Category: Uncategorized

Authoritative Patriarchy

Name

Institution

Authoritative Patriarchy

The State of Patriarchy Today

Patriarchy according to Bell Hooks is a socio-political system that insists men are inherently dominant and have power over everything and everyone especially females (Hooks, 2000). Under this system, men have the right to dominate and control the weak and preserve that dominance (Hassel, Reddinger, & Van Slooten, 2011). This conversation takes a different turn on patriarchy and instead of discussing it traditionally, the paper focuses on the changing spectrum and the threat to this old system.

Feminists have started gaining more power and influence that it is making the dominant males uncomfortable. To illustrate, Greta Thunberg the 16-year-old climate activist with her participation in many climate protests, her address in the United Nations and her influence in many other places generated furious responses from powerful men especially politicians and media personalities (Kramp, 2019). Andrew Bolt an Australian pundit called Thunberg a freakishly influential and deeply troubled girl, Arron Banks a notable figure in the politics of the United Kingdom sent a tweet that appeared to threaten Thunberg saying “freaking yacht accidents do happen in August” in response to the activist’s zero-carbon voyage across the Atlantic (Kramp, 2019). U.S. President trouble also contributed to the issue with sarcasm after the girl made a public statement admonishing world leaders for doing nothing on global warming. In his tweet, Trump said “She seems like a very happy girl looking forward to a bright and wonderful future. So nice to see!” (Kramp, 2019).

These comments were clear evidence of modern men attacking women for having a voice and expressing their interests with boldness in a patriarchal society. In previous generations, men holding positions of power would not have felt the need to use such assaultive remarks. Rather, they would have used strategy to downplay the relevance of an underage braided woman, escorted her away or belittled her influence. But these acts by powerful men suggest that patriarchy may be in transition.

When patriarchy is fully functional, men do not need to justify their right to dominate, they are naturally dominating. When the patriarchy is in perfect form, men do not need to insult women, rather, women and the weak section of society consent to its authoritative protection. But when the system is struggling, men are forced to use different tactics to reclaim their presumed privilege. The recent struggles of patriarchy have emanated from women’s activism and the proliferation of women in Congress. Female leaders in Congress have raised hostility from men and ironically from a section of women against women uncovering its desperate state.

The manifestation of Patriarchal Values

Although the patriarchal system appears shaking and has started the journey to extinction, there are still classic ways in which patriarchy manifests today. The mass media is a significant culprit as it accentuates patriarchal values and thoughts. The media intensifies patricidal ideas through negative coverage of sexual violence such as focusing on how a verdict would impact on the perpetrators rather than the victim like in the famous commentary of the Steubenville rape case- which focused on the impact action would have on the young athletes rather than how the victims life was altered (Serres, 2014). The media is also notorious for promoting gender duplexes. Promoting the continuous objectification of women and discussion on their appearances and body image is another manifestation of a patriarchal system in the media.

In the workforce, men hold more and top leadership positions than women, mostly because they exhibit individual-based leadership and showcase the very traditional male features including being outspoken and rational. In addition, women often do not receive the same compensation as men for the same amount of work and are stuck at lower ranks for long among other prejudices.

Sexual violence is also another huge indicator of a patriarchal system where men make up 99 percent of the people who rape. According to Kokopeli and Lakey (1984), patriarchy gives men the idea that their need for affection and respect can only be fulfilled by expressing masculinity, becoming powerful and violent in the end. This idea also contributes to the huge number of men who stand by and do little to nothing to prevent sexual violence.

Needed Change

Certain changes need to be pursued in order to deal with authoritative patriarchy and should center on challenging the institutions that appear to contribute to it. The conservatives need to change their war on women. Many conservative politicians tend to assert that their policies are not meant to attack women but they have a record in terms of legislation that limits the rights of women. For decades, the conservative party has been fueling this war against women and in recent times it has been ramped up at the state-level especially (Crawley, 2019). These regressive policies need to be faced with ultimate disapproval and the implications of this war properly highlighted.

The other change is holding the media accountable for any activities that appear to enhance patriarchy. This may include male-dominated journalism/movies or sending the blame in the direction of a victim in cases involving sexual violence. The media should be stopped from promoting dominant culture and instead redirected to reflect its views in all types of backgrounds and relationships. In general, emphasizing accountability means that, compelling victims to either avoid or accommodate male aggression is not right and men should be held accountable. The objective should be enabling the interaction between men and women with respect and recognition of mutual humanity.

Another thing that needs to change is society’s modern gender paradigms. Conventional gender paradigms need to be out to a test and thoroughly questioned. Many people especially feminists understand that modern gender paradigms put women at a significant disadvantage. These paradigms are made up of the idea that man is inherently aggressive while females are innately passive. As a matter of fact, this argument has no gender basis. These gender stereotypes inspire women to tolerate males that are violent and respond to “aggressive” women as abnormal. It is time for society to embrace the full range of individuality. The system should change from one that encourages men to express aggression and hold back emotion to one where all sexes are free to express themselves and their feelings and develop an attitude of gentleness and sensitivity to the feelings of fellow men and women.

Additional change that should be adopted to bring down a patriarchal system is challenging the perception of an ideal nuclear family. The last few years have seen a rise in nontraditional family settings although the nuclear family still remains the ideal standard. The problem with this is that the model of the nuclear family is fundamentally patriarchal. The male is placed at the helm and given responsibilities such as the breadwinner, the leader, and the decision-maker. The rest of the members are reduced to subordinates. Children from these settings grow up to internalize sexist ideas of men as natural leaders. In most cases, these children never gain the poise to decide the structure and substance of their lives in the absence of a leader or partner.

Alternative family models enable people to think about gender in new, modern ways. This supports movement beyond destructive power binaries in which an individual has authority at the expense of others in a manner that reduces them to submission.

The Audience

The fight against patriarchy is about erasing the barriers for every individual regardless of gender. It also has a connection to works against white supremacy, sizeism, homophobia and discrimination against any minority group. The fight against patriarchy begins with every individual to end the patriarchal domination of men, women, boys, and girls. The contribution of every citizen means creating a society where love can exist because in one that there is coercion and domination it is not possible. The contribution of men is also as important not only for society but for themselves. Men cannot be able to love themselves or experience genuine love in a culture that is patriarchal because rules of submission are not desirable. If men could embrace feminist thinking and practice which creates emphasis on the significance of common growth and self-actualization in all affiliations, their emotional welfare will be without doubt enhanced. According to Hooks (2000), “A genuine feminist politics always brings us from bondage to freedom, from lovelessness to loving.” Grassroots anti-capitalism feminism is significant to the transformation from an oppressive system, either as a conceptual-ideological-political framework or a communal praxis and crusade.

The quest to bring down the patriarchy and its oppressive structures, as well as societies, is central to dealing with the challenges climate change, biodiversity, inadequacy and among others which are deeply rooted and interconnected across societies and environments (Bhatnagar, & Hasan, 2018). Socialists should take the initiative to demand social change that will see the creation of societies based on the sovereignty of the people and the acceptance of their social, environmental, sexual and gender justice. These initiatives include demanding freedom from patriarchal systems and any form of oppression that either take advantage of women or puts little to no value on them as equals.

Women have the greatest role in this because it is obvious that the battle is central to their claim. Through empowerment movements, federations and lobby groups, women should create a holistic political vision of justice and alteration to the system. These groups should increase efforts in support of women in leadership and protagonists such as Thunberg, the little girl with a huge voice. Having female politicians or group members that share the same vision means the chance to dismantle patriarchy from the inside.

Women should not confuse nonparticipation with activism. Phrases like dismantling patriarchy imply that actively becoming part of the action against the oppressive authoritarian structure. Those women that feel they have done enough by not conforming to patriarchal values are absolutely wrong. Although boycotting sexist films and such kind of passive action is a step in the desired direction, it is not an effective way of addressing the sexist problem. Activism on the other will effect action against such an oppressive value.

References

Bhatnagar, D., & Hasan, R. S. (2018, October 31). Dismantle patriarchy for system change. Retrieved from https://www.foei.org/news/system-change-dismantle-patriarchy

Crawley, J. (2019, April 4). Six Ways To Smash The Patriarchy. Retrieved from https://yourdream.liveyourdream.org/2017/06/six-ways-to-smash-the-patriarchy/

Hassel, H., Reddinger, A., & Van Slooten, J. (2011). Surfacing the Structures of Patriarchy: Teaching and Learning Threshold Concepts in Women’s Studies. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 5(2), n2.

Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. Pluto Press.

Kokopeli, B., & Lakey, G. (1984). Leadership for change: Toward a feminist model. New Society Pub.

Kramp, M. (2019, November 14). The Patriarchy Is Getting Mean ? and There’s a Whiff of Desperation. Retrieved from https://www.ozy.com/news-and-politics/the-patriarchy-is-getting-mean-and-theres-a-whiff-of-desperation/241371/

Serres, D. (2014, January 9). Why Patriarchy Persists (and How We Can Change It). Retrieved from https://organizingchange.org/patriarchy-persists-can-change/

Introduction

A cite and release service is a directive issued by law enforcement to issue quotations, tickets, and notices for certain minor offenses rather than arrests. The use of quotes and releases is permissible but not required under current state law. Instead of being arrested and sent to jail, a criminal who receives a ticket is summoned to come to a particular venue at a specific time to pay the fine (s). The officer can also provide a warning to encourage the person to leave without including a quote. A decade ago, a Texas state bill provided police officers with an alternative method of dealing with low-level drug offenders. Rather than arresting and detaining the defendant, the law allows an officer to issue a summons to the accused individual.

Although this can seem to be a variety, there is a catch. Of course, you didn’t drive into the jail in cuffs and resisted taking a photograph that would be widely circulated online. However, marijuana possession is also a criminal offense. You will be required to appear in court. And you will also face harsh penalties.

The significance of quotation and release in Texas

Instead of getting an on-site jail, the Cite & Release service collaborates with Bexar County Law Enforcement Authorities to provide summonses for specific offenses. After a warrant is issued, the claim is evaluated by the Bexar County District Attorney’s Office, and the charge is either entered into a diversion program, denied (meaning that the matter is not pursued), or appealed to the prosecutor. Cite and release are essential for nonviolent, low-level prisoners to receive sufficient penalties while keeping their job and accommodation. Cite & release would also relieve strain on our local court and jail systems.

The San Antonio Police Department in partnership with Bexar County Sheriff’s Office and other local law enforcement agencies was on the frontline in making this rule. Joe Gonzales upgraded and expanded Bexar County’s citation and release program. Nonviolent minor charges such as pot possession, misdemeanor burglary, driving on an expired registration, and criminal misdemeanor can both result in a summons from the police.

Many of those cited will benefit from not being convicted and completing related services rather than being convicted and conducting related services (that may require posting a bail to be released). Officers who write a quote will arrive at the station less than officers who make an arrest. Citing and releasing also saves Bexar County residents money on the costs of booking a prisoner in jail.

Marijuana is illegal in Texas, and you are subject to the same penalties and fees. The main exception is that you are not punished for having small amounts of marijuana. If you are stopped, you can still be accused of having an outstanding warrant or of possessing marijuana that violates the conditions of a previous court order, such as probation or parole.

Another thing that can be remembered is that anytime someone is summoned, they do not get a speed ticket. It’s not a crime, but the person receiving the summons must appear in court to proceed with the usual legal process.

The only difference is that because it is a minor felony offense, no accusation can be taken from the beginning. This helps Dallas County to unload capacity in an already overloaded jail system. But do not make a mistake (Sifaneck 67-69): if the suspect does not appear before the court as summoned, the warrant is almost inevitably released, and the accused is arrested. The inmate could still pay a Dallas Bail Bond and be freed while awaiting trial.

The Class B felony in Texas is less than 2 ounces of marijuana, punishable by a jail term of not less than one hundred and eighty days and a fine of up to $2,000 if convicted. If you have between 2 and 4 ounces, it is a felony of Class A punishable by a jail term of not less than one year and a fine of 4000 dollars. If you are a suspect for the first time, Dallas County encourages you to participate in a diversionary program. That means that you are given probation and must serve the community, attend rehabilitation sessions and commit to drug tests. If all these procedures are completed in a timely way, the costs will be rejected.

A typical encounter between the police and a drug criminal would lead to the apprehension of the suspect and the testing of marijuana in the field. If the marijuana is found in the screening, the suspect will be brought to justice, booked, with the drugs in the evidence room (Sifaneck 67-69). This procedure is changed only slightly by the quote and release scheme, but both the defendants and the police are assisted. Marijuana is measured and weighed on the ground after the suspect has been apprehended. If the total weight is less than four ounces, the suspect’s name is confirmed, and the thumbprint is taken. They are then summoned and granted a court date but not sent to jail.

Because serious inmates are released by order, quotes and releases are crucial. Many of the offenses on which the new order is to be released are far more egregious than the law means. E.g., possession of marijuana over four ounces is equal to 200 joints (Caulkins, et al. 12-34). Theft and deliberate malice for less than $750 would harm victims who are primarily low-income and unable to achieve their goals. People driving with expired licenses frequently do so when they are uninsured, and release can be a greater danger, if not a direct challenge, for law-abiding citizens.

The media and the Government’s agenda-driven actors misled minor offenders, such as those who committed the crimes listed in the proposed Ordinance, to believe that they spent significant time in jail. On this basis, the fabrication and flagrant falsehood must be admitted.

Although I can’t speak about any jurisdiction, I can say that a small number of Hays County prisoners are minor offenders eligible for field releases. I keep a constant track of the number of people in jail. Few offenders are sentenced for rarely more than 24 hours for such crimes (unless they have other offenses, holds, or previous fails to appear in Court). Proposals to prolong jail parole because they will significantly reduce the prison population are either intentionally disappointing or founded on a misunderstanding of the actual situation. Loud and straightforward, I’ll call it (Neill Harris 55). The extension of the quotation and release scheme will not affect the cost or population of incarceration. Citation and dismissal services, on the other hand, have historically led to a high number of inmates not appearing in Court. The cite-and-release policy of Travis County has failed to occur an average of 40% over three years, while convicted criminals (a much lower number) have only missed court appearances 15% of the time. If violators fail to appear according to the calls, an arrest warrant must be released. The inmate is arrested later, maybe in another jurisdiction, and taken to a judge to decide the bail — now they have failed to testify in Court — resulting in more meaningful bonds than they initially had, making it harder to get a say. If our experience is close to Travis County, we can expect that 40% of those cited will spend more time in jail than if they were found guilty.

If the Council means that the police do not trust the police to exercise their authority correctly and, as the Ordinance does, if they deviate from the default quota position, it will be the option for certain officers, merely in enforcing the letter, to avoid implying that they misuse their discretion.

As a consequence, all the advisories we see now are updated to quotes that contain an appearance. When an official is probably guilty of making improper distinctions between who to arrest and who to quote and who to advise, the only way to avoid investigation is under the Ordinance (Caulkins, et al. 12-34). As a result, many young offenders who may have obtained a letter are still cited, compelled to register, or even imprisoned. The prospect of overturning an arrest decision due to the statute is not negligible. I lost count of the number of occasions in my 25 years as a prosecutor; a significant felony charge was found due to a minor arrest.

The proof is also discovered during lawful searches following an arrest or during the booking process. False identification on the spot is always only identified after the arrest, and fingerprints taken after the booking can only be verified. Officers arresting themselves legally can be indicted for breaking a city code. Evidence as a result of a civil violation in Texas cannot be admitted to the Court even whether the officer is convicted or not. If the motives of the police are in accordance or not with the guidelines of the Ordinance, an officer who charges and then discovers evidence of a severe offense will undoubtedly be accused of a breach of the statute. Serial prisoners will use the order to hide proof of their transgressions, leading in most cases to unnecessary prosecutions and the prospect of a severe felon avoiding punishment.

Work cited

Neill Harris, Katharine. “Analyzing the Marijuana Reform Movement in Texas as a Participant and an Observer: A Case Study Approach.” 2019.

Caulkins, Jonathan P., et al. “What Happens When Marijuana Laws Clash?” Marijuana Legalization, 2016.

Sifaneck, Stephen J., et al. “Retail marijuana purchases in designer and commercial markets in New York City: Sales units, weights, and prices per gram.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 90 (2007): S40-S51.

Australian Screen

Name

Title of Course

Instructor’s Name

Date

Question 5: Australian national cinema is primarily government- supported, with limited infrastructure and with a small population. Discuss key debates on the issue of developing, supporting and sustaining a national film industry.

The Australian film industry also commonly referred to as the Cinema of Australia is a term used to describe the system of production, exhibition and distribution of films made in Australia. It is commonly argued that production of film in Australia begun in year 1906 when the first ever film made in the country known as the story of the Kelly Gang was produced. Since the production of this ancient film, other films have been made and distributed in Australia, some of which have received international awards and recognition for their creativity. It has also been indicated that a significant number of actors who are now known internationally begun their acting careers in the Australian film industry, as well as film makers most of whom are globally recognized and who have found great benefits, financial- wise from their acting careers. There are numerous Australian films that have been successful commercially in the international market and some of them include such films as Babe and Moulin Rouge. Some of the actors who have been trained in Australia and moved on to become international stars include such people as Nicole Kidman, Rod Taylor and Hugh Jackman, among others (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002).

In the years between 1968 and 1971, the then Australian prime minister initiated a series of government support for the industry and established the National Film and television Training school, the Australian Council for the Arts and the Australian Development Corporation as efforts by the government to offer support to the film and arts industry. The following prime minister also made efforts to continue that support for the industry, and as a result more corporations and organizations supporting the industry were established to produce and fund the production of films that would compete internationally. The federal government of Australia had supported the industry by developing and funding more agencies of producing and funding the production of films in the country. All these agencies were all combined to form what is now referred to as Screen Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002).

As of today, the industry still produces a significant number of movies every year, but when compared to other developed countries like the US and England, Australia has always found itself in a difficult place because of the stiff competition offered by the countries in film making and production, which is much supported by home markets that are large. As a result, the Australian film industry has lost a significant number of actors and actresses to these foreign film markets and they rarely participate in the growth of their home film industries. Currently, there is an ongoing debate over the role and the need for the Australian government to support the growth and development of the film industry in Australia. Some have indicated that it is only through the support of the government that the Australian film industry will be able to compete against the other giant industries such as the United State’s Hollywood. However, there are counter arguments that the industry can do fine without the interference of the government, and that it can be stronger and more competitive if the increasing forces of the international markets are allowed play in the industry without interference (Murray 1995).

This paper will hence put much of its focus on these debates that have a major potential to affect the development, sustenance and support of the Australian film industry.

Debates over the character of the Australian film industry and the possible directions the industry might take in the international market have been around for quite a while. In the past, there was significant optimism that the industry would steer the country into the international market for the benefit of the country especially after the Labor government came up with the Creative Nation notion that was supposed to give support to the film industry. Currently, there is the feeling that some of these imperatives have become limited and derailed by the numerous pressures the industry is experiencing when it comes to development, market liberalization and advances in technology. Nevertheless, the new age of digital and technology innovation has given film industries a greater level of integration with other international and national cultural economies, providing each industry with new ways of understanding about the film industries and their place- disconnection. Convergence is also another element that has made most governments in the world to rethink policies governing film industries that acknowledge television and film as part of a greater sector in creativity. This reframing of policies, results from a new development of an industry logic that emphasizes on spatial configurations of film industry sectors within the context of the global market, and the location specificities; which might be composed of advantage in competition, and how that information might be exploited for the development of film and television industries (Cunningham 2006).

The independent production film sector in Australia has shown that it has the ability to come up with drama and factual narratives that are compelling about different kinds of experiences in Australia. However, reduced local and international financing and the observed increase in the costs of production have put the industry in a difficult situation, and it has especially affected the industry’s ability to deliver and develop programs that are of high quality. This has been indicated to be a significant threat for the industry and its sustainability. A range and volume of outputs that is declining is also threatening the Australian film industry’s capacity to fulfill its cultural objectives. The achievement of the sustainability of the film industry means that the stakeholders will have to ensure that enough opportunities are available for the creativity personnel for the purposes of developing and enhancing their talent and skills (Moran and Vieth 2006).

In this regard, many have argued that the production of film and television is the foundation upon which the film industries, in addition to, the most effective methods of reaching audiences that are diverse and large lies. Therefore, to increased and establish sustainability of the sector, the combined indirect and direct support by the public must draw increased investment by both the public and private sectors (either international or domestic) to production projects. Moreover, emphasis and more focus should be put on sustaining and developing business, and even individual projects that support the industry (Moran and Vieth 2006).

The Australian government on its part has been committed to developing and marinating a film industry that is active, strong and vibrant for economic and cultural reasons. In its election policy of 2004, the government indicated that it was committed to ensuring more private investment in the industry and to encouraging an approach that was more entrepreneurial to secure viability of the industry that was long term. This commitment covered such issues as promoting international and domestic appreciation for film and television productions from Australia. A film industry that is vigorous enables the establishment and production of television and film products that are of relevance and interest to the public of Australia, that have the potential to gain a wider audience from the international market and that which can enable a record of the culture and the life of Australia to be preserved for the future generations. To further the cultural objectives of the government, establishing Australian films that are highly skilled is also critical. Up to today, the Australian government offers support to the development and establishment of a film production sector that has a strong commercial background (Joint Media Release, Hon Richard Alston and the Hon Peter 2004).

There are several characteristics that can be associated with such an industry. One of them is that such an industry is characterized by a wide variety of films that are of high quality, which also have appeal for a large number of audiences, both in the domestic and international market. Another characteristic is that such an industry would have a significant number of businesses that are viable and long term of different structures and sizes which can be viable in a commercial environment that is competitive. Such an industry would also be marked with a characteristic market place confidence in the product quality and a sound understanding of different vehicles of investment. The industry would also be characterized by a pool of artists, business people and technicians who are highly skilled (Joint Media Release, Hon Richard Alston and the Hon Peter 2004).

The financial support offered to the Australian film industry by the Australian government is currently being provided in a number of areas. Some of these include professional, script, audience and industry development; production which is either significant culturally or economically, and preservation of the heritage of the Australian film industry. Additionally, the government is providing funds for the advancement of training and education of practitioners in the industry, encouragement on investment by private sectors in the industry, promotion of the country as a filming location and its films, and for the encouragement of productions based on large budgets to undertake significant participation in the Australian film industry. There are also a number of agencies and organizations that receive direct funding by the government. These include the Film Finance Corporation Australia, the Australian Film Commission, Film Australia Ltd, Australia Film Television and Radio School, Australia Children’s Television Foundation, and Ausfilm. These are some of the agencies and organizations in the Australian film industry that have been formed by the government for the support and funding of the Australian film industry (Australian Film Commission 2004/05).

Below is a summary of the support in terms of funding the Australian government gave the film industry between 2006 and 2007.

AGENCY/ORGANISATION FUNDING 2006-07

$m

Film Finance Corporation Australia (FFC) 70.50

Film Australia Ltd (FAL) 13.17

Australian film Commission (AFC) 52.49

Australian Children’s Television Foundation (ACTF) 2.58

Australian Film, Television and Radio School (AFTRS) 20.12

Ausfilm 1.35

TOTAL 160.21

There are a number of issues affecting the sustainability and success of the Australian film industry. The approach which uses the approach- by- approach process which has become extremely common in the Australian film sector has been questioned in a number of cases. It has been, for example, suggested for a long time that the industry needs to make a change from a cottage industry to an industry mainly built on business enterprises that are successful especially through restructuring. There is also another significant debate on the level or degree to which the Australian film industry is genuinely responsive or determined by the demand of its audience. This debate has been going on even though such things as the essentially small size of the industry, the effect of exhibitor and distributor preferences, and the high risk level of the film production of the industry are also generally seen as being elements that require to be considered when determining the rates of success of the industry (Dermody and Jacka 1988).

Such observations have been used to suggest the need for both the stakeholders in the industry and the policy makers in the government to reconsider and reconstruct their focus. The effect that changing platforms of communication has, and the advent of increased interactivity will also continue to, significantly, alter the association that viewers or the audience has with a creative property or idea. The potential the industry has of producing and delivering content in audiovisual through a number of new communication platforms indicates that film producers have to design projects that include a wide variety of elements beyond the commonly used traditional program or film. While the form of delivery of film pr programs tends to be analyzed in the form of potential it can have for the industry on additional streams of avenue, the potential still remains to be realized in the Australian film context (Dermody and Jacka 1987).

Though many think that it is only through the support and the funding of the government that this potential can be realized and through which the Australian industry can be developed and sustained, others are of the view that a balance must be struck between the direct and indirect support by the government of the industry and the support and funding the industry derives from its revenues. A mix of direct and indirect support has been continually provided for the film industry by the government, but direct support has been the dominant form of support, providing the industry with more than 75 percent of the total needed support. This has made certain stakeholders uncomfortable arguing that the industry should be able to support its operations from the revenues it generates, or otherwise it would not be a viable- enough industry for the government to support. Most countries have their film industries based on some form of indirect funding schemes from where the financial support to the industry comes from (Cunningham 2006).

Conclusion

The Australian film industry derives much of its support and funding from the government, and it has limited infrastructure and a small following. The government has at times been accused of crippling the industry by providing more than three quarters of all of its required funding. Most critics of this approach are of the idea that the Australian film industry should be making enough revenues to support its production, and that the government should only be indirectly involved with the industry. However, others think that the industry will develop more and become more sustainable if the government keeps on supporting and funding its activities.

References

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2002, ‘Television, film and video production’, Survey 8679.

Australian Film Commission, 2004/05, National survey of feature film and TV drama production.

Cunningham, S 2006, What Price a Creative Economy, Platform Papers, Currency

Press, July.

Dermody, S. and Jacka, E 1987, the Screening of Australia, 1: Anatomy of a Film Industry. Sydney: Currency Press, 1987.

Dermody, S and Jacka, L1988, Screening of Australia: Anatomy of a National Cinema, 2, Currency Press, Sydney.

Joint Media Release, Hon Richard Alston and the Hon Peter 2004, ‘Strengthening Australian Arts’, The Howard Government Election 2004 Policy.

Moran, A and Vieth, E 2006, Film in Australia: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, Sydney.

Murray, S 1995, Australian Film: 1978–1994. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.

Name:

Professor:

Course:

Date:

Authenticity of Internet Information

Research shows that four out of ten people who share news on social media like twitter and Facebook admit to have passed on fake news. About 18.7% of these people admit to doing so in order to upset others. In as much as there are people who pass on true information, majority of them are inclined into false information because it spreads like fire. Inaccurate information gains more recognition and finds acceptance more than true news. False news travels six times faster than true news. With this in mind we cannot always trust information that we access through social media or news journals. This calls for research which will help us evaluate if the kind of information we have received is indeed true as claimed to be.

There has been a recent claim going round that microwaves are dangerous and that they can cause cancer. A study posted on ‘Daily Mail’ titled the ‘The Real Dangers of Microwave Ovens’ investigates how indeed microwaves emit radiations which cause cancer. According to the study, it is indeed true that it is convenient and easy to warm or cook food using the microwave (Graf, 2016). All you need to do is put food in a bowl, into the microwave, select the required minutes and within no time your food is ready. It is not only energy efficient, but also fast and easy. The study goes ahead to prove that this fast and efficient method comes with a burden of health risks.

One of the professors who conducted the research explains that there is a real danger in lazily putting our meals in the microwave without thinking about the consequences. According to the professor, microwaves leak radiations which end up affecting our health. Microwaves are normally fit with a metal mesh that is meant to act as a protector to prevent waves from leaking. The professor did a number of tests on about twelve microwaves and found out that every single one of them leaked radioactive. Microwaves are dangerous in two ways. One it affects your food and two it affects your health. Microwaves affects food by reducing the nutritional content in the food. Excess heat produced by the oven denatures enzymes during radiation (Gunnars, 2019). When the food is eaten, only a portion of nutrients is received by the body. Microwaves affect humans through a process called radiation. Our bodies are majorly made up of water. Radiation waves found in the microwave are designed to heat water. Our bodies tend to naturally absorb the radiation waves.

Another way it affects our bodies is by causing cataracts. Cataracts are the leading cause of poor vision in people especially people who are 40 years and above. Excess radiation has also been linked to causing blindness. Cataracts are caused by looking at your oven as it warms food. The radiation that is produced as you fix your eyes on the oven light end up affecting the eyes I the long run. A study conducted by World Health Organization tries to demystify all these claims by scientifically investigating if microwaves are really carcinogenic. The study did an in depth research of analysing microwaves and the radiation they emit and came up with a conclusion that it is a misconception to say that food prepared using a microwave is radioactive. No microwave energy remains in the food after the oven has been switched off. The study gives an analogy of the microwave being like a light bulb. When the switch is on the bulb emits light but when it is turned off, no light is emitted.

Microwaves are safe to be used for cooking and heating as long as they are used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Microwaves use power ranging from 500 to 1100 watts and are used at a frequency of about 2450MHz. A microwave is made using an electronic tube known as magnetron. When it is switched on, waves are released from the cavity and dispersed by a stirring fan in all directions. These waves are then absorbed by the food. In order to heat food uniformly, the microwave plate rotates so that the waves are absorbed in equal length. Water molecules found in the food vibrate when they come into contact with the energy that is emitted. The friction between water molecules in the food results in production of heat that either warms or cooks the food.

The safety of microwaves is also guaranteed by the fact that they are made according to the required international standards. Several electromagnetic safety standards have been set by the European Committee for Eletrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) to ensure the safety of microwaves. When all these factors are put into place, then it is 100% safe to use microwaves as long as the user follows the instructions given by the manufacturer (Havas, 2017). One of the most common precautions given is to use a melamine or glass plate when heating food. Caution is given against using metallic plates since it causes electrical arcing which may damage the walls of the microwave.

From the above research we can clearly conclude that not all the information we receive should be accepted with finality. It is our job to test how true the information is by going through credible sources of information which can give us a true picture of what we are looking for. So next time you receive that news alert in your phone make sure that it is from a credible source.

Works CitedGraf, M. de. (n.d.). From cataracts to cancer: The REAL dangers of microwave ovens – and how to test if yours is leaking. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3745308/amp/From-cataracts-cancer-REAL-dangers-microwave-ovens-test-leaking.html#aoh=15724394416363&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24sGunnars, Kris “Microwave Ovens Do Not Cause Cancer.” Cancer Council NSW, 15 Jan. 2014, https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/86089/cancer-information/general-information-cancer-information/cancer-questions-myths/environmental-and-occupational-carcinogens/microwave-ovens-do-not-cause-cancer/.

Havas, M. (2017). When theory and observation collide: Can non-ionizing radiation cause cancer? Environmental Pollution, 221, 501-505.

Leadership and Management Discussion

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Leadership and Management Discussion

The book On Grand Strategy is an excellent guide to the leadership art. Gaddis (2019) incorporates his knowledge of history to satisfyingly address the rigorous study of leadership. He draws on history and the associated classical lessons to offer insights into preparing future leaders for leadership responsibilities.

Based on his suggestions, leadership is the systematic and purposeful process of influencing, directing, guiding, and inspiring people’s behavior towards attaining desired goals in diverse uncertain situations. It entails using insufficient means and realistically limited information to select goals prudently, balance ambitions and aspirations against practical uncertainties and constraints, and leverage common sense to navigate cluttered, ambiguous, and changing environments to augment the probabilities of successful goal accomplishment. Gaddis (2019) further alludes that leadership involves demonstrating the capacity to align actions and goals across time, coordinate actions in dissimilar settings, and adapt plans to changing circumstances. This allows leaders to articulate goals, plans, and purposes effectively, seize new opportunities objectively and flexibly and realize their goals and plans amidst unpredictable events without forcing these opportunities and events to fit into preconceived schemes.

Conversely, management is the administrative and coordinative process for reaching desired goals by working with and via people and other organizational resources. Management entails demonstrating accountability, stewardship, and responsibility for organizational resources in the attainment of established goals. Management also involves applying principles associated with the functions of organizing, planning, controlling, directing, and coordinating to harness human, technological, informational, and other resources in organizational goal attainment, hence optimizing efficiency (Pal & Bansal, 2011). Based on these descriptions, leadership is inspiring people towards work while management is getting work done by and through people. Leadership focuses on the effectiveness of resources to attain quality while management focuses on resource utilization efficiency to optimize time.

The contrast between leadership and management has been debated extensively. Some people in the leadership verse management debate view one construct as a subset of the other. Those who support this notion sustain that doing wrong things right does not imply good leadership or good management, and likewise, doing right things wrong does not infer bad leadership or bad management. However, some believe that leadership is a subset of management because good managers must primarily have leadership skills such as directing and influencing people to propel them towards getting the work done. Others argue that management is a subset of leadership because an individual truly leads effectively and inspire others when management is combined with leadership elements of offering purpose, motivation, and positive character traits (McCarthy, 2016). The leadership description derived from the suggestions by Gaddis (2019) shows that he would view management as a subset of leadership. Irrespective of this debate, both management and leadership are different but critical to organizational success.

In practice, managers perform leadership roles and leaders perform management roles. Also, managers do not necessarily make excellent leaders, and similarly, leaders might fail to excel at management, implying that there are leaders who cannot manage and managers who cannot lead. Essentially, this means that great managers can be poor leaders, and great leaders can be poor managers depending on their skills deficiencies.

References

Gaddis, J. L. (2019). On grand strategy. New York, NY. Penguin Books.

McCarthy, B. (2016). Do we need leaders or managers?. Company Command: Building Combat-Ready Teams. United States Army.

Pal, K., & Bansal, H. (2011). Management concepts and organizational behaviour. Guru Jambheshwar University.

Leadership and Management Discussion

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Leadership and Management Discussion

The book On Grand Strategy is an excellent guide to the leadership art. Gaddis (2019) incorporates his knowledge of history to satisfyingly address the rigorous study of leadership. He draws on history and the associated classical lessons to offer insights into preparing future leaders for leadership responsibilities.

Based on his suggestions, leadership is the systematic and purposeful process of influencing, directing, guiding, and inspiring people’s behavior towards attaining desired goals in diverse uncertain situations. It entails using insufficient means and realistically limited information to select goals prudently, balance ambitions and aspirations against practical uncertainties and constraints, and leverage common sense to navigate cluttered, ambiguous, and changing environments to augment the probabilities of successful goal accomplishment. Gaddis (2019) further alludes that leadership involves demonstrating the capacity to align actions and goals across time, coordinate actions in dissimilar settings, and adapt plans to changing circumstances. This allows leaders to articulate goals, plans, and purposes effectively, seize new opportunities objectively and flexibly and realize their goals and plans amidst unpredictable events without forcing these opportunities and events to fit into preconceived schemes.

Conversely, management is the administrative and coordinative process for reaching desired goals by working with and via people and other organizational resources. Management entails demonstrating accountability, stewardship, and responsibility for organizational resources in the attainment of established goals. Management also involves applying principles associated with the functions of organizing, planning, controlling, directing, and coordinating to harness human, technological, informational, and other resources in organizational goal attainment, hence optimizing efficiency (Pal & Bansal, 2011). Based on these descriptions, leadership is inspiring people towards work while management is getting work done by and through people. Leadership focuses on the effectiveness of resources to attain quality while management focuses on resource utilization efficiency to optimize time.

The contrast between leadership and management has been debated extensively. Some people in the leadership verse management debate view one construct as a subset of the other. Those who support this notion sustain that doing wrong things right does not imply good leadership or good management, and likewise, doing right things wrong does not infer bad leadership or bad management. However, some believe that leadership is a subset of management because good managers must primarily have leadership skills such as directing and influencing people to propel them towards getting the work done. Others argue that management is a subset of leadership because an individual truly leads effectively and inspire others when management is combined with leadership elements of offering purpose, motivation, and positive character traits (McCarthy, 2016). The leadership description derived from the suggestions by Gaddis (2019) shows that he would view management as a subset of leadership. Irrespective of this debate, both management and leadership are different but critical to organizational success.

In practice, managers perform leadership roles and leaders perform management roles. Also, managers do not necessarily make excellent leaders, and similarly, leaders might fail to excel at management, implying that there are leaders who cannot manage and managers who cannot lead. Essentially, this means that great managers can be poor leaders, and great leaders can be poor managers depending on their skills deficiencies.

References

Gaddis, J. L. (2019). On grand strategy. New York, NY. Penguin Books.

McCarthy, B. (2016). Do we need leaders or managers?. Company Command: Building Combat-Ready Teams. United States Army.

Pal, K., & Bansal, H. (2011). Management concepts and organizational behaviour. Guru Jambheshwar University.

Management of Classroom Community

A classroom community has detailed and identifiable characteristics which are offer a favorable learning environment. In a classroom community, both teachers and students have roles to play so that learning can take place flawlessly. The characteristics of a classroom community include: responsibility, opportunities, engagement, demonstration, risk taking, instructions, response, time management, and assessment. A successful classroom community plays a vital role in promoting academic excellence and positive social skills. Moreover, children learn best in an environment in which they feel that they are part of the community, where individuality is encouraged and where everyone feels accepted (Baturay & Bay, 2010). Creating a good classroom community calls for constant practice and planning.

As a teacher, I will be responsible by setting guidelines and ensuring the students become responsible for their behavior and learning in the classroom. This will further model responsible behavior in learners. Secondly, I will give opportunities to students by ensuring they write and read in meaningful activities. Thirdly, I will nurture engagement in students by ensuring they take part in authentic opportunities and activities to work with fellow classmates and also model what good writers and readers do by employing think-aloud in order to explain what they think. Also, I will motivate and encourage the students to take risks while exploring a new idea and make them know that failing is part of learning. Lastly, I will foster a sense of belonging in which children learn to work collaboratively, participate in class meetings, and resolve conflicts that arise amongst them peacefully with some of the aforementioned resources.

References

Baturay, M. H., & Bay, O. F. (2010). The effects of problem-based learning on the classroom community perceptions and achievement of web-based education students. Computers & Education, 55(1), 43-52.

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

A co-culture is a group in the society that has little or no say in contributing to the development of a dominant structure of the society to which they live. Some of the co-cultural groups include the homeless, homosexuals, ethnic groups, the disabled as well as the religious minorities (Ting-Toomey & Dorjee, 2018). Studying co-cultures is significant in various ways. The identification and explication of the communication practices of the co-cultural groups are significant and valuable in understanding how the individuals who are marginalized in a dominant society tend to communicate with the people in the same society but have direct access to the institutional power, the influencers of the dominant society. Learning about the co-cultures also enables the learner to understand how the minorities survive under the dominant majorities in society.

Various potential communication barriers exist between a co-culture and the dominant culture. Language is the key barrier as the co-culture may not be of the same language with the dominant culture, and therefore, the two groups cannot communicate effectively. Different cultures have different languages. The only viable mode of communication is through the use of non-verbal means as the words may not be easily understood. The use of non-verbal communication may as well not work as expected as it is subject to misinterpretation.

Stereotyping and prejudices play a major role in hindering communication between cultures. Members of the dominant cultures have negative perceptions regarding the co-culture associating them with bad things merely because they might have heard from someone else. Dominant cultures only believe what members of their culture says, characterizing the co-culture as deceptive and harmful. The negative stereotyping creates prejudices among the co-culture, and this provokes judgmental attitudes. When stereotyping and prejudices are incorporated, it becomes had for the two cultures to come to terms due to judgmental attitudes.

Ethnocentrism is another barrier to communication between co-cultures and dominant cultures. Mostly, the two cultures don’t have a lot of similarities, and therefore each culture perceives the other as being different from them, which is bad. With the dissimilar concept in mind, it is difficult to get members of the two cultures together as they have no common agenda. The dissimilarity can be reflected in behavior and religion where every person in the respective groups feel different from those that belong to the other.

A co-culture of homelessness implies that the people who are in that culture are homeless and they share similar beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors. They also share similar structures, and they belong to the same economic class and thus have a similar environment. According to Walsh et. al. (2016), the homeless do not converse freely with other people, and they feel that they don’t belong to the same social class with most of the interested parties who want to question them and due to this they inhibit a stereotyping effect that the interested parties want to take advantage of their situation. They, therefore, refuse to open up and only freely talk with the other homeless people whom they are in the same culture.

The homeless feel insecure while communicating with people from the dominant culture and this may lead to a lack of disclosure of information. Another reason why the homeless as a co-culture refuse to open up for the dominant culture is the fear of being judged wrongly. Most of them do not live in the streets because they wanted to, but because certain circumstances that led to their eviction from their homes. According to a study by Crane (1998), some of the homeless people were evicted from their homes as they were unable to pay for their mortgage or are mentally ill. Others had their homes taken by their relatives when their parents died, and as children they had no one to take care of them, eventually ending up to the streets.

References

Crane, M. (1998). The associations between mental illness and homelessness among older people: an exploratory study. Aging & Mental Health, 2(3), 171-180. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13607869856641?journalCode=camh20Ting-Toomey, S., & Dorjee, T. (2018). Communicating across cultures. Guilford Publications. Retrieved from: https://www.guilford.com/books/Communicating-Across-Cultures/Ting-Toomey-Dorjee/9781462536474/summaryWalsh, C. A., Lorenzetti, L., St-Denis, N., Murwisi, P., & Lewis, T. (2016). Community Voices: Insights on social and human services from people with lived experiences of homelessness. Review of Social Sciences, 1(2), 27-41. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297610988_Community_Voices_Insights_on_Social_and_Human_services_from_People_with_Lived_Experiences_of_Homelessness

Scholarly Article Evaluation

Using the recommended library databases (MLA International Bibliography, Academic Search Complete) to research, find and read a scholarly article of approximately 12-15 pages from an academic journal or a book. The scholarly article must be on a topic directly related to one of the poems, stories, or authors we have read this semester. You must include a photocopy or PDF printout of at least the first ten pages of the article with this evaluation form. After reading the article, thoroughly answer the following questions in complete grammatical sentences (you may hand write or type your responses).

Name: ______________________________Score: _____/30

Please print (or type) neatly the full, correct, MLA formatted bibliographic entry for the scholarly article (i.e. the way it would look on a Works Cited page). (5 points)

What is the focus of the article? In other words, what stories, poems, or authors does the article focus on? (5 points)

What is the thesis statement of the article? If it is explicitly written in the article, quote it directly below and explain what paragraph you found it in; if it is left implicit, paraphrase it below in one or two sentences and explain what paragraph most closely reveals the thesis. (10 points)

What introductory strategies does it employ (such as a quotation, anecdote, etc.) and how effective are those used? (3 points)

What kinds of evidence (experiment results, logic, data, etc.) does the writer use to develop and support the thesis? Evaluate its effectiveness and persuasiveness. (3 points)

What does the essay leave the reader to think about in the conclusion? How does that connect to the overall point of the article? (2 points)

What can you add to the discussion? Do you agree with the thesis? Why or why not? (2 points)

A case study of an infant with mental, physical and medical conditions

Name

Tutor

Course

Date

Development disability Victims, are most vulnerable to mental disorders and are in dire need of special attention for the purpose of adapting to the complexities of this modern world. Family members, relatives and friends have a role to play, to give them hope, help them feel accepted, treasured and loved despite their predicaments. Development disability is a condition that results in physical or mental disabilities with substantial effects on their functioning. Some research has also reviewed a possibility of biochemical and genetic abnormalities that are linked with some of the vital metal disabilities, such as autism and diabetes.

Michael is a ten year boy of Caucasian heritage, currently a third grade student at hillside school. He is one of the few unfortunate kids with a physical, medical and mental condition. His parents, Mr. & Mrs. Madison are very loving and responsible parents who have vowed to help Michael walk past the odds. Being a financially stable couple, all the care and attention that Michael needs is given to make him live a normal lifestyle. Mrs. Miller; his grandmother has been very instrumental and helpful in Michael’s progress both in his adverse mental and medical conditions.

After a normal pregnancy with no prenatal complications, Michael was seen to be in blooming health with no serious medical conditions. It was at the age of five when his parents noticed some stranger behaviors in him and after consultations from specialists, he was diagnosed with some acute mental conditions; autism. This was a big blow to his parents who vowed to assist him adjust despite the devastating news from doctors, that Michael might not recover fully from his mental condition. Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological disorder that affects development of infants targeting their communication skills and their social relationship with others. At the age of six, his health conditions did get worse. Excess fats were seen to shape his once lean body which physicians blamed it on type 2 diabetes after serious medical examinations. As if fate was not done with him yet, he did break his knee after slumming his leg in the living room chimney. This repetitive behavior of self-inflicting injuries whenever he got enraged almost made him loose his leg.

Michael had to undergo a 3-hour surgery on his knee but did not fully recuperate. The chief surgeon advised his parents to take him to some physical therapy sessions for as long as they can to make sure his condition improves. As for the mean time, he would have to use some leg support to help him walk.

Apart from the physical therapy sessions, he would frequent the hospitals to check his blood sugar and receive oral medications, strictly on a particular drug known as metformin, which he would only take a 500mg doze twice a day. His grandmother was very helpful and supportive to make sure Michael did not skip his prescription. On addition to his health problem, he also had a very serious allergy on peanut and his body would get pale and swollen whenever he came into contact with peanut. This forced his parents and the school fraternity to adhere to a special diet of peanut-free foods and low-caloric foods, particularly on plant produce. Type 2 diabetes was not something new in that family. His grandfather was also a victim and according to the family doctor’s opinion, Michael was vulnerable to inherit it because of his mental disability.

Rarely would Michael tour the town as he continuously enjoyed his own company. His physical condition would also restrict him but he had no problem running his errands. He used to feed on his own, take a shower or even visit the washroom without any form of assistance. He had a normal daily routine just like many of the other kids, despite his inequities. Michael could now communicate to others without so much trouble as opposed to his autism incubation period, when communication was a problem. Earlier, he used to communicate by pointing at things but after a series of communication therapies, as advised by their doctor, Michael managed to recover his speech confidence. No harm had been done to his intellectual status and so he had no problem attending hillside school.

He got into the school bus every morning on his own but a special seat was reserved only for him. Hillside school was one of the best performing private schools where academic excellence was highly upheld. Absenteeism was never condoned even to children with special needs unless under unavoidable circumstances that resulted to absenteeism. Teachers highly appreciated every child and they gave special attention to needy children.

In class, Michael would rarely concentrate in class activities. He would concentrate in his skillful drawings instead. At one point, his was asked by his math teacher to stop drawing during class activities. Indeed, he stopped, flipped the paper and stashed it in his back pocket. Few seconds later, he fished it out and continued drawing. Michael only responded when given one-on-one attention by the teachers. Apart from his inactive contribution to class activities, most of the teachers were intrigued by his drawings and even devised ways to help him nurture his talents. He drew almost anything out of his imaginations. His classmates also did receive advices and updates on his condition and how much Michael needs their support. They accepted and supported him to their abilities. This support helps him realize that folks were friendly and ready to assist.

At school, his teachers were updated on his medical prescription and cautioned on the side effects such as diarrhea and vomiting if he took an excess dosage .They had to make sure he did his medication on time. Michael had to bring his metformin with him and an insulin shot was also made available at the school health center to be administered whenever mild diabetic attacks came by. The school clinic also did some frequent blood test to keep an eye on his glycogen level and by this, they helped reduce unpredicted future attacks on his sugar level. They even presided over his school meals to ensure his special diet is followed to the latter.

His social relationship with others was not that perfect but improving. He would not socialize much with other students unless he wants to. On several occasions, he concentrated on his drawings and delighted in them. Whenever anyone intruded his privacy without his consent and permission, he would get enraged and destroy anything at his disposal, even his fascinating drawings. Apart from his social problems, he seemed to enjoy his physical education class and the company of Mr. Brooke, his physical education teacher. He would get exceedingly happy around him as he tried hard to participate in exercises despite his fractured knee.

Nowadays freely interacts with his parents and he tells them everything that happened in school. Earlier, he would even hurt himself and never say anything to them. His parents are currently very pleased with the improvements of Michael and are very optimistic that their child will fully recover. During the weekends, Mr. & Mrs. Madison take Michael for a walk and even assist him in home therapies to help him recover. This has made Michael have a positive perspective of life and has greatly contributed to his recovery.

It is important to understand that a classroom setup with a supportive environment is essential in supporting children with autism and diabetes. This classroom setting creates an atmosphere of social interactions that can help such students learn how to appreciate the existence of others and recognize them. The society should also learn to appreciate the range of other abilities in such victims and help them mobilize their abilities into strengths.

References

DiLavore, P. C., Lord, C., & Rutter, M. (1995) The Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic

Observations Schedule. Unpublished manuscript

Lewy, A., & Dawson, G. (1992). Social stimulation and joint attention deficits in young autistic

Children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 555–566

Smith, I., & Bryson, S. (1994). Imitation and action in autism: A critical review.

Psychological Bulletin, 116, 259–273.

Tait, K. & Purdie, N. (2000). Attitudes toward disability: Teacher education for inclusive

environments. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 47(1), 25-38

Ward, J., Center, Y. & Bochner, S. (1994). A question of attitudes: Integrating children with

disabilities into regular classrooms? British Journal of Special Education, 21, 34-39.