

Marijuana We should not legalize marijuana for medical purpose

Marijuana is a drug from cannabis plant native to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, it is used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purpose in various traditional medicines.

Medical marijuana is legal in 20 states and the direct District of Columbia, recreational Marijuana is now legal in Washington and Colorado.

Marijuana is used in medication prescribed by physician and it has been approved, prescribed and made available to the public are very different from other commercially available prescription drugs. Due to this differences fake problems monstrous by the public and many physicians.

The first anti-marijuana laws in the United States date from 1911, when

Massuachusetts banned marijuana, followed in 1913 by California, Maine, Wyoming, and

Indiana. Other states followed suit over the next two decades; by 1933, 27 had

criminalized marijuana. The main factors generating these new laws seem to have been

anti-Mexican sentiment (whipped up by popular notions that marijuana was a social ill

brought by Mexican laborers) and fear that marijuana would engender criminal or even

murderous tendencies in its users.

At the federal level, marijuana was legal in the United States until 1937, when

Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act, effectively criminalizing marijuana and

prohibiting its possession or sale under federal law. Only those who paid a hefty excise

tax were permitted to use marijuana for medical and industrial uses. In the 1950s, a series

of federal laws, including the Boggs Act of 1952 and the Narcotics Control Act of 1956,

strengthened penalties against marijuana use and imposed mandatory jail sentences for

drug-related offenses.

Attitudes began to change in the late 1960s; in 1970 Congress repealed most

mandatory penalties for drug-related offenses, based on the view that mandatory

minimums had done little to curb drug use (Schlosser 1994). The 1972 Shafer

Commission, appointed by President Nixon and operating under the National Commission

The following are reasons why we should not legalize marijuana for medical purpose;

In availability of enough support

Commercially available drugs are subjected to vigorous clinical trials to evaluate protection and worth in the United States.

There have been efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indication, which provides evidence that that showed that marijuana was superior to control but inferior to Ondansetron in treating nausea.

There has been only one randomized, double-blind, placebo-and active-controlled trial gaging the efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indications.

Conchrane collaboration the recent reviews find insufficient evidence to support the use of smoked marijuana for a number of potential indications, including pain related to rheumatoid arthritis. Dementia, ataxia or tremor in multiple sclerosis and symptoms in HIV/AIDS.

This all evidence does not mean that components of marijuana do not have potential therapeutic effects to alleviate onerous. Hence there is no enough evidence to legalize marijuana from cannabis plant.

The use and popularity of marijuana drug

The use of the marijuana drug and popularity of the same continues to gain audience among young individuals who focus on its use as beneficial to health rather than harmful. The cannabis plant is indigenous to Asia, but is currently used the word over the increasing numbers among individuals who use the drug has basis on continued protests from the public displaying the estimated impact of marijuana liberalizations on marijuana and other substance use, driving under the influence, healthy behaviors, driving safety, the ease of obtaining various substances, illness and perceived self-esteem, friends’ substance use, friends’ disapproval of substance use or DUI, self-reported criminal behavior, perceived riskiness of substance use, and

disapproval of substance use.

Evidence for policy changes and hypothesis

While we provide no evidence here for why the policy changes have not had more

substantial impacts, we speculate briefly on the underlying explanation. The most obvious

hypothesis is that, despite substantial resources devoted to enforcement, marijuana laws

exert only minor impact on use, so removal of these laws merely ratifies de jure what is

Marijuana advocates have had some success peddling the notion that marijuana is a “soft” drug, similar to alcohol, and fundamentally different formulated similarly; but as the experience of nearly every culture, over the thousands of years of human history, demonstrates, alcohol is different. Nearly every culture has its own alcoholic preparations, and nearly all have successfully regulated alcohol consumption through cultural norms. The same cannot be said of marijuana. There are several possible explanations for alcohol’s unique status: For most people, it is not addictive; it is rarely consumed to the point of intoxication; low-level consumption is consistent with most manual and intellectual tasks; it has several positive health benefits; and it is formed by the fermentation of many common substances and easily metabolized by the body.

Tremendous economic profit

Under the state scheme, she testified, there would be “tremendous profit motive for the existing black market providers to stay in the market.”42 The only way California could effectively eliminate the black market for marijuana, according to Dr. Pacula, “is to take away the substantial profits in the market and allow the price of marijuana to fall to an amount close to the cost of production. Doing so, however, will mean substantially smaller tax revenue than currently anticipated from this change in policy.”

Social and chemical effect

The chemical effect of marijuana is to take away ambition. The social effect is to provide an escape from challenges and responsibilities with a like-minded group of teenagers who are doing the same thing. Using marijuana creates losers. At a time when we’re concerned about our lack of academic achievement relative to other countries, legalizing marijuana will be disastrous.

Legalization of marijuana and trafficking

Today, marijuana trafficking is linked to a variety of crimes, from assault and murder to money laundering and smuggling. Legalization of marijuana would increase demand for the drug and almost certainly exacerbate drug-related crime, as well as cause a myriad of unintended but predictable consequences. To begin with, an astonishingly high percentage of criminals are marijuana users. According to a study by the RAND Corporation, approximately 60 percent of arrestees test positive for marijuana use in the United States, England, and Australia. Further, marijuana metabolites are found in arrestees’ urine more frequently than those of any other drug.

Results of marijuana on individual health

In addition to its direct effects on individual health, even moderate marijuana use imposes significant long-term costs through the ways that it affects individual users. Marijuana use is associated with cognitive difficulties and influences attention, concentration, and short-term memory. This damage affects drug users’ ability to work and can put others at risk. Even if critical workers—for example, police officers, airline pilots, and machine operators—used marijuana recreationally but remained sober on the job, the long-term cognitive deficiency that remained from regular drug use would sap productivity and place countless people in danger. Increased use would also send health care costs skyrocketing—costs borne not just by individual users, but also by the entire society.

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Marijuana Legalization Proposal

The spread of marijuana legalization has led to the re-imagination of the United States drug policies and how precisely the policies should change as the people seek alternatives to punitive criminal justice policies that have been responsible for more incarceration as well as the increased black market that have for long supported the violent illegal businesses. A significant number of the countries in the United States have taken an initiative to legalize the use of marijuana with different states having unique reasons for legalization from the others. Some of the countries such as Canada has legalized marijuana for medical purposes while others such as Colorado and the Washington States legalized marijuana from recreational use.

Marijuana in most parts of the united states have remained to be criminalized due to the association of the drug with criminal activities, but as it has downed, the need to legalize marijuana is rising forcing most of the countries to decriminalize the use as well as the possession of marijuana. Despite the decriminalization, there has been raised the need to control the use as well as the possession of the drug in the same way alcohol has been controlled for decades. Marijuana has numerous benefits and the efforts to legalize it will reduce the black market business and in turn reduce the rate of incarceration in the United States. States, therefore, should weigh the benefits that result from the legalization of the drug such as economical, medical as well as social benefits and make independent decisions in the policy formulation against the criminalization of marijuana for the benefit of the State and its residents.

Name

Instructor

Course

Date

Lesson Plan

A good lesson plan is very vital to any teacher as it determines whether the teaching experience will be a boring or interesting (Shoemaker 150). Teaching grade two and three is not as easy at it seems because the children’s minds is still young and what they are taught at that age might have a lifetime impact. In that aspect I present two lessons plan that will ensure that not only will the children understand what they are taught, but also ensure that not even a single one will be left behind in class work (Feeney 150).

This lesson plan focuses on English Language Arts objectives: comparison and dissimilarity. Students will be able to compare the two stories: The Three blind mice and The Three Little pigs Students will work together in small mixed groups to apply strategies for understanding and vocabulary.

Learning outcomes

Students will:

Discover exact vocabulary words wanted to link to the story.

Answer all the questions that are related to the story verbally go over each and every concept of the story like, who did what, how, why, and when.

Be able to put their imagination to work and tell what might have happened before the story took place.

Be able to understand all the descriptive words used in the story (Hernandez 120).

Teacher planning

Time Required for Lesson

Three hours

Materials/Resources

Copy of the three blind mice by Agatha Christie.

Copy of  HYPERLINK “http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6697027&referer=brief_results” The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone

Pre-activities

The teacher will read the story the Three Little pigs aloud and discuss the happenings in each part of the story.

The student will be required to tell the happenings in the story verbally without referring to the books.

Students will be required to fill in a journal depicting the events in the book, The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone.

Activities

The students will be required narrate the story of the Three Little Pigs, as they understood it with major emphasis being on the flow of the activities from the first to the last.

The teacher will read aloud and talk about The Story of the Three Little Wolves and The three blind mice by Agatha Christie.

The teacher will bring out the difference and similarity between the two stories in form of diagrams.

The students will work together in small mixed groups and fill a similarity and difference sheet.

Each and every student will work alone and come up with a sequence of the events sheet either in drawing or writing in the two stories. In case of any difficulty the students will be rendered some assistance.

Assessment

A HYPERLINK “http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/bcanty11292004599/Group_Rubric.rtf” Rubric for the group activity.

A Writing and Drawing HYPERLINK “http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/bcanty11292004599/Three_Pigs_Writing.rtf” Rubric.

Completion of the sequence events sheet. 

The second plan focuses on vocabularies

Learning Outcomes

Students will:

Discover exact vocabulary words wanted to link to the story.

Answer all the questions related to either the stories in writing.

Be able to write down the correct spelling of the word used.

Be able to understand the meaning of the vocabulary used in the stories.

Pre-activities

The teacher will discuss the happenings or events in the stories with the students.

The student will be required to tell the happenings in the story verbally without referring to the books.

Students will be required to write down all the events in sequence as they are told in the stories.

Activities

The students will be required to write down the entire events, one after the other in the order of first to the last.

The teacher will explain the vocabulary used in the two stories to the students.

The students will work together in small mixed groups in order to write down the meanings of the vocabulary used in the stories.

The student will be required to work individually and write down other meanings of the vocabulary used in the stories.

Assessment

A HYPERLINK “http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/bcanty11292004599/Group_Rubric.rtf” Rubric for the group activity.

Completion of the other meanings of the words used (Taylor 130).

Works Cited

Feeney, Stephanie, and Eva Moravcik. Who am I in the lives of children?: an introduction to early childhood education. 9th ed. New York: Pearson, 2013. Print.

Hernandez, Donald J. Double jeopardy how third-grade reading skills and poverty influence high school graduation. Baltimore MD: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011. Print.

Shoemaker, Donald J. Juvenile delinquency. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Print.

Taylor, Barbara M. Catching readers, grade 3: day-by-day small-group reading interventions. New York: Heinemann, 2010. Print.

A COMPLEX AND A CLASSICAL SOCIETY AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE WORLD

Institution

Student’s name

A complex society and a classical society and their effect to the world

The world societies have been transforming since the beginning of history. The earliest forms of societies were of a rather complex nature. These eventually gave way to more classical societies that later paved way for the current modern societies. Several factors which included in most cases political and economic contributed to the transition inherent in these societies. The complete change of government structures from the complex to the classical societies could not go unnoticed. This change had a rather significant transformation to the human society as a whole.

This paper will analyze two ancient societies, Mesopotamia a complex society and the Roman Empire a classical society. It is imperative first to understand what these two different societies entailed. Complex societies entailed social formation that was complex in all its forms (Charvat, 2002). A complex society had members of the society specialized to specific activities. There was a high form of division of labor which had people depend entirely on each other. Complex societies were characterized by chiefdoms mostly kingship based societies. They kept on revising and re-revising their legislations to maintain their supremacy and rule of the people. They thus became very complex due to existence of very many laws, political leaders and legislations. No one was above the other as every member depended on the other (Charvat, 2002). This complexity was made even more complex as the population grew bigger. Complexity was also inherent in these societies political sphere. There was a complicated form of hierarchy of the ruling elite. This complexity was what led to the collapse of most of the complex societies including Mesopotamia. This is because there existed a number of rulers who all wanted to gain power thus leading to brutal wars that accelerated the collapse of this societies (Postgate, 1994). The structure of a complex society collapses entirely when one part of this structure is interfered with. The collapse is not only inherent in the political structure of the complex society but also in the economic sector. As the population increases, the sources of livelihood are depleted as competition for the diminishing resources increases. This means that the members of such a society might result in armed struggle as they compete for the scarce resources.

Mesopotamia is considered not only as one of the complex ancient societies, but also the cradle of civilization. Bronze Age is accredited to have had its origins in this ancient empire (Postgate, 1994). This age include Assyrian, Akkadian and the Sumer empires and later the Iron Age which was under the control of Neo Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian empires. These economic activities have had a great significance to the modern world. A lot of developments emerged from the Mesopotamian economic activities and have continued to have a significant contribution to the modern world.

In terms of the legal system, Mesopotamia was a highly complex society. Basing our argument on the code of Hammurabi it is evident that this ancient society was dominated by too many laws that were conflicting in themselves (Horne, 1915). This code for instance had 282 laws that helped govern the people of Mesopotamia. Some of these laws were very brutal as the major punishment for breaking them was death. Law number six in this code which states that “if a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). This law was rather brutal to the person receiving the stolen goods since he would have no idea whether the goods were legitimate or not. Another law in contention in this code is law number nine 11 “if on the other hand, the claimant of the lost property has not brought the witnesses that know his lost property, he has been guilty of slander, he has stirred up strife, he shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). It was not really easy to get a person who had a full knowledge of your property. Further still, the person with the stolen goods could also bring his own witnesses for the claimed property. It would be difficult therefore to determine the actual ownership of the goods. This could in most cases lead to the innocent person being killed to rush conclusions. Eight out of the first ten laws of this code hade the guilty person being punished by death. The brutality of this judicial system probably was one of the causes of aggression that led to the collapse of this society. These laws though have had a great significance in the development of the modern judicial system as well as in the classical period. The laws though have been revised putting more consideration to the respect of human life.

The religious sphere of Mesopotamia has also contributed a lot to the practices of the modern world. This society was a rather polytheistic. It is acclaimed that the Mesopotamian worshipped over 2000 gods. Having been the origin of the writing system, the Mesopotamian religion is believed to be the oldest religion in written history (Postgate, 1994). The religion has had a great impact in the modern world religion especially the myths inherent in the modern religion. It is for instance associated with Christianity as most of the myths that were identified in the ancient religion share some similarities with the Old Testament part of the Christian Bible.

The Mesopotamian religion was mostly ascribed to the forces of nature. Inanna for instance was the goddess of the store houses. She was also considered as the queen of heaven and was highly revered. A lot of hymns were written to praise her. For instance in the ‘incarnation to Ishtar as she was later known, she is described as “o heroic one, Ishtar, the immaculate one of the goddesses” (Postgate, 1994). She was considered to be the giver of life as she was associated with the whole aspects of life. This can be compared to the modern world where most religion ascribe the quality and sustenance of life to supernatural beings or being depending on the religion. The Mesopotamian religion can thus be said to be the mother of all other religions.

Mesopotamia intellectual capabilities are inherent in the modern world not only in agriculture but also in education. It is widely believed that the earliest forms of writing were discovered in areas around Mesopotamia (Charvat, 2002). This shows that this society was also highly complex in terms of education. This has been passed down from generation to the next and has contributed a lot to the development of the modern world.

Most of the complex societies later collapsed paving way to simpler and modern societies. The classical societies emerged after the collapse of the complex societies. These societies simplified the concepts they acquired from the complex societies in a bid to maintain the political as well as the social and economic structures that had collapsed under the complex societies. Among the most successful classical societies was the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire was established after the collapse of ancient roman civilization. This was after a streak of civil wars that eventually weakened the preceding empire. It was largely an autocratic system of government and controlled a very large area well over 6.5 million square kilometers (Mackay, 2004). This kingdom was more stable than the earlier complex system of government as it had a central ruling authority. No wonder it lasted for several centuries capturing more kingdoms and expanding its territory as well as its doctrines and values. The Roman Empire authority was secured by a well standing army that paid allegiance to the emperor.

This army therefore enabled the spread of education, religion and other roman practices to the conquered lands and territories (Mackay, 2004). A key point to note here is that the emperor who was the overall leader tolerated people to practice their own religions as a long as they did not threaten the empires security. There were some persecutions though notably among the Christians as they tried to spread the doctrines of Christianity. The empire in the whole though was a polytheist society. The world’s religions today have been mostly influenced by the religions in the Roman Empire. Christianity especially was later to be adopted as the most dominant religion in the empire (Dubois, 2011). Considering its stability, the religion was spread in the whole region gaining popularity with time. The center of Christianity is even established to date in Rome which was the capital of the empire.

The dominant language in this empire was Latin. It was to be the official language in this empire and spread to other regions that were under the Roman Empire. Latin was used in the empire’s law courts, education, business and religion (Dubois, 2011). As the language evolved, it developed into two registers; the high classical Latin which was the language of the elite in this society and the low Vulgar Latin that developed as the lingua franca among the majority non elites. It was this low Vulgar Latin that would later have a significant influence in the language system of Western Europe. The low Vulgar Latin later emerged into the Romance languages which include Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, French and Italian that are now the modern and dominant languages. Since the Roman Empire never intended to erode its religions vernacular or cultural languages, the east of the empire retained their languages with Greek emerging as the dominant language. Greek is still spoken in its modern form to date but Latin become extinct with time.

Due to empires relative peace and stability for an extended period of time, the Roman Empire was able to instigate a lot of industrial and economic endeavors, significantly improving the economic situation of the empire. Its military which was well trained and very disciplined ensured that there was no uprising in any of the empire’s regions. A point to note here is that at the very core of the ruling elite were well trained soldiers who possessed unique fighting abilities. It was rather an empire made up of soldiers in different hierarchies. The army was divided into legions of 480 men each and was deployed to the various regions far and wide to maintain allegiance to the emperor and maintain peace and stability (Mackay, 2004). There was a promise of a piece of land for any soldier after serving for the time set which was usually 20 years. This organization of the Roman Empire has been largely borrowed by the modern armies who also instill the same discipline inherent in the Roman Empire’s soldiers. The training and fighting mechanisms have also been borrowed though modern armies now use sophisticated weapons.

As whole, the modern society has had a lot to borrow from both the classical and the complex societies. The modern society has galvanized what has been borrowed from the two ancient societies to come up with what is evident today in most governments around the world. It is not only in government but in the modern society as a whole; the social structures of the modern societies have a lot in common with the ancient societies. A lot of industrial as well as agricultural and educational developments have a lot in common with the ancient societies.

References

Charvat, P. (2002). Mesopotamia before history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

Dubois, L. M. (20110. Ancient Rome: A Mighty Empire. Minnesota: Capstone Press.

Horne, F. C. (1915). The code of Hammurabi.USA: Forgotten Books.

Mackay, S. C. (2004). Ancient Rome: A military and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.

Postgate, J.N. (1994). Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

A complex society and a classical society and their effect to the world

The world societies have been transforming since the beginning of history. The earliest forms of societies were of a rather complex nature. These eventually gave way to more classical societies that later paved way for the current modern societies. Several factors which included in most cases political and economic contributed to the transition inherent in these societies. The complete change of government structures from the complex to the classical societies could not go unnoticed. This change had a rather significant transformation to the human society as a whole.

This paper will analyze two ancient societies, Mesopotamia a complex society and the Roman Empire a classical society. It is imperative first to understand what these two different societies entailed. Complex societies entailed social formation that was complex in all its forms (Charvat, 2002). A complex society had members of the society specialized to specific activities. There was a high form of division of labor which had people depend entirely on each other. Complex societies were characterized by chiefdoms mostly kingship based societies. They kept on revising and re-revising their legislations to maintain their supremacy and rule of the people. They thus became very complex due to existence of very many laws, political leaders and legislations. No one was above the other as every member depended on the other (Charvat, 2002). This complexity was made even more complex as the population grew bigger. Complexity was also inherent in these societies political sphere. There was a complicated form of hierarchy of the ruling elite. This complexity was what led to the collapse of most of the complex societies including Mesopotamia. This is because there existed a number of rulers who all wanted to gain power thus leading to brutal wars that accelerated the collapse of this societies (Postgate, 1994). The structure of a complex society collapses entirely when one part of this structure is interfered with. The collapse is not only inherent in the political structure of the complex society but also in the economic sector. As the population increases, the sources of livelihood are depleted as competition for the diminishing resources increases. This means that the members of such a society might result in armed struggle as they compete for the scarce resources.

Mesopotamia is considered not only as one of the complex ancient societies, but also the cradle of civilization. Bronze Age is accredited to have had its origins in this ancient empire (Postgate, 1994). This age include Assyrian, Akkadian and the Sumer empires and later the Iron Age which was under the control of Neo Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian empires. These economic activities have had a great significance to the modern world. A lot of developments emerged from the Mesopotamian economic activities and have continued to have a significant contribution to the modern world.

In terms of the legal system, Mesopotamia was a highly complex society. Basing our argument on the code of Hammurabi it is evident that this ancient society was dominated by too many laws that were conflicting in themselves (Horne, 1915). This code for instance had 282 laws that helped govern the people of Mesopotamia. Some of these laws were very brutal as the major punishment for breaking them was death. Law number six in this code which states that “if a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). This law was rather brutal to the person receiving the stolen goods since he would have no idea whether the goods were legitimate or not. Another law in contention in this code is law number nine 11 “if on the other hand, the claimant of the lost property has not brought the witnesses that know his lost property, he has been guilty of slander, he has stirred up strife, he shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). It was not really easy to get a person who had a full knowledge of your property. Further still, the person with the stolen goods could also bring his own witnesses for the claimed property. It would be difficult therefore to determine the actual ownership of the goods. This could in most cases lead to the innocent person being killed to rush conclusions. Eight out of the first ten laws of this code hade the guilty person being punished by death. The brutality of this judicial system probably was one of the causes of aggression that led to the collapse of this society. These laws though have had a great significance in the development of the modern judicial system as well as in the classical period. The laws though have been revised putting more consideration to the respect of human life.

The religious sphere of Mesopotamia has also contributed a lot to the practices of the modern world. This society was a rather polytheistic. It is acclaimed that the Mesopotamian worshipped over 2000 gods. Having been the origin of the writing system, the Mesopotamian religion is believed to be the oldest religion in written history (Postgate, 1994). The religion has had a great impact in the modern world religion especially the myths inherent in the modern religion. It is for instance associated with Christianity as most of the myths that were identified in the ancient religion share some similarities with the Old Testament part of the Christian Bible.

The Mesopotamian religion was mostly ascribed to the forces of nature. Inanna for instance was the goddess of the store houses. She was also considered as the queen of heaven and was highly revered. A lot of hymns were written to praise her. For instance in the ‘incarnation to Ishtar as she was later known, she is described as “o heroic one, Ishtar, the immaculate one of the goddesses” (Postgate, 1994). She was considered to be the giver of life as she was associated with the whole aspects of life. This can be compared to the modern world where most religion ascribe the quality and sustenance of life to supernatural beings or being depending on the religion. The Mesopotamian religion can thus be said to be the mother of all other religions.

Mesopotamia intellectual capabilities are inherent in the modern world not only in agriculture but also in education. It is widely believed that the earliest forms of writing were discovered in areas around Mesopotamia (Charvat, 2002). This shows that this society was also highly complex in terms of education. This has been passed down from generation to the next and has contributed a lot to the development of the modern world.

Most of the complex societies later collapsed paving way to simpler and modern societies. The classical societies emerged after the collapse of the complex societies. These societies simplified the concepts they acquired from the complex societies in a bid to maintain the political as well as the social and economic structures that had collapsed under the complex societies. Among the most successful classical societies was the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire was established after the collapse of ancient roman civilization. This was after a streak of civil wars that eventually weakened the preceding empire. It was largely an autocratic system of government and controlled a very large area well over 6.5 million square kilometers (Mackay, 2004). This kingdom was more stable than the earlier complex system of government as it had a central ruling authority. No wonder it lasted for several centuries capturing more kingdoms and expanding its territory as well as its doctrines and values. The Roman Empire authority was secured by a well standing army that paid allegiance to the emperor.

This army therefore enabled the spread of education, religion and other roman practices to the conquered lands and territories (Mackay, 2004). A key point to note here is that the emperor who was the overall leader tolerated people to practice their own religions as a long as they did not threaten the empires security. There were some persecutions though notably among the Christians as they tried to spread the doctrines of Christianity. The empire in the whole though was a polytheist society. The world’s religions today have been mostly influenced by the religions in the Roman Empire. Christianity especially was later to be adopted as the most dominant religion in the empire (Dubois, 2011). Considering its stability, the religion was spread in the whole region gaining popularity with time. The center of Christianity is even established to date in Rome which was the capital of the empire.

The dominant language in this empire was Latin. It was to be the official language in this empire and spread to other regions that were under the Roman Empire. Latin was used in the empire’s law courts, education, business and religion (Dubois, 2011). As the language evolved, it developed into two registers; the high classical Latin which was the language of the elite in this society and the low Vulgar Latin that developed as the lingua franca among the majority non elites. It was this low Vulgar Latin that would later have a significant influence in the language system of Western Europe. The low Vulgar Latin later emerged into the Romance languages which include Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, French and Italian that are now the modern and dominant languages. Since the Roman Empire never intended to erode its religions vernacular or cultural languages, the east of the empire retained their languages with Greek emerging as the dominant language. Greek is still spoken in its modern form to date but Latin become extinct with time.

Due to empires relative peace and stability for an extended period of time, the Roman Empire was able to instigate a lot of industrial and economic endeavors, significantly improving the economic situation of the empire. Its military which was well trained and very disciplined ensured that there was no uprising in any of the empire’s regions. A point to note here is that at the very core of the ruling elite were well trained soldiers who possessed unique fighting abilities. It was rather an empire made up of soldiers in different hierarchies. The army was divided into legions of 480 men each and was deployed to the various regions far and wide to maintain allegiance to the emperor and maintain peace and stability (Mackay, 2004). There was a promise of a piece of land for any soldier after serving for the time set which was usually 20 years. This organization of the Roman Empire has been largely borrowed by the modern armies who also instill the same discipline inherent in the Roman Empire’s soldiers. The training and fighting mechanisms have also been borrowed though modern armies now use sophisticated weapons.

As whole, the modern society has had a lot to borrow from both the classical and the complex societies. The modern society has galvanized what has been borrowed from the two ancient societies to come up with what is evident today in most governments around the world. It is not only in government but in the modern society as a whole; the social structures of the modern societies have a lot in common with the ancient societies. A lot of industrial as well as agricultural and educational developments have a lot in common with the ancient societies.References

Charvat, P. (2002). Mesopotamia before history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

Dubois, L. M. (20110. Ancient Rome: A Mighty Empire. Minnesota: Capstone Press.

Horne, F. C. (1915). The code of Hammurabi.USA: Forgotten Books.

Mackay, S. C. (2004). Ancient Rome: A military and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.

Postgate, J.N. (1994). Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

Journal Article Summary

Student’s name

Institutional Affiliation

Background

The journal article is titled “Psychologists Report Large Increase in Demand for Anxiety and Depression Treatment.” The survey was conducted by Sophie Bethune located at the institution of the American Psychological Association. The journal published on November 17th, 2020 builds upon a previous research conducted on the same subject in June 2020. In terms of age group, the study was conducted among practicing psychologists in the early, mid, and late stages of their careers. The survey which took place between August 28th and October 2020 can be described as a correlational study. It is a correlational study because it adopts a non-experimental approach whereby the researcher studies two variables and analyzes the statistical relationship that exists between them with little control of extraneous variables (Xiao, Carney, Youn, Janis, Castonguay, Hayes, & Locke 2017). The approach to research in this study is purely descriptive and does not rely heavily on hypothesis formulation and testing as in scientific research.

Summary of Methodology

The article focuses on the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the increased cases of patients with depression-related conditions and the changes to the service delivery to patients by practicing psychologists. According to the survey, about six months into the pandemic, many psychologists admitted to seeing more patients presenting with depression and anxiety according to the Telehealth Practitioner Survey on covid-19 done by the American Psychological Association. In regards to methodology, the practitioner survey was disseminated to a sample that was geographically representative of practicing psychologists in the USA including both members and non-members of the American Psychological Association. Worth noting, the fieldwork of this survey took place from August 28th, 2020 to 5th October 2020. Out of the total number of psychologists reached, a total of 1787 responded to the survey. Noteworthy, the sample was a non-probability sample hence it is impossible to compute the margins of error or confidence intervals.

Summary of Results

Data collected from the survey confirmed the institution’s worst fear, that the pandemic was taking a heavy emotional toll on Americans. This is according to the institution’s Chief Executive Officer. In responding to the unprecedented mental health crisis, most psychologists were getting more referrals, seeing more patients and experiencing fewer cancellations. Further, it was noted that more psychologists had embraced telehealth as they began treating patients remotely. Results from the September survey indicated that most psychologists reported seeing an increased number of patients with depressive disorders accounting for 60% and anxiety disorders accounting for 74% compared to before the pandemic began. Moreover, other treatments that recorded a significant increase in patients included sleep-wake disorder and stress-related disorder. Additionally, according to the survey, 37% of the psychologists which accounts for more than one-third of the total psychologists revealed that they received more patient referrals compared to before the pandemic. Moreover, 44% admitted to recording fewer cancellations or no-shows. The survey further revealed that compared to pre-covid days, 43% of psychologists said that they were attending to the same number of patients, 29% said they were attending to more clients, and 28% reported seeing fewer patients. Most psychologists reported that they did not see any notable changes in the patient variations recorded with specific ethnic and racial groups. However, 9% of psychologists reported an increase in attending to patients of Asian origin while 11% recorded an increase in seeing African American patients. Further, 19% of the psychologist reported attending to White patients and 8% revealed they were seeing more patients with Hispanic patients. 21% of the psychologist revealed that they were attending to more adolescents aged 13-17 after the covid-19 pandemic while 29% revealed that were attending to more adults between 18 and 64 years. Moreover, revealed that 17% attended the older adult patients between 65-79 years while 30% noted that they attended to fewer children that were below 13 years. 63% of the psychologist treated all patients remotely while 32% conducted in-person treatment. Worth noting, 63% of the psychologist reported remote treatment to be more challenging than in-person treatment, 26% recorded a fair amount of challenges, 58% reported few challenges while 16% experienced no challenges relating to telehealth.

Questions Raised by the Study

This study raises the question of the direction that health service delivery is taking and the need to invest and employ technology as a tool to improve community health. Without a doubt, the covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented issue that prompted us to seek alternative ways to health care delivery. When the pandemic emerged, doctors had to e creative to ensure they went on with their work without exacerbating the spread of the virus. Although telehealth is challenging, the pandemic has taught us that it is doable. The focus now should be on devising ways to make the telehealth experience better and even adopting it as a means of treatment even after the pandemic is over. There is need to invest in policy formulations to regulate telehealth services.

References

Xiao, H., Carney, D. M., Youn, S. J., Janis, R. A., Castonguay, L. G., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2017). Are we in crisis? National mental health and treatment trends in college counseling centers. Psychological services, 14(4), 407.

Task #8

My story is about The Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard extracted from Matthew 20:1-16. The Story is found in the New Testament as a narration of the Gospel according to Matthew. The book of Matthew is said to have been written in 70 CE by Matthew the Evangelist, a former apostle of Jesus who was an accountant or a tax collector (Evans, 2012). The book is the first among the books referred to as the Gospel of Jesus Christ. It is a part of three others, Mark, Luke, and John. Matthew is also a synoptic gospel together with Mark and Luke because of the similarities in the point of view and narration style.

In Matthew 19: 27-30, there is an introduction of what is to be presented in the form of the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard. Peter tells Jesus that the disciples have forsaken everything to follow him and Jesus answers that for everything they have lost, they would be repaid a hundredfold with everlasting life. The last verse, Matthew 19: 30, introduces the phrase that the first shall be last and the last shall become first. After the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard, Jesus predicts his own death, suffering, and resurrection in verse 18-19.

In the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard, the main characters include an employer and his employees. The employer is generous, kind, and just in decision making. He is also firm and a good leader. The employees are affected by the employer’s actions differently. Some laborers are disgruntled that the actions of their boss are unfair. In the end, every one gets exactly what they had bargained for. The conflict in the story is about justice and the perception of fairness. In the end, the story reveals that the employer acted according to the agreement.

The Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard is about an employer who went to look for laborers early in the morning. He hires different men agreeing to pay a certain amount for a day’s work. he goes out at different times to look for more laborers. When giving their wages, those who begun working early in the morning are rewarded the same pay as those that came late in the evening. The result is that the early hires are disgruntled and do not see the situation as fair based on the amount of effort. The employer explains that his actions were fair and just. He had paid everyone exactly what they had agreed upon. He questioned the disgruntled laborers on whether they were envious of his generosity.

References

Evans, C. A. (2012). Matthew. Cambridge University Press.

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

Background

Across many countries in the world today, there exist many interventions and programs aimed at improving the lives of the local community members. To name a few examples, communities have united to help develop solutions for their most pressing needs, including domestic violence, health, security, and education. Worth noting, in order to tell if the initiatives are effective, evaluation is necessary. Evaluation has to do with the systematic gathering of all data concerning the characteristics, activities, and outcomes of a particular program (Vedung, 88). The intention is to use this information to make decisions on the necessary areas of improvement. By making proper judgments grading the program at hand, the program is better placed to achieve its future goals. Needless to say, proper evaluation is feasible and must be carried out within the stipulated time, resources, and political context. Furthermore, evaluation is done to serve a specific purpose, as such, ethics should be observed in order to find accurate findings. The questions found in an evaluation depend on project length, the interviewer, and the intended use of the collected information. This essay touches on the subject matter of evaluation within the context of Drive Smart, a road safety program aimed at curbing drunk driving through public intervention and education. Further, it touches on the would-be goals and the standards for judgment for the evaluation.

Description of the Subject Matter

Drive Smart Program is the focus of the evaluation. This program aims at saving lives through eliminating drunk driving through the avenue of education and public intervention. In this scenario, the evaluation must involve all the necessary stakeholders, including those interested and those being impacted by it (Fell, 38). The government’s task force on road safety matters seeks to introduce a docket that advocates for smart driving. The program aims at helping millions of lives lost to drunk driving across various communities. There is a need for all the community members to come to terms with the dimensions of the problem of reckless driving. As communities get trained on strategies of maintaining road safety on the road, both as drivers and passengers, they also need to be enlightened about the necessary actions that can be taken to fix this problem that has many negative consequences on individuals and, by extension, the society. Worth noting, the government task forces have identified a road safety program abroad. The program entails all the aspects the team has been searching for. The Taskforce seeks to adapt this program as a pilot program. To design the program to suit their needs perfectly, the task force has to liaise with the organization. Worth noting, if the pilot program emerges successful, the task force shall proceed to expand its implementation in various communities across the state. The task force has some monies available to fund the entire program to completion.

Goals of the Evaluation

The evaluation will be conducted on the pilot program, which will inform the implementation of subsequent programs. The primary purpose of evaluating the Drive Smart program is to determine its effectiveness in attaining the set goals and objectives and know the program’s reception from the community. Additionally, it will provide the project engineers with the cost implications of the adoption of the program. The most interested individuals in the evaluation are the participants of the program, task force members, and potential donors who would be interested in supporting the expansion of the program. The subject matter of evaluating pilot programs for road safety is the best as it helps the people designing the project know if it is achieving the intended objectives. Because the evaluation is being done on a first-time project, lessons learnt from this experience will be used to improve future projects even before they are implemented.

Standards of Judgment

Some of the criteria that can be employed to assess Drive Smart program’s efficiency entail having laid out deliverables that will be used to probe the performance of a program. For instance, data shall be gathered from community members regarding their familiarity levels with the project and project goals. This can be done by administering anonymous questionnaires with the community members. Open-ended questionnaires are most preferred as it grants them an opportunity to note down how they came to know about the program and the kind of information that was availed to them about the project goals. Another standard that can be used is probing the statistics of individuals that use safe rides such as Uber and other taxis to get home. This will help determine the visibility as well as the impact of the program. The more number of people found to be using taxis following a drinking spree indicates a positive reception from its intended audience. Moreover, knowing the number of individuals who report drunk driving can also be used to judge the project’s performance. This is an indication that community education is impacting positively on the behavior of people. Additionally, it is prudent that the team pay attention to the total number of road accidents occurring during the night. This information can be accessed by National Statics Corporations and from traffic police dockets of the federal and state police. Finding out the number of accidents taking place is a viable way of identifying behavioral change in the intended target audience.

For this program to be successful, standards of performance for the laid out criteria must be developed. These standards are thresholds used for determining whether the project is successful of not. First, the project will be deemed successful only if 80% of the total community residents will have known about the project and its goals within the first year. Another indicator of success would be if there is a 20% increase within the first year in the individuals using taxis. Furthermore, a 20% decrease in the whistleblowers that report incidences of drunk driving would sign that the intended outcomes are being achieved. Lastly, if the number of car accidents recorded every night decreases by 10% within the first two years, it would be a positive indication of the programs performance. Before concluding as to whether the project should continue or not, there is a need to determine if the foreseen changes stem from the program implementers efforts or other factors.

Conclusion

Evaluation is a strategy used by program implementers to assess the program’s efficiency and determine whether the project is attaining its intended goals and objectives. In the world today, many development programs are being implemented by development partners. They hope to improve the lives of the community by using the available resources and time. Drive Smart is a safety initiative aimed at saving lives through eliminating drunk driving through the avenue of education and public intervention. In conjunction with the task force from the Office of the Governor, community members will collaborate on the project. Being a pilot project, Drive Smart aims to determine the effectiveness in attaining the set goals and objectives and know the reception the program will get from the community. Further, it will provide the project engineers the cost implications of adoption of the program. Some standards of judgment that can be employed include collecting data about the residents’ familiarity with the project’s goal and taking note of the number of accidents recorded during the night. Another criterion is finding out the member of people that report instances of drunken driving.

Works Cited

Fell, James C., et al. Evaluation of responsible beverage service to reduce impaired driving by 21-to 34-year-old drivers. No. DOT HS 812 398. United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2017.

Vedung, Evert. Public policy and program evaluation. Routledge, 2017.

Lesson Plan

Name

Professor

Institute

Course

Year

Code: EDMA417

Lesson Plan Format

Class: JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

Date: Monday, 12th March, 2013 Time: Start: __09:00 a.m.__________

Finish: __ 09:40 a.m._________

Key Learning Area: TRIGONOMETRY

Lesson Topic: GEOMETRY

Recent Prior Experience (specific relevant concepts, skills and values the school students have experienced prior to this lesson):

To ensure that the learning process is smooth, students will be applying already learnt concepts and skills from the topic of Construction.

Syllabus Outcome(s):

(One or two only. Please note the syllabus reference number AND write out in full).

– K–10 NSW Mathematics Syllabus (NSWBOS, 2013).

–

Indicators of Learning for this lesson:

Behaviors that contribute toward achievement of outcome(s).

Quote syllabus numbers. Must be clear, specific, observable.

Curriculum Content Strands may be used as headings.

By the end of this lesson, the students will:

Be able to define the term Geometry

Understand the difference between Drawing and Construction in Geometry.

Be able to prepare/ construct different shapes/ angles using only a pair of compasses and a ruler.

Identify and understand the step by step procedure of constructing a triangle using a ruler and a compass. This may be carried out through a creative activity and participation in intellectual individual work or Group Work for the main purpose of solving mathematical problems through the laid down procedure (O’Brien 2005).

Be able to apply already leant basic concepts and skills to calculate the size of different angles based on construction specification.

Be able to apply learnt knowledge and skills to different careers that incorporate the same applications in geometry for the main purpose of running or conducting their operations. For instance, perspective drawing.

Solve or work out mathematical problems on related topic. Assessment:

Strategies which will be used to assess

Learners’ attainment of learning outcomes.

Should be linked to each learning indicator.

In order for the student to acquire essential knowledge, proper understanding and skill in the Geometry, frequent consultation of the syllabus together with enough resource materials in terms of text books are vital (Afamasaga-Fuata’i 2009).

According to Beckmann, Thompson & Rubenstein, teachers should fit in a learner centered approach during instruction. The idea here is to help the students differentiate between drawing and construction in Geometry. After discussing what Geometry entails, it is important for the teacher to show the students how the constructed shapes in Geometry behave under different angles. All learning activities focus on the learner. The importance of using a learner centered approach is to ensure that the student learns by doing. The teacher’s role within this context is only that of supervision and providing assistance (2010).

Another way that the learner centered approach can prove useful is through the incorporation of Group work activities during and after instruction. For the groups to be effective, the groups should comprise of 3 or 4 members.

Any safety issues to be considered:

Resources:

List resources you used in preparing the lesson AND those used in the lesson implementation.

Mathematical Class Text Book

NSW K-10 syllabus

Teacher Notes

LESSON SEQUENCE

Lesson Content / Indicators of Learning (What is Taught):

Note key skills, concepts and values

addressed in each section. Link to your Indicators of Learning. Timing

(mins) Teaching Strategies / Learning Experiences:

(How it is taught)

Write detailed steps showing what the teacher (T) will do and what students (Ss) will do. Resources and Organization:

INTRODUCTION

Introducing the Topic Geometry

3

(T): The introductory part can be executed perfectly using the Question and Answer approach;

Who can define the term Geometry?

Geometry can be defined as a branch of mathematics that deals with the relationship of different points in lines properties, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional equivalents.

To make it possible for learners to comprehend and understand the definition, simple and clear English should be used.

(Ss): The student is at the center of the learning process.

Within this context, the teacher should be insightful when approving/ dismissing student comments with regard to the definition(s) as attempted by students when asked.

The student opinion/answers as per their level of understanding.

Students should first listen and later take notes on the definition of Geometry.

Another way that the learner centered approach can prove useful is through the incorporation of Group work activities during and after instruction. For the groups to be effective, the groups should comprise of 3 or 4 members (Orlich 2013). Whiteboard and/or blackboard.

Summarized Teacher notes.

DEVELOPMENT

25

Together with the students in their already formed groups, we shall work through the laid down step by step procedure of working our way through geometric problems. By so doing, we shall be able to find full solution to each problem in the mathematical class text (Leech 2007). The chances here are that from the formed groups, the students will be able add, subtract, multiply and divide based on the fact that they will learn from their colleagues. Within this context, the teacher can constantly monitor student progress from the supervisions.

Mathematical Class Text

Whiteboard and/or blackboard.

Geometry apparatus such as compass, ruler and divider

Summarized Teacher notes.

CLOSURE

Conclusion

5

To make the recap or summary effective and meaningful, it is of great importance that the black/ whiteboard(s) remain clean and the close their books so that they are able to use their power of recall. In addition, this step makes it possible for teacher(s) to test the effectiveness of the teaching strategies being put into practice.

Since this lesson involved the incorporation of two learning strategies, the teacher centered approach and the learner centered approach (group work), representatives selected from different groups will give their group presentation based on their findings.

Different groups will focus on answering the questions below.

Who can remember our earlier definition of the term Geometry?

The teacher can ask the representative to do a recap of the laid down procedure that is followed during construction in geometry at the same time explaining this processes.

Give examples of career/professions associated with geometry. References

Afamasaga-Fuata’i, K. (2009). Concept mapping in mathematics: Research into practice. New York: Springer.

Beckmann, C. E., Thompson, D. R., & Rubenstein, R. N. (2010). Teaching and learning high school mathematics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Leech, B. C. (2007). Geometry’s great thinkers: The history of geometry. New York: Rosen Publishing Group’s PowerKids Press.

O’Brien, K. E. (2005). Successful devices in teaching geometry. Portland, Me: J.W. Walch.

Orlich, D. C. (2013). Teaching strategies: A guide to effective instruction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.