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Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Amendments

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The Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provide protection to US citizens during the various stages involved in the judicial processes. The fourth amendment was incorporated in the US constitution to change the way the police and other law enforcement agencies carry out searches (Becker, 2013). This was done in order to ensure the rights of a defendant are not violated during the process of carrying out searches .The fourth amendment prevents the carrying out of searches without search warrant. It gives the citizens of the United States of America the right to privacy by preventing the carrying out of searches and seizure by government officials or agencies without proper cause (Becker, 2013). Therefore this amendment prevents the government officials from carrying out searches on houses or properties without a warrant.

The Fifth Amendment on the other hand give the citizens the right to fair and speedy trial before any of their rights can be taken away from them by the US court. It also prevents the government from trying a defendant twice for the same crime (Becker, 2013). Furthermore it ensure that the citizens cannot be forced to testify against themselves in a court of law. This therefore protects the rights of the US citizens. Furthermore, it allows the government to take the properties of US citizen (Siegel, 2010).However, when this happens, the defendant is supposed to be compensated by the government according to the market value of the property that has be taken by the government. This further protects the fundamental right of the defendant.

The sixth amendment of the US constitution is also very important as it gives the defendant the right to be tried by an impartial jury (Becker, 2013). This ensures that justice prevails in the US courts. Moreover, it also gives the defendant the right to have an attorney in a court case. In cases where a defendant may not manage to pay for an attorney the government intervenes and appoints an attorney for him.

The sixth amendment offers the greatest protection to the defendant since it ensures that the defendant is given an impartial trial. This ensures that the defendant is not denied justice in the US court.

Reference

Becker, R. (2013).Criminal Investigation. Burlington: Jones and Barlet Publishers

Siegel, L. (2010).Introduction to Criminal Justice. Canada: Nelson Education Ltd

Demirci, Kadir, Mehmet Akgönül, and Abdullah Akpinar. "Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students." Journal of behavioral addictions 4.2 (2015): 85-92.

Goldwasser, Amy. “What’s the Matter with Kids Today?” Salon, Salon.com, 14 Mar. 2008, https://www.salon.com/2008/03/14/kids_and_internet/.

Gámez-Guadix, Manuel, et al. "Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents." Journal of Adolescent Health 53.4 (2013): 446-452.

Livingstone, Sonia, and David R. Brake. "On the rapid rise of social networking sites: New findings and policy implications." Children & society 24.1 (2010): 75-83.

Khamis, Susie, Lawrence Ang, and Raymond Welling. "Self-branding,‘micro-celebrity’and the rise of Social Media Influencers." Celebrity studies 8.2 (2017): 191-208.

Kowalski, Robin M., et al. Cyberbullying: Bullying in the digital age. John Wiley & Sons, 2012

Newman, Nic. "The rise of social media and its impact on mainstream journalism." (2009).

Sharon, Tzlil, and Nicholas A. John. "Unpacking (the) secret: Anonymous social media and the impossibility of networked anonymity." new media & society 20.11 (2018): 4177-4194.

Turkle, Sherry. "Talk to Each Other, Not Your Phone." The New York Times (2015). 30 May 2018. <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/01/opinion/talk-to-each-other-not-your-phone.html>.

Twenge, Jean M., et al. "Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time." Clinical Psychological Science 6.1 (2018): 3-17.

Valkenburg, Patti M., Jochen Peter, and Alexander P. Schouten. "Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem." Cyberpsychology & Behavior 9.5 (2006): 584-590.

First Amendment

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Introduction

According to the first amendment of the constitution of United States of America, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting free exercise or abridging freedom of speech; press the right of people to assemble and to petition the Government to readdress grievances”. It clearly stipulates that an individual right to practice religion is a fundamental right and should not be prohibited. According to the United States Constitution the freedom of speech, right peaceable assembly and freedom of press should not be infringed by religion view point.

During the years that have past there are various cases which the first amendment have been violated or put to test from various states. This cases deal with the infringement of rights and freedoms of individuals. The rights in the first amendment have been valuable to the free society, although they have been limited at some point. This is because when a person or entity takes advantage of this rights and the person is presenting a clear and present danger to the public, they should be limited when they endanger the public. Such a case as:

Stanley vs. Georgia (1969): The accused Stanley and arrested after, authority with warrants searched the home and found with films that were projected or deemed obscene. He was indicted, tried and convicted for obsession of obscene matter and was in violation of Georgia laws. The Supreme Court contended that statutes validity on obscenity is unconstitutional as an allegation was claimed on private possession of obscene matter and no evidence was found to indicate sale or expose or circulate content. Subsequently the first amendment prohibits making private possession of obscene material a crime. The Constitution protects the right to receive information regardless of social worth and free from government intrusions. Another case was one that defined the government’s obligations to respect, maintain and uphold legal rights of citizens in event of arrest.

Brandenburg vs. Ohio (1969): Clarence Brandenburg 1st amendments rights had been violated due to the fact that he had been punished for non criminal expression after his arrest. Clarence was a leader of the Ku Klux Klan he was recorded by a Cincinnati news station where his speech had racial slurs and which urged violence against African Americans and Jews. The state must preserve and protect an individual’s human rights and liberties (Olson, 2008). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brandenburg as the Ohio statute undermined the first amendment freedom of speech and expression. The Human rights which include respectful, fair and ethical treatment without violence and harm was the sentiments of the Ku Klux Rally were no immediate danger to the state. The Supreme Court distinguished between implied violence and violent acts. In the case below the violation of the first amendment right to access of criminal trials which were previously free to press and the public.

Globe Newspaper Company vs. Superior court (1982): The Massachusetts trial court provided for exclusion of press and public from courtroom case that involved a victim under the age of 18 and a defendant charged with rape of three minors. The Newspaper Company challenged the exclusion in the supreme judicial court it held that the fact that the exclusion order expired with completion of the trial at which the defendant was acquitted does not render the controversy moot within the meaning of Art. III. It held that by offering such protection it will serve to ensure individual citizens can participate in contributing to republican system of self government.

Massachusetts statute as construed by Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court violated the first amendment that embraces the right to access criminal trials which ensures that the constitutionally protected discussion of government affairs is an informed one. The court noted that although it was in the interest of protection closure it would be advisable to let the victim testify as the names were already in the press (Wagman, 1991). The constitutional right of press and public to gain access on the trial would not be restricted only and only if it is to protect the states interest. The role in the judicial process is significant as such trials have historically been open to press and public. It was noted that it was for protection of the minor victim’s sex crimes from further trauma and embarrassment so as to encourage such victims to come forward.

Conclusion

The First Amendment is a part of the Bill of Rights in and the amendment which disables an entity or individual from practicing or enforcing a religious viewpoint which infringes on the freedom of speech, right peaceable assemble, freedom of press, a right of access to criminal trials and prohibits governmental evaluation of grievances. Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens could not mobilize for social change.

The Supreme Court interpreted the first amendment as a profound national commitment on public issues that should be uninhibited, robust and wide-open. Freedom of speech was important in the history of America as women and the oppressed minorities could express there needs. This also assisted women to use the right to assemble and petition and gather more women as per the right of association

Reference

Wagman, R. J. (1991). The first amendment book (pp. 12-78) the University of Michigan: World Almanac Books

Olson, D. A. (2008) Cases on the first amendment (pp. 500-750) Vandeplas Publishing

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Ceremony

By Leslie Marmon Silko

The novel, Ceremony, tells the story of a young man, a former fighter in the World War two, who returns home and seek to find healing from the emotional and physical wounds attained at war. Tayo, the main character in the book, takes a journey back home with the aim of achieving all of this, but when he finally gets home, he is confronted with past experiences with family and friends. At first, Tayo seeks for healing at the veteran hospital, but when he realizes that the hospital is not providing him with what he wants, he opts to leave the hospital and go back to his grandparents home. He believes that being back home with his grandparents will assist him deal with is issues but he realizes that this is not the case when he sinks into depression and drug abuse. In response to this, his grandmother seeks the help of a medicine man to perform a ceremonial ritual to help him heal. He engages in a number of ceremonies until he attains the healing he requires.

This paper examines the theme of hybridity in the novel ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko. More specifically, the paper examines the different ways in which the theme of hybridity has been brought out in the novel, while drawing attention to the blending of poetry and prose, storytelling, mixed heritage, hazel eyes, and healing at the Veterans hospital and ceremony.

Theme of Hybridity

Hybridity is defined as a mixture of two or more phenomena that are considered different and separate from each other. Put simply, it is the process whereby two things become separated from their inherent practices, and recombine to form new practices. The theme of hybridity has widely been used in literature to signify a transformation from the old into the new, through amalgamation. The new hybrid forms that develop through this combination are an indication of the profound changes that take place as a consequence of hybridization. These changes can either be positive or negative depending on the nature of the change that has taken place. This, therefore, implies that hybridity changes how things used to be, as well as, how they are viewed by the society. In the novel, Ceremony, hybridity has been revealed in a number of ways. Readers are exposed to hybridity from the beginning of the book all the way to the end. Specifically, the theme of hybridity in the novel is brought out in various ways including storytelling, blending of poetry and prose, mixed heritage, hazel eyes, and healing at the Veterans hospital and ceremony.

Hybridity in Storytelling

In the novel, Ceremony, storytelling is not only a theme on its own; it is also used to bring out the theme of hybridity. Evidently, the novel is centered on the main character Tayo, and his return home from World War II. However, in the development of the novel’s plot, the author interweaves the stories of other individuals, such as Tayo’s friends and his community at large. Tayo’s story is unique and individually appealing, but the development of the novel into what it is could not have been possible if the author did not integrate the stories of others. In addition to this, Tayo, who is the main character in the book, seeks to find healing from his experiences, something he can only achieve together with his friends. Accordingly, the combination of the different stories in the book, leads to the creation of the novel, which is the hybrid in this particular case. Each character in the book has an individual story regarding his or her experiences, and the combination of these stories demonstrates the greatest form of hybridity in the novel.

Blending of poetry and prose

The second and most evident form of hybridity in the novel is brought out through the combination of poetry and prose in the novel. In essence, the author uses these two techniques of storytelling as a way of exposing to the readers the two main cultures that are central in the story, including the native Americans and the communities from the West. Both the two techniques are significant to one culture with the poetry style signifying the storytelling patterns in native America, whereas the prose signifies storytelling in the West. Through a combination of these two techniques, the author affirms the combination of cultures as the main content of the novel. In the story, the two cultures are in a constant clash with each other, though in the end, they come together to form a culture that is a combination of both but distinctively different from their cultural roots and background. The use of prose and poetry throughout the novel provides a clear illustration of this and it illustrates both the differences in the two cultures, as well as, provide the necessary combination to bring out the theme of hybridity. Though the combination of these techniques may, at the beginning, sound different and clash with each other, they complement each other in such a way that helps the readers understand the underlying meaning of the theme of hybridity in the novel.

Mixed heritage

The theme of hybridity in the novel is also brought out in the fact that Tayo, the main character of the novel, is of mixed heritage. As a character, Tayo embodies both the native American and Wetsren cultures as part of his identity, something that he struggles with throughout his lifetime. As the author tells Tayo’s story, the readers can see how this character has struggled with this combination, as he does not possess a clear identity as to the person he is. He is often portrayed as confused and in need of clarification, which illustrates one of the negative effects of hybridity. Tayo feels out of place at most times and he is not sure of whether to identify himself as a native American or a member of the Western community. Tayo’s mixed heritage brings out the theme of hybridity in the sense that it illustrates both the negative and positive effects of hybridity. At the outset, readers are exposed to the complications of being of a ‘combined’ culture being to the formation of a hybrid that has not been well defined. However, towards the end of the book, the readers are introduced to a new Tayo who has learnt to appreciate his combined cultural background. This, in turn, illustrates the positive aspect of hybridity owing to the formation of a new and different form.

Hazel eyes

In addition to being of mixed heritage, Tayo also has hazel eyes, which is a combination of the colors brown and green. Tayo’s hazel eyes indicate that he himself is a hybrid, as he is the offspring of parents who are Native American and Western. Additionally, his hazel eyes are an indication of the ways in which the world is changing as a result of hybridity. In a way, the society, as well as, Tayo is confused about the changes that are brought on by hybridity, but later on, they all learn to accept these changes as a way of positive development.

Healing at the Veterans hospital and Ceremony

Upon a closer examination of the plot and story of the novel ceremony, it is evident that the most of the characters in the book are in search of healing. This is especially applicable to Tayo, the main character in the book, as he wishes to heal from both the physical and emotional wounds attained from his experience in World War II. Tayo looks to find healing from numerous places, but there are only two places where he successfully manages to achieve this including the veterans hospital and the ceremony. These two places are filled with a various individuals from different cultural backgrounds, and they all come together are attain the healing they require as a combined force. In the veterans hospital, individuals from diverse cultural background come together and receive treatment as a group, with minimal discrimination because of their cultural background. The ceremonies are a representation of the different cultural traditions in the novel, and it is the only place where these two cultures meet and appreciate their authenticity as a group. Away from the ceremonies, the two groups have no considerations for each other and they discriminate against one another. However, in the ceremonies, they combine into one forget their differences, and carry out their ceremonies as a group. This, in turn, builds on the theme of hybridity in the novel.

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Dear Admissions Committee:

I am writing to you in regard to the admission of Han Cai into your program. I am delighted to recommend her admission into your program, based on my experience with her for a considerable time. I have been working at Jefferson Pharmacy for more than a decade, as a pharmacist, as well as a mentor to numerous pharmacy students and interns. Han Cai has been working as an intern for close to three years under my mentorship in the pharmacy, in which case I have had the opportunity to observe her character. I wish to bring your attention to my unbiased opinion of her character, and hope that it will be acceptable to you as you evaluate this unparalleled candidate.

My mentorship with Han started when she appealed to assist and shadow me in the pharmacy during summer, as well as when her college breaks for holiday. This signals at a girl who is agile to obtain knowledge and expertise at any given time. I have had the opportunity to watch her grow intellectually, professionally and even personally, thanks to her amazing selflessness and scrupulousness which is rare in many interns and people that I have had the opportunity to know. In addition, she marked her position as an enthusiastic, receptive, honest, thoughtful and remarkably nice lady. What set her apart from the rest are her excellent interpersonal and communication skills that give her the capacity to interact with people of every class, candor, color and background, as well as personalities.

During the time when she was under my mentorship, I got the chance to enquire about her extracurricular activities. Han disclosed that she has been extensively involved in community services among other extracurricular activities. This signaled at her passion and desire in helping and uplifting the lives of the impoverished people in the society, as well as her excellent leadership.

Han has the sole dream of establishing a healthcare volunteer organization. It is worth noting, however, that she has to first succeed as a pharmacist. In this way, she will have the capacity to put her knowledge and interest into the provision of healthcare in the future, which essentially will involve the promotion of health. In essence, her choice to work as an intern in Jefferson pharmacy is part of a clearly defined journey to the attainment of clear career ambitions.

On the same note, I have observed that the Han Cai has impressive work principles. During the time that she was under my mentorship, she carried out her duties in an honorable and consistent manner. I observed that she was extremely attentive to detail, not to mention the fact that she incorporated significant interest in gaining knowledge pertaining to the medication. This not only proved that she is a bright aspiring pharmacist, but would also come in handy during her career as one.

In my opinion, Han Cai has an extremely bright future ahead of her and would, therefore, benefit tremendously from your program. I am deeply convinced that she would channel her enthusiasm for work for the right course, thanks to her impressive and undeniable sensitivity and aptitude. It is my hope and belief that the committee will give her submission a favorable judgment. From her performance in Jefferson pharmacy under my mentorship, I can confidently say that she will make a productive and positive addition to the program. In essence, I would highly recommend Han Cai to your pharmacy program without any reservations whatsoever.

Sincerely,

William Thompson

Dr. Sievers

First Year Seminar

03 September 2019

“Two Cents” on a Growing Issue

Knowledge is power, but at what cost? In today’s day and age, pursuing a higher education has never come with a higher price tag. As current young adults attempt to pursue their dreams with the help of a college education, they must also face the inevitable consequences that come with joining America’s growing student debt crisis. Ironically, paying off these necessary years of additional education comes hand in hand with adding to the decline of today’s creative thinkers, inventors, and the population of those who holster the ability to change our world for the better. How can we expect members of today’s society to put themselves out there if they are faced with the pressure of finding jobs for the sole purpose of paying off their unavoidable debts? This only keeps our vast middle class at a stationary, if not lower, tier in our population and prevents our country from significant economic growth. This spiraling issue has been swept under the rug for far too long and must be recognized before our nation suffers from irreparable repercussions. 

Year by Year, college seems to be increasing their tuition fee. Parents and children are however trying to achieve the American dream which is only possible through education. It is for such reasons taking student loans has been on the rise. Education has become expensive and bills can only be paid with the help of the student loans. Federal Financial aid records have indicated that the students are taking the riskiest debt which is the unregulated private student loans. In this kind of funding, student do not have any kind of protection and may end up paying absurd interest rate (Carey, pg. 1-6). The higher education debt is on another level. In the year 1993, only about 32% of students borrowed money to attend college but now, almost every single individual in college has a student loan. Lending money to students has become a business opportunity to some. Many money lending companies have emerged. Some seem to be exploiting students with very absurd interest rates.

Often, we have argued that getting higher education translates into one getting quality education thus a guarantee to living a better life, but is this true? I believe it’s not. High tuition fees have resulted in students taking in part time jobs to try and help their parents settle some bills. Taking part time jobs means that a student needs to try and balance between school and work. The famous saying you cannot serve two masters at a time may apply here. It is high likely that the student may not be able to create a perfect balance and their academics may become affected leading to failing grades. Students are unable to create time to study or complete their studies thus by the end of the four years they may not end up receiving the quality education that we often seem to praise.

We must first discuss the “easy way” to avoid this nationwide financial crisis. Of course there is the chance of being born into a wealthy family, but how many of us can actually relate? The obvious solution: community college. In a situation easier said than done, let’s face it, we as a society tend to look down on those who “choose to stay at home” for another two years. Not only have we contributed to this societal cloud of shame, but we must also consider the other downside of community college. Four year universities are more likely to offer specialized classes and a wider scope of studies for students to explore. This increases the desire for those up and coming dreamers to attend a university in which they can discover their personal interests and undergo new social experiences (Renehan, pg. 78-90). Other thought of solutions may include scaring the children of today into participating in the American armed forces. While this of course is no decision to be looked down on, we must consider whether or not these partakers are ready for such a personally grueling experience. 

The preference towards four year universities leads us to one of the most pressing causes of the student loan crisis: rising tuition prices. As the demand for higher education increases, so does its financial damage. In recent studies, paying off your student loans has become increasingly more difficult. The past few years have shown borrowers struggling to pay just one of their monthly bills within a three-month period. Though, this pressure towards further schooling has been nearly half a century in the making. The infamous generation of baby boomers has notoriously taken a fruitful country and slowly turned it into a financial disaster waiting to happen. The large part of today’s population born between 1946 and 1964 has dug a deep enough economic hole to bury their children and leave a lasting impression on later generations (Tinto, pg. 8-125). Spending most of our country’s resources on themselves, not only has our education system suffered, but today’s college students are watching themselves fight harder than ever for a place in our world at their parent’s expense. Seeing as this growing concern does not affect them directly, this group that also pertains to the majority of active political voters lacks the passion to pursue solutions to turn their negative accomplishments around. 

The young adults of today as a result may never have time to truly enjoy the financial freedoms that our country has to offer. The irony of drowning in student loans is hard to ignore: more education in hopes for a higher-paying job, leading to descending deeper down the hole of debt, only to inevitably work longer in order to pay it all off. Overall this cycle can take you down a seemingly never-ending spiral that holds today’s young minds back from achieving their real dreams. They are forced to chase high-stress, prestigious job titles that they cannot genuinely enjoy and will eventually burn them out. Looking closer at the personal effects, as students suffer so does their credit. This only adds to the stress of becoming financially stable. These debts prevent borrowers from investing in other basic needs that affect more than just the growing student loan crisis. For example, it is not an uncommon occurrence for recent graduates to return to their childhood home and depend on their parent’s support as they slowly grow secure enough to depend on themselves. In turn, this growing, and yet convenient short-term solution may directly affect the real estate market. This same effect can be seen as the younger generations should be reaching the stage in which they should be checking off staple achievements in most people’s lives, such as buying a car on their own or starting a family. Similarly, in the grand scheme of things this overall negatively affects our country’s national economic growth. 

High tuition fees are key factor in the increased number of student drop out. Most of the students start up college with the hope that eventually they will be able to cover all the cost the associated but as they proceed they realize this may impossible for four years. Some of these students have often argued that paying the high tuition fees is not worth it eventually when they graduate and even then it is not a guarantee that they will get employment opportunities. According to the Congressional digest, high drop out of college students may be a threat to the job poll as eventually there may be employment opportunities that require expertise, but the number of people who could feel out these positions may not be enough (Congrsssional Digest, pg. 9). When everyone decides to opt for unskilled labor, what happens to careers that need expertise? According to Forbes Magazine, market demand may be weak but there are certain sectors that utilize skills that still has high demand for graduates such engineering, nursing, welding, plumbing, electrician, computer technicians and doctors. If we are not able to address the issue of affordable education, the high demand will not be catered for.

On a smaller scale, a notable chunk of our population may be facing greater consequences than the rest. Women in particular are considerably more affected than men seeing as there are more women pursuing degrees than men on average. While it is easy to commend this minority on achieving a greater sense of ambition statistically, the unforgettable wage gap prevents women from paying off their debts as efficiently as they should be expected to in comparison to men. Despite the fact that for years we have often tried to ensure equality is achieved, this has not been the case. The gender disparity can still be seen as most top positions in organizations are given to the men while the women get lower position. It is for a fact that positions determine one’s income and thus most women have a lower income than the men thus still strain to ensure that they get to pay off their loans, all their bills are catered for and they are still able to provide basic housing needs for their families.

As a country, it is important to come up with solutions that will ensure we save our students from this burden. Most students work hard to ensure they pass and secure jobs so that they can enjoy life but paying off student loans does not make this easy. First as a nation we need to have a clear discussion on free public college. Often when this point is raised, it is met with a lot of resistance. When we talk of free tuition college, it doesn’t have to completely translate to free education where students pay nothing at all. What if students do not have to pay tuition fees but can pay for other charges such as accommodation, books, and other college charges. With the revenue that the government collects, I believe there needs to be a budget allocation for university funding to ensure universities are able to run their day to day activities but at the same time are able to provide quality education to the students at a lower cost. The college may not even be free but rather subsidized to a certain amount.

Free college education has often been met with resistance that quality of education will decline. My greatest question to this argument is understanding how the quality of education declines, does it decline because more people will be able to get university admission or does it decline because the universities are unable to run their day to day activities? If it is the former, then the solution is expansion of facilities to ensure that everyone is accommodated. A growth in economy is contributed by an increase in the literacy level of its citizens as this ensures that more people are literate thus can secure jobs and there is also a high likelihood of getting more inventions. It is for a fact that most third world countries are not as developed because the illiteracy levels are high. Ensuring that everybody is able to get an undergraduate degree not only benefits the individual but is also a benefit to the nation (Wiener, pg. 224-226). There have been nations that have been able to implement free college education successfully without altering the quality of education. Some of these nations that we can borrow a leaf or two from include Norway, Sweden, Finland, Slovenia, Germany and France.

We need to stop looking down on community colleges as a society. As parents and education stakeholder’s students need to understand that getting a community college degree is okay and they can compete for jobs equally with those in other universities. It is sad that most students do not perceive community college as an option because many associate attending it with failing. There are very good community colleges out there that have produced good graduates excelling in their careers yet they did not have to pay so much fee. Before we attain free tuition fees in America, how about we embrace community colleges as a solution for its affordable rates? Most people look down on community colleges because they are ill equipped. It is thus important that the government both federal and state ensure community colleges are equipped and have all amenities that facilitate learning.

Conversation on making college affordable has been happening for the longest time. In the year 2015, Barrack Obama proposed making two-years of community college free to students who qualifies (Samuels, pg. 123-165). April 2019, Senator Elizabeth Warren proposed a $1.25 trillion education bill which would help eliminate tuition and fees for public universities. According to her proposal, the funding for this project would be obtain from Ultra-Millionaire wealth tax as 0.1% of Americans have over 50 million dollars in asset (Abigail). The bill did not get all the support to move forward but he fact that these conversations are happening means there is so much hope in making education affordable. This will bill to look out for in 2020 during the election campaigns. There are states that are implementing legislation that will ensure that community college is affordable. In 2017, San Francisco made community college free for everyone and the funding was to be obtained by using of tax from properties selling for more than 5 million. This has seen an increase in number of people enrolling in college.

Colleges that are offering tuition free education are also emerging. They include college of Ozark; they are able to do this through the help of donors. The students too have to work for at least 15 hours every week in the school campus. Deep Springs College also in California, a male only school offers full financial reward to its attendees. Others include Alice Lloyd College, Berea College, Curtis Institute of Music, Barkly college, Webb Institute and United State Service Academies. With emergence of such colleges, education becomes an obtainable dream There are 11 other states including Oregon, Arkansas, Nevada, Tennessee, New York, Delaware, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Indiana, Maryland and New Jersey have created programs where college students are getting free 2-year college tuition in certain community colleges. These initiatives are a great way of ensuring that getting an education in the United States does not have to be a burden.

Everyone nowadays want to pursue education to the highest levels because of the importance it is associated with. With education, individuals are able to access better jobs, better opportunities, learn new thigs, acquire new skills as well as create a platform where you can associate with other people. This dream however may be derailed by lack of money and increased tuition fees. The government needs to be a leading stakeholder in trying to ensure that students are able to pursue their dream careers without having to take up loans. Works Cited

Abigail J Hess. “51% Of Young Americans Support Tuition-Free Public College.” CNBC, CNBC, 2 Oct. 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/01/56percent-of-young-americans-support-free-public-college-how-it-might-work.html.

Carey, Erin Dillon ad Kevin. “Drowning in Debt: The Emerging Student Loan Crisis.” Charts You can Trust (2009): 1-6.

“Free Community College.” Congressional Digest, vol. 94, no. 4, Apr. 2015, p. 9. EBSCOhost, login.proxy.kennesaw.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=101913975&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Tinto, Vincent. “Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research.” Review of educational research 45.1 (1975): 89-125.

Renehan, Stewart. “Rising Tuition in Higher Education: Should we be concerned.” Visons for the Liberal Arts (2015).

Samuels, Robert. Why Public Higher EducationShould be free:. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2013.

Wiener, Jon. “Aiming Higher: Make College Tuition Free.” Nation, vol. 300, no. 14, Apr. 2015, pp. 224–226.

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“We Don’t Want To Know”-HIV Case Study

One of the health communication campaigns that connect to this story is community-based communication. Chanda and Thandi are a conservative married couple living in a remote village in Zambia. They choose not to get tested for HIV owing to a combination of cultural and personal factors. The text mentions that non-governmental organizations working in the field informed them of the importance of getting tested. Still, Thandi insists it is not her decision to make, so they agree not to get tested alongside her husband. This is a form of community-based communication as there is a presence of a third party that intervenes and tries to convince them to get tested.

HIV stigma greatly impacts Chanda’s and Thandi’s ultimate decision not to get tested. She says that she cannot get tested at the local hospital in the community as she does not want other people to see them there. She says that once the villagers spot them at the clinic, they will automatically assume that they are sick. This stigma makes people stay away from the clinic and testing altogether for fear of being labeled. Another form of stigma is reflected in how discussing issues pertaining to HIV is considered taboo. Thandi also says that although she might want to get tested, she cannot raise the issue with her husband as he might think that she is cheating on him, which is not the case.

In my viewpoint, the best communication approach to applying to this case of Chanda and Thandi is the informative approach. I would recommend this approach as it would expose them to the harsh truths about the impact of the pandemic. I would provide them with information about the number of lives the pandemic has claimed. I think that this strategy would be effective because by showing them raw footage and painting the real picture about the potential danger they are placing their lives in, they would have a change of heart.



Human Resource Management and Sustainable Competitive Advantage

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Abstract

People have been cited as the key source of sustainable competitive advantage in organizations. People may refer to an organization’s customer base or the organization’s workforce and human capital. As the theories of competitive advantage demand, for resources to be considered as sources of sustainable competitive advantage, they must be valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable (Barney, 2007). Because an organization’s customer base may not meet this criterion for sustainable competitive advantage, this paper assumes human resources as the key sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Research studies illustrate that human resources are valuable, rare, inimitable, and non-substitutable, this making them a source of sustainable competitive advantage for organizations. Human resources are considered as valuable sources because they are closely linked with increased financial quality for organizations. Human resources are also considered as rare because.. in addition to this, human resources are inimitable owing to their uniqueness in their respective organizations and non-substitutable because substitution is only applicable to other resources other than human capital.

Key Words: Sustainable Competitive Advantage, Human Resources, Value, Rareness,

Inimitability, Non-substitutable

Introduction

One of the keys to the survival of any business organization is gaining competitive advantage. The term competitive advantage refers to the processes and procedures through which businesses set themselves as leaders in the market. It is whereby organizations develop differentiation strategies from their competitors; thus, granting these organizations a business advantage over their competitors (Barney, 2007). Building on the concept of competitive advantage, sustainable competitive advantage refers to the protracted benefit of employing all inimitable value-creating strategies based on a distinctive combination of organizational resources and capabilities. Current studies on the issues are aimed at identifying the different sources of superior performance of firms in their respective competitive markets. Accordingly, these studies have identified various sources of sustainable competitive advantage ranging from technology, human resource management, and capital equipment among other things.

Organizations that are classified as having a competitive advantage are those that have the ability to identify value creating sources and strategies and implementing these strategies in their operations (Barney, 2007). More specifically, human resource management has been cited as the most important asset for an organization’s attainment of sustainable competitive advantage. This is because human resource management concerns the provision of workforce for the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Human resources involves the management of human capital which is a necessary tool for the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage for firms and organizations.

This paper examines human resources as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. The paper explains why people are the key source of sustained competitive advantage for organizations in relation to the socio-economic and business context of human resource management. The paper provides an analysis of human resources as a source of sustainable competitive advantage based on value, rareness, inimitability, and substitution.

Human Resources as a source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage

As mentioned earlier, people, who refer to the human resources of any organization, are one of the sources of sustainable competitive advantage in organizations and firms. As the concepts of sustainable competitive advantage explain, for a resource to be considered a source of sustainable competitive advantage, it should have the ability to add value to the organization, be rare and inimitable, as well as, lack substitutes (Barney, 2007). Researchers argue that in order to understand how human resources are sources of sustainable competitive advantage, individuals need to analyze human resources based on these four facets of sustainable competitive advantage. Accordingly, the analysis needs to include both human resource functions and activities in the organization for proper comprehension of how human resources are a source of sustainable competitive advantage.

Value of Human Resources

Just as other sources of sustained competitive advantage, the people who make up the workforce in the organization are valuable to the organization. This is because, these people provide the organization with an array of skills and capabilities that are necessary for the organization to attain sustainable competitive advantage. As Dyer explains, employees are unique to the organization, and the skills and capabilities of a particular employee are different in each organization (Dyer, 1993). This means that employees contribute differently in the organization, thus implying a sense of value addition by each unique employee. Understanding the value of human resources in the organization is a complex and multifaceted process that requires a measurement of the demand and supply of people or labor in the organization (Hatch & Dyer, 2004). The demand for human resources in the organization refers to the ability for substitution of employees. Put simply, it is whereby employees have similar skills and for that reason can be substituted for each other in the organization. Supply, on the other hand, refers to the productive capacity of the employees in the organization. This refers to the contribution of each employee in the organization for the achievement of organizational goals and objectives.

According to the human capital theory, when the demand and supply of human resources is homogenous, meaning the organization has similar jobs that require similar skills, the organization experiences no variance in individual contribution of employees in the organization (Wright et al., 1994). In such a case, human resources can be considered as having no value to the organization. However, if the demand and supply of human resources in the organization is heterogeneous, meaning that organizations have different jobs requiring different skills and capabilities, then human resources can be considered as valuable to the organization. In most organizations today, the latter is the most notable characteristic of human resources, thus implying a sense of value addition by human resources in the organization. Building on this idea, human resources has been linked with financial value in terms of employee remuneration and company profits. Put simply, the amount of money spent on employees, and the amount of money made by these employees through their performance. Researchers argue that high quality human resource management equals high financial value for organizations (Pfeffer, 1996). Therefore, if an organization invests in their human resources, there is the possibility that the organization will increase its financial value.

Rareness of Human Resources

The second requirement of sustainable competitive advantage is that sources need to be rare, meaning that it should be infrequent and exceptional. Arguably, the rareness of human resources is not based on numbers but the skills and capabilities that each employee in the organization possesses. All competing organizations have access to a wide workforce both within the organization and without. The key to having human resources as rare commodities lies in the recruitment and selection of the employees joining the workforce in an organization. In this particular case, skills and capabilities go beyond educational and technical skills, and instead they are highly focused on the employees’ cognitive skills and capabilities (Hatch & Dyer, 2004). In human resource management, cognitive skills refer to employees’ unique mental abilities that allow them to carry out their duties and responsibilities effectively and efficiently. Unlike the job-specific skills and capabilities, which may be similar in competing organizations, cognitive skills are unique to each organization. This is because the development of cognitive skills and abilities is dependent on the training and development provided by the human resource department.

It is the role of the human resource department to establish training and development programs for their employees. This not only keeps the employees updated in the current trends in the industry, it also allows them to develop various skills that promote sustainable competitive advantage for the organization (Pfeffer, 1996). The rationale behind this is explained by Jackson et al. in their study, who states that organizational employees are in constant competition with each other. He continues on to state that the human resource department is responsible for this competition as it provides incentives for good performance and productivity (Jackson et al., 2003). Organizational employees devise various ways in which they can outdo each other so as to receive benefits. One of these ways may be through the development of smart business skills for the attainment of sustainable competitive advantage for the company. Cognitive ability is said to have a strong and positive association with individual job performance in the workplace. Organizations that manage to have a strong workforce with strong cognitive skills and abilities is likely to demonstrate an increased economic value for the firm. Cognitive ability is a necessary tool for organizations because it assures the organization of adaptability and flexibility to future problems and threats from competitors. In his argument on the topic, Boxall Explains that cognitive ability is distinctively distributed in the population, which implies that organizations that have high cognitive ability levels are, therefore, rare (Boxall, 1998).

Because employee cognitive abilities are not guaranteed for all organizations, and for that reason are hard to come by, the organization that successfully manages to have a combination of employees with diverse cognitive abilities is said to be rare. Not all human resource departments have the capacity to ensure that their organization’s workforce is well equipped with the necessary combination of employees with cognitive abilities. Accordingly, those organizations that have this are said to be rare, thus gain a competitive advantage over their competitors in the industry (Wright et al., 1994). This, therefore, illustrates how human resources can be sources of sustainable competitive advantage through being rare.

Inimitability of Human Resources

For a resource to be considered a source of sustainable competitive advantage, it should also be inimitable, meaning that it cannot be copied by other organizations. Inimitability of human resources is examined on the basis of the organization’s unique human resource practices and strategies. This includes the remuneration and benefits offered for employees, as well as, all other human resource practices that involve the preservation of employees in the organization. These activities may or may not be imitable but in essence should not be. Competitors to an organization should not have the ability to imitate the human resource practices in a particular organization, if this organization is to be considered as having attained a sustainable competitive advantage. However, as Pfeffer explains, there are three main ways through which human resources may be examined to determine their inimitability. These include organizational history, elemental indistinctness, and socio-economic complexity (Pfeffer, 1996). In terms of organizational history refers to the activities and practices of an organization’s human resources that date back to when the charter of the organization in the industry. It refers to the human resource activities that have been practiced over time in the organization, hence becoming part of the organizational culture. Having a unique history in human resources assures organizations of attaining sustainable competitive advantage because this history cannot be imitated by organizations in the same industry. Elemental indistinctness exists when an organization’s resources and capabilities and the organization’s competitive advantage over its competitors cannot be easily understood (Wright et al., 1994). Put simply, competing firms should not have the ability to understand an organization’s human resources as being a source of sustainable competitive advantage.

If competing firms are unable to identify how an organization utilizes its human resources for competitive advantage, then it will be impossible for them to imitate human resources for their organizations (Hatch & Dyer, 2004). Lastly, social complexity of human resources describes the complexity of the social aspects of human resources that make them impossible to, systematically, manage or influence. Social complexity may be brought about through the combination of a diverse workforce with each employee originating from a different background hence providing different capabilities for the organization. Further, inimitability of human resources is analyzed based on ability and behavior of the employees in the workplace. Although employees may have the ability to perform certain tasks in the organization, this does not guarantee that they will behave in accordance with the organization’s requirement. Inimitability comes in when an organization can successfully boast of having a workforce that can perform as opposed to one that has the ability to perform. Ensuring performance in human resources is key to reducing the possibility of imitation by competitors, as they cannot imitate employee performance for sustainable competitive advantage (Wright et al., 1994). Each organization has its own unique human resource culture and practice that is responsible for employee performance. This human resource culture has been identified as one of the hardest to imitate owing to its long-term nature and the uniqueness across all organizations. This, in turn, illustrates how human resources can be sources of sustained competitive advantage through their inability to be imitated.

Substitution of Human Resources

The last condition for sustainable competitive advantage is that all sources should not be easily substitutable. Put simply, this means that sources of competitive advantage should not provide the opportunity for substitution by competitors. In the search for competitive advantage, it is natural that if a competitor cannot imitate the sources of competitive advantage, then they can provide substitutes to these resources. Though substitution implies a lower quality of resources for the organization, it also suggests some benefits such as reduced costs, and increase in quantity among other things. For that reason, substitution poses a great threat to competitive advantage for firms and organizations (Hatch & Dyer, 2004). Organizations that successfully manage to provide resources that cannot be substituted are, therefore those that attain sustainable competitive advantage in their respective industries. Human resources are considered as sources of competitive advantage owing to the simple fact that unlike other resources, they cannot be substituted. Substitution of human resources for competitive advantage would imply a reduction in the quality of human resource activities in the organization. For example, the substitution of cognitive ability, which may be a source of competitive advantage, would means that the employees in the competing organization cannot enjoy the benefits of cognitive ability for sustainable competitive advantage. As Pfeffer explains, substituting human resource activities, does not inherently, result in gaining sustainable competitive advantage in organizations (Pfeffer, 1996). If competitors to an organization need to attain sustainable competitive advantage, then it would not be a viable approach for them to take on substitution for the achievement of this. However, competitors can substitute other resources such as technology and financial resources. This, therefore, illustrates how human resources can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage owing to the fact that it cannot be substituted.

Conclusion

It is correct to assume that people are the key sources of sustainable competitive advantage in an organization. As the paper explains, people in this case refer to the human resources available for organizations. Human resources provide the necessary human capital for organizations to perform their operations accordingly, for the achievement of the set goals and objectives (Hatch & Dyer, 2004). Because sustainable competitive advantage demands that organizations provide for their customers exclusive high quality products and services. As previously mentioned, human resources meet the criterion for sources of sustainable competitive advantage, and for that reason, they have been cited as the key sources for market leadership. Because human resources are unique to each organization, they are rare, and inimitable, thus qualifying for the first requirements of sustainable competitive advantage. Additionally, human resources cannot be easily imitated or substitutable from organization to organization, hence passing the last two requirements for sustainable competitive advantage. Based on the analysis presented in this paper regarding human resources as a source of market leadership, it is therefore, safe to assume that indeed human resources are sources of sustained competitive advantage.

References

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advantage. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Boxall, P. (1998). ‘Achieving competitive advantage through human resource strategy: towards a

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Dyer, L. (1993). Human resources as a source of competitive advantage. New York: Industrial

Relations Centre, Queen’s University.

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a Transitional Economy. Small Business Economics, 9(6): 503-514.

Hatch, N & Dyer J. (2004). Human Capital and Learning as a Source of Sustainable Competitive

Advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25(12): 1155-1178.

Jackson, S. et al. (2003). Managing knowledge for sustained competitive advantage: designing

strategies for effective human resource management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Pattanayak, B. (2003). HR Perspective in Sustainable Competitive Development: A Proposed

Model. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 38(3): 335-343.

Peccei, R. & Rosenthal, P. (2001). ‘Delivering customer-oriented behavior through

empowerment: an empirical test of HRM assumptions’. Journal of Management Studies, 38(6): 831-57.

Pfeffer, J. (1996). Competitive advantage through people: unleashing the power of the work

force. United Kingdom: Harvard Business Press.

Wright, P. et al. (1994). ‘Human resources and sustained competitive advantage: a resource

based perspective’. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2): 301-326.

“When They Call you a Terrorist” Critical Review

Student’s Name

Institution

“When They Call you a Terrorist” Critical Review“When They Call you a Terrorist,” written by Patrisse Khan-Cullors, coauthored by asha bendele and with a foreword by Angela Davis was first published in 16th January 2018 at The Bibliophage. It is a compelling and inciting chronicle that talks about the black lives matters and what it means to be an African-American woman in the United States. Patrisse Cullors uses her first-hand real-life experiences to postulate how racism persists in the modern American Society and how the blacks are victimized on the government’s hand in the community. In writing her work, Patrisse Cullors has the aim of illustrating social injustice when it comes to law enforcement in the nation as the people of color are indirectly subjected to oppression and prejudice. In enhancing Black Nationalism, Patrisse Cullors played a vital role in founding a movement whose objectives are demanding justice in the nation. Her efforts in curbing social injustice in the community made her movement Black Live Matters, be known as a vital vessel in enhancing unity and equality in the country. How does racism persist in America hence civil rights are granted to all the citizens? It is alarming and disgusting to understand that this degrading menace still exist in the community today.

“When They Call you a Terrorist” is an excellent literature work that depicts the author’s livelihood in America with regards to the persecution she was subjected to as well as her family members. Throughout the book, the plot is developed by the racism and injustice theme regarding the ethnicity bias in the society (Gyarkye, 2018). The blacks in the community are seen as half human in many instances segregated and often locked behind the prison doors for quire and minor mistakes that in a real sense do not deserve the dully. The people of color are associated with drug abuse and peddling making them the typical targets of police officers that are invaded at any time and anyhow with no consideration of the stigma and sense of non-belonging instigated. Regardless of the blacks living in poverty and harsh environmental conditions, they are exceedingly tracked by the local government where their possibility of getting imprisoned is higher than four times than that of the white counterparts.

Patrisse Cullors tells her story starting with the victimization and segregation she underwent when back in school at her tender age. It was at the era of “war on drugs” which one can conclude to be battle of oppressing and segregating the people of color in the American States. As usual, she was at school in Van Nuys, California when a police officer emerged in front of the class and called out her name. She was arrested in the presence of all the other colleagues and taken to the headmaster’s office where all her belongings were searched. It is unbelievable that even such a tender girl striving to get an education have to be instigated to dehumanization by the local government and the people at higher levels without consideration of her dignity. In her book, Patrisse Cullors also depicts the lives of her brothers who were victims of the same kind of persecution. They were tracked and trained ending up in the juvenile detention at their young age. On their release, they could be seen as human testimony of the suffering and injustice of imprisonment for minor things that did not deserve such sentences.

The theme of racism and injustice develops the major conflict of the story where Patrisse Cullors’s mother is mistreated in front of her parents by the officers as well as her brother being imprisoned and oppressed to the extent of developing schizophrenia disorder. During the 1980s the case is the same when the war on Gang is declared, and surveillance is put in place the offenders who in many instances appeared to the black. Patrisse Cullors uses personal scenarios and experience to portray the injustice menace where the black children grow in the unconducive environment their lives being endangered by the local government just because of their skin color. Towards the end of the story the author talks of her deceased biological father Gabriel, who struggled to overcome drug addiction with the intervention of more than ten counselors. Being a Negro and a drug addict, he served a wide variety of imprisonment. In his burial, Patrisse Cullors states that he demised of a broken heart living in a country of unrevealed promises.

African diaspora communities in the nation experience lots of challenges even today in the society. The fact can be justified by the Patrisse Cullors’s book “When They Call you a Terrorist” regarding how the blacks are mistreated by the local government indirectly in the name of enforcing law and order. It depicts that the granting for civil rights after a great struggle did not mark the end of racism but indeed maneuvered it differently. During the early decades, oppression could be done on the face to the Negros and other minorities where they could not have access to the education facilities, healthcare as well as other white social amenities. A number of civil rights such as the right to vote were also not granted with no plead o the injustice and inconvenience being subjected to the people of color. In the modern society, Black Nationalism gave way to civil rights which are constitutional to all people regardless of their color and ethnicity (Williams, 2017). However, various indirect oppressions and victimization raise the alarm when it comes to the enhancement of civil justice to the blacks.

The barbaric police are all around in the African-American residence as well as in other streets mistreating the Natives in the name of fighting drug abuse and other social violence, but in the real sense discriminating against the minorities. Patrisse Cullors gives an illustration of how she was harassed by the police officer in front of other students as well as the headmaster and teachers who did not even questioned for the act. It is right that there were no drugs found after the search and all that, but the author puts it clear that the primary focus was a violation and stripping as a way of way of subjugating the minority. The head of school, as well as the police officer, do not mind the stigma and guilt the girl will face in her education line as she interacts with her classmates and colleagues who at many times will tend to victimize her and make jokes of her experience as an African-American.

The action of Patrisse Cullors forming the Black Lives Matters depicts Pan Africanism. It is through her experience as a black woman in America since her tender age when she was starting her schooling to her life as a mother and wife of an immigrant that stimulated her as an advocacy leader. Social prejudice is a devastating threat that leads to degradation of cultural development. Patrisse Cullors remains steadfast in her advocacy towards Black Nationalism as she could not intend her children and other minority groups to go through the same oppression in the community. Consider a society where innocent children have put custody and tend to be the testimonies of how life in prison is terrible, just because of their ethnicity and skin color. They will grow in anxiety that in future will lead to psychological disorders as it was the case with Patrisse’s brother. Monte Cullors was arrested and taken to the Los Angeles County Prison at the age of twelve years where he was significantly harassed and end up developing a schizoaffective disorder.

In consideration of the author’s perception in writing the book, racial discrimination is present in the 21st century even though indirectly and it takes a lot of effort in curbing the issue. Dealing with the black matters have become extra challenging because the racial injustice menace has been widely spread at the government level where those in mandate victimize the Negros in the process of enforcing the law. The police officers are used to oppress the black inhabitants as they have the power of maintaining security in the nation. For instance, consider the case of the officer who intruded Patrisse’s home and carried out a thorough search in all the resident rooms. He was cruel and did not show respect to the narrator’s mother in front of her children. Even if he was under the call of duty, there have to be some sense of humanity as we live in a civilized nation.

It is astonishing, considering that Patrisse Cullors is talking about racism and social injustice in the 21st century. Take the incident of the George Zimmerman acquisition after the murder of Trayvon Martin who was only seventeen years old back in the year 2012. Being an activist and freedom fighter, Khan-Cullors was touched by this issue remembering her life story and the shame as well as oppression she faced during her schooling (Tefera, et al. 2018). The act of no law action being taken towards the murderer postulates racial injustice in the community where the black’s rights are assumed. It is clear that Kha- Cullors is a victim of segregation in modern society as illuminated in her book depicting that there is more to be done regarding Black Nationalism in America.

From Patrisse Cullors’s story, it is convincing that the act of the blacks being called terrorists and Burroughs in the modern society is racial biased. Some of the officers and other leaders in the American community tends to oppress the people of color indirectly with the victimization of drug abuse, trafficking, and violence among other minor illegalities. In her book as well as the foundation regarding black lives matters portrays Kha- Cullors’s patriotism and how disgusting it is to be under racial chauvinism. The book is practical to the study of students African diaspora, Black Nationalism or Pan Africanism course as it forms the foundation in understanding the detrimental impacts of racial injustice as well as the necessity of national cohesion. Therefore, people have to eradicate the racial menace as it is a threat to social-economic and political development in the society. Also, the government has to implement appropriate policies of enhancing civil rights to all citizens as well as educating the public on the matters regarding social equality and racial injustice.

References

American Library Association. (2017). Cognotes-2018 Midwinter Meeting-December Preview.

Gyarkye, L. (2018). WHEN THEY CALL YOU A TERRORIST A Black Lives Matter Memoir.

Tefera, Adai A., Jeanne M. Powers, and Gustavo E. Fischman. “Intersectionality in Education: A Conceptual Aspiration and Research Imperative.” (2018): vii-xvii.

Williams, A. (2017). When They Call You a Terrorist: A Black Lives Matter Memoir.