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Stereotypes

A stereotype refers to a fixed as well as over-generalized belief in relation to a particular class or group of individuals. It relates to a thought developed concerning how a group of people execute things in certain ways within the society. Some of the stereotypes make us feel worse about them. There are various stereotypes against the black community or African Americans with reference to ‘acting white’. In most cases, these stereotypes are not accurate or exact. Some of these stereotypes indicate that the members of the black community are trying to meet various expectations of the white beliefs and culture thus, making such individuals to turn their backs to their own culture. In this essay, the focus will be on examination of key stereotypes concerning black people ‘acting white’.

Black community or members of the African American community have specific ways of acting in accordance with their culture. Any deviation from these behavior traits indicates that they are turning their back against their own culture and beliefs. There is a stereotype relating to how black people dress within the society. For instance, African Americans have the tendency of dressing in Fubu clothes and baggie jeans. In most cases, they dress in extra-large t-shirts with diverse decorations. Any deviation from this trend is an illustration of acting against the culture. In case black people dress in fitting clothes, they are termed as ‘acting white’ (Bergin & Cooks, 2002). Only white people have the tendency of dressing smartly in fitting clothes. This stereotype is mostly in accurate because it does not reveal the reality on the mode of dressing. African Americans might just decide to appear smart through their mode of dressing.

In addition, African Americans have specific taste for music. In the United States, the most critical hip-hip, rap, and R&B. Deviation from this musical taste and preference would translate to ‘acting white’. African Americans have the tendency of listening to more of Nelly, DMX, and other popular rap music. Moreover, members of the black community in the United States refer to each other using the ‘n’ word. This is an illustration of a sense of belonging to a certain culture and belief (Stinson, 2011). African Americans who fail to use the ‘n’ word while referring to one another within the society are ‘acting white’. This is a demonstration of a stereotype identifying how events unfold within the society.

African Americans have the tendency of attending underprivileged schools because of insufficiency in the financial resources. The essence of being ‘from the ghetto’ as well as fighting ‘the struggle’ is ideal for the black community (Neal-Barnett et al, 2010). Most of the African Americans who attend fancy learning institutions are ‘acting white’. This is because fancy living style is associated with the white culture and beliefs. Another unfounded allegation on the culture against the black community relates the commitment of the kids to their studies. For instance, being good at math and poor at basketball do not relate to the culture of the African Americans. This stereotype illustrate the fact that such students or kids are ‘acting white’ while shunning the culture of the black community (Sohn, 2011). The essence is also evident in the job field. African Americans believe that high paying jobs or white collar jobs do not symbolize being black. They believe that they are not meant for such jobs hence prefer to live in the ‘ghettos’ while struggling to make the ends meet. When some African Americans work hard in their education to pursue such careers, they are deemed to be ‘acting white’ (Ruebeck et al, 2009). From these illustrations, it is vital to note that most of these stereotypes are not accurate.

References

Sohn, K. (2011). Acting White: A Critical Review. Urban Review, 43(2), 217-234.

Neal-Barnett, A., Stadulis, R., Singer, N., Murray, M., & Demmings, J. (2010). Assessing the Effects of Experiencing the Acting White Accusation. Urban Review, 42(2), 102-122.

Stinson, D. (2011). When the ‘Burden of Acting White’ is Not a Burden: School Success and African American Male Students. Urban Review, 43(1), 43-65.

Bergin, D. A., & Cooks, H. C. (2002). High School Students of Color Talk About Accusations of “Acting White”. Urban Review, 34(2), 113.

Ruebeck, C. S., Averett, S. L., & Bodenhorn, H. N. (2009). Acting White or Acting Black: Mixed-Race Adolescents’ Identity and Behavior. B.E. Journal Of Economic Analysis & Policy: Contributions To Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1), 1-42.

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4g and Beyond: Convergence of Networks, Devices and Services

Technology experts have been innovating different ways that people can use to communicate with one another from a distance without using face-to-face communication. The high need for sharing information through communication has led into different developments in the telecom sector from primitive modes of communication to the modern advancements. Ability to have free and instant access to information characterizes the present age of telecom, also referred to as the digital era. The innovation of 4G network provides end users with the ability to communicate and share information effectively through the internet. 4G refers to the fourth-generation mobile communication standard and experts go beyond to innovating fifth, sixth, and many other generation standards. Presence of 4G and beyond mobile telecommunication standards plays a role in promoting convergence of networks, services and devices in the industry. The presence of these application services, which easier to use through many mobile devices and their ability to ensure convergence and interworking between different domains ensures the success of next-generation telecom needs (Lee, Modarressi & Mohan 16).

The 4G networking system offers more than half a million mobile applications that utilize huge quantities of date, and the number will keep on increasing as experts make more advancements in the coming years. In addition, it works on all broadband networks making it more efficient for most mobile applications. The main issue with the present mobile network is its inability to handle the high number of traffic created by users from all corners of the world. User experience promotes convergence networks through connections on the internet recorded on daily basis and the number of data sent from one user to another. On the other hand, the introduction of wireless networks such as the Wi-Fi promotes user experience and allows more interaction between users that provides a tremendous boost in the telecom industry (Rysavy 5-6).

4G plays a role in generating a boom in the mobile communications through offering a means of spreading the internet to new places with the assistance of service providers such as mobile companies. Service providers’ financial benefits also help in the convergence of networks, services and devices in the telecom industry. The next-generations services provide third parties such as end users with the capability of enjoying financial gains through charges on mobile networks and data bundles used on the internet surfing. Service providers provide API addresses used by internet users in connecting to different sites, hence promoting convergence of networks. In addition, the API addresses provided by service providers allow users of mobile and other network applications communicate effectively with others through efficient access to the internet through fast and reliable 4G networks.

The 4G network provides service providers with an opportunity to enter new markets and offer services to a bigger group leading to increasing in revenues. The telecom sector benefits from these services by getting a share of revenues since it manages these networks. Financial benefits from service providers promote the work of the telecom industry because they manage to introduce other advancements in terms of more innovative networks. In addition, service providers offer fixed-mobile convergence that ensures users from different locations communicate effectively using both cellular systems and Wi-Fi (Rysavy 10).

Finally, bundle services offer convergence of networks in the telecom a great advantage because people purchase bundles on a daily basis for internet use. Service providers provide data bundles to mobile and other internet-application users at varying prices depending on the type of network provider and the number of bundles purchased. Availability of bundles offers users with a more conducive environment for browsing. 4G network saves users the amount of data consumed per minute because it is a high-speed network compared to 2G and 3G.

Works Cited

Lee, Anne, Y., Modarressi, Abdi & Mohan, Seshadri. Convergence of application service in

Next-Generation networks. IEEECommunication Magazine. March 2012

Rysavy, Peter. Convergence of 3G/4g and Wi-Fi. Information Week Reports, October 2011.

Philosophy

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Reason and moral virtue according to Immanuel Kant

Kant set the foundation for his Moral philosophy on three main writings: Critique of Practical Reason, Metaphysics of Morals, and Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Emmanuel Kant, in the Groundwork, used a technique which involved attempting to change human’s daily, apparent, rational knowledge of morality into idealistic knowledge. His latter two writings were based on a technique of using sensible reason that is grounded only on things about which rationale can tell us as opposed to obtaining any principles from past experience in getting to conclusions that are able to be applied to the world experience.

He is renowned for his philosophy that there is a solitary moral responsibility. He referred to this theory as Categorical Imperative, which is generated from the idea of responsibility. He defines the requirements of the moral law as definite imperatives, which are values that are fundamentally valid. These principles are superior in and of themselves. According to him, these principles ought to be observed in their entirety, and by all, circumstances as well conditions if human character and conduct is to follw the moral law. “From these principles all our moral duties and obligations are obtained or created, and by which all moral duties can be evaluated”. He also argues that the moral means as well as outcomes can be applied to these principles, that reasoning humans can seek particular ends using the most proper means. “The moral law is a principle of reason itself. It is not based on dependent facts about the world, including what could make us happy, but to act upon the moral law that has no other intention or goal apart from worthiness of being happy. Moral obligation only applies to rational (reason) agents”. He supposed that in case an act is performed with the intention of responsibility, then it lacks moral worth. Instead, any action ought to have absolute goal (reason) driving it or the act would lack meaning. According to him, the outcome of an action is not the most significant aspect of an action, rather it is how an individual feels while doing the act that value is attached to the outcome of the action.

J.S. Mill’s understanding of human nature (for example, individuality) and rationality in his approach to liberty

According to John S. Mills, logic characterizes human nature. An individual behaves in a specific manner as directed by reason. “The human nature is driven by reason, which overrides all other elements which could appear to be taking place in his life. On Liberty, Mills argues that the human has the sole right to conduct himself in a manner that he deems benefits him most, and should be free to conduct himself in that manner”. This forms the base for his utilitarianism perspective, which argues that human nature is one that aims at giving him optimum benefits. In such a way, an individual is the sovereign.

Mills argues that individuality is a prerequisite to attaining higher pleasures. According to him individuality has an inalienable, indivisible and inherent value to humanity. It is individuality which thrive the human to attaining higher pleasures. Mills believes that a society must try to promote individuality since it is a pre-condition for diversity and creativity in human nature. According to him, conformity is disastrous. He believes that actions do not matter so much. Instead, he argues that the person or individual behind the action together with the action are valuable. According to him it really of significance, not only what people do, but also what cadre or types of men they are that do the action.

On rationality, Mills argues that man is naturally rational. He asserts that reason is the main element that shapes and drives an individual. “Man is hence naturally rational and is guided by reason. In this sense therefore, there should be limited control on an individual by other surrounding individuals, society or a government”.

How John Rawls’ Theory of Justice carry forward the modern social contract theory while also drawing on Kant.

John Rawls is basically recognized for his philosophy of “Justice as Fairness”. Rawls’ theory of Justice establishes a framework which elucidates the importance, in a community presumed to comprise of liberal and equal citizens, of individual as well as political freedoms, of equal chance, and supportive strategies that promote the needs of the more as well as the less privileged and vulnerable individuals in a society or citizenry.

Rawls’ idea of righteousness is an associational conception. It primarily centers on relationships between individual members of an association. He is basically concerned with the political association referred to as the modern nation-state. Rawls’ theory of Justice is founded on the relationships between individuals within an association. “The theory urges us make a society which is a fair system of cooperation and good relations over time. The relationships referred to by the theory are those of citizenship, which is interaction of citizens within the primary structure of society. This is a structure in which individuals only enter by birth and exit only by death”.

Rawls theory of Justice develops principles of justice that are vital in governing a modern social order based on the theory of social contract. This is basically how Rawls’ Theory of Justice carries forward Modern Social Contract Theory. Moreover, one of the most revisited components on Rawls’ perspective of Justice as Fairness according to his theory is his ‘designing’ device referred to as Original Position. “The Original Position has always been compared to the ‘state of nature’ or rather pre-political state of humanity that was significant in philosophies of earlier Modern Social Contract philosophers”. In reference to ideas of political thinkers including Kant, Hobbes, Locke among others, so as to conceptualize political duty, one must, firstly, understand what human societies were like prior to the conception of ordered societies under laws as well as governments, and in that case, ask himself what basis would have driven individuals to establish an ordered society. Lastly, one should try to know what values individuals in the pre-political state could have selected to control their relations in a community under set law system and government. Rawls’ Theory of Justice hence carry forward Modern Social Contract Theory, which according to Kant, the sovereignty lies with the people and the leaders are expected to do justice to the citizens by achieving what they are expected of them according to law

Bibliography

Gert, Bernard. Morality Its Nature and Justification. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=138257>.

Hellsten, Sirkku. In Defense of Moral Individualism. Helsinki: Univ, 1997.

Mill, John Stuart, and Stefan Collini. On Liberty. Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1995.

Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=28 2760>.

Rawls, John, and Erin Kelly. Justice As Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap, 2001.

Sullivan, Roger J. Immanuel Kant’s Moral Theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

4G Technology For United Arab Emirates University (UAEU)Due to increased demand for high speed internet connective within the university, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) upgraded their internet connectivity services from using 3G to a more advanced technology referred to 4G in 2011 after automating their student registration and introduction of e-learning. 4G is an acronym for fourth-generation wireless [1]. 4G technology is an enhancement of the 3G technology with VOIP, data, gaming services and high quality streamed multimedia on movable devices with transmission speeds that can be compared to cable connection transmission speed [4].

Since the university installed its web-based information system that allowed students to register online, check their results online, drop course, interact with their lecture among other services offered by the eService system, have restrain/used up the internet bandwidth and consequently slowing the whole system and sometimes halting services completely. The 3G network that was being used offered limited capability to its user. United Arab Emirates University opted to adopt a new and enhanced 4G wireless technology. The 4G technology is expected to provide an ultra-mobile broadband which is provide ‘super’ fast rate of the available wireless network transmission. This technology transmits at a rate between 100 megabits per second (MBPS) and one gigabit per second (GBPS). Compared to the predecessor 3G networks, which transmitted at an average speeds of approximately 200 kilobits per second (KBPS), which is relatively slow. Furthermore 4G provide a more effective and stable connection than any of the previous technologies for roaming devices such as users travelling by car or data transfer between towers. The increased speed and accurate connectivity support the transmission of large bandwidth of data than its predecessors [3]. With 4G technology user would be able to access information-rich applications such as real time video chat, high definition digital television signals among others. Adoption of 4G technology within the university have enabled the staff, students and the community surrounding the university to enjoy fast and stable internet connectivity [6]. The university is now using the VOIP technology to make voice calls at cheaper rates and lecturer and students are now able to fully utilize the E-learning platform that was being threatened by unstable internet technology.

The history of 4G technology dates back to 1G, 2G and 3G technologies, where the first depicted the shift from analog to digital transmissions, availing data services like short text messages and email to cell phones to the third generation (3G) which enabled the global roaming and a high data transmission rates. The wireless technologies get better [4], stable and feature-riched as newer technologies are availed. For example the available 3G networks allowed internet users to stream videos, but at a relatively low speed, but with the advent of 4G users are able to access the same features but with a higher speeds and this facilitate the development of new applications [1].

Despite the good features bundled in 4G technology, users have used this technology to hurt the institution [5] . Due to high connectivity within the university security issues to the university’s ICT resources are eminent. Since users are connected to the internet all the time, keeping a user privacy has been a challenge [3],[5]. Furthermore in the case of hackers getting unauthorized access to the university’s information system will take the shortest time to download or route crucial information for use to harm the image of the university.

To address the security issue to the university’s information system, the whole security issues associated with this technology will be analyzed and new approaches to the information security would be taken explored. The details of the steps to be taken in seeking for a compromised solution would be discussed in the next section.

Works Cited

[1] BIBLIOGRAPHY FreeWiMaxinfor.com. 4G Technology. 2012. Oct 2012 <http://freewimaxinfo.com/4g.html>.

[2] Martin, Jim, et al. “Limitations of 4G Wireless Systems.” n.d.

[4] MOBILE TECHNOLOGY:EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 4G. June 2003. October 2012 <http://www.electronicsforu.com/EFYLinux/efyhome/cover/jun2003/Mobile-tech.pdf>.

[5] Services’, ‘Cellular Mobile Systems and. 3G Technology Overview. April 2009. October 2012.

[6] Vilches, Jose. Everything You Need To Know About 4G Wireless Technology. 29 April 2010. October 2012 <http://www.techspot.com/guides/272-everything-about-4g/>.

8.4 AGGRAVATED BATTERY (2nd degree felony)

784.045, Fla. Stat.

To prove the crime of Aggravated Battery, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt. The first element is a definition of battery.

1.(Defendant)

[intentionally touched or struck (victim) against [his] [her] will].

Give 2a or 2b as applicable.

2.(Defendant) in committing the battery

a.intentionally or knowingly caused

[great bodily harm to (victim)].

[permanent disability to (victim)].

[permanent disfigurement to (victim)].

b.used a deadly weapon.

Definition. Give if 2b alleged.

A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in a way likely to produce death or great bodily harm.

“Great bodily harm” means great as distinguished from slight, trivial, minor, or moderate harm, and as such does not include mere bruises.

In Romantic Relationships: Opposites Attract

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Introduction

Popular psychology encompasses claims that people hold on to, yet they are not backed by empirical evidence (Baumeister and Bushman 393). One of the common claims of such nature is that “in romantic relationships, the opposites attract.” In other words, people believe that two individuals with opposite personality traits are attracted to each other more than individuals with similar personality traits. Despite the fact that many people believe in the claim, it does not seem to be based on any scientific research. A study conducted in 2009 by Dijkstra on 760 young people who were members of a certain online dating site found that 85.7 percent of the respondents preferred to have romantic partners with opposite personality traits (Lilienfeld et al. 171). The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the identified claim, with regard to how it is portrayed in real life and how it relates to psychological concepts and theory.

Representation of the Claim in Real Life

The notion that “opposites attract” is widely portrayed in love stories in TV shows, magazines, novels, internet sites and films. Most of the love stories in these sources portray people with opposite personality traits falling in passionate love. A good example is a book titled The Opposites Attract, in which the author, Tim Lahaye, claims that people with the same temperament are not compatible and do not attract each other (Lilienfeld et al. 172). A 2007 TV comedy titled Knocked Up portrays Katherine Heigl and the starring, Seth Rogen as individuals with contrasting traits, yet they end up falling in passionate love (Lilienfeld et al. 172). The same is evident in a well known Hollywood movie titled The Opposite Attract, in which a man called Joe Cantgetadate falls in romantic love with a woman called Candice Blondebombshell, yet they have sharply contrasting traits (Lilienfeld et al. 172).

Psychological Concepts and Theories

In contrast to what the claim discussed above, psychological theories of intimate relationships suggest that individuals with similar personal traits are more likely to develop and maintain romantic relationships than individuals with contrasting personality traits. For instance, the matching hypothesis posits that individuals tend to pair up with romantic partners who have similar interests (Baumeister and Bushman 394). This happens to friends and lovers. According to the hypothesis, the inclination to pair up with somebody with similar traits is rooted in human psyche. The self-monitoring concept also suggests that people naturally pair up with friends or lovers with similar interests. The concept stipulates that each human being seeks to maximize social situations through self-monitoring and interacting with people who have similar interests. In short, the existing theories and concepts refute the claim that the opposites attract (Baumeister and Bushman 394). These theories are more reliable than the claim since there is vast scientific evidence to support them, unlike the claim, which is not backed by scientific evidence. For instance, a study conducted by Stanchfield and Gold in 2004 indicated that people who have similar personality traits are more likely to form close and lasting relationships than people who do not have similar traits (Lilienfeld et al. 173).

Conclusion

The claim that “opposites attract” is not true and thus, it can only be regarded as a myth. In addition to lack of scientific findings to support this claim, there is vast evidence that proves the contrary. The available psychological theories and concepts are in contrast to the claim. The claim, just like other pop psychology claims, is applied in numerous real life situations, but it does not represent the reality.

Works Cited

Baumeister, Roy F. and Brad Bushman. Social Psychology and Human Nature, Brief. New York:Cengage Learning, 2013

Lilienfeld, Scott O., Steven Jay Lynn, John Ruscio and Barry L. Beyerstein. 50 Great Myths of

Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. California: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Print

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In Taming of the Shrew does Petruchio tame Katherine?

The play ‘Taming of the Shrew Katherine’ was written by William Shakespeare. The role of the shrew is acted by Katherine, and she is known for her negative outlook concerning life. She does not believe that there is good in anything and is often in an extremely foul mood. The main reason why she acts in such a manner is because she envies her beautiful and younger sister known as Bianca. She is envious of her younger sister who had many suitors, while she did not have any. Many men wanted to marry Bianca and often ignored Katherine, and most likely it is due to her negative attitude. It is a fact among people that if any man would want to marry Katherine, then it would be the same for Bianca. This is the reason why Katherine is a shrew that needs to be tamed.

This paper seeks to give a critical analysis concerning how Katherine was tamed by Petruchio using the methods he used.

Critical analysis on the taming of Katherine by Petruchio

It is in a town known as Padua that Bianca and Katherine lived, and Petruchio set out to visit the town. If Petruchio could be paid the right amount of money, then he would indeed make an attempt of taming Katherine. Everyone in the town had become tired of the manner, which Katherine handled matters, and thus wanted to tame her. Katherine used to cause chaos among people and some referred to her as being ‘terrible’. There is no single person who did not have extreme hate for Katherine. She seemed to be the reason why the people at Padua did not live peaceful lives. Most times, she would pick fights with her sister Bianca with no reason. It had even reached a point whereby, she would often hit her sister just because she had beauty as well as many suitors.

It seems that Petruchio is a gift from God, which would save everyone in Padua from the misery caused by Katherine. Petruchio had come to Padua in order to find a wife whom, he had dire need of. In fact, he claims that “I come to wives it wealthy in Padua; if wealthy, then happily in Padua” (Rackin 38). This means that Petruchio was aware of the fact that, in Padua, the women were wealthy and thus more reason to find a wife. During a conversation with one of the suitors in love with Bianca, he found out about Katherine. The suitor known as Luciento joked about Petruchio marrying Katherine, as a way of obtaining immense wealth. Many people had told Petruchio about the problems he would encounter if Katherine became his wife. One person in Padua claimed that “Petruchio can have no illusions about the fabled shrew, Katherine, form others are quick to tell him quite frankly what to expect” (Schneider 236).

Petruchio takes up on this challenge and goes ahead and meets Katherine’s father. After consultations, they agree that if Petruchio agrees to marry Katherine, he will be paid twenty thousand crowns. This shows how everyone was fed up with Katherine to the point whereby, her father would pay a man to marry his daughter. Even before, the marriage began, the two did not get along well, and this is expected. This does not deter Petruchio who knows that, in the end, he will be Katherine’s conqueror. A date is set for their wedding and this where some of the taming is experienced. Petruchio seeks to make it known to Katherine that he has the capability of also being annoying. He appears at the wedding dressed ridiculously, also extremely drunk. This continues till the wedding reception whereby, Petruchio tells Katherine that they have to leave. It seems that Katherine has no obligation, but to give in to the demands of Petruchio.

It is evident that in order for Petruchio to tame Katherine, he must do it without changing her inner spirit. Kate shows different personalities as the process of taming begins. Some of the methods chosen by Petruchio to tame Katherine can be to some extent referred to as being torturous. In order to control Katherine’s outward actions, Petruchio finds ways of exploiting and manipulating Katherine’s character. At the same time, he is aware that he should not change her inner being. If he does the latter, he might break her spirit, and this would be considered unethical. Petruchio claims that “Thy gown’s Why, aye. Come, tailor, let us see’st. / O mercy, God! What masquing stuff is here’s / What’s this’s A sleeve’s Tis like a demi-cannon. / What, up and down, carved like an apple tart’s / Here’s snip and nip and cut and slish and slash, Like to a sensor in a barber’s shop” (Aspinall, 98). This means that he seeks to tame Katherine using acceptable ways, and without causing her heart ache.

Domestication has been used in order to bring about taming in the play. In order to tame Katherine’s hostility, Petruchio finds a suitable way to cure this problem. This means that Katherine is considered a wild animal that needs to be domesticated. People encourage Petruchio by giving him the confidence, which he needs, in order to tame Katherine. It seems that, in the society, women were meant to be tamed by their husbands, and Petruchio had to complete this task. At first, people thought that Petruchio would not succeed, but he proves that he has the capability. He chooses to use kindness and training as the methods to tame his wife Katherine. In fact, some people referred to Petruchio’s house, as a place where women men would be taught how to tame their wives’. Others referred to it as the ‘taming school’ as Petruchio had indeed proven that he could tame Katherine the wild card.

Conclusion

It is evident that Petruchio succeeded in taming his wife Katherine, and he did it because he loved her. In turn, he had achieved one of his life’s tasks, as well as that, which other people had failed to do. He had succeeded in changing the outward action expressed by Katherine. People saw the change in Katherine as she had learnt how to speak pleasant words. At the same time, she spoke with malice and vigor, as her nature dictated. Indeed, the taming of the shrew known as Katherine, by Petruchio had taken place successfully. The woman who people knew before had changed and to the surprise of everyone in Padua. In turn, Katherine became submissive towards Petruchio as well as being tame.

Work Cited

Aspinall. Dana, The Taming of the Shrew: Critical Essays. London: Routledge, 2001.Print.

Schneider, Gary. “The Public, the Private, and the Shaming of the Shrew”, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 42, 2 (2002), 235–258.

Rackin, Phyllis. Shakespeare and Women. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.Print.

4G Wireless Networks

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The world has experienced great development when it comes to telecommunication and data transfer. This has led to the emergence of the 4G and the 3G networks. The 4G network is a wireless data transfer technology that has found many applications in the market.4G means fourth generation and it is the fastest internet technology. The 4G network is the successor of the 3G network.4G technology provides faster data transfer than the 3G technology. The 3G technology provide data speeds of about 3.1mbps while the 4G technology has a data transfer rate of up to 12mbps.this means that the 4G network provide faster internet than the 3G.Another difference between these two technologies is that in 3G networks packet data switching technology is used. On the other hand the 4G network uses a technology that is a combination of both the packet data switching and message switching.

In terms of architecture the 3G network has a configuration that is wide area cell based. This contrasts to the 4G that uses integration of a Wireless Local Area Network and Wide Area Network. Correction of errors was hugely taken into consideration in the design of both the 4G and the 3G networks (Sauter & Germany, 2009). The 3G network uses turbo codes in the correction of errors in the network. On the other hand, the 4G network has incorporated the use of concatenated codes in the process of error correction. This has made it more effective in correcting error than the 3G network.

The operating frequency of a 3G network is about 2.0GZ which is lower than that of the 4G network that operate with frequencies of up to 8GHZ.The 4G networks are therefore more preferred by the consumers since they offer faster internet access s and data transfer rates.4G networks have found applications in the WiMax LTE. The 3G network was used mainly in EDGE and UMTS (Sauter & Germany, 2009).

4G LTE, 4G WiMax, and 4G Wi Bro networks are fourth generation networks that have been developed to facilitate data transfer by means of use of latest data network standards.LTE means long term evolutions and this is an easily deployable fourth generation network that provides faster data transfer and download speed. This technology has developed from GSM to HSPA and finally 4G.

The 4G LTE is a wireless standard that has been used widely in phone data transfer providing a data transfer rate of up to 100mbps.This technology is backward compatible and can therefore allows switching back to the HSPA and EDGE technology. This has made it a popular product in the data transfer field. WiMax refers to a Wi-Fi based wireless technology that is configured using the EEEE802.15 standard. It therefore has improved spectral efficiency. In addition to that, Wimax is able to attain higher standards of signal capacity and latency hence making it widely applicable to various systems. Wi-Bro is another 4G network that was developed in Korea. It stands for Wireless Broad band and it allows for faster data. Wi-bro operates at a data rate that is near that of the WiMax. Unlike the LTE, WiMax is not backward compatible and therefore it does not allow for compatibility with older data transfer technologies.

The ability of the LTE to be compatible with EDGE and HSPA has enabled its applications to be popular in many areas.

Since WiMax is Wi-Fi based, it does not require a sim card to function and this makes its application and usage more open. On the other hand, LTE needs a sim card to operate. This therefore means that its application is very exclusive and can be limited in some circumstances.

The LTE and the Wimax have been the most commonly used technologies.

LTE carriers have been in stiff competition trying to out do each other with each network provider claiming to have the fastest network. This competition has basically been driven by the popularity of the LTE technology with the consumers embracing and using the technology more and more. This has made LTE carriers such as Verizon, T-mobile, AT&T and Spark to compete fiercely with one another to get more consumers using their services and buying their LTE products. Getting more subscribers into the network means more profits and therefore no company has been left behind in the fight to get a share of the national cake.

As the companies compete with each other on the basis of LTE technology, the consumers have benefitted form this competition as it has led to better services. For example due to competition from its rivals, Verizon decide to increase its spectrum in several states of the United States of America. This increase of spectrum has enabled Verizon to accommodate more LTE devices in their network without making the network slower. The competition has therefore increased accessibility of LTE network in various cities in the United States of America. AT&T which is also a LTE carrier has not been left behind.

Due o stiff competition from its rivals the telecommunication company has also increased its spectrum by switching all the other standards such as EDGE and 2G networks into its LTE network. This has enabled it to increase its bandwidth and make its LTE services faster and more convenient. Smaller companies such as T-Mobile have also increased its network coverage in several cities. T-Mobile has provided faster 4G network that is at par with the big players such as Verizon and AT&T. This however has been because the T-Mobile only serves less people compared to the other giant player in the industry.

Therefore the completion between the LTE carriers has been beneficial to the consumer as it has led to increased network coverage, lower data charges as well as faster internet speeds.

Verizon and AT&T have become great competitors in the telecommunication industry .However Verizon has been able to cover a bigger and wider market than AT&T (Goldstein, 2012). This has been because the company has spread its network in several states compared to its rival AT&T. This has made the services provided by the company available in most cities. The network has also been reliable with faster data rates than those of its rival. This has made the consumers to prefer using the Verizon network making the company able to serve a wider section of the market. Verizon has also been able to cover a large network the its competitor AT&T because Verizon rolled out its 4G LTE network a year before AT&T was able to initiate the use of the 4G LTE network. This therefore has given Verizon an advantage over AT&T leaving it trying to catch up to Verizon.

References

Goldstein. (2012).Verizon Challenges Other Carriers Network Speeds in 4G Throw down. New York: Wireless Technology Business Journal.30-32

http://rootmetrics.com/rsr/summary/USASauter, M. & Germany, N. (2009).Beyond 3G -Bringing Networks, Terminals and Web Together: LTE, WiMAX, IMS, 4G Devices and the Mobile Web 2.0.West Sussex: John Willey and Sons Ltd

5 Current Events

Name of Student

Institution Affiliation

5 Current Events

Psychology is a very interesting subject to learn about in one’s life. It helps equip the leaner with some skills that enables one to know what people are thinking and how to solve some of the issues that people are facing. In the recent past, there have been some events that have been handled in the psychology sector. The essay will discuss five of these current events, giving their summary and how they apply to the class lectures.

First Current Event: People with Happy Spouses May Live Longer

The first event is found in the article “People with Happy Spouses May Live Longer” written by Olga Stavrova on 23rd April 2019. In this article the author gives results of a study that was carried out. He states that life partners’ life fulfillment was a far superior indicator of members’ mortality than members’ very own life fulfillment. Members who had an upbeat accomplice toward the start of the investigation were less inclined to ignore away the following 8 years contrasted and members who had less glad accomplices. Life fulfillment is known to be related with practices that can influence wellbeing, including diet and exercise, and individuals who have an upbeat, dynamic life partner, for instance, are probably going to have a functioning way of life themselves. The inverse is additionally liable to be valid, says Stavrova.

Stavrova analyzed information from a broadly agent study of around 4,400 couples in the United States who were beyond 50 years old. The study, supported by the National Institute on Aging, gathered information on members who had companions or live-in accomplices; 99% of the examined couples were hetero. For as long as 8 years, members and their companions provided details regarding life fulfillment and different elements speculated to be identified with mortality, including apparent accomplice backing and recurrence of physical action. They additionally finished a self-evaluated wellbeing measure and gave data identified with their horribleness (as estimated by number of specialist analyzed constant conditions), sexual orientation, and age toward the start of the investigation, ethnicity, training, family unit pay, and accomplice mortality. Member passing throughout the investigation were followed utilizing the National Death Index from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or mates’ reports.

Toward the termination of 8 years, about 16% of members had kicked the bucket. The individuals who kicked the bucket would in general be more established, male, less taught, less well off, less physically dynamic, and in more unfortunate wellbeing than the individuals who were as yet alive; the individuals who passed on likewise would in general report lower relationship fulfillment, lower life fulfillment, and having an accomplice who additionally detailed lower life fulfillment. The life partners of members who kicked the bucket were additionally bound to pass away inside the 8-year perception period than were mates of members who were all the while living.

The discoveries recommend that more noteworthy accomplice life fulfillment toward the start of the investigation was related with lower member mortality hazard. In particular, the danger of mortality for members with a glad companion expanded more gradually than mortality hazard for members with a miserable life partner. The relationship between accomplice life fulfillment and mortality chance held even in the wake of representing major sociodemographic factors, self-appraised wellbeing and bleakness, and accomplice mortality.

Second Current Event: More Teens Are Attempting Suicide by Poisoning. Here’s What Parents Should Know

The second current event is found in the article “More Teens Are Attempting Suicide by Poisoning. Here’s What Parents Should Know” written by Jamie Duchamre on May 1st, 2019. The author states that suicide rates are on the ascent in the U.S. crosswise over age gatherings and socioeconomics. Although, as of late, increments have been especially articulated among adolescents — particularly young ladies, who bite the dust by suicide less every now and again than young men yet endeavor it all the more regularly. Purposeful self-harming is the main sort of suicide endeavor for young people (and the third-driving reason for suicide passings), and another examination affirms that numbers here, as well, are rising. The exploration, distributed in the Journal of Pediatrics, found that suicide endeavors by harming have multiplied in recurrence among children more youthful than 19, ascending from just about 40,000 endeavors in 2000 to right around 80,000 out of 2018. Adolescent young ladies appeared to drive the expansion in self-harming endeavors, which can incorporate purposeful medication overdoses or introduction to other poisonous substances.

Out of more than 1.6 million self-harming endeavors among individuals ages 10-24 that were accounted for to U.S. Toxic substance Control Centers (PCCs) and went into the National Poison Data System database from 2000 to 2018, more than 340,000 brought about indications that were non-perilous yet required treatment. More than 45,000 brought about hazardous side effects and around 1,400 brought about death, the investigation says. Those assessments were like figures from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, as indicated by the investigation. Study co-creator John Ackerman, suicide counteractive action facilitator for the Center for Suicide Prevention and Research at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Ohio, says the discoveries have both down to earth and passionate ramifications for guardians.

The creators propose that expanded utilization of internet based life and innovation — and related changes in how kids mingle — could mostly clarify the uptick. The narcotic emergency may likewise assume a job past the deliberate medication overdoses represented in the investigation, the writers compose, since research demonstrates that offspring of guardians with substance use issues may have an expanded danger of temperament issue. In spite of the fact that it’s a perplexing issue, Ackerman stresses that guardians, specialists and different grown-ups ought not to be hesitant to speak honestly about suicide with those they’re worried about, particularly if kids are appearing of mental or enthusiastic affliction. “Misery does not increment when you ask kids inquiries, and it does not result in extra instances of self-destructive considerations or practices,” he says. “Not exclusively would we be able to get some information about it, we ought to get some information about it.”

Third Event: How AI Can Detect Children with Anxiety and Depression

The third current issue is found in the article “How AI Can Detect Children with Anxiety and Depression” written by Cami Rosso on May 8th, 2019. The author carries out a research which she indicates the results in the article. She indicates that Kids, similar to grown-ups, experience tension and wretchedness—disguise issue. In any case, in contrast to grown-ups, youthful youngsters frequently experience issues conveying their side effects, making it trying for medicinal services experts to precisely analyze and treat. Mental side effects that start from the get-go in life risk getting to be perpetual issues through immaturity and adulthood. Having a device that can unbiasedly screen kids for uneasiness and melancholy is an important resource for early youth mediation so as to avoid future issues that can prompt substance misuse, suicide chance, and other psychological well-being issues.

Almost 20 percent of kids experience a disguise issue of nervousness or misery, as indicated by the examination group of Ellen W. McGinnis, Maria Muzik, Kate Fitzgerald. Katherine L. Rosenblum, Jessica Hruschak, Ryan McGinnis ,Steven P. Anderau, Reed D. Gurchiek, and Nestor L. Lopez-Duran. Utilizing an adjusted rendition of the Trier-Social Stress Task, an evaluation apparatus that prompts pressure and nervousness in the test taker, the specialists recorded the sound of 71 youngsters between the ages of three and eight who were entrusted with making a three-minute story that would be made a decision on intrigue. A signal would sound following 90 seconds and again when there was 30 seconds remaining. The youngsters were additionally assessed utilizing standard techniques—a clinical meeting and parent poll.

The sound chronicles were encouraged into an AI calculation to break down the factual highlights. The group found that three sound highlights specifically were exceptionally demonstrative of recognizing disguise issue—low-pitched voices, higher-pitched ringer reactions, and repeatable discourse enunciations and substance. The specialists stated, “We demonstrate that AI examination of sound information from the undertaking can be utilized to distinguish kids with a disguising issue with 80% exactness (54% affectability, 93% particularity),” and that “the calculation requires only a couple of moments of preparing time once the assignment is finished to give a conclusion.”

The specialists report results that “point toward the future utilization of this methodology for screening youngsters for disguising issue so intercessions can be sent when they have the most noteworthy shot for long haul achievement.” As subsequent stages, the group intends to additionally build up the discourse investigation calculation for clinical use to help recognize nervousness and dejection in kids dependent on voice examination. The expectation is that their work will prepare in one day giving a goal and quick technique for diagnosing emotional well-being conditions that are hard to distinguish, yet additionally regularly ignored in youngsters.

Fourth Current Event: What is DermatophagiaThe fourth current event is in the article “What is dermatophagia?” written by Timothy Huzar on May 7th, 2019. He starts by defining dermatophagia which is a mental condition where an individual enthusiastically nibbles, bites, bites, or eats their skin. It regularly influences the skin around individuals’ fingers. Dermatophagia is a developing idea in psychological wellness examine. Thus, there have been not many investigations into correctly what it is and how it contrasts from different conditions.

As indicated by the TLC Foundation for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, psychological wellness authorities once in a while order dermatophagia as an “over the top enthusiastic and related confusion.” This implies it is identified with or part of over the top enthusiastic turmoil (OCD). With this condition, an individual has continuous, wild, and repeating musings and practices. In this article, become familiar with dermatophagia, including the side effects, potential causes, and treatment alternatives.

Side effects

On edge or anxious individual biting or gnawing skin and nails. Dermatophagia is the urgent biting or gnawing of the skin. An individual with dermatophagia urgently chomps, chews, or eats their skin. This may leave their skin crude. This harm to the skin can likewise build the danger of building up a skin contamination. A few specialists feel that dermatophagia is a body-centered redundant conduct. Other comparative practices include: skin picking, nail gnawing, hair pulling, and cheek gnawing.

As indicated by research from 2015, an individual with an over the top enthusiastic and related confusion may encounter a feeling of disgrace because of their condition. This inclination may happen because of the reducing disgrace around psychological well-being issues, or it might be explicit to an individual’s side effects.

Causes

The author states that it is not clear why a few people create dermatophagia. As indicated by the TLC Foundation for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, both hereditary and social components may have a job. As per the National Institute of Mental Health, individuals with OCD might be bound to have relatives that additionally have OCD. It isn’t certain whether this is hereditary, emerges from educated practices, or is because of a mix of these components. It is likewise uncertain whether factors that influence whether an individual will create OCD additionally have a similar job in individuals with dermatophagia.

Analysis

Since dermatophagia is a genuinely new idea in psychological wellness inquire about, a specialist may not really have the option to make a particular determination. All things considered, a specialist would analyze or arrange this under another related condition, for example, OCD. As indicated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), diagnosing OCD is intricate. A specialist will possibly make a conclusion if:

The individual’s musings and practices happen incessantly in a continuous, wild way.

Tthe dermatophagia causes trouble or altogether meddles with the individual’s life

There are no meds or other wellbeing conditions that may cause the dermatophagia

The dermatophagia isn’t identified with another kind of psychological wellness condition

Fifth Current Event: What Can Be Done to Prevent Suicide?

The last current event is found in the article “What Can Be Done to Prevent Suicide?” written by Rachel Levit on May 7th, 2019. There is a good natured yet confused conviction that there must be an ideal fix to end suicide unequivocally — an enchantment pill, an idiot proof net on the Golden Gate, bringing issues to light around signs to empower an intercession.

Obviously, every exertion ought to be made around mindfulness and anticipation, however very frequently suicide appears unexpectedly. Usually imprudent, particularly among youngsters. Self-destructive signs can without much of a stretch be mistaken for defiant high school conduct. Dr. Barnhorst appropriately takes note of that each exertion ought to be made to address the societal reasons for suicide. Be that as it may, we likewise need to stand up to the inconvenience, disgrace and shame around suicide by just being eager to discuss it.

There is no single cure to suicide, similarly as there is no single reason for suicide. The incentive in suicide counteractive action activities is that they help specialists, advisors, network pioneers and the overall population better help individuals in emergency. Truth be told, in the creator’s first story, a concerned sibling alludes his sister for advising in the wake of seeing abnormal, and troubling, conduct. This is an account of achievement. He likely spared her life.

It is reasonable for offer thoughts for how we can bolster individuals in danger for suicide, from making drug accessible to diminishing access to deadly methods. It is additionally reasonable for scrutinize broken social frameworks that may make the conditions that may prompt self-destructive conduct. Amy Barnhorst is cynical about our capacity to manage the raising issue of suicide since she trusts that the main drivers of suicide are generally social — “neediness, vagrancy and the going with presentation to injury, wrongdoing and medications” — and accordingly not treatable with prescription.

Huge as the social issues she depicts may be, they are significantly less genuine than in numerous different territories of the world that don’t have such high suicide rates. In many examples life stress alone does not drive individuals to suicide. The mental issues that include psychological instability, in any case, weaken individuals’ capacities to adapt. What’s more, mending mental issues requires mental treatment, not simply medicine.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Duchamre, J. (2019). More Teens Are Attempting Suicide By Poisoning. Here’s What Parents Should Know. Time, http://time.com/5580266/teen-suicide-self-poisoning/.

Huzar, T. (2019). What is dermatophagia? Medical News Today, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325111.php.

Levit, R. (2019). What Can Be Done to Prevent Suicide? The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/07/opinion/letters/suicide-prevention.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FPsychology%20and%20Psychologists&action=click&contentCollection=health&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=coll.

Rosso, C. (2019). How AI Can Detect Children with Anxiety and Depression. Psychology Today, https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-future-brain/201905/how-ai-can-detect-children-anxiety-and-depression.

Stavrova, O. (2019). People With Happy Spouses May Live Longer. Association for Psychologial Sciences, https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/happy-spouses-longer-lives.html.

Professional Development

Student name:

Institution:

Professional Development

It is a continuous skill enhancement through learning process aimed at imparting or acquiring skills so as to influence the leaners’ learning. It is a process encompassing positive as well as negative benefits. In the article, the author asserts that professional learning comes with advantages as enumerated below.

Meaningful, intellectual, emotional as well as social interaction with colleagues get entrenched through proper sharing of ideas and views as one get accustomed to the learning process both within and outside of instruction.

The process gets to recognize the process, experiences and skills of teachers. It permit teachers to fill that they are adventuring in a worthy course in uplifting the life of humanity through knowledge transfer.

The classroom practice takes into account learners’ educational careers as they emphasizes on education practice that is unique in a wide perspective.

It facilitates a balance between the institution’s interests with that of the individual thus ensuring bureaucratic governance. With leaner and orderly processes, one is able to strike a balance and uplift both personal interests as well as those of the institution.

A culture of critique gets entrenched in all parties involved in the education system. It permit individual to discern what is correct in the learning process and do away with what is bad in the endeavor of striving for excellence in learning.

The professional practices’ standards enable teachers as well as learners come up with proper teaching as well as learning principles that cut across all the people involved. The standard can get replicate globally for the benefit of the coming generation. It facilitate change acceptance and hence get the learning process by in synchronism with the dynamism of education.

Besides, professional practice comes with disadvantages. In the first place, the dynamic change that constantly revolve possess a challenge to the teachers as well as learners. Even though change is rapid and one must accept change, the nature of the human being is always resistance to dynamic change.

Professional development calls for resource utilization. It is real meaning, funds need investing so as to get a reward. It is a challenge to the teacher as well as the institution requiring professional development. In an individual point of view, if professional development is going to get realized, then sacrifice is mandatory.

It calls for planning properly. Planning being a function in management presents a number of challengers to the educationist. It requires strict adherences to planning procedures so as to get needed goals as well as objectives. In the article, the author enumerates the planning procedures for successful implementation. However, adherence is minimal.

Time needed for further education is not as easy as said. Teachers find time for their professional development that is always in conflict with the teaching program in an institution especially when there is short of personnel in an institution. Job embedded learning has come to ameliorates to predicament.

In conclusion, irrespective of the challenges experienced in the professional development, it is worthy for any teacher to be in the system of developing professionally. It ensures that the teacher get skills and is going to be at an advantage in imparting them to learners.