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BA 242 Exam

One of Galbraith’s most famous concepts is the Dependence Effect, which says that advertising persuades people that they require items that they do not actually require. If a person’s requests are urgent, Galbraith asserts that they must be unique to the individual in question. If they have to be made up for him, they can’t be considered urgent. If production is the cause of the desires, it cannot be justified as a means of gratifying those desires. Because of the institutions of contemporary advertising and salesmanship, there is an even more direct link between supply and demand.” With this approach, Galbraith attempts to undermine the underpinnings of microeconomics in terms of human preferences, which he believes is a mistake. According to Hayek: The cultural origins of practically all civilized life’s necessities must not be confused with the reality that certain desires are driven only by the perceived social status that an object’s consumption is expected to provide. According to Professor Galbraith, Lord Keynes seems to consider the latter sort of Veblenesque conspicuous consumption as the only viable alternative “to those needs that are absolute in the sense that we feel them independently of the position of our fellow human beings.” These two Keynesian groups describe only the most extreme types of desires, but exclude the vast majority of goods that are necessary for civilized living if the second statement is interpreted to exclude any desire for commodities that is felt solely because they are known to be created, as stated in the second statement. Hayek is right on this matter.

According to Freeman’s theory, CEOs should create value for several stakeholders. Unlike the one group Friedman mentions: investors. This narrowing of relevant groups is one of Friedman’s weaknesses, as actual business relationships do not reflect them. Even the most successful company cannot exist in isolation. It needs capital, customers to buy its goods/services, employees to serve them, suppliers to supply the goods/services, and a supportive community to expand. The business cannot flourish without these categories. Naturally, the groups may clash. A merchant may demand such low prices from suppliers that they are unable to earn a profit without outsourcing manufacturing or providing inferior goods. While certain stores (Walmart, for example) can accomplish this, suppliers dislike having to work with the retailer and would gladly support any other store if they could gain from it. So long as the store retains market dominance, this is not a healthy environment. A compromise that suited everyone’s wishes would benefit all parties. One may argue that the Stakeholder Theory depicts the actual web of interactions that occurs in any organization’s activity. Obviously, the Stakeholder Theory requires more accountability than the Shareholder Theory. Stakeholder Theory-based management must incorporate the wishes of many people. Additional from Shareholders, there are other groupings. Friedman made several strong arguments for holding companies exclusively accountable for increasing profits for shareholders. The next section will analyze several reasons why we should embrace the Stakeholder Theory’s new obligations.

Ethical issues include the knowledge of the auditing firm of a discrepancy and failure to act. The bosses’ decision to close the matter in order to retain the client was a serious ethical dilemma. The ethical issue affected the auditing firm, the bosses, the employee, the firm under issues, the loan provider, the legal authority, and the government as an interested stakeholder. Because of the revelation of a fraudulent scheme, the reputations of several financial market participants are tarnished, undermining investor confidence in the market and penalizing all enterprises involved. Financial market regulators, auditors, financial analysts, boards of directors, and credit rating agencies are all held responsible for investors’ lack of confidence in their ability to predict and respond to market changes. Additionally, non-financial losses such as the socio-economic costs associated with job losses are added to the financial losses sustained by investors, and this might potentially result in the collapse of the entire financial organization. Businesses may face fines of up to millions of dollars if financial and accounting information that should have been disclosed by corporate officials is not provided or is false. If the company’s disclosure systems had adhered to industry norms and offered the transparency required by law, fraudulent acts such as embezzlement and manipulation would not have been conceivable. In this dilemma, the multiple ethical principle perspective of utilitarianism looks at favoring short-term benefits, even though the long-term costs are greater. The deontological ethics advise that people have a duty to respect other people’s rights and treat them accordingly. What is primarily under examination in virtue ethics is “what makes a decent person,” or, for the sake of this debate, “what makes a competent public relations practitioner.” It is recommended that the matter be reported and the issue be handled internally including the removal of the current boss in office.

Babies Behind Bars

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Attachment refers to a specific aspect of the relationship that a child has with its caregiver that is meant to make the child feel safe, secure, and protected. The theory remains to be one of the most empirically grounded and popular theories pertaining to parenting. Worth noting, the purpose of attachment is not to entertain or play with them; this would be the playmate’s or parent’s role. Additionally, neither is attachment meant to feed the child, test its limits nor teach them new skills. This would be the work of their caregiver, disciplinarian, or teacher respectively. Attachment provides an opportunity for the caregiver to provide the child with a secure base that serves as a source of comfort and a haven for safety (Benoit, 2004). Worth noting, attachment should not be confused with bonding. It is unfortunate that both non-professional and professionals continue to use the two terms interchangeably. The latter was coined by Klaus and Kennel, who opined that a parent-child bond relied on skin-to-skin contact was critical in the initial period. When asked to describe secure attachment, the picture that comes to the minds of most professionals is a mother breastfeeding a baby while in a good mood or a father engaging their child in activities like fishing expeditions or playing volleyball. What makes attachment different and beneficial is that it is a powerful determinant of children’s later emotional and social outcomes. According to recent longitudinal research, having a loving caregiver and developing a secure and organized attachment to them acts as a protection against emotional and social maladjustment for children and infants.

Background of American Prisons

Around 1871, prisoners were deemed to be slaves of the state and had no rights. This notion was tossed aside between the early 1900s and mid-1900s when the hands of doctrine emerged. In line with this doctrine, courts refrained from intervening and could not adjudicate the constitutional rights of prisoners. They did not feel that it was their place to define prisoners’ power and safeguard their rights. By the 1970s, the courts had let go of the hands-off doctrine. In 1974, a decision by the Supreme Court in the Wolff v. McDonnell case declared that it would offer prisoners with some protections in spite of their loss of liberty. The maiden prison institution for women in the United States was established in 1873 in Indiana, housing around 40-60 people. By 1920, five more women’s prisons were added, including Minnesota, California, Arkansas, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania. Seventy years later, there were women’s prisons in about half of all states. 1980s saw a boom in the expansion of women’s prisons that proceeded into the 1990s. By 1997, there was at least one female facility in all 50 states bringing the total to 108 facilities. By the end of 2000, nearly 93 234 women were convicted to state and federal prisons and by 2010, the number had risen to about 112 822. The United States has the leading prison population rate globally, with 716 incarcerations per 100,000. More than half of remaining countries boast a rate of 150 per 100, 000. These are unprecedented numbers in both the country’s history and that of liberal democracy. Currently, the United State prison population stands at 2.2 million, mainly due to the unreliance that the imprisonment system has shown over the previous decades (Bretherton, 2010). Criminal law has been framed in such a way that imposes punishment for misconduct instead of rewarding good conduct. Essentially, more emphasis is often on preventing undesirable behavior than encouraging desirable behavior. This method of punishment begs the question of whether prisoners are sent to prison as a punishment or for punishment.

Some of the pros of the Wee Ones Nursery Program is that it has been found to have a good outcome for both the mother and the child. Such programs reduce re-offending rates significantly compared to their counterparts that do not make it into the program. Additionally, the programs bolster mother-child attachment. According to research, infants that have been brought up in prison nurseries have been found to have the same attachment as ordinary children in society. The first year of development is very fundamental for children’s growth and children that stay with their mothers in prison present with lower amounts and depression compared to incarcerated ones. On the downside, nursery programs can be costly to run. This explains the competition and limited slots that are available on the program. Additionally, critics say that women may purposely get pregnant to access the more comfortable living conditions that come with being part of the program.

Guidelines for Indiana Prison

There were various guidelines for the Wee Ones Prison Nursery program at Indiana Women’s Prison. To be eligible for the program, the inmate must not have been convicted of a violent criminal offense in their life. Additionally, for them to become part of the program, they should be remaining with a sentence of 18 months or less. Additionally, women prisoners were required to have given to a healthy baby for them to be allowed to keep their children with them. The experience was beneficial to some women and traumatizing and disappointing for others. The Indiana facility newborn unit could only accommodate ten newborns at every one time. According to the Babies Behind Bars (2014) documentary around 40 women were pregnant at every one time. This made competition tight. Women that did not meet the eligibility criteria had no option but to let go of their child within 24 hours of giving birth. The children were put in foster care or under the care of a family member with visitation rights. The experience was difficult for women that were not eligible but satisfying for those that made it into the program.

Intervention Studies and Outcomes

One of the studies conducted in relation to the prison nursery program was the mentoring program. Shlafer and Poehlmann carried out multi-informant multi-method studies in the context of a mentoring program for children whose parents had been incarcerated (Elmalak, 2015). The research employee, particularly fathers. Although the program was unsuccessful, it established that researchers should not assume that children with imprisoned planets view them as attachment figures or that they are interested in communicating with them.

Personal Opinion and Suggestions

In my viewpoint, prison nursery initiatives are a brilliant idea. They provide a perfect way for women offenders to serve their sentences while they serve their sentence at the same time. There can only be good outcome for both the mother and the infant. It gives them an opportunity to create a lasting bond between mother and babies. It is enough reason to help them become better versions of themselves for the sake of their children. To improve the program, the parties involved should find a way to find the required resources by writing proposal for funding. This way, they can develop a bigger new-born unit in the prison that will accommodate a substantial amount of pregnant women. This way, a lot of women will not have to be excluded from the program.

Works Cited

Benoit, D. (2004). Infant-parent attachment: Definition, types, antecedents, measurement and

outcome. Paediatr Child Health, 9, 541-545.

Bretherton, I. (2010). Parental incarceration: The challenges for attachment

researchers. Attachment & Human Development, 12, 417- 428.

Elmalak, S. (2015). Babies behind bars: An evaluation of prison nurseries in American female

prisons and their potential constitutional challenges. Pace Law Review, 35(3), 1080-1106.

Richardson, A. (Director). (2011). Babies behind bars. Documentary retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nErmW89hr0&t=25sand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWaZ34Vmaf4

Lesson plan using bloom’s taxonomy

Name

Institution

Lesson plan using bloom’s taxonomy

Effective learning strongly relies on proper curriculum methods for it to be effective. To achieve this different learning domains have been developed and produced a variety of results. The Bloom’s Taxonomy is a perfect example of a learning domain or style that has been implemented and attained excellent results in learning. This is because the learning domain strongly concentrates on providing recalling systems or facts recognition. To achieve this objective bloom’s Taxonomy is designed to be implemented in six stages and can be used to teach different school grades and disciplines. A good example of a bloom’s taxonomy is a six stage calculus lesson plan for second year high school students.

Knowledge: the students are assisted to remember what they have learnt previously relating to the topic. This is to assist them in bridging their mind with appropriate information that will assist in understanding the new concepts.

Comprehension: this is requiring assisting student to grasp the new learning material or concepts. In calculus teaching the stage can easily be attained by translating numbers to words or simply summarizing the concepts.

Application: the stage mainly focuses on proper use of learning materials and concrete situations. This will require ensuring the students can easily use the principles, theories, methods and concepts associated with the topic.

Analysis: breaking down the entire topic into components or parts in relation to the organizational structure will be essential. The aim of this stage is to ensure students identify the part, relate them and recognize the principles required. In calculus students need to understand the stages that come with the final mathematical decisions to be able to properly understand the concepts fully.

Synthesis: the main focus of this stage is the ability of students to put the part together to come up with one whole. This stage also requires proper communication qualities and research to understand which sections are critical to the final answer.

Evaluation: ability to judge value of material is determining the required purpose. This being the final stage in the lesson plan according to Bloom’s Taxonomy, students should be able to evaluate the quality of the final results.

CONTENTS

Introduction

TOC o “1-3” h z u I. Marijuana PAGEREF _Toc79816602 h 1 A Origin

B Factors

C Legal

II Inavailability of enough support 2 A Purpose

B collaboration

C Evidence

III The use and popularity of marijuana drug 3 A popularity

B Impact

C riskiness of substance

HYPERLINK l “_Toc79816605” IV. Evidence for policy changes and hypothesis 4

A policy changes

B hypothesis

C Comparison between marijuana and alcohol

IV. Tremendous economic profit 5 A Economic profit

B social effect

C removal of law

V. chemical effect,challenges and responsibility of teenagers 6 A chemical effect of marijuana

B challenges of teenagers

C responsibility of teenagers

VI. marijuana legalization ,trafficking and introduction of Rand organization 7 A marijuana trafficking

B increase of legalization of marijuana

C introduction of the RAND organization

VII. Social and chemical effect 8 A long term significance of marijuana

B short term significance of marijuana

C addiction of the workers of the government

VIII Results of marijuana on individual health 9 A direct effects on individual health

B short term memory

C Results on the entire society

Marijuana We should not legalize marijuana for medical purpose

Marijuana is a drug from cannabis plant native to Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, it is used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purpose in various traditional medicines.

Medical marijuana is legal in 20 states and the direct District of Columbia, recreational Marijuana is now legal in Washington and Colorado.

Marijuana is used in medication prescribed by physician and it has been approved, prescribed and made available to the public are very different from other commercially available prescription drugs. Due to this differences fake problems monstrous by the public and many physicians.

The first anti-marijuana laws in the United States date from 1911, when

Massuachusetts banned marijuana, followed in 1913 by California, Maine, Wyoming, and

Indiana. Other states followed suit over the next two decades; by 1933, 27 had

criminalized marijuana. The main factors generating these new laws seem to have been

anti-Mexican sentiment (whipped up by popular notions that marijuana was a social ill

brought by Mexican laborers) and fear that marijuana would engender criminal or even

murderous tendencies in its users.

At the federal level, marijuana was legal in the United States until 1937, when

Congress passed the Marijuana Tax Act, effectively criminalizing marijuana and

prohibiting its possession or sale under federal law. Only those who paid a hefty excise

tax were permitted to use marijuana for medical and industrial uses. In the 1950s, a series

of federal laws, including the Boggs Act of 1952 and the Narcotics Control Act of 1956,

strengthened penalties against marijuana use and imposed mandatory jail sentences for

drug-related offenses.

Attitudes began to change in the late 1960s; in 1970 Congress repealed most

mandatory penalties for drug-related offenses, based on the view that mandatory

minimums had done little to curb drug use (Schlosser 1994). The 1972 Shafer

Commission, appointed by President Nixon and operating under the National Commission

The following are reasons why we should not legalize marijuana for medical purpose;

In availability of enough support

Commercially available drugs are subjected to vigorous clinical trials to evaluate protection and worth in the United States.

There have been efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indication, which provides evidence that that showed that marijuana was superior to control but inferior to Ondansetron in treating nausea.

There has been only one randomized, double-blind, placebo-and active-controlled trial gaging the efficacy of smoked marijuana for any of its potential indications.

Conchrane collaboration the recent reviews find insufficient evidence to support the use of smoked marijuana for a number of potential indications, including pain related to rheumatoid arthritis. Dementia, ataxia or tremor in multiple sclerosis and symptoms in HIV/AIDS.

This all evidence does not mean that components of marijuana do not have potential therapeutic effects to alleviate onerous. Hence there is no enough evidence to legalize marijuana from cannabis plant.

The use and popularity of marijuana drug

The use of the marijuana drug and popularity of the same continues to gain audience among young individuals who focus on its use as beneficial to health rather than harmful. The cannabis plant is indigenous to Asia, but is currently used the word over the increasing numbers among individuals who use the drug has basis on continued protests from the public displaying the estimated impact of marijuana liberalizations on marijuana and other substance use, driving under the influence, healthy behaviors, driving safety, the ease of obtaining various substances, illness and perceived self-esteem, friends’ substance use, friends’ disapproval of substance use or DUI, self-reported criminal behavior, perceived riskiness of substance use, and

disapproval of substance use.

Evidence for policy changes and hypothesis

While we provide no evidence here for why the policy changes have not had more

substantial impacts, we speculate briefly on the underlying explanation. The most obvious

hypothesis is that, despite substantial resources devoted to enforcement, marijuana laws

exert only minor impact on use, so removal of these laws merely ratifies de jure what is

Marijuana advocates have had some success peddling the notion that marijuana is a “soft” drug, similar to alcohol, and fundamentally different formulated similarly; but as the experience of nearly every culture, over the thousands of years of human history, demonstrates, alcohol is different. Nearly every culture has its own alcoholic preparations, and nearly all have successfully regulated alcohol consumption through cultural norms. The same cannot be said of marijuana. There are several possible explanations for alcohol’s unique status: For most people, it is not addictive; it is rarely consumed to the point of intoxication; low-level consumption is consistent with most manual and intellectual tasks; it has several positive health benefits; and it is formed by the fermentation of many common substances and easily metabolized by the body.

Tremendous economic profit

Under the state scheme, she testified, there would be “tremendous profit motive for the existing black market providers to stay in the market.”42 The only way California could effectively eliminate the black market for marijuana, according to Dr. Pacula, “is to take away the substantial profits in the market and allow the price of marijuana to fall to an amount close to the cost of production. Doing so, however, will mean substantially smaller tax revenue than currently anticipated from this change in policy.”

Social and chemical effect

The chemical effect of marijuana is to take away ambition. The social effect is to provide an escape from challenges and responsibilities with a like-minded group of teenagers who are doing the same thing. Using marijuana creates losers. At a time when we’re concerned about our lack of academic achievement relative to other countries, legalizing marijuana will be disastrous.

Legalization of marijuana and trafficking

Today, marijuana trafficking is linked to a variety of crimes, from assault and murder to money laundering and smuggling. Legalization of marijuana would increase demand for the drug and almost certainly exacerbate drug-related crime, as well as cause a myriad of unintended but predictable consequences. To begin with, an astonishingly high percentage of criminals are marijuana users. According to a study by the RAND Corporation, approximately 60 percent of arrestees test positive for marijuana use in the United States, England, and Australia. Further, marijuana metabolites are found in arrestees’ urine more frequently than those of any other drug.

Results of marijuana on individual health

In addition to its direct effects on individual health, even moderate marijuana use imposes significant long-term costs through the ways that it affects individual users. Marijuana use is associated with cognitive difficulties and influences attention, concentration, and short-term memory. This damage affects drug users’ ability to work and can put others at risk. Even if critical workers—for example, police officers, airline pilots, and machine operators—used marijuana recreationally but remained sober on the job, the long-term cognitive deficiency that remained from regular drug use would sap productivity and place countless people in danger. Increased use would also send health care costs skyrocketing—costs borne not just by individual users, but also by the entire society.

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Marijuana Legalization Proposal

The spread of marijuana legalization has led to the re-imagination of the United States drug policies and how precisely the policies should change as the people seek alternatives to punitive criminal justice policies that have been responsible for more incarceration as well as the increased black market that have for long supported the violent illegal businesses. A significant number of the countries in the United States have taken an initiative to legalize the use of marijuana with different states having unique reasons for legalization from the others. Some of the countries such as Canada has legalized marijuana for medical purposes while others such as Colorado and the Washington States legalized marijuana from recreational use.

Marijuana in most parts of the united states have remained to be criminalized due to the association of the drug with criminal activities, but as it has downed, the need to legalize marijuana is rising forcing most of the countries to decriminalize the use as well as the possession of marijuana. Despite the decriminalization, there has been raised the need to control the use as well as the possession of the drug in the same way alcohol has been controlled for decades. Marijuana has numerous benefits and the efforts to legalize it will reduce the black market business and in turn reduce the rate of incarceration in the United States. States, therefore, should weigh the benefits that result from the legalization of the drug such as economical, medical as well as social benefits and make independent decisions in the policy formulation against the criminalization of marijuana for the benefit of the State and its residents.

Name

Instructor

Course

Date

Lesson Plan

A good lesson plan is very vital to any teacher as it determines whether the teaching experience will be a boring or interesting (Shoemaker 150). Teaching grade two and three is not as easy at it seems because the children’s minds is still young and what they are taught at that age might have a lifetime impact. In that aspect I present two lessons plan that will ensure that not only will the children understand what they are taught, but also ensure that not even a single one will be left behind in class work (Feeney 150).

This lesson plan focuses on English Language Arts objectives: comparison and dissimilarity. Students will be able to compare the two stories: The Three blind mice and The Three Little pigs Students will work together in small mixed groups to apply strategies for understanding and vocabulary.

Learning outcomes

Students will:

Discover exact vocabulary words wanted to link to the story.

Answer all the questions that are related to the story verbally go over each and every concept of the story like, who did what, how, why, and when.

Be able to put their imagination to work and tell what might have happened before the story took place.

Be able to understand all the descriptive words used in the story (Hernandez 120).

Teacher planning

Time Required for Lesson

Three hours

Materials/Resources

Copy of the three blind mice by Agatha Christie.

Copy of  HYPERLINK “http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6697027&referer=brief_results” The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone

Pre-activities

The teacher will read the story the Three Little pigs aloud and discuss the happenings in each part of the story.

The student will be required to tell the happenings in the story verbally without referring to the books.

Students will be required to fill in a journal depicting the events in the book, The Three Little Pigs by Paul Galdone.

Activities

The students will be required narrate the story of the Three Little Pigs, as they understood it with major emphasis being on the flow of the activities from the first to the last.

The teacher will read aloud and talk about The Story of the Three Little Wolves and The three blind mice by Agatha Christie.

The teacher will bring out the difference and similarity between the two stories in form of diagrams.

The students will work together in small mixed groups and fill a similarity and difference sheet.

Each and every student will work alone and come up with a sequence of the events sheet either in drawing or writing in the two stories. In case of any difficulty the students will be rendered some assistance.

Assessment

A HYPERLINK “http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/bcanty11292004599/Group_Rubric.rtf” Rubric for the group activity.

A Writing and Drawing HYPERLINK “http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/bcanty11292004599/Three_Pigs_Writing.rtf” Rubric.

Completion of the sequence events sheet. 

The second plan focuses on vocabularies

Learning Outcomes

Students will:

Discover exact vocabulary words wanted to link to the story.

Answer all the questions related to either the stories in writing.

Be able to write down the correct spelling of the word used.

Be able to understand the meaning of the vocabulary used in the stories.

Pre-activities

The teacher will discuss the happenings or events in the stories with the students.

The student will be required to tell the happenings in the story verbally without referring to the books.

Students will be required to write down all the events in sequence as they are told in the stories.

Activities

The students will be required to write down the entire events, one after the other in the order of first to the last.

The teacher will explain the vocabulary used in the two stories to the students.

The students will work together in small mixed groups in order to write down the meanings of the vocabulary used in the stories.

The student will be required to work individually and write down other meanings of the vocabulary used in the stories.

Assessment

A HYPERLINK “http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/lessons/bcanty11292004599/Group_Rubric.rtf” Rubric for the group activity.

Completion of the other meanings of the words used (Taylor 130).

Works Cited

Feeney, Stephanie, and Eva Moravcik. Who am I in the lives of children?: an introduction to early childhood education. 9th ed. New York: Pearson, 2013. Print.

Hernandez, Donald J. Double jeopardy how third-grade reading skills and poverty influence high school graduation. Baltimore MD: The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2011. Print.

Shoemaker, Donald J. Juvenile delinquency. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2009. Print.

Taylor, Barbara M. Catching readers, grade 3: day-by-day small-group reading interventions. New York: Heinemann, 2010. Print.

A COMPLEX AND A CLASSICAL SOCIETY AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE WORLD

Institution

Student’s name

A complex society and a classical society and their effect to the world

The world societies have been transforming since the beginning of history. The earliest forms of societies were of a rather complex nature. These eventually gave way to more classical societies that later paved way for the current modern societies. Several factors which included in most cases political and economic contributed to the transition inherent in these societies. The complete change of government structures from the complex to the classical societies could not go unnoticed. This change had a rather significant transformation to the human society as a whole.

This paper will analyze two ancient societies, Mesopotamia a complex society and the Roman Empire a classical society. It is imperative first to understand what these two different societies entailed. Complex societies entailed social formation that was complex in all its forms (Charvat, 2002). A complex society had members of the society specialized to specific activities. There was a high form of division of labor which had people depend entirely on each other. Complex societies were characterized by chiefdoms mostly kingship based societies. They kept on revising and re-revising their legislations to maintain their supremacy and rule of the people. They thus became very complex due to existence of very many laws, political leaders and legislations. No one was above the other as every member depended on the other (Charvat, 2002). This complexity was made even more complex as the population grew bigger. Complexity was also inherent in these societies political sphere. There was a complicated form of hierarchy of the ruling elite. This complexity was what led to the collapse of most of the complex societies including Mesopotamia. This is because there existed a number of rulers who all wanted to gain power thus leading to brutal wars that accelerated the collapse of this societies (Postgate, 1994). The structure of a complex society collapses entirely when one part of this structure is interfered with. The collapse is not only inherent in the political structure of the complex society but also in the economic sector. As the population increases, the sources of livelihood are depleted as competition for the diminishing resources increases. This means that the members of such a society might result in armed struggle as they compete for the scarce resources.

Mesopotamia is considered not only as one of the complex ancient societies, but also the cradle of civilization. Bronze Age is accredited to have had its origins in this ancient empire (Postgate, 1994). This age include Assyrian, Akkadian and the Sumer empires and later the Iron Age which was under the control of Neo Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian empires. These economic activities have had a great significance to the modern world. A lot of developments emerged from the Mesopotamian economic activities and have continued to have a significant contribution to the modern world.

In terms of the legal system, Mesopotamia was a highly complex society. Basing our argument on the code of Hammurabi it is evident that this ancient society was dominated by too many laws that were conflicting in themselves (Horne, 1915). This code for instance had 282 laws that helped govern the people of Mesopotamia. Some of these laws were very brutal as the major punishment for breaking them was death. Law number six in this code which states that “if a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). This law was rather brutal to the person receiving the stolen goods since he would have no idea whether the goods were legitimate or not. Another law in contention in this code is law number nine 11 “if on the other hand, the claimant of the lost property has not brought the witnesses that know his lost property, he has been guilty of slander, he has stirred up strife, he shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). It was not really easy to get a person who had a full knowledge of your property. Further still, the person with the stolen goods could also bring his own witnesses for the claimed property. It would be difficult therefore to determine the actual ownership of the goods. This could in most cases lead to the innocent person being killed to rush conclusions. Eight out of the first ten laws of this code hade the guilty person being punished by death. The brutality of this judicial system probably was one of the causes of aggression that led to the collapse of this society. These laws though have had a great significance in the development of the modern judicial system as well as in the classical period. The laws though have been revised putting more consideration to the respect of human life.

The religious sphere of Mesopotamia has also contributed a lot to the practices of the modern world. This society was a rather polytheistic. It is acclaimed that the Mesopotamian worshipped over 2000 gods. Having been the origin of the writing system, the Mesopotamian religion is believed to be the oldest religion in written history (Postgate, 1994). The religion has had a great impact in the modern world religion especially the myths inherent in the modern religion. It is for instance associated with Christianity as most of the myths that were identified in the ancient religion share some similarities with the Old Testament part of the Christian Bible.

The Mesopotamian religion was mostly ascribed to the forces of nature. Inanna for instance was the goddess of the store houses. She was also considered as the queen of heaven and was highly revered. A lot of hymns were written to praise her. For instance in the ‘incarnation to Ishtar as she was later known, she is described as “o heroic one, Ishtar, the immaculate one of the goddesses” (Postgate, 1994). She was considered to be the giver of life as she was associated with the whole aspects of life. This can be compared to the modern world where most religion ascribe the quality and sustenance of life to supernatural beings or being depending on the religion. The Mesopotamian religion can thus be said to be the mother of all other religions.

Mesopotamia intellectual capabilities are inherent in the modern world not only in agriculture but also in education. It is widely believed that the earliest forms of writing were discovered in areas around Mesopotamia (Charvat, 2002). This shows that this society was also highly complex in terms of education. This has been passed down from generation to the next and has contributed a lot to the development of the modern world.

Most of the complex societies later collapsed paving way to simpler and modern societies. The classical societies emerged after the collapse of the complex societies. These societies simplified the concepts they acquired from the complex societies in a bid to maintain the political as well as the social and economic structures that had collapsed under the complex societies. Among the most successful classical societies was the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire was established after the collapse of ancient roman civilization. This was after a streak of civil wars that eventually weakened the preceding empire. It was largely an autocratic system of government and controlled a very large area well over 6.5 million square kilometers (Mackay, 2004). This kingdom was more stable than the earlier complex system of government as it had a central ruling authority. No wonder it lasted for several centuries capturing more kingdoms and expanding its territory as well as its doctrines and values. The Roman Empire authority was secured by a well standing army that paid allegiance to the emperor.

This army therefore enabled the spread of education, religion and other roman practices to the conquered lands and territories (Mackay, 2004). A key point to note here is that the emperor who was the overall leader tolerated people to practice their own religions as a long as they did not threaten the empires security. There were some persecutions though notably among the Christians as they tried to spread the doctrines of Christianity. The empire in the whole though was a polytheist society. The world’s religions today have been mostly influenced by the religions in the Roman Empire. Christianity especially was later to be adopted as the most dominant religion in the empire (Dubois, 2011). Considering its stability, the religion was spread in the whole region gaining popularity with time. The center of Christianity is even established to date in Rome which was the capital of the empire.

The dominant language in this empire was Latin. It was to be the official language in this empire and spread to other regions that were under the Roman Empire. Latin was used in the empire’s law courts, education, business and religion (Dubois, 2011). As the language evolved, it developed into two registers; the high classical Latin which was the language of the elite in this society and the low Vulgar Latin that developed as the lingua franca among the majority non elites. It was this low Vulgar Latin that would later have a significant influence in the language system of Western Europe. The low Vulgar Latin later emerged into the Romance languages which include Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, French and Italian that are now the modern and dominant languages. Since the Roman Empire never intended to erode its religions vernacular or cultural languages, the east of the empire retained their languages with Greek emerging as the dominant language. Greek is still spoken in its modern form to date but Latin become extinct with time.

Due to empires relative peace and stability for an extended period of time, the Roman Empire was able to instigate a lot of industrial and economic endeavors, significantly improving the economic situation of the empire. Its military which was well trained and very disciplined ensured that there was no uprising in any of the empire’s regions. A point to note here is that at the very core of the ruling elite were well trained soldiers who possessed unique fighting abilities. It was rather an empire made up of soldiers in different hierarchies. The army was divided into legions of 480 men each and was deployed to the various regions far and wide to maintain allegiance to the emperor and maintain peace and stability (Mackay, 2004). There was a promise of a piece of land for any soldier after serving for the time set which was usually 20 years. This organization of the Roman Empire has been largely borrowed by the modern armies who also instill the same discipline inherent in the Roman Empire’s soldiers. The training and fighting mechanisms have also been borrowed though modern armies now use sophisticated weapons.

As whole, the modern society has had a lot to borrow from both the classical and the complex societies. The modern society has galvanized what has been borrowed from the two ancient societies to come up with what is evident today in most governments around the world. It is not only in government but in the modern society as a whole; the social structures of the modern societies have a lot in common with the ancient societies. A lot of industrial as well as agricultural and educational developments have a lot in common with the ancient societies.

References

Charvat, P. (2002). Mesopotamia before history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

Dubois, L. M. (20110. Ancient Rome: A Mighty Empire. Minnesota: Capstone Press.

Horne, F. C. (1915). The code of Hammurabi.USA: Forgotten Books.

Mackay, S. C. (2004). Ancient Rome: A military and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.

Postgate, J.N. (1994). Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

A complex society and a classical society and their effect to the world

The world societies have been transforming since the beginning of history. The earliest forms of societies were of a rather complex nature. These eventually gave way to more classical societies that later paved way for the current modern societies. Several factors which included in most cases political and economic contributed to the transition inherent in these societies. The complete change of government structures from the complex to the classical societies could not go unnoticed. This change had a rather significant transformation to the human society as a whole.

This paper will analyze two ancient societies, Mesopotamia a complex society and the Roman Empire a classical society. It is imperative first to understand what these two different societies entailed. Complex societies entailed social formation that was complex in all its forms (Charvat, 2002). A complex society had members of the society specialized to specific activities. There was a high form of division of labor which had people depend entirely on each other. Complex societies were characterized by chiefdoms mostly kingship based societies. They kept on revising and re-revising their legislations to maintain their supremacy and rule of the people. They thus became very complex due to existence of very many laws, political leaders and legislations. No one was above the other as every member depended on the other (Charvat, 2002). This complexity was made even more complex as the population grew bigger. Complexity was also inherent in these societies political sphere. There was a complicated form of hierarchy of the ruling elite. This complexity was what led to the collapse of most of the complex societies including Mesopotamia. This is because there existed a number of rulers who all wanted to gain power thus leading to brutal wars that accelerated the collapse of this societies (Postgate, 1994). The structure of a complex society collapses entirely when one part of this structure is interfered with. The collapse is not only inherent in the political structure of the complex society but also in the economic sector. As the population increases, the sources of livelihood are depleted as competition for the diminishing resources increases. This means that the members of such a society might result in armed struggle as they compete for the scarce resources.

Mesopotamia is considered not only as one of the complex ancient societies, but also the cradle of civilization. Bronze Age is accredited to have had its origins in this ancient empire (Postgate, 1994). This age include Assyrian, Akkadian and the Sumer empires and later the Iron Age which was under the control of Neo Babylonian and Neo-Assyrian empires. These economic activities have had a great significance to the modern world. A lot of developments emerged from the Mesopotamian economic activities and have continued to have a significant contribution to the modern world.

In terms of the legal system, Mesopotamia was a highly complex society. Basing our argument on the code of Hammurabi it is evident that this ancient society was dominated by too many laws that were conflicting in themselves (Horne, 1915). This code for instance had 282 laws that helped govern the people of Mesopotamia. Some of these laws were very brutal as the major punishment for breaking them was death. Law number six in this code which states that “if a man has stolen goods from a temple, or house, he shall be put to death; and he that has received the stolen property from him shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). This law was rather brutal to the person receiving the stolen goods since he would have no idea whether the goods were legitimate or not. Another law in contention in this code is law number nine 11 “if on the other hand, the claimant of the lost property has not brought the witnesses that know his lost property, he has been guilty of slander, he has stirred up strife, he shall be put to death” (Horne, 1915). It was not really easy to get a person who had a full knowledge of your property. Further still, the person with the stolen goods could also bring his own witnesses for the claimed property. It would be difficult therefore to determine the actual ownership of the goods. This could in most cases lead to the innocent person being killed to rush conclusions. Eight out of the first ten laws of this code hade the guilty person being punished by death. The brutality of this judicial system probably was one of the causes of aggression that led to the collapse of this society. These laws though have had a great significance in the development of the modern judicial system as well as in the classical period. The laws though have been revised putting more consideration to the respect of human life.

The religious sphere of Mesopotamia has also contributed a lot to the practices of the modern world. This society was a rather polytheistic. It is acclaimed that the Mesopotamian worshipped over 2000 gods. Having been the origin of the writing system, the Mesopotamian religion is believed to be the oldest religion in written history (Postgate, 1994). The religion has had a great impact in the modern world religion especially the myths inherent in the modern religion. It is for instance associated with Christianity as most of the myths that were identified in the ancient religion share some similarities with the Old Testament part of the Christian Bible.

The Mesopotamian religion was mostly ascribed to the forces of nature. Inanna for instance was the goddess of the store houses. She was also considered as the queen of heaven and was highly revered. A lot of hymns were written to praise her. For instance in the ‘incarnation to Ishtar as she was later known, she is described as “o heroic one, Ishtar, the immaculate one of the goddesses” (Postgate, 1994). She was considered to be the giver of life as she was associated with the whole aspects of life. This can be compared to the modern world where most religion ascribe the quality and sustenance of life to supernatural beings or being depending on the religion. The Mesopotamian religion can thus be said to be the mother of all other religions.

Mesopotamia intellectual capabilities are inherent in the modern world not only in agriculture but also in education. It is widely believed that the earliest forms of writing were discovered in areas around Mesopotamia (Charvat, 2002). This shows that this society was also highly complex in terms of education. This has been passed down from generation to the next and has contributed a lot to the development of the modern world.

Most of the complex societies later collapsed paving way to simpler and modern societies. The classical societies emerged after the collapse of the complex societies. These societies simplified the concepts they acquired from the complex societies in a bid to maintain the political as well as the social and economic structures that had collapsed under the complex societies. Among the most successful classical societies was the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire was established after the collapse of ancient roman civilization. This was after a streak of civil wars that eventually weakened the preceding empire. It was largely an autocratic system of government and controlled a very large area well over 6.5 million square kilometers (Mackay, 2004). This kingdom was more stable than the earlier complex system of government as it had a central ruling authority. No wonder it lasted for several centuries capturing more kingdoms and expanding its territory as well as its doctrines and values. The Roman Empire authority was secured by a well standing army that paid allegiance to the emperor.

This army therefore enabled the spread of education, religion and other roman practices to the conquered lands and territories (Mackay, 2004). A key point to note here is that the emperor who was the overall leader tolerated people to practice their own religions as a long as they did not threaten the empires security. There were some persecutions though notably among the Christians as they tried to spread the doctrines of Christianity. The empire in the whole though was a polytheist society. The world’s religions today have been mostly influenced by the religions in the Roman Empire. Christianity especially was later to be adopted as the most dominant religion in the empire (Dubois, 2011). Considering its stability, the religion was spread in the whole region gaining popularity with time. The center of Christianity is even established to date in Rome which was the capital of the empire.

The dominant language in this empire was Latin. It was to be the official language in this empire and spread to other regions that were under the Roman Empire. Latin was used in the empire’s law courts, education, business and religion (Dubois, 2011). As the language evolved, it developed into two registers; the high classical Latin which was the language of the elite in this society and the low Vulgar Latin that developed as the lingua franca among the majority non elites. It was this low Vulgar Latin that would later have a significant influence in the language system of Western Europe. The low Vulgar Latin later emerged into the Romance languages which include Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, French and Italian that are now the modern and dominant languages. Since the Roman Empire never intended to erode its religions vernacular or cultural languages, the east of the empire retained their languages with Greek emerging as the dominant language. Greek is still spoken in its modern form to date but Latin become extinct with time.

Due to empires relative peace and stability for an extended period of time, the Roman Empire was able to instigate a lot of industrial and economic endeavors, significantly improving the economic situation of the empire. Its military which was well trained and very disciplined ensured that there was no uprising in any of the empire’s regions. A point to note here is that at the very core of the ruling elite were well trained soldiers who possessed unique fighting abilities. It was rather an empire made up of soldiers in different hierarchies. The army was divided into legions of 480 men each and was deployed to the various regions far and wide to maintain allegiance to the emperor and maintain peace and stability (Mackay, 2004). There was a promise of a piece of land for any soldier after serving for the time set which was usually 20 years. This organization of the Roman Empire has been largely borrowed by the modern armies who also instill the same discipline inherent in the Roman Empire’s soldiers. The training and fighting mechanisms have also been borrowed though modern armies now use sophisticated weapons.

As whole, the modern society has had a lot to borrow from both the classical and the complex societies. The modern society has galvanized what has been borrowed from the two ancient societies to come up with what is evident today in most governments around the world. It is not only in government but in the modern society as a whole; the social structures of the modern societies have a lot in common with the ancient societies. A lot of industrial as well as agricultural and educational developments have a lot in common with the ancient societies.References

Charvat, P. (2002). Mesopotamia before history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

Dubois, L. M. (20110. Ancient Rome: A Mighty Empire. Minnesota: Capstone Press.

Horne, F. C. (1915). The code of Hammurabi.USA: Forgotten Books.

Mackay, S. C. (2004). Ancient Rome: A military and political history. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.

Postgate, J.N. (1994). Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. London: Rout ledge publishers.

Technology Review #2

Autonomous Vehicles (Ground)

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Introduction

The future of automotive travel is now in the testing phases of production. This new technology that is being developed will change the world as we know it. In the next few year’s companies such as Land Rover, Audi, Mercedes Benz, Volvo and Google are in a race to be the first company worldwide to produce and manufacture autonomous vehicle to the worldwide automotive market place. Developers and labs are testing this technology in the United Kingdom as well as in the United States. With this new technology comes pro’s and con’s and it is a introduction of a new product on the market that leaves room for technology transfers to happen amongst the other companies in the market place. Where the companies can get access to the specifications of these cars and develop more add-ons or 3rd party parts for these autonomous vehicle. But it also opens up a new avenue in cybersecurity.

Autonomous vehicle can be programed to collect data. “An autonomous vehicle requires an array of sensors, such as laser, radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), GPS, and computer vision systems, to gather information CITATION ALE13 l 1033 (ALEXANDER M. WYGLINSKI, 2013).” This big data that is collected by the car is analyzed by a super computer that is located in the car. The findings in the data then tells the car how to move and react to its findings.

Pros of autonomous vehicle

Autonomous vehicle are a great concept. They will save most people a lot of time because with the autonomous vehicle technology the system in the cars will be able to control the flow of traffic, there for they should never be traffic jams because the car should always make the best move to stay clear of road hazards. “Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) collect and distribute safety information to massively reduce the number of accidents by warning drivers about the danger before they actually face it. CITATION Lic l 1033 (Zhang, n.d.)” Autonomous vehicle are also looking to be the safest mode of transportation. That is not a hard goal to achieve because most other modes of transportation are ran by people and most accidents happen due to human error of some sort. For prevention reasons the autonomous vehicle will be connected on a mesh topology network so they can get information about approaching hazards from a car that is on the same route as them but in a different area. But it is a known fact that Mesh wireless networks have optimization problems “optimizing performance in WMNs can be seen as multi-objective optimization problem. CITATION Adm11 l 1033 (Admir Barolli, 2011)”

Autonomous vehicle can be a new way to travel for a lot of people. It could make sure that blind people get door to door service. It can also take children to things like soccer practice. It can also let you do work in the car while the car drives you to work. It also can be integrated with services at the grocery store where your driverless car parks at the supermarket and a person loads the car with groceries and the car drives back home with the groceries.

Autonomous vehicles can also be helpful to the armed services. They can use this technology on the frontlines of hostel situations the same why they use flying drones. That way if ambushed no human life is lost. They would also be excellent for recon missions because the amount of data it takes to navigate it can have extra sensors and cameras added and be recording everything that it sees and have the data analyzed in real time by Intel specialist miles away. “New technologies create new capabilities and strategic opportunities. CITATION Nic13 l 1033 (Nicholas Grossman, 2013)”

Autonomous vehicles are also good for the world’s economy. With this new ground breaking technology comes the need for people who know how to run the network the cars run on. Also it would create the need for people to build more satellites also people to build and work in signal boosters so that there are no blinds spots like tunnels where the car will not have reception In autonomous vehicles, companies can incorporate T.V.s with cable so the owner can spend a little more time with their family in the car interacting. With this new technology comes a new avenue of revenue companies can make upgrades to the super computer found in the car. They can also design apps that can be useful to the car and car owner. They can also create new software that protects the car and the network the car is on from cyberattacks the way anti-virus software does a home computer.

Cons of autonomous vehicles

With this new technology come new threats to the technology. Being that autonomous vehicles are so new people will be looking for ways of knowing who the car belongs too. They might uses way like social engineering to certainly ruin a person’s confidently. In the day and age that we live in people post pictures of their cars and details about where there going and what they are going to be doing on social media sites all the time. With the autonomous vehicles comes a treat of someone hacking into the technology and redirecting a person route to an area where someone could be kidnap or rob them. The modification of the signal from the car to the network mess up the integrity of the car. Also a hacker might redirect a bunch of cars routes to block a particular area so they can get a clear route in another area without any traffic, this method was used in movies “Takers”. It also would damage the interparty of the information that is given to the car.

A hacker could use Denial of service or DDOS to attack the network that the car is running on and that will hurt the availability of the car and the network it is on. Also someone could use jamming technology to block out the feed from the network to the car and that will damage the availability of the vehicle and all its functions. Someone could hack into the cars supercomputer and change the logged events of the day and show two different findings between the network and the car and that will take out the car and networks accountability because who can trust the event logs of both the car and the server.

Also autonomous vehicles might cause problems with privacy. “Local adversary is capable of observing vehicles at a time instant. A global adversary can follow a target and track it over a sustained period of time. CITATION Bri11 l 1033 (Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia, 2011)” The Hacker could hack into the car and take images from the inside of the car and sell them to paparazzi. Or the police might use that info as evidence the laws around driverless cars have not be really put into effect yet.

Ways to implement cybersecurity into driverless cars

There are many ways that cybersecurity can help the making of the driverless car a reality. As of currently “Cyber-security plays an important role in the development of multi-agent systems, however little work has been done on securing multi-agent systems as a sole entity in the software development process. CITATION Sar14 l 1033 (Sarah Schulz Mukisa, 2014)” Programmers and cybersecurity engineers should get together and brainstorm and design ways for this cars network to be safe and secure. Also they should plan a system that the car gets the latest patches and updates in a secure manor. Also possible implement anti-virus and mal ware detection in the software so that there will be a process of detection just in case anything goes wrong with the computer. There needs to be a multiple factor authentication method to be able to drive the car.

Conclusion

In conclusion driverless cars are a great addition to the future. They have many great things that the can contribute to the world. They can save millions of lives per year. They can help stop solders from getting killed by serving as decoys and collection Intel. In day to day traffic they prevent accidents from happening and also help with stress by navigating thought rush hour traffic in a minimal amount of time. Autonomous vehicles with create an opportunity for new jobs. With the right people working on the security of these cars I feel like they can help the world as a whole.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Admir Barolli, F. X. (2011, Jun). Optimization Problems and Resolution Methods for Node Placement in Wireless Mesh Networks. Retrieved from IEEE Computer Society: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/proceedings/nbis/2011/4458/00/4458a126.pdf

ALEXANDER M. WYGLINSKI, X. H. (2013, Feb). Security of Autonomous Systems Employing Embedded Computing and Sensors. Retrieved from PROLEGOMENA: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/mags/mi/2013/01/mmi2013010080.pdf

Brijesh Kumar Chaurasia, S. V. (2011, July). Attacks on Anonymity in VANET. Retrieved from IEEE Computer Society: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/proceedings/cicn/2011/4587/00/4587a217.pdf

Nicholas Grossman. (2013). Robotics and the future of asymmetric warfare. Retrieved from Proquest: http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/pqdtft/docview/1506155122/6D6AB3A1C82E46B7PQ/4?accountid=14580

Sarah Schulz Mukisa, A. R. (2014, Jun). Cyber-security challenges of Agent Technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Retrieved from http://delivery.acm.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/10.1145/2610000/2602953/a9-mukisa.pdf?ip=54.84.104.155&id=2602953&acc=ACTIVE%20SERVICE&key=5F8E7AA76238C9EB%2EB1CB922B730AF910%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35%2E4D4702B0C3E38B35&CFID=479571626&CFTOKEN=64034787&__acm__=142405937

Zhang, L. (n.d.). Specifying and Modeling Automotive Cyber Physical Systems. Retrieved from IEEE Computer Society: http://www.computer.org.ezproxy.umuc.edu/csdl/proceedings/cse/2013/5096/00/5096a603.pdf

IPO

Student’s name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

Ways to raise capital for the company including pros and cons of each

There are three basic ways for businesses to generate funds, typically. These methods include getting funded by a bank or lending institution, from net earnings, and issuing equity capital. However, even though these methods are effective, they come with their fair share of drawbacks (Dean et al 2020). Businesses should consider each method before deciding which one to use.

1) Getting Funding from a Bank or Lending Institution: There are many benefits of getting a loan. Most banks will grant loans for businesses that have been operational for more than two years and for companies that can show assets exceeding $500,000. They will also grant them to certain types of businesses with proven revenues and profits. However, it is important to keep in mind that very few banks and lending institutions will grant loans to businesses that have no operations or have never operated before.

Pros and Cons

The pros:

-They are cheaper than equity financing

-They provide the borrower with a good amount of working capital for his business.

-They usually come with low interest rates, but there is still an interest rate associated with the loan that you take out.

The cons:

-They usually come with high interest rates.

-Hooked on other assets such as real estate, a business owner will often be tempted to put the loan on the value of their assets, which is not a good idea.

-They are difficult to obtain and there are many hoops to jump through.

-The business owner is in charge of paying back the loan he has taken out, which means he is in charge of running the entire company unless he chooses to let others manage it for him.

2) Net Earnings: Prospective business owners and managers should know that net earnings are the types of revenues generated by a company after all general and administrative expenses are deducted. This is one of the primary ways for business owners to generate capital. It is important for business owners and managers to keep track of their net earnings so they can make adjustments in an effort to increase those earnings. For example, if a company’s net income is below $25,000 then this indicates that the business should focus on increasing its revenue. The same goes for companies with higher revenues.

Pros and Cons of Net Earnings

Pros

-The first benefit of net earnings is that it is a part of the company’s revenues.

-The second benefit is that this type of capital can be used in a variety of ways. Some owners will decide to use their net earnings to reinvest in the business, while others may choose to use it for themselves or do away with it completely.

-The third benefit is that it provides business owners and managers with the tools they need to make adjustments so they can increase their revenues, meaning they have control over what happens within their businesses.

-The fourth benefit is that it gives business owners and managers the opportunity to use their time better, which they will be able to do if they know what is going on in the company.

-The fifth benefit of net earnings is that it allows business owners and managers to make decisions about how their company should look like. They can make the decision to get a new inventory or invest in technology.

Cons

-The first con is that this type of financing does not come with a lot of collateral for the bank or lending institution, meaning they will not be willing to lend as much money as they would otherwise.

-The second con is that owners and managers are not able to take out a lot of money at once, which means they will have to be more patient than they would if they had taken out a loan.

-The third con is that it takes time for net earnings to be realized, meaning the owner or manager may have difficulty paying certain bills in the meantime.

3) Issuing Equity Capital: The issuance of equity capital is one of the most effective ways for businesses to obtain capital, especially when they are extremely cash strapped and cannot obtain other funding methods. In general, businesses that issue equity capital are able to raise up to 80% of the money they need by using it as a source of investment. In addition, if the business decides to sell around 20% of its stock at a discount, then the rest of the money can be reinvested in additional equipment or product development.

The pros and cons of issuing equity capital are:

Pros

-It is cost efficient and allows the business to get access to large amounts of cash for expansion or for other needs.

-The business does not have to continue paying back its loan, which means its owner can no longer be in charge of running the company.

-It allows the business owner to sell a portion of his company at a discount in order to reinvest most or all of his proceeds back into the company.

-It usually comes with more favorable terms.

Cons

-It is one of the most expensive forms of funding

-It is hard to get investors interested in investing in a certain company.

-The success of the company relies on whether or not a large amount of investors come forward and invest.

-If you lose your major investors, then you may have to find new ones, which can take a long time.

B) Why you should go public (IPO)?

IPO lets a company gain more exposure and recognition from current and future investors. If a company goes public, they have the potential to generate substantial returns for their stockholders. In the end, going public can be a very successful way to raise capital and further a company’s success. However, it is a complicated process that takes much time, energy and understanding to do correctly. For those who are interested in going public but lack the knowledge or experience necessary to make it work for them, there are many different legal advisors at their disposal (Ahmad-Zaluki et al 2022). The process of going public begins with the drafting of a document called a registration statement.

A registration statement must contain all kinds of information about the company getting ready to go public as well as its potential earnings statements. The SEC requires that these documents are shown to a large number of people in order to give them an opportunity to express any concerns they might have about the business. These people include investment firms, financial institutions, and their competitors. This can seem like a very risky move for a company but it is important for the company’s future success and those who are financing their IPO are looking for reassurance that the business has been thoroughly examined by professionals.

.C) The process of going IPO.

The steps a company must undertake to go public via an IPO process are as follows:

The company must first file a registration statement with the SEC. The company’s financial information is then audited to ensure its accurate and complete. The company must file a prospectus that provides details about the company, including its operations, leadership, business risks, and financial statements – in layperson’s terms. Once the company has filed everything correctly with SEC and printed its prospectus on paper, they can sell shares to investors. This is how companies go public via the IPO process (Hartana, 2019).

D) The pros and cons of IPO.

The IPO or Initial Public Offering is a type of Islamic financing where a company sells shares of its company to the public. It is an alternative option for business owners who would like to raise money for their business without going through banks or stock-brokers (Joo et al 2019). This process does not save on fees, but it offers higher returns on investments.

The pros of offering IPO are as follows:

1) In some cases, if there was no available path through banks and stock traders, then offering IPO may be your only option.

2) Despite higher expenses associated with offering IPO, many companies have found it ideal to use this process.

3) In some cases, there can be capital shortage in the business due to unexpected circumstances and the cost of doing the IPO may not be worth it.

4) In some cases, long-term investors can be attracted by IPO due to its potential for growth and return on investment.

The cons

1) Due to the nature of business cycles, some firms may have a hard time finding investors.

2) In some cases, the company’s stock price may fall after the IPO due to market fluctuations.

3) In many cases stocks of companies which went through IPO have not been successful.

4) The SEC requires that your company offer enough information about its performance and financial statements before it goes public in an IPO so investors can make a decision about buying or selling your stock.

E) The cost for the company to go public.

For an operating company, the process is a bit more difficult and costly. The company must first undergo a series of analyst teardowns, where they are examined to make sure they have the resources to handle going public. Next, the company must hire an investment banker, who pays for all the filing fees with both the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and with state regulators.

The bank also takes care of most of the legal work that needs to be done for an IPO, including structuring stock offerings into different classes that carry certain voting rights or privileges. Finally, they will draft roadshow presentations for potential investors on why the company is worth investing in (Aminudin, 2020). Once the company has sold a certain amount of stock to investors, they will then start preparing their financial statements.

Reference

Dean, E., Elardo, J., Green, M., Wilson, B., & Berger, S. (2020). How Businesses Raise Financial Capital. Principles of Economics: Scarcity and Social Provisioning (2nd Ed.).

Joo, M. H., Nishikawa, Y., & Dandapani, K. (2019). ICOs, the next generation of IPOs. Managerial Finance.

Ahmad-Zaluki, N. A., Badru, B. O., & Kaliappen, N. (2022). Roadmap to initial public offering (IPO): the case of UECSB. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies.

Hartana, H. (2019). Initial Public Offering (Ipo) Of Capital Market And Capital Market Companies In Indonesia. Ganesha Law Review, 1(1), 41-54.

Aminudin, M. S. (2020). Analysis of Competitive Strategies Cigarette Industry in Indonesia, Study of Go-Public Company in The Government Transition Period. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen dan Bisnis, 1(1), 1-14.