Category: Uncategorized

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A & P II Exam

The reason why more fluid is lost from the capillaries than is reabsorbed has to do with the pressures of blood contained in the capillaries. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is usually less than blood hydrostatic pressure. The greater hydrostatic pressure in the blood promotes net flow of body from the vessels into the interstitial. Movement of fluids across capillary beds needs a transport mechanism that is more efficient than diffusion. The movement referred to as bulk flow entails two mechanisms that are pressure-driven. Fluid volumes move across high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas through filtration, while fluids move low pressure areas to high-pressure areas in the capillaries through the process of reabsorption. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure tend to interact to drive reabsorption and filtration. The blood exerts hydrostatic pressure in heart chambers and blood vessels (Wang, & Ge, 2021). It is the force that drives fluid from capillaries into tissues. On the other hand, osmotic pressure drives fluid movement back into the capillaries. It is informed by the osmotic concentration of gradients, which is the difference of solute-to-water concentrations in tissue and blood fluid.

The radical mastectomy explanation is more viable in explaining why the elderly woman’s left arm is swollen than the explanation of a pathogen. In a radical mastectomy procedure, doctors tend to remove the patient’s breast, nipple, areola, and the lymph nodes located on the arm. Unless the doctors find out that the patient’s tumor has broadened, they leave the chest wall muscles intact. Arms tend to swell following a radical mastectomy because, during the surgery, lymph nodes are often eliminated, disrupting lymph flow. This triggers a swelling known as lymphedema. Lymphedema can affect various body parts, including the legs, genitals, one or both legs, the head and neck (Stoyanov, Tsocheva, Marinova, Dobrev, & Nenkov, 2017). Edema of the arm remains to be the most baffling complication of radical mastectomy surgery. Other factors associated with the swelling of the arm include radiation, scar impingement of axilla, length of surgery, primary skin grafting and extensive fibroblastic activity on operation era.

After being diagnosed with lung cancer, the doctors attending to Paula’s grandfather took biopsies of various nymph nodes from neighboring body parts to test if and how far cancer had spread. Lymph node biopsies are an essential part of the treatment procedure as they remove lymph node tissues. The tissues are then assessed for signs of disease or infection, such as cancer. Biopsy tests are significant for cancer patients because cancer cells tend to grow towards surrounding healthy tissues, including nearby lobes and the lining of their lungs. Cancerous cells spread fast, and invade lymphatic nodes and spread to other parts of the body.

Bronchial obstruction may be obstructed or generalized. Bronchus gets obstructed when a person inhales foreign bodies like a broken tooth or peanut or as a result of pneumonia that takes long to heal. Doris’s oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve of her right lung is likely to be s-shaped and while the left one is likely to be straight. Some of the factors associated with shifting of the curve to the right or left include temperature, PH, carbon dioxide and 2,3-disphosphoglycerate. Doris’s right bronchus is likely to ignite air absorption from lungs tissue to the obstruction area, causing the shrink and collapse. This makes traction force be exerted on proximal airways that dilate and distort them. When a bronchus gets blocked, air located in the alveoli gets absorbed into the bloodstream leading it to shrink and collapse.

Works Cited

Stoyanov, G. S., Tsocheva, D., Marinova, K., Dobrev, E., & Nenkov, R. (2017). Drainage after modified radical mastectomy–A methodological mini-review. Cureus, 9(7).

Wang, X., & Ge, J. (2021). Haemodynamics of atherosclerosis: a matter of higher hydrostatic pressure or lower shear stress?. Cardiovascular Research, 117(4), e57-e59.

International Issues in Accounting and Auditing

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International Issues in Accounting and Auditing

Introduction

Recent developments in accounting, auditing, and financial reporting places much emphasis on practical application of standards, authoritative pronouncements influencing practitioners within small, medium, and privately run businesses. Accountants and auditors should be applying technical accounting and auditing pronouncements with the aim of advising companies to relate with issues of implementation. The Securities and Exchange Commission initiated some whistle blower rules, which relate to a language that does not include external auditors. Many corporate attorneys are of the opinion that many loopholes which auditors can apply to get complaints against clients to the Securities and Exchange Commission to obtain fat rewards (Koniak, George, & Ross, 2010).

According to Bumiller, (2002), audit experts and software vendors have advocated for the continuous monitoring and continuous auditing, but still many wrong things happen with the corporate America. To monitor and test key controls in financial reporting to be continuous, may enable mistakes to be detected early and resolved before many material errors in financial statements are achieved. So much is happening in the international accounting scene, the Financial Standards Board sanctioned exposure of drafts on leases, revenue, and financial instruments. Many public opinions are coming in, and intense debates are expected in the near future. Some developments have also been seen that maybe have significant effects on the accounting world in the long term.

Since October 2004, many occurrences have taken place in the areas of international accounting and auditing. The topics dealt with implementing IASB and IFAC standards and corresponding challenges in regulation, international harmonization and convergence, issues related to applying fair value for financial reporting, risks and vulnerabilities, and it is of essence that constructive dialogue continues among stakeholder in the chain of financial reporting. Accounting and auditing scandals have hit press headlines in the recent past, and other negative developments in the practice of auditing and accounting. In this light, there is a new resolve to improve processes of standards setting, so that untainted accounting, auditing, and disclosures practices of firms together with their respective auditors are a thing of the past. Banking supervisors and central banks must enhance shape improvement in accounting and auditing issues that affect the institutions that they supervise (Mathews, 2007; Bauer, &, Fenn, 1973).

Auditing and accounting issues in times of economic distress include asset valuation and impairment, troubled debt restructurings, violations of debt operations, discontinued operations, going concern, subsequent events, and risks and uncertainties.

The Value of an Audit

The role of auditing has come to closer scrutiny in line with unprecedented international financial upheavals in the last couple of years with many stakeholders questioning the value of audit. Most of the attention has been directed to the large end of the profession involving banks and major financial institutions, but problems also exist within the small and medium enterprises. Auditing is more of a voluntary activity, and so there is need to show the value it imparts on businesses (Owen & Adams, 1996; Crowther, 2000).

The profession of accounting re examines the role of audit and puts up a strong case for the benefits that auditing provides to organisations, economy, and society as a whole. Auditing plays a key role as a source of public confidence within financial reporting. Auditing roles have long been considered as some kind of a routine chore or a simple statutory obligation for companies that are listed. Many high profile corporate failures have led to the Sarbanes –Oxley legislation in the USA, and scrutiny of competition level and choice in the audit market within the UK. These effects have put auditing activities in the spot light on the agenda of the media, regulators, and legislators. For medium sized firms with turnovers less than $500 million have leveraged the audit to return maximum value and insights to the companies, the level of relationships they have with the auditor, and the importance associated with the audit by the organisation and its stakeholders (Gray, Owen &, Maunders, 1987).

An audited financial report has standard financial information, other footnotes, and the opinion letter. The opinion letter is a surety of professional opinion on the financial report accuracy, and not an assessment of future prospects or financial condition of a company. The accuracy of the financial report provided by a company is determined by verification and scrutiny, where verification depends on the auditor’s ability to value the assets and the liabilities, known as checking account balance. So audits have a number of limitations, if assets that do not have a ready market such as privately held organisations, real estate, and hedge fund investments. Auditors will use the information available to them, thus mortgage relate d asset values will be based on faulty information and various assumptions. However, Wayne, (2004) most non profit organisations view auditing as a routine to go through quickly instead of as an opportunity to widen transparency and improvement of financial controls.

Bank and Financial Institution Failures

Norris, &, Liptak, (2010) states that a bank failure or financial institution failure happens when the bank or the financial institution cannot meet its obligations to its depositors, and other creditors, since it is insolvent and illiquid to meet its liabilities. Most banks failed in 2008, while in 1989 five hundred and thirty four failures were recorded. In 2008, bank and thrift failures were seventeen and seven of these completely collapsed, and were rescued by government. Some came close to failing and were rescued by other banks. The economic situation contributed some factors to the current losses and failures such as the changes in housing market, and increased origination of home loans. When the market got tighter, most securities and collateral debt obligations stopped trading. Increases in securitization of loans and accounting for these securities led to dramatic losses. This saucerisation left many lenders holding the bag, there were no buyers left when they had originated mortgages which they had an intention to sell (Jupe, 2009).

Corporate Fraud

Corporate failures due to fraud were registered in both private and public corporate governance failures. This occurred in the US, UK, and all over the world. Major incidents in the UK covered Maxwell, Guinness, Poll peck, BCCI, Coloroll, and Baring Bank. Major international incidents that involved corporate governance issues include Enron, WorldCom, Eurostat, Parmalat, Madoff, Xerox, Penn Station, Allied Irish bank, and Hollinger International.

Enron

Enron executives robbed the bank, and Arthur Anderson drove the getaway car. Arthur and Enron got involved in illegal; acts such as obstruction of justice and document destruction. Enron had a glittering performance between 1985 and 2001. The gas and pipeline company that moved to a financial and energy trading company. By 2000, it generated revenues of about $100 billion, and the stock market value was $60 billion. It was praised for its success and innovation. This is a classic case of counting chickens before the eggs hatched.

Their signs of distress started when they relied on non recurring items, such as asset sales. They changed their core business to energy derivatives trading, which saw their trading margins falling from 5.3% in 1998 to 1.7% in early 2001. The key players during this period were Jeff Skilling, Kenneth Lay, Andrew Fastow, and Michale Kopper. Arthur Anderson was the auditor and the whistle blower was Sharon Watkins. The final fall could be attributed to fraud and material misstatements, over gearing, extensive use of debt capital, insider trading such as making hay while the sun shines, money laundering, creative accounting, and an illustration of information asymmetry together with agency problems. However, Koniak, George, & Ross, (2010), the auditing profession was adversely affected, high standards of integrity and ethical issues of the US capital market. The company’s accounting system was not in cognisant with transparency, the restated accounts recorded profits that were never real.

SEC’s investigations to the auditors work were not beyond reproach. The company extremely cooked its books in an imaginable manner; with the directors working to cheat with the figures substantial amounts of debts were removed from the books, significant liabilities were never disclosed, the auditors destroyed the files, and the auditors feigned ignorance to the wrong things that were going on. The auditors had gross conflict of interest such as where shareholders were to appoint independent auditors, the senior management subjectively replaced their appointments; cosy friendly cartel like relationships infringed on corporate governance that saw consultancy and auditing being intertwined (Oliverio, 1999).

The solutions that were reached to bail out Enron were a total reorganisation of the auditing structure that saw the following measures being met: The audit committees were awarded stronger non executive powers, consultancy work and auditing was separated, rotation of auditors was implemented, and regulation of the auditing profession wised moved away from self regulation. Enron’s case had a profound effect on the US economy that saw some legislative changes being made such as the Sarbanes or the Oxley Act 2002 was enacted, Mr. Anderson was convicted of obstruction of justice, the public and the shareholders lost confidence in the auditing profession, on how Enrol fooled so many people. Regulation was enforced and replaced voluntary corporate governance. The problems in 2007 arose from the difficulties banks were facing to raise funds in the money market; they faced a liquidity problem since institutional lenders sceptic about the credit crunch in the US the global financial crisis or the recession (Kuschnik, 2008, pp64–95)

Northern Rock Plc

Northern Rock plc is owned and operated by Virgin Money, in the UK. This British bank was best known as the first bank in one hundred and fifty years to suffer a bank run. In the 2007 credit crunch, they had approached the bank of England for a loan to replace money market funding. It failed to find a buyer, and then it was forced to go public in 2008. Virgin Money bought it later in 2012 (Douglas, 1997).

The auditing practices could be equalled to economic elites who have brainwashed the politicians and policy makers. The company escaped retribution when it gave poor value for money when they engage in social misbehaviours. The banking crisis was caused by accounting firms enjoying state guaranteed market of company audits. In the UK, 2.5 million pounds existed in limited liability, and between 2002 and 2008, one hundred companies paid 2142 pounds in audit fees, and another $2159 pounds in consultancy services. They misadvised banks in forming special purpose vehicles, tax avoidance schemes, securitization, and restricting transactions, all factors that contributed directly to the crisis. They gave a clean bill of health with their own cooked accounts, even after whistle blowers noticed the risk profile of the bank, the auditors compromised their professional integrity and ethics, and as aid all was well. The auditors pulled a whole #23 million in consultancy fees and audits. The auditing experts cannot guarantee the survival of a bank, but they had a moral duty to compare audits to a health check, and are expected to work independently of the firms which they are auditing with reasonable care and skill (Bumiller, 2002).

Ellen &, Newman (1996) argue that Northern Rock was rescued from collapse by the UK taxpayers, as the auditors continued with their professional mal practices for huge amounts of consultancy and auditing fees. The auditors were easily manipulated by the management into allowing intoxicated assets to be reported as good and state profits which have not been realized. A whooping $5 trillion in assets and liabilities could not be traced from Northern Rock balance sheets. The missing gap is that none of these auditing companies have been investigated for their shortcomings in the banking crisis (Dye, Balachandran, &, Magee, 1989; Wyatt, 1997; United States General Accounting Office, 1996).

Professional firms such as KPMG, Deloitte & Touche, and price water house coopers raked in a global income of $95 billion, which ranks them as the 54th largest economy in the world. They also provide auditing services to all major banks; it is this huge income that they used to colonize politicians and regulators. They made cosy friends and interchanged auditing with consultancy. They wined and dined with politician from the labour party to enable them win huge consultancy contracts. KPMG admitted in 2005 of a criminal wrong doing for peddling tax evasion schemes of which they were fined $456 in the US. In 2009, their former partner was found with crimes of a conspiracy to defraud tax authorities, of which they pleaded guilty. These firms have secretive anti social auditing practices that span more fields than just tax evasion. Questions of integrity, effectiveness, and independence of these firms can be related to organisational culture where profits over rides virtues and ethics. There have been no major headlines breaking scandals exposed by these accounting firms that have made them bend rules as they wish for profits sake. There are also no auditing standards to ensure ethical and integrity issues are upheld about the public accountability of auditing companies (Piotroski, &,Srinivasan, 2008).

Regulators in the UK have been behaving like they don’t have the means to implement their purpose, and continue twiddling their thumbs. The same regulators have vested interest in the auditing firms, as they are the same personnel found in accounting firms. The auditing industry has subjected the distressed banks to treatment of toxic debts, off balance sheet accounting, dubious asset values, and questionable business models. Auditors have failed to return value for money in terms of the fees that they charge, they are supposed to advice their clients, the big fees that they receive from the corporate barons cannot make them independent.

Regulators should come out of the closet and take direct responsibility for auditing banks and financial institutions the regulators should use the auditors as their watchers, so that they do not hide under the cover of working with clients in confidentiality. These types of rogue auditors should not be consultant to the banking and financial institutions society. The auditors should be in a situation where they do owe duty of care to the regulators. The National Audit Office should take up the authority to ensure that all the auditors practicing are efficient, effective, and deliver a value for money to their clients. The House of Commons should also be able to inspect audit files by these accounting firms. This would provide a mitigating agent to cleaning up the auditing and accounting industry, to ensure that they do not engage in socially unattractive practices. Rather than involving themselves in corrupt activities that only servers the purpose of lining their pockets.

It is a great wonder that audit companies never raised any red flag when these corrupt and non transparent activities were taking place, whereas they should be the guardians of the shareholders in terms of openness and accountability. The current auditing systems is ridden with immense poverty of standard auditing require nets. Successive political leaders and opinion shapers should take the lead of discouraging this well oiled lobby of the technocrats, who fat their wallets with feather dusted audits that compromise integrity.

Conclusion

Auditing should be an independent verification of the accuracy of the financial accounts, to add value to separation of ownership and control, third party investment, generating government revenue, ensuring credit worthiness, ensure corporate social responsibility, and ensure effective stakeholder protection.

References

Kuschnik, B, (2008). The Sarbanes Oxley Act: “Big Brother is watching” you or Adequate Measures of Corporate Governance Regulation? 5 Rutgers Business Law Journal [2008], 64–95

Piotroski, J, &, Srinivasan, S ,(2008). Regulation and Bonding: The Sarbanes–Oxley Act and the Flow of International Listings.

Bumiller, E, (2002). “Bush Signs Bill Aimed at Fraud in Corporations”. The New York Times.

Koniak, S,George M, & Ross, Thomas (2010), “How Washington Abetted the Bank Job”, New York Times

Norris, F, &, Liptak, A, (2010). “Supreme Court Upholds Accounting Board”. The New York Times.

Oliverio E, (1999).Contemporary Issues: Subject Matter for Accounting Courses. Pace University Press

Carmichael, Douglas (1997). “Report Card on the Accounting Profession.” The CPA Journal.

18-24.

Ellen,M, &, H. Newman (1996). “Auditing in Public Accounting Firms: APreliminary Look to 1999.” Unpublished paper.

United States General Accounting Office (1996). The Accounting Profession — Major Issues:

Progress and Concerns. Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on

Commerce, House of Representatives (September). Two-volumes. (GAO/AIMD-96-98)

Dye, R., B. Balachandran, and R. Magee. 1989. Wyatt, Arthur (1997). “Review: The Accounting Profession — Major Issues: Progress and Concerns.” Accounting Horizons. PP127-131.

Dye, R., B. Balachandran, and R. Magee. (1989). Contingent fees for audit firms. Working paper, Northwestern University.

Jupe, R. (2009).. A fresh start or the worst of all worlds? A critical financial analysis of the performance and regulation of Network Rail in Britain’s privatized railway system. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 20 2: 175–204.

Jupe, R. (2009). New Labour, Network Rail and the third way. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 22 5: 709–735.

Cameron W, (2004) Public Accountability: Effectiveness, Equity, Ethics Australian

Journal of Public Administration 63 (4), 59–67.

Gray R., D.Owen & K. Maunders, (1987).Corporate Social Reporting: Accounting and accountability. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall,p. IX.

Crowther, D. (2000). Social and Environmental Accounting. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall, p. 20.

Owen D, & C. Adams (1996). Accounting and Accountability: Changes and Challenges in Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting. London: Prentice Hall. Ch 1.

Bauer R, &, D. Fenn, (1973). What is a corporate social audit?, Harvard Business Review,pp.42-43

Mathews, M. (2007). ‘Towards a Mega-Theory of Accounting’ in: Gray and Guthrie, Social Accounting, Mega Accounting and Beyond: A Festschrift in Honour of MR Mathews CSEAR Publishing.

Accounting

Name

Institution

Introduction to branches of Accounting

Accounting is an important concept that its history can be traced back centuries ago. Many businesses, based on numerous transactions made in a day requires accountability and proper records keeping for such in information in order to enhance other activities within a business enterprise such as communication. With the absence of accounting for businesses, this would act as a stabling block for the attainment of organizational objectives such as profit maximization as management of resources requires proper innovative structures for accountability.

According to Dyson (2004) the accounting branches can be segregated into three key areas; financial, cost, tax and managerial accounting (Dyson, 2004, p.12). Accounting plays a significant role in different business enterprises especially on key areas such decision-making, giving information, protection of business from various transactions involved with other business environments and explaining the business position. Financial Accounting is the art of managing business financial recording that stipulates the business position, and it progress in growth through the analysis of profits and losses. According to Babarinde (2003) financial accounting is a system that deals with explaining the situation and the state of affairs for businesses through preparation of financial statements such as the balance sheet and trade and profit loss account (Babarinde, 2003 p. 313). Financial accounting also plays a significant role in running a business enterprise as the system give the estimates of costs on products, functions, activities and the firm progress. Through financial accounting, the management in a business entity can get quality information to plan through budgeting that gives estimates on expected expenditures.

Cost accounting is the system used in controlling activities of production that would regulate expenditures for the business in order to enhance profit maximization. According to Abeygunasekera and Fonseka (2013) every business has its control system that helps in cutting cost either through the production processes such as manufacturing, recruitment, training and development and delivery of services. Through such processes, cost accounting acts a system for the management to control such expenditures incurred through transactions with different business environments as well as in the processes of availing goods and services to consumers (Abeygunasekera & Fonseka, 2013).

Managerial accounting is the process that facilitates the management with information concerning the company’s progress that enhances the management in carrying out their day to day functions. The management in every business ought to have the facts in decision-making, planning, and in the development of policies and through managerial accounting such is facilitated. According to Mbroh (2013) he argued that in managerial accounting, frequent information is made obtainable to the management such as information on funds, profit and cost that gives a bulge of the business advancement and must be factual in support of truth and fairness (Mbroh, 2013).

Recommended accounting methodology for companies

It is necessary for the management of any business to how commitment in recording business transactions as this information can be retrieved for further use when such information is required. There are for instance methods of accounting that are commonly used across bossiness in the world of today. This includes the single entry and doubles entry methods that are used interchangeably in businesses. Use of double entry techniques has proved to have various advantages for many that use it. In the double entry, two columns are created for transaction entries in both what the company receives and also spends while running the business.

By following the right procedures in preparation of journals, trial balance, and final account, the use of the double entry techniques businesses benefits in different ways that is recommendable. Through such a system, the management is also to create the accounting book through a device known as the trial balance that give more accurate inform about the business transaction.

It is also easier to ascertain on the profits and losses incurred by a business if the transaction entries are properly entered in the trial balance device.

According to Mbroh (2013) he also argued that a financial statement such as the balance sheet, the system gives accurate information concerning the position of the business enterprise (Mbroh, 2013). The management is also able to know if the firm has made any development such as profit maximization and growth. This as well regulates spaces for errors as the transaction entries in both the debit and the credit side should balance in the system. Through the double entry system, the management is also able to carry out a comparison study during a specific period such as between two consecutive years. It also becomes easier in making decisions for the business as the business position is made clear for instance in the trade and profit loss accounts.

References

Abeygunasekera, A.W.J.C and Fonseka, A. T (2013) Non-Compliance with Standard

Accounting Practices by Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Sri Lanka.

Babarinde A. (2003) Financial Accounting, Volume 1, Lagos: JBA Associates Ltd.

Dyson J. R (2004) Accounting For Non-Accounting Students, 6th Ed. Financial Times/ Pitman

Publishing Imprint, England.

Mbroh, (2013) Accounting and Control Systems Practiced By Small and Micro Enterprise

Owners within the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area of Ghana in Asian Journal of Business

and Management Sciences Vol. 1 No. 9 [28-47]

Interpersonal Conflict in Film

Name

COM/200

Date

Instuctor

Interpersonal Conflict in Film

The process by which messages are shared between two or more people is called Interpersonal communication. Haggis P. directed Crash is an intense film which mainly portrays the conflicts that arise between individuals who come from different backgrounds. A variety of situations are involved which show the conflicts between people and struggles in racial discrimination arising due to racial discrimination in the modern Los Angeles. Out of these situations the one which caught my attention the most was the miscommunication between the locksmith and the store owner, which later leads to retaliation. The conflict grows with the store owner’s failure at understanding what the lock smith was trying to communicate.. In this paper, I will identify the conflict that occurred in interpersonal communication and that it was not handled properly and will also describe how it could be handled properly and differently to prevent it from occurring.

The conflict starts with the storeowner whose name is Farhad, hiring Daniel the locksmith for replacing the “broken lock of his door. Daniel replaces the broken lock as he was asked to do and then tries to explain to Farhad that it was not the lock that was broken but the door and it needed repair. However Farhad misinterpreted Daniel because of lingual differences and thought that Daniel was trying to take advantage and due to this an argument ensues. Farhad refuses to pay for the lock because the door was still broken even when Daniel tries to make it clear that he could only repair locks and not doors. Daniel in this case tries to clarify that someone should be called to repair the door, but Farhad again misunderstands him and does not listen to what he is saying.

Farhad refuses to pay for the lock since the door is still broken even though Daniel makes several attempts to explain that he only repairs locks, not doors. Daniel clarifies that it was necessary to call someone else to repair the door, but Farhad does not listen.

Farhad, on returning to his store, the next day, realizes that he had been vandalized. He puts the blame on Daniel and returns to his house later with a gun with the purpose to seek revenge. As Daniel returns home, an altercation begins between them. While they stand there arguing outside, Daniel’s young daughter runs outside behind his ignoring his scream when he asks her to remain inside. While Farhad is firing the gun at Daniel, she jumps straight into her father’s arms. Daniel holds his daughter in his hands and starts to cry. Farhad is struck at what he had done. He drops his gun. But, fortunately, the bullets loaded in the gun were blank. The girl opened her eyes and asked her father if he was alright. Daniel is relieved to find her alright. He goes inside with his daughter, but Farhad is still shocked at what he had done.

She jumps into her father’s arms right as Farhad is firing a gun at her father. He grabbed his daughter and starts to cry. Farhad drops the gun in disbelief because of what he had done. Fortunately, the bullets that were shot were blanks. After awhile, the little girl looked up and asked her father if he was ok. Daniel is relived that his daughter is ok. Daniel went inside with his daughter and Farhad was in shock with what he had done.

In this scenario, due to the misinterpretation of the communication between Farhad and Daniel, it gave rise to an interpersonal conflict between them. Farhad had misunderstood completely when Daniel was trying to explain that he did not repair doors, but locks. The misunderstanding was due to two reasons, first due to the language barrier and second due to the racial tension. Farhad did not understand English well and tried to explain in his own language, but it gave rise to anger and tension between them. Farhad’s failure to communicate properly also makes the situation intense.

If in the given situation, Farhad had tried to listen carefully, it would have helped and the interpersonal conflict that occurred could have been prevented. According to Sole, K (2011), “Listening requires focus and attention, and failure to listen is one of the key causes of miscommunication”. The situation could also have been prevented if Farhad had not interrupted while Daniel was speaking and had let him explain it. Farhad while trying to dominate the conversation fails at communicating properly and thus it gives rise to an unnecessary argument. Also, since Farhad was being hostile while talking it made it difficult for both to make their point clear.

In my view empathic assertion would have helped at avoiding this conflict. According to Sole, K. (2011) “With an empathetic assertion, you state your own needs and wants but also recognize that the other person has needs or feelings as well”. Had they been more empathic towards each other the situation could have been handled properly. Moreover, after Daniel noticed that Farhad is upset about his lock, he could have responded in a different manner by explaining his understanding for Farhad’s reasons for acting so aggressively. Frhad too, in the case should have responded differently and remained calm instead of shouting at Daniel which had resulted in the intense argument.

Interpersonal Communication takes place in various styles and is a way to communicate our messages between one another. The conflict between Farhad and Daniel could not be handled properly and therefore, ends with retaliation because of a simple miscommunication. This lack of communication could not happened, had Farhad and Daniel communicated appropriately and clearly, in a calm manner. I believe that interpersonal communication is significant for developing and maintaining healthy relationships.

References:

Haggis, P. (Director). (2004). Crash [Film]. Los Angeles: Bob Yari Productions.

Sole, K. (2011). Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUCOM200.11.1/sections/sec2.5?search=miscommunication#w16514” https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUCOM200.11.1/sections/sec2.5?search=miscommunication#w16514

Introduction to Project 3

Cullen Strady

Florida State University

ENC 2135: Research, Genre, and Context

Andrew Zolot

July 18, 2022

Introduction to Project 3

In Chapter 4.3 of the class textbook, the author delineates nine steps to follow when choosing a genre in which to compose. Some of these steps involve revisiting the topic and central idea, reconsidering the rhetorical situation, focusing on the purpose, and rethinking the audience (Braziller & Kleinfeld, 2021). In the video posted by Brook (2022), she shares the same ideas, underscoring taking a stance, identifying and reconsidering the audience, selecting the genre, and defining the rhetorical rationale. At the end of the video, Brook (2022) provides a comprehensive list of genres I might use for my Project 3 on a multigenre persuasive campaign and rhetorical analysis.

The six genres I might want to compose a text in include a blog, poster, Facebook ad, speech, letter to the editor, and PowerPoint presentation. The audience the blog might be effective at reaching comprises a specific group of women entrepreneurs self-identifying as being interested in seeking to increase their awareness of contemporary issues and trends in entrepreneurial leadership. The audience a poster might be effective at reaching is made up of college students studying topics on the role of gender in entrepreneurial leadership. A Facebook ad can effectively reach an extensive global audience of persons who are users of this social networking platform and seeking to add their knowledge of issues pertinent to gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership. Facebook can allow me to choose the audience by characteristics such as locations, topical interests, and demographics.

The audience that a regional letter to the editor can reach with effectiveness is huge because it comprises anyone who can access the letter once it is published. The letter to the editor is normally written to the editor, but it ends up being published in the public domain, such as an article, which eventually reaches a huge audience. The audience a speech can reach effectively comprises individuals in an in-person or virtual environment connected via the internet. Finally, the audience a PowerPoint presentation can reach effectively is a gathering of women in a lecture room learning about gender roles in entrepreneurial leadership.

References

Braziller, A. & Kleinfeld, E. (2021). The Bedford book of genres: A guide & reader for Florida State University (3rd Ed.). Bedford/St. Martin. E-book ISBN: 781319470104.

Brook, A. (2022). Project 3: Multigenre persuasive campaign and rhetorical analysis . YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8Mr1ASvWu0.

50 minute lesson plan to teach modal verbs

Lesson Plan

Date: 4th January, 2014 Level: Intermediate

Activity: Teaching of Model verb: The students will practice the use of modals through singing and games.

Skills: Speaking, Listening and writing.

Outcome expected: throughout the entire learning lessons, the students ought to identify diverse modal verbs and the meaning that each of the verb convey: such as ability, suggestion, obligation and necessity. The students are also expected to also construct grammatically correct sentences that contain modals in the correct context. While the lesson still continues, the teacher will also expect the students to rehearse the use of the modal verbs through singing a song mashed up with modals verbs (Skocik & Weston, 2002 p. 67). The modals verbs will entail in the construction of the lyrical part of the song hence making it possible for the students to practice and convey the meaning of the verbs. Eventually, the teacher will also require the students to play some of the ESL games that will further promote the understanding of the modals verbs.

Resources needed for the lesson: The dictionary, board, marker, computers, data show, worksheets and speakers.

Introduction :

Greetings.

Intro-Warm up

“Using Modal verbs: an interactive presentation”

While-Stage:

“The modal verb song”

Post Stage:

“Review on Modals Verbs” Time

10Mins

15Mins

15Mins

10Mins Comments:

In the introduction, the teacher will greet students, call out the roll call and inform the students that the lessons will entail of modal verbs.

The teacher will give examples of related modal verbs: Can, Can’t, Should, Shouldn’t, Might, Have to and Must (Gerngross, Puchta & Thornbury, 2007 p. 81)

The teacher will then offer a brief description of the three stages of the lesson.

The introduction:

In the introduction, the teacher will present a power point that will reveal modal verbs to the students.

While stage: The teacher will expect the students to sing along the modal verbs songs.

Post stage: The teacher will present the ESL games on modals verbs and expect students to take part in the games.

The teacher will present power point slides containing modal verbs. In the presentation, the explanation of the usage of the modal such as; Must Can Cannot, Must not, May not and May (Skocik & Weston, 2002 p. 78). The power point will also contain a brief description of the modal verbs. The meaning of each of the modal verbs will also entail of the main parts of the slides. Through the use of the L2 audio samples, the teacher will also give the correct pronunciation and usage of the modal verbs. (The teacher will require the students to pay attention to the audio samples).

After the presentation and necessary explanations, for purpose of ensuring that students have understood, the teacher will require the students to complete 5 fill in exercises Must (Gerngross, Puchta & Thornbury, 2007 p. 81).

After completing the first activity, the teacher will ask the students to attentively watch a musical video. The music video will entail of musical video where diverse songs will be mashed up and lyrics contains of modal verbs (Capel & Sharp, 2013 p.44). An example of such a song entails; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KcSEnVnQ98

The teacher will later explain the usage concerning most of the modal verbs and how they work in sentences. For instance: May, May it be?, might, can, can’t, mustn’t and should Must (Gerngross, Puchta & Thornbury, 2007 p. 112).

In order to ensure that all the students understand, the teacher needs to play the video twice or thrice hence ensuring that all students comprehensively understand. The teacher also needs to show videos that contain written L2 inputs hence make it possible for the students to relate the modal verbs in the lyrics with the written information (Skocik & Weston, 2002 p. 95). At this level, the teacher becomes capable of asking and clarifying doubts concerning vocabulary and idiomatic expressions that the students might face difficult in understanding.

(In all the situation, the teacher needs to notice to mood of the students; audience in the classroom environment. One of the greatest drawbacks of applying games and songs for purposes of teaching is the fact that the songs occasionally saturate the minds of the students (Capel & Sharp, 2013 p.71). In this case, it becomes easily for the students to get distracted from the actual class hence pay less attention).

In an effort to ensure that the students understand the modal verbs appropriately, the teacher will introduce the third stage that involves asking the students to play three online games obtained from

http://www.kidssesigames.com/

During the playing of the games, the students ought to rehearse the use of the modal verbs taught during the classroom lesson such as: Can, Can’t, Must, Must not, May and might (Capel & Sharp, 2013 p.148). The teacher ought to provide enough information concerning the way students needs to play the games. The teacher also needs to engage in playing the games hence ensuring that the students learn to obtain the correct vocabulary and checking of the scores.

BibliographyCapel, A., & Sharp, W. (2013). Objective proficiency. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Gerngross, G., Puchta, H., & Thornbury, S. (2007). Teaching grammar creatively. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Skocik, C., & J. Weston Walch (2002). English lesson plans for substitute teachers. Portland, Me: J.W. Walch.

Week 10

I agree that issues revolving around data, including analysis, collection, interpretation, and their functions in decision making have evolved significantly over the last few years. For example, Bayer and Tailard (2013) found that the concept of story-driven data analysis is changing how organizations today are not just collecting information but also how they disseminate the same to the target markets. In this week, I found that there is need to consider the purpose of an analysis and the audience because these factors will determine the approaches used and their interpretation. Stories also enable the proper construction of hypothesis by using available data and analyses. Even in the description of the different data types, it is important to retain the quality of information that will facilitate story telling.

References

Bayer, J., & Taillard, M. (2013). Story-driven data analysis. Harvard Business Review. Available at: www.sas.com/content/dam/SAS/en_us/doc/whitepaper2/hbr-from-data-to-action-107218.pdf

Week 11

In this week, I got the perception that a majority of writers dismiss descriptive analytics as an unreliable approach and tend to favor the more quantitative strategies in the analysis of data. I do not agree with the presentation of descriptive analytics as a weak form of data analysis. In fact, I find it as one of the most important approaches to help in improving decision-making. For example, descriptive data are used where qualitative formats are necessary to gather insightful information. Descriptive analytics answers the question of what happened (Bekker, 2019). This means that it is actually a superior form of analyzing data and ensuring that it meets the criteria required. Organizations are still focusing on understanding the basics of what has already happened before they can fully venture into implementing change.

References

Bekker, A. (May 14, 2019). 4 Types of Data Analytics to Improve Decision-Making. ScienceSoft. Available at https://www.scnsoft.com/blog/4-types-of-data-analytics

Week 12

I concur with the idea that in a data driven world, it is important to have the skill and tools to know where a narrative is not adding up. Here, factfulness emerges as an important element. For example, organizations today must have the tools, skills, and capability to not only collect large amunts of data but also interpret it and discern for what is quality and trustworthy before using it as a basis for decisions. Anscombe (1973) recommends the use of graphs as essential statistical analysis tools. Graphs allow exact calculations that is important for creating and testing hypothesis. Overall, such data are then used to facilitate decision making.

References

Anscombe, F. J. (1973). Graphs in statistical analysis. The american statistician, 27(1), 17-21.

Intellectual Property Rights- When an Employee Leaves

Insert Name

CCJS 321

Insert Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.Can you (or Mr. Yourprop’s supervisor) search Yourprop’s personal vehicle currently parked in the Company parking lot for digital evidence? Support your answer.

In the world today, all efforts are being driven towards the upholding of intellectual property rights. The fact that the current world is driven by cut-throat competitiveness, it is only logical that companies would do all in their powers to protect and uphold their secrets. Merges (2010), in the article journal, “Contracting into Liability rules: Intellectual property rights and collective rights organizations,” asserts that, precisely, competitive advantages can be gained if the competing company employees a former employee from the different company. Upholding and maintaining trade secrets are essential in today’s business world; therefore, it is regarded as a very prudent tool in the fight for intellectual property rights (Merges, 2010). For example, it is through the upholding of such vital trade secrets that the Coca-Cola Company still enjoys success in the economic market for its formula used in the manufacture is a well-guarded secret.

In light of this, Mr. Yourprop has departed from the company. Evidently, it was the duty of Mr. Yourprop to uphold loyalty while employed. Therefore, in the absence of a non-competitive agreement, Mr. Yourprop is free to go into competition with the former employer based on his skills and competences. Mr. Yourprop being an American citizen means that he too is covered by the constitution. Clearly, searching Mr. Yourprop’s vehicle would be a violation of his rights and freedoms according to the Fourth Amendment. According to the Fourth Amendment, the right to privacy is to be maintained to the latter. Mr. Yourprop’s vehicle is his property, and he is afforded the right to privacy. Any act to search Mr. Yourprop’s car without a proper legal notice is a crime. Any valuable information that may be gained from the illegal car search would never be admissible in a Court of Law in the Supreme Land.2. If evidence of this theft of intellectual property can be found, Makestuff Company may seek to pursue criminal prosecution. Can Mr. Yourprop’s supervisor direct local police investigators to search his personal vehicle that is parked on the Company parking lot? Support your answer

The USA is a nation that was founded by our forefathers through the rule of law and order. All and sundry respected the law and upheld the law. Individuals know and understand their roles and duties. In as much as Mr. Yourprop is deemed and suspected to have been involved in the theft of intellectual property rights, it would be incorrect for Mr. Yourprop’s supervisor to instruct an arrest. It would be the wrong cause of action for Mr. Yourprop has not been convicted or found guilty by the court of Law. The Court of Law in the Freeland has the mandate of giving judgments based on the evidence provided. Evidence needs to be gathered in a legal, systematic manner that obeys all legal proceedings. If need be, the court of law is then to issue an arrest or search warrant for the accused persons. The right step would be simply during the exit interview; Mr. Yourprop should have been reminded of the legal obligations and policies of the company in the case that they signed any company policies (Danzig, 2012). If there is any perceived thought that Mr. Yourprop has indeed engaged in theft of the source code, it would be right to preserve the computer forensically and only retrieve it through the legal means and processes. Therefore, it would be wrong and irrational for Mr. Yourprop’s supervisor to instruct the police to search his vehicle for it is only a court of law through a judge that can issue a search warrant.

3. Can (or Mr. Yourprop’s supervisor) search Yourprop’s assigned locker in the Company’s on-site gym for digital evidence? Support your answer.

According to Beazley and Boenisch (2011) in their book, “Continuity Management: Preserving corporate knowledge and productivity when employees leave,” evidence collection in any legal proceeding needs to be lawful and observes all legal channels having being adhered. Collection of information or evidence using underhand methods such as “sneak-and-peek” would never be allowed in a court of law (Beazley & Boenisch, 2011). The credibility of the evidence collected through such methods such as searching Mr. Yourprop’s locker is wrong under the Fourth Amendment Act that protects properties of American citizens from unauthorized searches. All seizures and searches ought to have a search warrant and should be with a probable cause that the victim may be guilty of the crime. Therefore, searching Mr. Yourprop’s locker would be unlawful and illegal.

4. Can (or Mr. Yourprop’s supervisor) use a master key to search Yourprop’s locked desk after he has left the premises for digital evidence? Support your answer.

Amar (2012) in the journal “Fourth Amendment First Principles,” alludes to the fact that using a master key to open Mr. Yourprop’s locked desk is an infringement of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the American Constitution. In fact, such actions amount to a crime and Mr. Yourprop can sue or report such an infringement on the right to privacy to a court of law and the supervisor can be charged. Even if significant and crucial evidence is obtained from the illegal desk opening act, such evidence does not hold water in court since it was collected unlawfully (Amar, 2012). The constitution law ought not to be broken so as to give justice to a different crime. Thus, it would be a punishable action against the law if the supervisor does open the locker with a master key.5. There is a page in the Company’s “Employee Handbook” that states that anything brought onto the Company’s property, including the employees themselves, is subject to random search for items belonging to the Company. There is a space for the employee to acknowledge receipt of this notice. Mr. Yourprop has a copy of the handbook but never signed the page. Does that matter? Explain.

The law seems to encourage a policy of competition among corporate organizations. Hence, no formal legal restrictions have been placed on employees in the case that they leave the company. However, it is up to the company to formulate policies and strategies to protect themselves and their intellectual properties. The “Employee Handbook” was such a move by the company to protect against the undue competition so as to uphold their trade secrets (Danzig, 2012). The fact that Mr. Yourprop did not sign that part of the Company’s “Employee Handbook” means that he is free from any searches. The action of signing the “Employee Handbook” means that the employees commit themselves and agree to their right to privacy to be infringed. However, Mr. Yourprop did not commit or agree to this infringement of the right to privacy for he did not sign the agreement. Therefore, it is a matter that should be looked at with deep concern. Any acts of random searches and seizures on Mr. Yourprop’s property can result in legal implications for the company for Mr. Yourprop6. Makestuff Company uses a security checkpoint at the entrance to the building. A sign adjacent to the checkpoint states that the purpose of the inspection is for security staff to check for weapons or other materials that may be detrimental to the working environment or employee safety. Screening is casual and usually consists of verification of an employee’s Company ID card. Can security staff at this checkpoint be directed to open Mr. Yourprop’s briefcase and seize any potential digital evidence? Support your answer.

The Security checkpoint should not be for the purposes of obtaining any digital evidence. Any attempts by the security checker to seize Mr. Yourprop’s briefcase would be unconstitutional and a violation of the fourth amendment. The fourth amendment offered protection against any illegal seizures of property without any probable cause. The fact that Mr. Yourprop will be forced to open his briefcase while the security check is a casual one means that Mr. Yourprop is being discriminated (Merges, 2010). This would be a violation of the rights and freedoms as per the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, the security scanner should not be used as an excuse to open Mr. Yourprop’s briefcase for such attempts would be illegal. Any potential of digital evidence should be collected in a constitutional manner so that it may be admissible in a court of law (Amar, 2012).

 

 

References

Amar, A. R. (2012, April 1). Fourth Amendment First Principles. Harvard Law Review, pp. 757-819.

Beazley, H., & Boenisch, J. (2011). Continuity management: preserving corporate knowledge and productivity when employees leave (3rd ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Danzig, M. (2012, June 14). Protecting your Business- When Company employees leave and Compete. Retrieved April 1, 2015, from Corporate Compliance Insights: http://www.corporatecomplianceinsights.com/protecting-your-business-when-company-employees-leave-and-compete/

Merges, R. (2010). Contracting into liability rules: Intellectual property rights and collective rights organizations. California Law Review, 14(4), 1293-1393.

Intercultural Communication

Name

Institution

Intercultural Communication

This paper is a critical response on the article about intercultural communication. According to the article, it is paramount for individuals to learn how to communicate with people from diverse racial, cultural, ethnic, regional, gender, age and social backgrounds. At the same time, it is important to understand oneself and use one’s identities when interacting with others, particularly in a new environment. In doing this, they should learn, understand and appreciate their differences. As a result, they will fit, adapt and establish good interpersonal communications despite their differences.

I agree with the assertion that the best way to develop a perfect interpersonal communication in diverse cultures is through the correct use of language. It is one of the ways of showing people’s identities. Hence, in order to fit and adapt, it is essential to learn the correct use of language (Gudykunst & Kim, 2003). In other words, one must know the correct use of that language’s pragmatics, grammar and non verbal signs. Then, he will apply them appropriately without offending anyone. For instance, the incorrect use of gestures can offend others. Therefore, the basic aspects of spacing, proximity and touch must be clearly understood.

Besides, I strongly support this article for emphasizing the role of dynamism in intercultural communication. The understanding of the fact that humans are naturally diverse creatures can help to develop a good rapport in the society. For example, if people relocate to a new place, they should not use their culture and language as a tool of criticism. Instead, they need to use them as a baseline of conformity (Gudykunst & Kim, 2003).

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the role of communication in the society is greatly significant. The only way through which we can stay together is by tolerance. We must accept and appreciate differences by showing respect to all the people. This will help us to fit in any society.

Reference

Gudykunst, W. & Kim, Y. Y. (2003). Communicating with strangers: An approach to

intercultural communication, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.

700-900 words in APA Style. This time, given the very quick turnaround time for grading, 900 words will be a hard deadline.

Please remember to:

Come up with a catchy and original 2-part title*Do not call it simply “Final Paper”*

Proofread and read aloud for typos and grammatical errors. 

* Format the essay professionally with a standard 12 pt. font (Times New Roman preferred), double spacing, and page numbers.

* You do not need to use readings from the class, but you are welcome to.

* Use at least a few section headings/subtitles to break up the flow, and avoid super-long paragraphs

* Use APA style.

* Submit as a .doc or .docx file.

* Do not plagiarize. Anything taken from outside sources must be properly cited and credited.

Prompts

Whatever you choose, be sure to include at least 3 solid quotations, and to write short, clear, and complete sentences that refer to your chosen works specifically and in detail. Also, note which number you chose at the top of the paper.

Humor and Horror. These effects seem like opposites but are connected in many ways. What is the connection between them? How are they similar or different? Choose at least one work (story, book, film, TV show, etc), from inside or outside the class, and analyze what makes it funny or scary, or both.

Be specific—how are humor and fear developed, and how are they resolved? Why are they important feelings to experience while reading and/or watching? What do these responses tell us about ourselves?

If you want to focus purely on horror or purely on humor, that is fine as well.

Mythology and Fairy Tales. Choose at least one myth, legend, parable, or fairy tale from any time, period and any culture or religion and analyze its meaning and effect. Why is it a classic story? What drives, hopes, fears, or other aspects of human life does it play on? What images or behaviors does it show, and why are these important? How has it evolved over time? You could look at several versions, or a written version and a film adaptation, to aid your discussion.

Art vs. Entertainment. What do each of these terms mean to you, and how are they similar and/or different? What makes something entertaining and what makes it a work of art? Can the same story be both at once? Why or why not? Choose at least one work to discuss these ideas or choose two and argue that one provides entertainment and the other artistic value, and why.

Childhood. The poet Charles Baudelaire once said, “Genius is no more than childhood recaptured at will.” Think about this idea and its meaning to you by revisiting a storybook, movie, or show—that you loved as a child. Consider why you loved it as a child, and what it means to you now, as an adult. What feelings did it give you before you knew much about the world, and what feeling does it give you now that you know more? What makes this story effective for children and how does that differ from stories meant for adults?

You could also consider memory: why did this story stick in your memory, and how has it changed over time?

Dreams vs. Reality. In the late 90s, as the Millennium was approaching and the internet was becoming mainstream, a number of movies came out that dealt with Plato’s Allegory of the Cave in terms of technology and virtual reality. The most famous is The Matrix, but the list also includes Dark City, eXistenZ, The Thirteenth Floor, The Truman Show, The Cell, and Being John Malkovich. Pick one (or more) of these movies (ideally, not just The Matrix) and examine any aspect of it that interests you. How does it hold up today, more than twenty years later? How has our relationship to reality and dreams, via technology, changed or stayed the same? What can we learn from these stories now? Do you agree or disagree with their understanding of reality?

OR: pick any story that deals with fantasy, dreams, or alternate realities, and consider how it works. What is “reality” in this work, and how does that change or develop over the course of the story? Is reality subjective or objective? This could be something we read in class, something from your own reading/viewing, or both.