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5HIST004W Jack the Ripper: Myth, Reality, Culture and Popular History

Essay Questions

Please see the module handbook for the required word length (there is a 10% leeway either way on this) and the deadline. Note also that we will discuss essay writing in class in week 5 and that you are welcome to make an appointment to discuss an essay plan with your seminar leader. You should also consult the ‘Studying History at the University of Westminster’ guide, available via Blackboard – which explains how to approach writing essays and how to reference correctly – and the essay writing rubric.Please choose one of the following:

Why were the reactions of the late nineteenth-century medical community to the Whitechapel murders so diverse?

With reference to an appropriate range of newspaper coverage, discuss the ways in which the press wrote about ONE of the following:

The figure of the murderer(s)

The Whitechapel population

The victims

In what ways were the suspects emerging in 1888 and before 1900 simply manifestations of Victorian fears and anxieties?

To what extent did the Whitechapel murders bring about change to the local area?

In what ways did knowledge of the realities of the victims’ lives challenge late Victorian perceptions of poverty, gender and sex work?

Literature

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In the novella Frankenstein, Mary Shelley uses the theme of injustice as well as justice in different aspects. Several individuals in the novella suffer injustices due to the actions of others at levels get justice bestowed upon them by either nature or forced by other characters in the novella. It all starts with Frankenstein, the protagonist who is a wealthy powerful and brilliant individual and also he is well connected. Frankenstein personal qualities and his social position in the society provides him with great power. Instead of using the power granted to him well, he tends to act with impunity, where he only seeks to satisfy his own personal and selfish interests rather than considering the feelings of others and the common good. Frankenstein does not act like the other members of the family and friends. Just like the monster points out, it is true that Victor is not willing to take any responsibility that has resulted from his actions.

The first issue regards about the thought of how justice is the degree to which people should be held accountable for their acts of omissions as well as the actions to which they are not directly responsible. Frankenstein himself is not a murderer nor does he as a person lay false witness against the victim, Justine. Victor’s failure, on the other hand, to nurture his creation, the monster and instills in him the sense of moral values. The members of the community do make him complicit in the monster’s murders. Frankenstein’s failure to admit the truth makes him complicit Justin’s death for a crime that she does not happen to commit. Frankenstein gradually over the cause of the novella comes to the awareness and feels increasingly guilty for his actions, but still takes the most accessible road in the sense of attempting to destroy the monster rather than attempting the most laborious task of rehabilitation.

The monster just like Victor also attempts to deny personal responsibility, blaming his circumstances for the actions he committed rather than accepting that he had the opportunity to make good or bad choices. Regarding the issues regarding justice and injustices, the novella makes us think about the various issues about the nature of justice. Firstly, is the degree to which parents are held responsible for the actions that are committed by their children. The second one regards whether it’s just to punish only the criminals of the acts but not the forms of the inaction to which allows the crimes to take place. The last issue is the degree to which people should take into account the background as well as the environment in thinking about justice.

William suffers as a result of Victor’s actions, and the monster kills him upon hearing him mention Victor. The monster gets annoyed and kills him, and he goes ahead to blame Justin who upon poor investigations is held responsible for the murder of William. Justine gets hanged while both Frankenstein and the monster are in watch and no one could talk or admit that Justin wasn’t the real murder despite their inner thoughts knowing so. The actions by the monster therefore indirectly caused injustice to Justin being punished for a crime that she never committed.

The monster, having been created by Victor, also suffered injustices in the sense that Victor denied his responsibility. The reason behind is because Victor deserted the monster upon its creation due to its ugliness. He didn’t take the responsibility to rehabilitate the monster and teach him the right ways. He abandoned a clueless monster with the innocence of a child to teach himself all the way. Here we don’t expect the monster to act nicely to its creator particularly when it came to know that it was rejected due to its ugliness, making him suffer self-denial living a lonely life in the forests. Due to this, he decides to revenge and the first instance he murders William.

On the other hand, when the monster asks Victor to make him a partner just like the other humans, he accepts though he had no other choice but destroys the female monster before he could bring her to life. Frankenstein does this in front of the monster, humiliating him, making him vow to revenge against Victor’s actions by saying it’s not over. During Victor’s wedding with Elizabeth, the monster appears and kills her. The killing of Elizabeth makes the monster feel comfortable as he has done revenge similar to what Victor did to him by killing his female monster. Nature also has its way of making justice prevail; victors dies in the Atlantic while chasing the monster an act to which the monster celebrates while still mourning his creator’s death.

Justice and injustices in the novella however been introduced in different manners. The neglect of parental duties is one of the injustices that Victor commits to the monster. The monster identifies himself as Victor’s son when he says,

‘I am thy creature: ought to be thy Adam but I am rather the fallen angel,’

Through this the monster calls for Victor to fulfill his duties as the father. All his deeds of mischief and murder are as a result of pain, suffering abandonment, and this makes Victor partly take responsibility for the deaths of William, Justin, and Elizabeth. Victor is not able to provide friendship as he cannot forgive the monster for Williams’s murder. However, he does not realize that he possesses no right to withhold the gift of the female creature and that it would be just to create her. Denying the monster a mate is denying him his natural right to a fraternity.

The monster is not the only a victim of social injustice, a majority of the people in the novella get punished for the crimes that they didn’t commit. The monster suffers due to his physical aspect as he is considered ugly and people don’t judge him like themselves as he is termed to be always frightening. In an example, Felix drives the monster out because on seeing him physically he thinks he is a criminal. And it is for this reason that then he becomes bad and vindictive as people are injected with him basing their opinions on exteriority, and the only person who talks to him is Felix’s father as he is blind and can’t see whom he is talking to and so cannot judge.

There are other victims who suffer injustices. Safie’s father is treated unjustly by the French government, the De Lacey family suffers from poverty due to the injustice, and as well Frankenstein himself who is first proven innocent gets imprisoned and declared guilty for the death of his friend Clerval. Elizabeth is against the attitudes of the people who brought Justine to death, and she also says that while Justine is executed unjustly for a crime that she didn’t commit, the real murderer is free again and perhaps even more respected.

At last, both William and Elizabeth become victims of social injustices as they are killed unjustly due to the injustices caused by the monster. The theme of justice and I justice, therefore, is displayed all over the novella, with all being triggered by Frankenstein with his action of the science experiments creating the monster. The government also seem to be corrupted and is responsible for the social injustices in the society.

Reference

Shelley, M. (2016). Frankenstein (Second International Student Edition)(Norton Critical Editions). WW Norton & Company.

Article Summary

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In this article, Crespo-Fernández (2013) delved into the use of words by political speakers to assert their ideological control over their audiences, thereby persuading them. The purpose of the article is to enlighten the reader about dysphemistic expressions and words found in unforgettable wartime speeches by Winston Churchill following the outcomes of World War II. The author’s analysis and argument were based on two conceptual models, namely, the appraisal theory and critical-political discourse analysis.

Crespo-Fernández clarified that the research methodology followed in this study corresponded to adopting a top-down approach used in explaining data. This approach has three phases, namely, linguistic data selection, data generalizations, and accounting for linguistic items’ meaning to establish the persuasive function they serve in political discourses. The specific methods adopted by this author involved three steps. The first was to collect 27 main samples of political speeches delivered by Winston Churchill around the time of the Second World War. The second step was to sample them to obtain six speeches deemed relevant and useful for the analysis. The third step entailed analyzing the six samples for the identification of dysphemistic lexical items.

As regards the theoretical paradigms, Crespo-Fernández (2013) used the appraisal theory to analyses Churchill’s dysphemistic lexical items because the theory focuses on the speakers’ attitudes, approvals, and disapprovals. It also focuses on their emotions utilized in expressing ideological stances and personal views, criticisms, the language of evaluation, and their positioning of listeners. The author used the critical-political discourse analysis in the theoretical framework because this made it possible to locate political discourses in the broader critical approach to discourse. This was essential in identifying the strategic adoption of linguistic keywords and patterns geared towards attaining particular political objectives and motives. The principal finding of the analysis was that Churchill skillfully adopted dysphemistic language or dysphemism in his wartime political speeches to convey his overt political propaganda aimed at instilling inspirational confidence and courage in his British compatriots in difficult wartimes.

Crespo-Fernández (2013) presented a few main points the first of which was that Churchill’s metaphorical dysphemism was an instrumental tool for condemning the undermining the political, personal, and social status of the Nazis and their autocratic leader, Hitler. This served to reinforce a sense of community and oneness among the British against treats from the Nazis. Churchill also adopted metaphorical dysphemism in depicting the barbarianism and wickedness of the Germans. In essence, metaphorical dysphemism in Churchill’s speeches characterized linguistic xenophobia aimed at demonizing the enemy as a way of instilling courage and confidence.

The second main point was that Churchill used non-metaphorical dysphemism characterized by adjectives with verbal aggression and offensive overtones as the tool to attack the enemies of the British people. By using disparaging words to refer to the enemies and their allies, Churchill persuaded the audience to agree with him in condemning the autocracy, oppression, and murder exercised by the enemies. From a critical outlook, it is evident that both non-metaphorical and metaphorical dysphemism were a part of Churchill’s strategy of expressing extremist contempt toward Britain’s enemies and conveying political propaganda aimed at making audiences react negatively towards these enemies, hence developing confidence and courage.

References

Crespo-Fernández, E. (2013). Words as weapons for mass persuasion: dysphemism in Churchill’s wartime speeches. Text & Talk, 33(3), 311-330.

6 Weeks Comprehensive Training Plan

Client X is an amateur long-distance runner that aspires to become a professional long-distance running athlete. Long-distance running involves running for distances that cover more than 2 miles, and it requires athletes to have strong mental strength and stamina. As long-distance running is largely an aerobic exercise, strength and conditioning coaches must develop training routines that build endurance, increase running speed, maintain lean muscle mass, and reduce the risk of injury. The key muscles used by long-distance runners include the hip flexors, the glutes, quadriceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles. The exercises chosen to work these muscles should follow a periodization pattern that focuses on building strength while improving the quality of an athlete’s run.

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Week

1 Warm-up exercise One hour of cross-training exercises 30 minutes tempo runs and one hill repeat rest 5 miles long runs with 5- minute intervals of easy pace running 5 miles easy pace running rest One-hour cross-training exercises.

2 Warm-up exercise One hour of cross-training exercises

6 miles long runs with 5- minute intervals of easy pace running rest 40 minutes of Tempo runs and two hill repeats One hour of cross-training exercises rest 6 miles easy pace running

3 Warm-up exercise One hour of cross-training exercises 7 miles easy pace running rest 50 minutes tempo runs and 3hill repeats 7 miles long runs with 20- minute intervals of easy pace running rest One hour of cross-training exercises

4 Warm-up exercise One hour of cross-training exercises 8 miles long runs with 15-minute intervals of easy pace running rest 8 miles easy running pace 60 minutes tempo runs and three hill repeats rest One hour of cross-training exercises

5 Warm-up exercise One hour of cross-training exercises 9 miles long runs with 20 minutes intervals of easy pace running rest 60 minutes tempo runs and three hill repeats 9 miles easy running pace rest One hour of cross-training exercises

6 Warm-up exercise One hour of cross-training exercises 5 miles easy pace running rest 5 miles long runs with 5-minute intervals of easy pace running One hour of cross-training exercises rest Thirty minutes tempo runs and one hill repeat.

Exercises

Tempo runs are sustained running efforts that help the body develop endurance to sustain long runs over longer periods. Incorporating tempo runs into the training plan will help build the athlete’s anaerobic threshold. Hill repeats involve running on hills that are about 300 meters long. Hill repeats help build an anaerobic threshold. Long runs and easy-paced runs are important in building the athlete’s endurance. The athlete should perform both the long runs and the easy-paced runs at a comfortable and convenient pace. Cross-training exercises utilize multiple training exercises to help the athlete build specific fitness components (Foster et al., 1995). Since the athlete, in this case, is a long-distance runner, the training exercises that are incorporated into this plan include ellipticals to build endurance, cycling to develop the major leg muscles, and swimming to build lean body muscles and increase endurance. Cross-training exercises are important to long-distance runners as they help the athletes build stability, increase their motivation levels, and increase their power and flexibility (Krause, 2009). The variations in exercises and the difference in the stressors trick the brain and the muscles into developing and strengthening in ways that optimize performance and improve overall health and form. The warm-up exercises incorporated into this training plan include the squat to overhead press, lunges, body planks, hip twists, and leg balances. The athlete should perform alternating sets of 3 repetitions of these warm-up exercises with a two-minute break between each set. These warm-up exercises incorporate components of stretching and joint movement, and flexibility. They help improve a wide range of hip motion movements, and they target all the large leg muscles such as the glutes, hip flexors, quadriceps, hamstrings, and calf muscles. Performing these warm-up exercises is crucial in reducing incidences of injury (Jakobsen et al., 1994).

Overall, this training plan will be effective for the athlete as it helps increase their cardiovascular fitness. Based on the training table, it is apparent that the duration the athlete performs these exercises is increased over time. Increased duration will help improve cardiovascular fitness and gradually acclimatize the athlete’s body to increased efforts and millage. Also, performing the warm-up exercises and training exercises listed will allow the athlete to build core control, improve their balance and gain good form and execution. The peak of the training plan is between weeks 3 to 5. During these weeks, the training intensity is at its highest as it helps the athlete improve the quality of their runs and increase endurance levels. In the last week, the intensity of the exercises performed is drastically reduced to give the body time to recover. Body recovery methods such as massages should be incorporated in this phase. These body recovery methods are crucial in reducing muscle damage and soreness. In the future, the athlete’s training plan will include exercises that focus on overall body strength and help improve the athlete’s weaknesses.

References

Foster, C., Hector, L. L., Welsh, R., Schrager, M., Green, M. A., & Snyder, A. C. (1995). Effects of specific versus cross-training on running performance. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 70(4), 367-372.

Jakobsen, B. W., Kroner, K., Schmidt, S. A., & Kjeldsen, A. (1994). Prevention of injuries in long-distance runners. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 2(4), 245-249.

Krause, P. (2009). The benefits of cross-training. AMAA Journal, 22(2), 9-11.

Assumptions made during production

The labour resource output is constant throughout the production process.

When calculating the cost we assume that the amount of work put in by the human resource is consistent with the projections.

That the workers never miss work during the project.

We assume that the workers are never faced by such challenges like sickness that would make them miss a day of work.

That workers work a standard 8 hours daily with no overtime.

We have not created a provision for working overtime or given any rates for calculating overtime wages.

That there is no labour turnover.

The process only uses the workforce present at the start of production up to the end. I.e. there is no exit or recruitment

That there is no other factor affecting production other than the size of the workforce.

That the production engineer will be involved in every step of production

ASSESSMENT A

6. Steps taken by production manager to reduce risk.

Risk is any incident that can happen in the place of work when least expected and usually results to losses or injury to workersCITATION Cro00 l 2057 (Michel & Galai, 2000). It is always prudent that the manager assess the working environment and identify the risks most likely to be faced. Risk management is the scientific approach involved with quantifying the probability of an event occurring and the effects of the occurrence CITATION Kra06 l 2057 (Andreas, 2006). Risk is an important part of every venture and no benefits would be gained by an entry does not take risks. Some practical approaches to alleviating the possibility of a risk happening and mitigation measures if and when a risk occurs are CITATION Kra06 l 2057 (Andreas, 2006);

Making sure all the workers use proper equipment and wear protective gear.

Making sure that the place of work has a strategic exit point in case a risk occurs e.g. fire.

Installing fire fighting equipment and making sure they are well maintained.

Properly securing the production plant to prevent the risk of theft.

Taking the relevant insurance cover to secure the assets.

This measures coupled by creating awareness amongst the workers, rehearsing evacuation and first aid drills would go a long way in ensuring safety in the workplace is guaranteed. The manager should employ risk management strategies most relevant to his company.

7. Reduction of the budget (cost cutting measures).

Budgeting is the process through which an entity formulates a plan to utilise his/her monetary resources by allocating them amongst the various tasks depending on a variety of factors CITATION Ban03 l 2057 (Alan & Gilberti, 2003). Many business enterprises due to market dynamics have been forced to look for cost cutting measures so as to increase the profitability of a firm and to maintain its competitiveness. The production manager can use a variety of approaches in order to cut on the cost. Such steps include;

Recruiting skilled interns- the manager could use the help of interns to supplement the effort of his current workforce. This would help reduce the time frame of the project and resolving of over allocation issues effectively cutting down on cost.

Automation of processes where possible- the production manager could advocate for the mechanization of some processes. This would help in increasing the effectiveness of the workers, reducing the time taken.

Outsourcing- outsourcing involves identifying non-core operations in a business and contracting them to an outside firm which has greater expertise in carrying out that operation at lower costs CITATION Gre99 l 2057 (Greaver & F, 1999). the project manager would recommend outsourcing some non-core production functions to specialists companies. This would essentially reduce the cost of production and ensure effective use of time.

Economies of scale- the manager could work on ways of increasing the output significantly so that the amount of profits earned supersedes the cost.

HR initiative- the manager would let each member participate in giving ideas and raising suggestions on ways in which the production process would be made more effective. Human resource forms an important part of every production process and HR initiative is one of the best methods of bringing out the best in the workers CITATION Noe06 l 2057 (Noe & Raymond, 2006).

These are some of the ways the manager would use in cost reduction.

8. Smooth running of the product development process.

The project manager’s most important responsibility is ensuring that the production goes on as planned. Some of the prudent steps the manager would take to make sure that all goes well during the whole process include;

Have a deep and detailed understanding of the production process- the manager should make sure he equips himself with all the requisite knowledge about the product.

Team work- the manager should make sure that all the processes are harmonised and that all workers are in sync. This would help in ensuring all the employees pull towards the same goal.

Setting objectives- the manager would set objectives which would act as a guideline and reference point during the whole process. Objectives are very important if a desired target is to be achieved.

Creating a schedule- time is one of the most important resources. A work schedule would ensure that time is properly used hence avoiding any delays during production.

Leading frequent team meetings- the manager should conduct regular meetings with his staff to get updates and to solve any challenges that have come up in the course of production.

Conducting random inspections- the manager should carry out random checks throughout the production period so as to keep the staff on their toes. In essence this would help reduce complacency amongst the workers.

Budgeting- a budget is an important tool in today’s business world. A manager should ensure that all production activities are carried out within the confines of the stipulated budget.

Motivating workers- the manager should keep on motivating the workers since they would be faced with numerous challenges all through the production period.

9. Project related supporting activities, plans, events or tasks that you might have overlooked

1. Conducting a consumer survey.

The company before undertaking to produce should have conducted an opinion poll to have the consumers say on the intended product. Consumers are one of the most important part of a firm’s success. Factors affecting the consumers demand for a product vary a lot. Nowadays market surveys is an important method of identifying the needs of the market and identifying market gaps to be exploited. The firm should have used the various statistical methods of collecting data from the masses then the data would be analysed. The results of the analysis would provide a clear picture on the market needs.

2. Assessing environmental impact.

The company should have formed a team to conduct a study on the environmental impacts that would result from production. An environment assessment report would help in deciding whether it was wise to go ahead with the planned production and would also help in devising proper ways of handling and dumping wastes after production

10. Ensuring product quality is maintained.

The quality of a product is what a company prides itself in. Faulty products have been associated with repair costs and at times cost of replacement. Many firms have been affected by this as faulty products affects the reputation of a producer. The two main methods used in ensuring the product is of the right quality are;

Quality assurance- it involves checking the product at every stage of production. As the product passes through different departments it is checked to ensure that it is of the right quality. At times tests are carried out to help out in gauging the quality. Usually samples are picked during production and in some big companies the quality is checked in computerised systems reducing the possibility of having a product. It ensures that the right raw material is used during production and that each product is produced within a specified time. Maintenance of equipment is an important part in ensuring quality is maintained.

Quality control- it’s conducted by quality control inspectors. The inspectors set the threshold in which the products should reach. Quality control is quite an old fashioned method of guaranteeing quality. Raw materials are sampled and analysed and if they are of the required quality production is allowed to start. During production samples of the unfinished product are collected and tested. This helps in ensuring the production process is devoid of ant defects. Once production is complete the products are again checked before being dispatched to the consumers. However, this practise is quite expensive and wasteful thus many companies have embraced quality assurance rather that quality control.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Alan, B., & Gilberti, J. (2003). Budgeting. McGraw Hill.

Andreas, K. (2006). Risk Management. Emerald Group Pub.

Greaver, & F, M. (1999). Strategic outsourcing a structured approach to outsourcing decisions and initiative. AMACOM.

Michel, C., & Galai, D. (2000). Risk Management. McGraw Hil.

Noe, & Raymond. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. (5th Edition ed.). McGraw Hill.

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Homeschooling

IntroductionIn 2012, more than three million students around the world were home-schooled, and the number continues to increase at a rapid rate even to this day. In just a ten-year time span from 2002 to 2012, there was eighty-three percent increase of homeschooled children around the world with United States scoring more than ¼ of the number (Kunzman 20). This information or data corresponds with the rise of Americans who think that parents ought to have the right to home-school their children. The rate of homeschooling moved from fifty percent in 2002 to eighty percent in 2012 (Ray 30). Despite the fact that critics state that many parents do not have teaching requirements or credentials and lack of socialization from the home schooled students can lead to poor social skills and isolation. In addition, other scholars have noted that there are many positive effects for students to consider home schooling as compared to the negative effects.Homeschooling is the best option of student’s education since it allows them to have one on one tutoring; the ability to choose the curriculum that fits well with the family customs and beliefs as well a more flexible schedule, and student’s natural ability are some of the advantages of home schooling (Taylor-Hough 11). Home- schooling; which is a type of education that takes place at home has been a contentious choice for education hence opposed by many people and professionals in the past since the early 19th century as it was prohibited in most countries or states up to 1990. Before, then attending public school was the only choice of education because attending public school was compulsory up to 1990.Despite the controversy surrounding home- schooling because of lack of teacher qualification for parents as well as the lack of socialization, homeschooling is a viable option for education since students can have an outstanding education at home and for several other reasons, one of which is the chance to offer students one on one tutoring. Parents have the chance of giving his/her child 100 percent attention whereas a public school teacher must supervise more than 40 children (Taylor-Hough 13). By using one on one method of schooling, students have a chance of asking the parents a question and receive and immediate answer as compared to classroom education whereby the students has to wait for the teacher to have time for questions. Home schooling allows a student to get stronger and well-rounded accessibility and learn at a faster pace as compared to classroom education. As a result, home-schooled students have higher national tests scores and grades. For example, standardized testing in the United States and United Arab emirates as well as the United Kingdom have shown that home-schooled children or students have scored higher than the average students in their countries. Home-schooled children score approximately 1.8 points higher in the ACT and 69 points higher on the SAT.Home schooling permits students to have a more flexible schedule for the homework as compared to students who attend private or public schools which must be in school for more than seven hours a day. If students are faced with inflexible or tough schedules due to disability, illness and sports or even due to family lifestyles, the students may not have the chance to attend on schooling days a week hence causing education disruptions that lead to lower or poor grades in the future. In addition, a student may be limited to studying at the same pace of an average school; brilliant student may feel like he/she is held back while a struggling student may feel pushed or rushed (Kunzman 22). With the availability of homeschooling a brilliant or sharp student can ease or quicken his/her pace and choose or select a challenging curriculum that is not offered at public schools; a student struggling can work at his/her own pace to understand the curriculum fully. In addition, home-schooled students have the option of choosing the number of classes to take at a go; they may opt to choose one subject at a time or even six or seven classes at a time. This kind of flexibility permits home-schooled students to strengthen their education by allowing them to choose how to study for their personal benefits.However, several critics have noted that many parents or guardians lack the required qualifications to tutor their kids complex subjects such as mathematics and physics. It is true that many parents are not able to teach their children difficult subjects because there are not experts in them. Students and parents can choose a correspondence or online courses if they pose excellent computer skills in addition to writing and reading skills, where they can get full attention to a tutor (Kunzman 21). This is a challenge to many home-schooled students who have limited access to internet and computer. In addition, such students are disadvantaged due to low-internet speeds. On tutoring also depends on the availability of the tutor. For example, in a case that the tutor is sick or attending family responsibilities he/she may not be able to teach the home-schooling student.The other negative side of homeschooling is the lack of socialization that can lead to inability to work with others in the future and anti-social personality. Even with the best home-schooling education, you cannot add the social part (Ray 33). Scholars have noted that since home-schooled students do not go out of their houses for school, they may be faced with social problems when they get jobs. However, what critics have not realized is that home-schooled students have a chance of socializing in various other ways including part-time jobs, church activities, and via sports.ConclusionDespite all the advantages of home schooling, parents or guardians should understand that homeschooling is not the only available option for education. Private and public schools are the other possibilities for students who are seeking best education. However, students and parents should comprehend the best alternatives since each option has it positive and negative sides. Home schooling allows students to study at their own speed and to have suppleness with their academic schedules. Parents are also given chance to help their kids with their education. Socialization may be hard to incorporate in a public school education, but it is easy to add into homeschooler’s schedule. Public schools are the best choice of education to many, but one should understand that there are other choices for education. Ultimately, homeschoolers have higher test grades and scores and have a chance to use one on one tutoring. Parents and students should ensure they use the best option since twelve grades where a child is in school is the most significant time for education growth.

Works cited

Kunzman, Robert. “Homeschooling and religious fundamentalism.” International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education 3.1 (2010): 17-28.

Ray, Brian D. “2.04 million homeschool students in the United States in 2010.” National Home Education Research Institute. Retrieved from nheri. org (2011).

Taylor-Hough, Deborah. “Are All Homeschooling Methods Created Equal?.” Online Submission (2010).

Article Summary

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Article Summary

In this article, Finlayson (2014) focused on depicting how political speeches are an integral outcome of societal constructs associated with the aesthetic, institutional, and technological organization and arrangement of communication. The purpose of the article was to provide justifications for the significance and value of political rhetoric in political speeches, particularly in the British context. Finlayson attained this purpose by taking an analytical approach that focused on the areas of political speeches in the past and present, the communicative regime, the virtues of political rhetoric, and the contemporary British rhetoric.

Finlayson (2014) presented several main points the first of which was that rhetoric as an art is essentially concerned with making political arguments and discourses persuasive amidst political contestation by connecting the audiences’ common sense. Here, the author believed that in political communication, rhetoric constitutes both a distinctive theory and practice of communicating persuasively while recognizing that noble and successful arguments in public life integrate and make sense of the propositions derived from the common sense of the people in one’s audience.

The second main point is that political speech in the past is not the same as in the present because public speaking in politics has evolved into a new political system in which the art of rhetoric is no longer appreciated as one of the most indispensable political arts. According to Finlayson (2014), public speaking is a fundamental aspect of politics, and so, preparing and delivering political speeches must reflect appropriate levels of rhetoric to ensure they are persuasive enough to the audiences. Arguing from the perceptive of speeches by Balfour and Cameron, the author held that using rhetoric in political speeches should stimulate audiences to be in immediate agreement or disdain with the speaker.

As regards the communicative regime, Finlayson (2014) argued that technology is at the core of the organization of political communication today. The author held that technology has significantly driven the means by which political communication is amplified, recorded, and disseminated to audiences. Besides this, technology has transformed the scale and cultural distance of political communication, together with its accessibility to audiences and creators and its durability.

On the virtues of political rhetoric, Finlayson (2014) argued that a rhetorical form of political communication must reflect three key features that include proving, pleasing, and persuading. The attainment of these characteristics requires the speaker to demonstrate prudence, wisdom, great judgment, and aptitude to deliver political speeches in a manner that befits the specific context. This makes the audience perceive such communication as truthful, meticulous, and necessarily attractive.

Finally, regarding the concept of rhetoric in Britain today, the author’s main point was a reiteration of the role of technology in political communication. Here, Finlayson (2014) sustained that technology has led to the creation of a new public communication regime characterized by noteworthy redundancy of classical rhetorical skills. For this reason, the author concludes by affirming that the contemporary British political rhetoric is not very good at attaining the three features of an effective rhetorical form of political communication, namely, proving, persuading, and pleasing.

References

Finlayson, A. (2014). Proving, pleasing and persuading? Rhetoric in contemporary British politics. The Political Quarterly, 85(4), 428-436.

Family Health Assessment

In assessing family health patterns, The Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns Assessment proves to be a vital tool because of its ability to enhance caregiver’s understanding of the overall health of the family (Carole, et al, p. 53). In this paper, the focus will be only Thompson’s family consisting of a father age 42, mother age 36, and two teenage daughters (16 and 14 years respectively). The findings of this assessment relates to three of the open-ended questions with reference to the diverse patterns of the assessment tool.

According to the findings, the current health status of the family is not that bad. Their 16-year old child suffers from chest problem managed by adherence to specific regimen from the health provider. One of the health values promoted in the family from childhood is the need to seek medical check-up on a monthly basis unless in cases of emergency. In order to improve their health, every member of the family pays maximum attention on what they consume, engage in daily exercise activities, and adheres to the routine checkups at the family’s health provider (Keeling & Catherine, p. 27).

As a mechanism towards enhancing the family health, the family notes that their daily diet must incorporate carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and vitamins. For instance, on a meal occasion, the family might feed on cereals, milk, and fruits in the course of the day with the aim of improving their health conditions. The assessment also revealed that the family members focus on avoiding too much fat and cholesterol in their meal compositions. In addition, they tend to feed on fruits and salad. According to the father, body weight is a critical issue and every member of the family must monitor his or her weight after every two weeks. This led to a consistent body weight among the family members in the course of last year.

According to the assessment, the family value sleep or rest. Every member of the family goes to bed by nine to ensure that they have approximately 8 hours of rest after every dreadful encounter during the day. The family notes that there are rare cases in which one would not be able to sleep. In such cases, they just lie on bed and let the toll takes its course with exception to illness or health problem requiring medical attention during the night. Prior to bed, the family converges in the leaving as a show of togetherness and prays before departing to their sleeping rooms.

Every member of the family has diverse elimination patterns. For instance, the head of the house (father) has a regular pattern of elimination, which tends to occur very early in the morning before going to work. Other members have irregular elimination patterns. In addition, the family tends to add more fiber to its diet through consumption of fruits and vegetables with the aim of dealing with constipation. In most cases, the family drinks plenty of water and other natural fluids. This is to prevent dehydration and aspects of constipation.

The family a weekly pattern of exercise or activity in attempts to enhance health conditions of the members. This is through engaging in weekly road trips covering about four kilometers. In addition, the girls engage in netball team sports in their respective school to keep fit. As a family, the members participate in family tag-games on a weekly basis playing handball and basketball games. The father has a degree in business administration while the mother has a degree in psychology. The girls are pursuing their high school education. They complain about having some difficulties in handling mathematic problems. In the last week, the 16-year old did vectors concept while the 14-year old could not recall what she did in the course of last week.

Every member of the family has different leisure activity. For instance, the girls prefer to spend their leisure time visiting friend rather than being with the family. On the other hand, their parents spend their leisure time at various joints for dinners. There is no any sensory deficit within the family aided by the quality nutrition for the family. The family views each other as a close friend. They feel like they are there for each other in the time or moment of need. Emotions and moods might vary, but in the end, they feel like one family joined by love and respect for each other. Each family member seeks to portray quality image of the family thus mirroring the perception of the family and each other within the society.

The most important relations within the family include how they feel about each other and how they treat one another. This defines respectful relationship among each family member. According to the girls, their role model is their mother. On the other hand, family role models include Hillary Clinton and Martin Luther. According to the family, there is no problem in relation to reproductive system. The parents are satisfied with the sexuality of the family. Each parent had an objective of having three children. This indicates that they are still in the process of searching for the third child. In order to cope with problems, the family adopts a transparent approach in discussing the issue on a family platform. These mechanisms are effective towards the achievement of the goals and objectives. Finally, no member in the family member has ever suffered from emotional distress.

In relation to these findings, I would recommend two critical wellness nursing diagnoses. These include health-seeking behaviors and effective therapeutic regimen management (James et al, p. 1521). These approaches will ensure that the family maintains its health conditions as well as improve and monitor the condition of the sick child suffering from chest pain.

Open-ended Questions

Values/Health Perception

How would you describe your current health?

What health values are important from your childhood?

What family mechanisms do you engage in to improve your health?

Nutrition

Can you describe the composition of family’s daily diet?

What kinds of foods do you like or avoid and why?

Are in a position to describe your weight patter in the course of the last year?

Sleep/Rest

What are your sleep habits?

In case you cannot sleep, what do you?

What steps do you take in your preparation to bed?

Elimination

What can you tell me about your elimination patterns?

In this family, what do you do in case of constipation?

What fluids do you drink daily?

Activity/Exercise

How do you describe your weekly pattern in relation to activity and exercise?

What kind of team sports do you engage in?

What activities do you participate in as a family?

Cognitive

What level of education have you completed?

What can you tell me about school encounter? Was it easy or you had some difficulties with any subject?

What did you do in the course of last week?

Sensory-Perception

What do you do for leisure?

Would you describe your ability to exercise?

As a family, do you have any sensory deficits? Are they corrected?

Self-Perception

How do you feel about each other?

What are your emotions and moods?

Can you describe how you view yourselves and each other within the family?

Role Relationship

What relations are important to you as a family?

How would you describe family members’ relationship with each other?

Who are their role models?

Sexuality

Do you have any problem in relation to reproductive system?

Would you term your sexuality as satisfactory?

How have your plans achieved with reference to having children?

Coping

How does this family cope with problems?

Are these actions effective or ineffective?

Has any member of the family had any treatment on mental stress or emotional distress?

Works Cited

Weaver III, James B., et al. “Health Information–Seeking Behaviors, Health Indicators, and Health Risks.” American Journal of Public Health 100.8 (2010): 1520-1525.

Keeling, Joanne L., and Catherine McQuarrie. “Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing in Practice.” Mental Health Practice 17.5 (2014): 26-28.

Nettle, Carole, et al. “Family as Client: Using Gordon’s Health Pattern Typology.” Journal Of Community Health Nursing 10.1 (1993): 53.

Stereotypes

A stereotype refers to a fixed as well as over-generalized belief in relation to a particular class or group of individuals. It relates to a thought developed concerning how a group of people execute things in certain ways within the society. Some of the stereotypes make us feel worse about them. There are various stereotypes against the black community or African Americans with reference to ‘acting white’. In most cases, these stereotypes are not accurate or exact. Some of these stereotypes indicate that the members of the black community are trying to meet various expectations of the white beliefs and culture thus, making such individuals to turn their backs to their own culture. In this essay, the focus will be on examination of key stereotypes concerning black people ‘acting white’.

Black community or members of the African American community have specific ways of acting in accordance with their culture. Any deviation from these behavior traits indicates that they are turning their back against their own culture and beliefs. There is a stereotype relating to how black people dress within the society. For instance, African Americans have the tendency of dressing in Fubu clothes and baggie jeans. In most cases, they dress in extra-large t-shirts with diverse decorations. Any deviation from this trend is an illustration of acting against the culture. In case black people dress in fitting clothes, they are termed as ‘acting white’ (Bergin & Cooks, 2002). Only white people have the tendency of dressing smartly in fitting clothes. This stereotype is mostly in accurate because it does not reveal the reality on the mode of dressing. African Americans might just decide to appear smart through their mode of dressing.

In addition, African Americans have specific taste for music. In the United States, the most critical hip-hip, rap, and R&B. Deviation from this musical taste and preference would translate to ‘acting white’. African Americans have the tendency of listening to more of Nelly, DMX, and other popular rap music. Moreover, members of the black community in the United States refer to each other using the ‘n’ word. This is an illustration of a sense of belonging to a certain culture and belief (Stinson, 2011). African Americans who fail to use the ‘n’ word while referring to one another within the society are ‘acting white’. This is a demonstration of a stereotype identifying how events unfold within the society.

African Americans have the tendency of attending underprivileged schools because of insufficiency in the financial resources. The essence of being ‘from the ghetto’ as well as fighting ‘the struggle’ is ideal for the black community (Neal-Barnett et al, 2010). Most of the African Americans who attend fancy learning institutions are ‘acting white’. This is because fancy living style is associated with the white culture and beliefs. Another unfounded allegation on the culture against the black community relates the commitment of the kids to their studies. For instance, being good at math and poor at basketball do not relate to the culture of the African Americans. This stereotype illustrate the fact that such students or kids are ‘acting white’ while shunning the culture of the black community (Sohn, 2011). The essence is also evident in the job field. African Americans believe that high paying jobs or white collar jobs do not symbolize being black. They believe that they are not meant for such jobs hence prefer to live in the ‘ghettos’ while struggling to make the ends meet. When some African Americans work hard in their education to pursue such careers, they are deemed to be ‘acting white’ (Ruebeck et al, 2009). From these illustrations, it is vital to note that most of these stereotypes are not accurate.

References

Sohn, K. (2011). Acting White: A Critical Review. Urban Review, 43(2), 217-234.

Neal-Barnett, A., Stadulis, R., Singer, N., Murray, M., & Demmings, J. (2010). Assessing the Effects of Experiencing the Acting White Accusation. Urban Review, 42(2), 102-122.

Stinson, D. (2011). When the ‘Burden of Acting White’ is Not a Burden: School Success and African American Male Students. Urban Review, 43(1), 43-65.

Bergin, D. A., & Cooks, H. C. (2002). High School Students of Color Talk About Accusations of “Acting White”. Urban Review, 34(2), 113.

Ruebeck, C. S., Averett, S. L., & Bodenhorn, H. N. (2009). Acting White or Acting Black: Mixed-Race Adolescents’ Identity and Behavior. B.E. Journal Of Economic Analysis & Policy: Contributions To Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1), 1-42.

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4g and Beyond: Convergence of Networks, Devices and Services

Technology experts have been innovating different ways that people can use to communicate with one another from a distance without using face-to-face communication. The high need for sharing information through communication has led into different developments in the telecom sector from primitive modes of communication to the modern advancements. Ability to have free and instant access to information characterizes the present age of telecom, also referred to as the digital era. The innovation of 4G network provides end users with the ability to communicate and share information effectively through the internet. 4G refers to the fourth-generation mobile communication standard and experts go beyond to innovating fifth, sixth, and many other generation standards. Presence of 4G and beyond mobile telecommunication standards plays a role in promoting convergence of networks, services and devices in the industry. The presence of these application services, which easier to use through many mobile devices and their ability to ensure convergence and interworking between different domains ensures the success of next-generation telecom needs (Lee, Modarressi & Mohan 16).

The 4G networking system offers more than half a million mobile applications that utilize huge quantities of date, and the number will keep on increasing as experts make more advancements in the coming years. In addition, it works on all broadband networks making it more efficient for most mobile applications. The main issue with the present mobile network is its inability to handle the high number of traffic created by users from all corners of the world. User experience promotes convergence networks through connections on the internet recorded on daily basis and the number of data sent from one user to another. On the other hand, the introduction of wireless networks such as the Wi-Fi promotes user experience and allows more interaction between users that provides a tremendous boost in the telecom industry (Rysavy 5-6).

4G plays a role in generating a boom in the mobile communications through offering a means of spreading the internet to new places with the assistance of service providers such as mobile companies. Service providers’ financial benefits also help in the convergence of networks, services and devices in the telecom industry. The next-generations services provide third parties such as end users with the capability of enjoying financial gains through charges on mobile networks and data bundles used on the internet surfing. Service providers provide API addresses used by internet users in connecting to different sites, hence promoting convergence of networks. In addition, the API addresses provided by service providers allow users of mobile and other network applications communicate effectively with others through efficient access to the internet through fast and reliable 4G networks.

The 4G network provides service providers with an opportunity to enter new markets and offer services to a bigger group leading to increasing in revenues. The telecom sector benefits from these services by getting a share of revenues since it manages these networks. Financial benefits from service providers promote the work of the telecom industry because they manage to introduce other advancements in terms of more innovative networks. In addition, service providers offer fixed-mobile convergence that ensures users from different locations communicate effectively using both cellular systems and Wi-Fi (Rysavy 10).

Finally, bundle services offer convergence of networks in the telecom a great advantage because people purchase bundles on a daily basis for internet use. Service providers provide data bundles to mobile and other internet-application users at varying prices depending on the type of network provider and the number of bundles purchased. Availability of bundles offers users with a more conducive environment for browsing. 4G network saves users the amount of data consumed per minute because it is a high-speed network compared to 2G and 3G.

Works Cited

Lee, Anne, Y., Modarressi, Abdi & Mohan, Seshadri. Convergence of application service in

Next-Generation networks. IEEECommunication Magazine. March 2012

Rysavy, Peter. Convergence of 3G/4g and Wi-Fi. Information Week Reports, October 2011.