Category: Uncategorized

Chief Information Officer

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A chief information officer is the company executive responsible for managing, implementing and using information and computer technologies. Due to the increase in technology among companies worldwide, the role of a chief information officer has increased drastically as they perform multiple tasks that support the mission and goals of a company. Therefore, there are quite a number of advantages that a CIO brings to a business. First, a chief information officer is responsible for mitigating any financial risks to a business (Karanja and Rosso, 2017). They often accomplish this role by researching the recent methods of securing data and recommending these methods to the senior management team. Second, a CIO ensures process improvement by consistently looking for better ways to improve technology-related policies. In this regard, a CIO liaises with other departments to understand whether they have any computer-related needs. Third, CIO plays a significant role in making informed decisions concerning how information should be handled and processed.

However, centralization might be a disadvantage of having a chief information officer. It is crucial to understand that having a CIO means every information and technology operation should be centralized (Demuru and Katinis, 2018). This is a big challenge, especially to companies that have decentralized their operations. This would mean that the CIO will not be able to make informed decisions. Another disadvantage is CIOs lack strategic planning skills. One significant role of a CIO is strategic planning, but this skill is not taught in IT schools. This may limit the company from achieving long-term goals due to the lack of business skills. COVID-19 has affected my response to the above questions because, after the pandemic, more people are working online; hence, a CIO comes in handy in helping businesses with their technological operations.

References

Karanja, E., & Rosso, M. A. (2017). The chief information security officer: An exploratory study. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 26(2), 23-47.

Demuru, B., & Katinis, T. (2018). CIOs at the Centre of a New Humanism. In CIOs and the Digital Transformation (pp. 85-105). Springer, Cham.

Muslim Religion

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Muslims believe a God, who is incomparable, unique and one, who do not have a son or partner. At the same time, He is the only one who is supposed to worship because He is the only true God and any other deity is considered false. God has been given the most magnificent names as well as sublime perfect traits. God is supreme ruler, Almighty and maker of the entire creation. God is All-Knowing, All-Hearing and All-Seeing. He knows everything that has happened in past, present and future. At the same time, nothing happens in the world without His will. God has the power and is capable of doing anything. He is gracious, compassionate and beneficent. Muslims believe God is just and wise.

Muslims also believe angles existence and considered them honoured creatures. The angels worship and obey God and their actions are guided by His command. One of the angels is Gabriel, who gave Muhammad the Quran. At the same time, Muslims share the belief that God revealed His books to His own messengers and considers them a proof for mankind as well as guide them. Quran is one of the books, which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad by God. He also guaranteed protection of Quran’s from any alteration or distortion (Lane, Redissi & Ṣaydāwī, 2009).  Muslims tend to believe God’s messengers and prophets such as Jesus, Adam, Ishmael, Isaac Noah, Abraham, Jacob and Moses. The final message from God to mankind, which is an eternal message reconfirmation, was made known to Prophet Muhammad. Conversely, Muslims believe that the last prophet who is Muhammad was sent by God and that prophet and messengers were created as human beings and do not possess any divine God qualities. Muslims believe Judgment day when the dead will resurrect and face judgement from God in accordance to their beliefs and actions. Between right or evil Muslims also believe in Al-Qadar that is Divine Predestination in that God has provided human beings with free will, and they can choose and are accountable for the choices made by them.

Sacred texts

The most well known sacred books associated with Muslim is the Quran. The Holy book,which is the Quran is considered the basis of Islam by those practicing Islam and was passed on by Muhammad, who is the religion creator and prophet. The holy book has 114 chapters, which are called Surahs and is viewed as Islam Bible. There are other sacred text sources although; Quran is the only text that has Allah words, which is significant for Muslims.

The Quran

The Sunna is another sacred text and is a record of Muhammad’s teachings, sayings and customs, which he left behind for all Muslims to practice. Muhammad is viewed as the perfect example by Muslims for all mankind. Sunna is equally significant to Muslim just like Quran because it interprets the holy book. It is evident that Quran can be understood properly without the Sunna as various aspects associated with Islamic religion are not mentioned in the Holy book but only found in the Sunna( Lane, Redissi & Ṣaydāwī, 2009). The Quran and Sunna form the basis for Muslims beliefs and practices because they inspirational and authoritative.

Another sacred text is the Hadith literature is the most critical in relation to the various Islamic traditions because a lot of the Islamic beliefs especially about the end-times is found in Hadith literature. It is a record that shows Muhammad saying and deeds. Every Hadith comprises of two parts, which are the Isnad and Matn. The Isnad relies on Muhammad actions or sayings.

Origin of Muslim religion

Islam religion started around 600 AD and saw it spread to regions such as Central Asian,North Africa, East Asia and Central Europe. Islam religion began with Prophet Muhammad teachings that are considered the messenger of the powerful God who is Allah. The spread of Islam was rapid from the Arabian Peninsula in a period of less than 20 years. Both the Persian and Roman Empires were overpowered by Muslim armies,which were less capable and out-numbered.

The next centuries saw Islam reach as far as the East in India and Spain, which is found in the West. At the same time, the spread of Islam continued by traders who moved to Southeast Asia. For instance, a country like Indonesia boost of the largest Muslim country, as the spread of Islam was by Arab traders. The Islamic rule peak, which was associated with Europe Dark Ages, mathematics science, algebra, physics, astronomy and medicine were developed and apparently are still used presently founded on the early Muslim scholar’s principles (Henningfeld, 2010).  Presently, Islam is viewed to be the fastest growing religion around the world. One of the key figures in Islam was Prophet Muhammad, who was married to a rich lady. He was a truthful, sincere and kind person. God exposed to him the intricate religion facts through Gabriel, who was 40years and angel. Prophet Muhammad remains the last prophet line, which began with Jesus, Abraham and Moses.

Prophet Muhammed

Fasting as a Major festivals in Islamic religion

Islam is considered the second largest in the world with almost 1.62 billion members as 23 percent of the whole world’s population is Muslim. Around 49 countries boosts of Muslim majority, even though Africa is considered the only continent, which have a Muslim majority. Many of the world Muslim population are found mostly in countries such as India, Indonesia and Pakistan. Over almost 88 percent of the population in Indonesia’s population are Muslims with 96.4 percent of the Pakistan population also subscribing to the Islamic religion? Countries with almost 100 percent Islamic populations are Morocco, Iran, Somalia, Western Sahara, Afghanistan and Tunisia. The Quran orders Muslims to fast during the fasting month each year. The whole Muslim world is undivided about the fasting principle and considers it compulsory for every Muslim who is physically able (Tames, 2006).

Muslims praying during the Holy month of Ramadan

Fasting during the Ramadan month is compulsory for every adult Muslim, any male or female at the puberty age or any person who is not ill or travelling. Sickness might be temporary sickness, which an individual expects to recover soon. One is allowed to fast if sick, but, they must fast later after completion of the Ramadan to compensate for the days they missed fasting. Those persons who are sick and are suffering from an incurable illness and do not expect to recover are not permitted to fast but have to pay fidyah. This means giving of a day’s meal for any fast missed to needy people.

Instead of giving food a person is allowed to give the equal amount of money to a person who is in need. Women who are in the periods as well as breastfeeding are not authorized to fast, but they have to ensure they make up for the after the Ramadan period is over. Pregnant women, as well as breastfeeding mothers, are allowed to postpone their fasting to a time when they are able to fast comfortably. Travelling in accordance to the Shariah means any journey, which takes one away from their places of residence being a minimum of around 80 kilometres. The journey has to be for a good cause an individual need to avoid frivolous travel in the holy month of Ramadan, which makes a person not to fast. An individual should try to change their travel plans arrangements in the month of Ramadan to ensure they are able to fast and avoid travelling necessary. Any person who misses fasting because of travelling need to make up for the days they missed immediately after Ramadan.

Sharing food with the needy during Ramadan

Muslims share the belief that good action always results to greater rewards in the holy month of Ramadan compared to any other of the Islamic calendar (Tames, 2006).  This is because the month has already been blessed with Allah and it is easier for an individual to do good because during this month the devils are chained in Hell and, therefore, cannot tempt believers. The aspect cannot be interpreted that Muslims will not commit sin, but, that any evil act committed by them comes from them with no additional support from Satan. Majority of Muslims often try not to commit the habits considered bad during the Ramadan month as others attempt to be better Muslims by doing more praying and reading of the Quran during this period. Muslims share the belief that this is one of the ways chaining of the devil is evident, because they do not have any other reason to act that way during the Ramadan period.

About the Author

Muslim religion is fascinating and intriguing and at the same time there have been many misconceptions associated with religion. The opportunity to write about Muslim religion gave me a chance to understand and research deeply about Islam, which is a peace loving religion contrary to misconceptions that have been experienced in the media. I have had the opportunity to personally practice Islamic because I grew up as a Christian.

References

Lane, J.-E., Redissi, H., & Ṣaydāwī, R. (2009). Religion and politics: Islam and Muslim civilization. Farnham, England: Ashgate Pub. Co.

Tames, R. (2006). Muslim. Danbury, Conn: Childrens Press.

Henningfeld, D. A. (2010). Religion. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.

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The personality of Jesus has been the subject of controversy between Muslims and Christians. Both groups believe that Jesus was born in a divine manner. In Q 19.20-1, the Quran says that Jesus was born in a miraculous manner and that he had no human father. However, on the issue of crucifixion, Muslims believe that the Jews did not kill the real Jesus and that they killed someone else. Muslims believe the real Jesus was taken to heaven alive by God. Christians, on the other hand, believe that Jesus was resurrected by God. Both groups claim that God maintained his honor by not allowing the Jews to get rid of Jesus. Everyone is aware of the personality of Jesus worldwide. He is extensively mentioned in the Quran. He is one of the few people in the Quran who are claimed to be both a messenger and as a prophet q 2.136; 3.84; 33.7. His works are mentioned in the Quran together with his divine teachings. Even his disciples and the miracles he performed are mentioned Q 3.49; 5.110. One Muslim scholar claimed that Jesus plays a huge part regarding human prophets. The Muslim scholar claimed that Jesus represents god’s divine creation and how God tries to integrate his teachings to the human life. He claims that Jesus is the mediator between god and man and that he acts as the template that Christians ought to be in living their own lives.

Muslims disagree strongly with Christians on two issues. They claim that the belief that Jesus was the son of god is false, and that Christians make false claims regarding that. They claim that Jesus was a messenger of God who was delivered by the holy spirit to Mary to be born as a human being. Muslims applaud Christians for their good deeds and that they are God’s people since they abide by the teachings of God. They claim that even the Christians were sent Gods word through the bible. Christians defend themselves on this issue by saying that god manifested himself in human form.

The end of Jesus’s mission

Muslims believe that God from the Jews saved Jesus and that he was never crucified. Christians claim that Jesus died on the cross and was resurrected by God. It is clear that Muslims believe that Jesus will return at the end of time. His mission at this time will be to establish the pure religion of Islam. Islam has a few of substitution theories that they use to claim that Jesus was not crucified and that he was rescued by God. They think that there is the simple divine substitution where someone else who looked identical to Jesus was crucified. Then there is the voluntary substitution where one of the disciples volunteered to be crucified in place of Jesus. There is punishment substitution where the most deserving man to die was placed in the cross in the place of Jesus. The substitution without divine intervention suggests that someone else was crucified, but God had nothing to do with it.

What is important is that both Muslims and Christians try to maintain God’s honor. Muslims say that God did not allow Jews to crucify Jesus, and he was taken away to heaven in order to embarrass the Jews. Additionally, God together with Jesus plotted against the Jews so that they did not crucify him. Muslims claim that God made Jesus with all those powers for reasons that human beings can never know. He made Jesus to be one with him, and there is no way that God can abandon one of his own. By Muslims accepting that Jesus died on the cross, it would imply that God abandoned one of his own ads this is simply not acceptable to them. Christians maintain that God knew what he was doing and that he had planned for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout the whole New Testament. He wanted the Jews to see that he had greater powers than them and that whatever they did could not stop any of his works. In conclusion, Christians and Muslims only agree at the point where God intervened. They, however, on the point exactly when he intervened. Christians and Muslims will probably never agree on the issue, but at least they agree that God was divine.

Works cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Jr, F. Peter Ford. “Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations.” 5 October 2012. The End of Jesus’ Mission and the Honor of God in the Quran: The search for Common Ground Between Christians and Muslims. 6 June 2014 < http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.720869>.

DIABETES MELLITUS

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Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. Diabetes is considered a chronic illness in that when one has the disease, the body either doesn’t make enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes effectively. The general symptoms of diabetes include weight loss, extreme fatigue, blurry vision, sores that hardly heal, frequent urination, increased thirst, hunger, etc. It is crucial to understand that there are symptoms that affect women and those that affect men. Symptoms in men with diabetes are erectile dysfunction, decreased sex drive, and poor muscle strength. For women include yeast infections, urinary tract infections, and dry, itchy skin. Therefore, untreated high blood sugar from diabetes may damage organs in the body such as the kidneys and tissues throughout the body. It is crucial to understand that even though diabetes can lead to serious medical complications, there are ways to manage the condition with medications and lifestyle changes. Healthy eating is a central part of managing the disease. Additionally, insulin can also help manage diabetes since it replaces the hormone the body is not able to produce.

Impact of Stigma on Health Outcomes

There have been a lot of people with diabetes mellitus that face stigmatization in society. Many diabetes patients claim that people say that they brought the disease to themselves. In contrast to other diseases, the public is less accepting and encouraging people living with diabetes. Since diabetes is believed to be associated with obesity, these patients are presented as overweight, lazy, and guilty of bringing the disease upon themselves. Even though being overweight is a risk factor for diabetes, there are other factors such as family history, socioeconomic factors, and environmental factors that cause the disease (Patra et al., 2021). Therefore, such misconceptions and misplaced judgments may bring these patients down and this may result in some negative effects.

Some of the impacts of stigma on the health outcomes for the vulnerable population with diabetes include: First, stigma can lead to worse health outcomes. It is essential to understand that diabetes patients have reported feelings of fear, blame, guilt, low self-esteem, and anxiety due to stigmatization. Such negative emotions mainly result in depression and higher levels of stress. When diabetes patient experiences this kind of stress, they increase their chances of developing health complications like macrovascular problems, sexual dysfunction, and retinopathy.

Secondly, stigmatization among these vulnerable populations may contribute to having poor self-care and diabetes management. Since people with diabetes are always made to feel entirely responsible for managing their health by ensuring their glucose level is normal, when they feel stigmatized, they may stop taking care of themselves as expected. Therefore, it is quite evident that harsh judgments made to people with this chronic disease can prompt efforts to conceal basic diabetes management. An example is patients with diabetes who have reported avoiding injecting themselves with insulin, eating unhealthy meals, manipulating glucose diaries and data to avoid being judged by healthcare professionals, among others.

Thirdly, stigma may also prevent patients from seeking the necessary care especially when healthcare professionals stigmatize them. According to the study, many patients who are mentally ill anticipated stigma from their healthcare professionals, and this contributed to them not seeking care since their patient-provider relationship was compromised. An example is individuals who were blamed for bringing diabetes to themselves reported to reduce their frequency of eye health checks and AIC testing. These are just but a few negative impacts of stigmatization faced by individuals with diabetes. There could be others not mentioned here that are equally important.

Barriers Faced

Stigmatization is one barrier that diabetes patients face, there are other barriers they come across that affect them negatively. One barrier is a lack of knowledge about diabetes self-management practices. Self-management of diabetes individuals entails controlling their glucose levels, adhering to healthy lifestyle practices, and ensuring they adhere to their medication. Quite a number of people diagnosed with diabetes lack the knowledge of diabetes self-management practices. This means that they are not aware of what kind of diet they should eat and what they should do to ensure their glucose levels remains normal. This makes many of these patients diagnosed with the disease follow the wrong ways to manage their disease. However, a way to avoid this barrier is by ensuring when a patient is diagnosed with diabetes, they should be taught ways they should manage their illness by healthcare practitioners (Reddy et al., 2021). This can be done through counseling and the practitioner demonstrating how insulin should be injected into the body. Healthcare practitioners can also develop a timetable to show what kinds of foods diabetes patients should eat and drink.

The second barrier is financial constraints. Diabetes does not affect individuals equally not in terms of its severity but in terms of financial stress, it places on patients. There are many individuals living with diabetes that are unable to cope with the disease due to financial constraints. It is evident that many diagnosed with diabetes are low and middle-class families. This makes them less likely to afford cost-related medication, good housing, and foods required to ensure they manage the chronic illness. Difficulties in maintaining this costly lifestyle in order to manage diabetes have affected patients globally. A way to prevent financial constraints among diabetes patients is by seeking help from medicine-assistance programs and acquiring government health insurance. Also, hospitals should be able to provide free insulin bags and injections for people with diabetes as it is costly to buy them.

The third barrier is insufficient counseling. Many are times people living with diabetes suffer from stigmatization which later causes them to be depressed since they do not receive appropriate counseling that will help them overcome the stigma. Also, with less counseling, these individuals may experience eating disorders and anxiety. Therefore, after a patient has been diagnosed, it is crucial for healthcare practitioners to guide and counsel them on how they should avoid feeling stigmatized, self-care management, and social activities they should undertake to help manage the chronic disease. Frequent counseling is essential as it helps to keep the patient on track.

The fourth barrier is a lack of support from family members and friends. This is a major problem for diabetes patients and it may result in stress which later derails treatment. According to a study, those who do not acquire any strong social support report cases of health complications and poor eating habits causing high health risks. Therefore, social support is essential in that it helps them to manage their disease and in turn reduces the risk of diabetes-related hospitalization or even death, fewer psychological issues, and speedy recoveries (Thompson et al., 2015).

Impact on Family Members

Family members mainly take part in caring for and supporting their loved ones with diabetes. This may cause physical and emotional stress for the entire family including stress, exhaustion, and irritability. However, many changes take place for the family as well as individuals caring for people with chronic illnesses. Some major adjustments that family caregivers make when a loved one is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus include: First is how to manage financial resources. Financial resources have had a major impact on family members since they have to put some finances aside for medical treatment and healthy and nutritious foodstuff for the diabetic family member. Also, money is needed for frequent checkups and doctor’s appointments. This can be quite challenging and overwhelming for the family.

Second is the disruption of leisure activities and social exclusion. With a family member that is diagnosed with diabetes, then a lot of time is needed to care for the patient. This makes it difficult for the family caregiver to have time for themselves hence no leisure time or lack of engagement in social activities (Schiel et al., 2018). Social exclusion is often a part of having a chronic illness patient since family members will want to keep their loved ones close to ensure they are well cared for.

The third is increased role strains. It is crucial to understand that having chronically ill patients in the family means that more roles and responsibilities are required of them. Family members are often required to ensure their loved ones eat a healthy balanced diet, their glucose level is normal, and that they are mentally healthy. This mainly causes some levels of anxiety regarding the well-being of their loved ones. In addition, exhaustion is also caused since the family members are doing their level best to ensure the patient is doing well.

Things that can be done to assist family caregivers to provide care for their loved ones with diabetes include Emotional and mental support. It is vital to note that most family members often experience anxiety, depression, exhaustion, and stress as they care for their sick loved ones. All they need is mental and emotional support as they go through a lot of caring for their loved ones. This will help prevent them from being stressed or depressed.

Policy Support

A major national policy that supports persons living with diabetes mellitus is having private and public insurance coverage. The government has been able to provide insurance coverage for diabetes patients. This has helped individuals with diabetes both rich and poor to have access to medical facilities and medicine such as insulin that will assist in improving their health outcomes. The main goal of this policy is to provide care to patients with both high, medium, and low incomes and ensure better health outcomes.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Strategies that will help improve health outcomes for people living with diabetes mellitus include: One is closing gaps in preventive care. Diabetes is a chronic disease that primarily gives rise to other health complications such as cardiovascular disease, eye and hearing impairment, neuropathy, among others. Diabetes patients should be able to address these problems even before they arise to avoid further complications and costly when treating. This can be done by eating healthy, having blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering medication, etc. Therefore, closing this care gap is a vital step as it creates an effective care program for diabetes individuals.

The second strategy is having healthy lifestyle choices. People living with diabetes require some lifestyle changes that will keep them in good health. Living active lifestyles by doing physical exercises and eating a healthy nutritious diet is essential as it regulates blood sugar levels (Whittemore and Roy, 2002). It is essential to understand that lifestyle changes can also be extended to substance-related habits such as no cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Adhering to all these choices will help in the management of weight.

The third strategy is adhering to medication. For people living with diabetes, adhering to medication is a critical aspect in managing their condition and living a healthier life. Medical adherence is mainly linked to positive clinical outcomes. Therefore, when one does not adhere to their medication, there are increased chances of morbidity and mortality, with a great risk of cardiovascular issues.

References

Patra, S., Patro, B. K., Padhy, S. K., & Mantri, J. (2021). Prevalence of diabetes distress and its relationship with self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(2), 234.

Reddy, P. A., Saravanan, K., & Madhukar, A. (2021). A Study on Assessment of Attitude and its Impact on Practice in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 13(4), 396.

Schiel, R., Bambauer, R., & Steveling, A. (2018). Technology in Diabetes Treatment: update and future. Artificial organs, 42(11), 1017-1027.

Thompson, V. L. S., Johnson-Jennings, M., Baumann, A. A., & Proctor, E. (2015). Peer-Reviewed: Use of Culturally Focused Theoretical Frameworks for Adapting Diabetes Prevention Programs: A Qualitative Review. Preventing chronic disease, 12.

Whittemore, R., & Roy, S. C. (2002). Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(4), 311-317.

Chief Information Security Officer

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Institutional Affiliation

Chief Information Security Officer

Summary of the Answers

Information security job descriptions have common aspects that are relatable to each of the organizations that have job openings looking forward to hiring chief information security officers (CISO), ISSO, or Cybersecurity officers. As such, the three companies in Australia have been able to identify the respective roles, once hired; the chief information officers will perform according to the identities job descriptions. Similarly, their similar patterns of the jobs identified in each organization. Though the job position is classified differently, they share similarities, in terms of how they coordinate with management of the organization. There is a need to improve and enhance the current systems of information security in the jobs they are applying for in the potential organization.

The AS/ISO27000 regulations provide a standardized procedure of roles and positions the information security experts ought to play in an organization. Similarly, neutralization techniques used by employees when they violate information security can be curbed using the principles of deterrence theory of punishment for crime. As such, the application of sanctions has been one of the viable forms of punishment to prevent employees who breach organization policy. Also, businesses should allow and improve user participation as a measure for limiting violation of security codes on the safety of information. Instead of depending on an individual expert to manage and implement information security systems, there is a need to involve more of members of the organization in solving security issues of information.

Q1.1

Summary of the Key Aspects of the Job

Perspecta Company has a job opening for Information system security officer (ISSO). The company is located in Larrakeyah Darwin’s city found in the Northern Territory of Australia (Careerone,2020). Also, there are pertinent requirement and responsibility for the position that an applicant ought to have. These requirements are not only in terms of credentials but also in experience and technical know-how. The company is looking for an applicant with the following set of skills: malicious code eradication, authorization and assessment of the company’s information system, and the configuration of the management in line with the security system. Also, the ISSOs should have the know-how of implementing common features of information security practices.

Apart from the ISSO position in Perspecta Company, the Melbourne CBD VIC located in the state of the Victoria is looking for the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO). The person should be able to implement and monitor the enterprise information by ensuring that it is secure. Also, the applicant should be in a position to work with the management to reduce and assess any risk related to data. The CISO should be a leader to guide the implementation team on better ways of enhancing cybersecurity. The salary for this job position is $25,000 for fulltime basis Adzuna(2020).  

Also, Peoplebank located in Sydney is looking for Cyber/Information Security officer to take the position with the following job description: implementation of business information and cybersecurity programs (Careerone,2020). Similarly, a person should be able to perform cybersecurity risks. The daily work routine includes performing a daily cyber risk assessment for the company and to ensure that the management information system is protected from the cyber-attacks. Also, the personnel should be in a position to advise the management on the necessary control and improvement of the current system information programs of the company. The estimated salary for the position is $ 1000.

Q1.2

There are recurrent patterns and aspects in the three job listings, which include the responsibilities and the job qualification that are required from the applicants. As such, the positing of the chief information security officer (CISO) and information system security officer are related in the sense that responsibilities and job descriptions are similar if not the same. For instance, the CISO is supposed to conduct a routine check on the organization’s information security system. The two positions have similar roles when it comes to implementation of the cybersecurity measures. As such, there potential applicant for this position ought to have a level of competency on cybersecurity and means of enhancing data of the company.

 Similarly, cybersecurity officer/ information security officer ought to have similar knowledge when it comes to the assessment of the cyber-attacks risks that a company might be facing. It is for this reason that the recurrent knowledge and technical know-how of the three job listings are applicable in the organizations that are hiring their services. The issues covered this semester are relatable to the job aspects in a way that the departments hiring the applicants have similar structure and organization in the security officer roles are linked to the management and other departments in the company. For this reason, CIO or the CISO ought to have leadership skills to help in the implementation of the security measures and data handling processes. Thus, information security is an integral part of the responsibility given to all the three job listings.

The AS/ISO27000 series standards are applicable to the job listings in the sense that it provides a guide for management standards and systems for information security. Similarly, the ISO 27000 series have provisions for the control of the information system in organizations.

The job listing listed when I used the keyword information security was not much different when I used cybersecurity. The search result had jobs with titles that are indicated information security in the job description. As such, cybersecurity was entailed in the information security job searches. Similarly, a chief security officer ought to have knowledge of cybersecurity since it is part and parcel of securing an organization’s data.

Question 2.1

The neutralization techniques used by the employee in violation of the information security entail fault-finding in the systems weak links. As such, the system under the control of the information security personnel is susceptible to such officer. As such, the employees use the weak links of the systems as neutralization technique of violating the information security codes of an organization (Siponen& Vance,2010). User participation is a threat to information security in instances where they fail to meet the required standards for maintenance of the security systems. Blame is usually attributable to the systems instead of the employee responsible for breaching the system.

Question 2.2

Businesses should put a stringent policy on security information for any employee who violates the information security codes designed by the company. Similarly, sanctions are applicable as a measure for using in curbing violations for information security. Siponen& Vance (2010), contend that sanctions are an apt technique that organizations can use, which resonates with the deterrence theory for the punishing people who commit crimes. User participation is has been regarded as a source of the employee neutralization techniques. However, it can as well serve a measure for reducing violation of the information security in instances where the uses are made aware of the consequence of violating the system. Most importantly, creating awareness among the employees will develop a sense of prioritizing to secure the information of the organization. Unlike an instance where the employee use system’s weak links to violate the policies and use them as neutralization, increased user participation will further involve more employees (Spears &Barki, 2010). I think with the most of the employees working together with chief information security officer there will be shared responsibility whereby each of the staff is equipped with the right information on how to handle the security issues that may arise. Also, in the absentia, if the chief information officer, other employees are able to coordinate with another department on the best approach to increase the security of the information.

Additionally, increased user participation translates to the involvement of the employees at the stages of planning and implementing the systems information security. As such, more stakeholders will have the technical know-how to safeguard the information rather than depending and entrust one person with all the information of the organization who might use for personal interest and gains. Thus, it is imperative to have increased user participation as a measure of ensuring information safety not only with the top company’s officials in charge of such positions and responsibilities but also the rest of the staffs within such an organization.

References

Adzuna(2020). Information system security officer (ISSO). Adzuna. Retrieved from https://www.adzuna.com.au/details/1465615842?se=LCsLghmO6hGVUhrHGWZC8A&v=E26B3E0994F43BAB24418B71607C3874037CDF96

Careerone.(2020). Chief information security officer. Careerone. Retrieved from https://www.careerone.com.au/chief-information-security-officer-jobs?jobview=db56a586-41a7-4418-bd8b-f208905c4c34

Siponen, M & Vance A9. (2010). Neutralization: New insights into the problem of employee information systems security policy violations.MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 487-502, A1-A12.

Spears, L &Barki, H. (2010).User participation in information systems security risk management.MIS Quarterly, 34(3), 503-522.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s Reforms

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Mustafa kemal Ataturk reforms after the independence war of Turkey PAGEREF _Toc381074707 h 2Social Reforms PAGEREF _Toc381074708 h 3Economic Reforms PAGEREF _Toc381074709 h 4Legal Reforms PAGEREF _Toc381074710 h 5How Mustafa kemal Ataturk made a modern country from the Islamic PAGEREF _Toc381074711 h 6

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the founder of the First President of the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa was born in 1881 in Salonica (Selanik). During his military term, he served as a successful commander in 1912-1914, and further took part in the First World War in 1914-1918. In 1920, Mustafa opened a Turkish Grand National Assembly which allowed him to establish a new Turkish State, what was to be the center of Ankara. The Turkish forces under Ataturk were able to carry out an independence war against the allied powers where they won victories all over the country (Landau, 2009). In 1923, the independence of the new Turkish State became recognized by all the states after signing the Treaty of Lausanne. On October 29, 1923, Ataturk built a new vigorous state making him declare the new Turkish State to become a republic. However, as a result of declaration of the Republic, the caliphate was then abolished (Walker, Erol & Erol, 2006). In summary, the paper will discuss how Mustafa Kemal Ataturk built the Republic, his reforms after independence war of Turkey and how he made a modern country from the Islam.

As a young man, Mustafa was recognized as one of the members of the Young Turks that is a revolutionary movement of intellectuals. Mustafa was able to participate in the Young Turk Revolution, which successfully deposed Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1908 (Landau, 2009). During this period, he held a member of posts within the Ottoman Army, and from 1911 to 1912, he was involved in a fight against Italy in the Balkan Wars. In the second Balkan war, Mustafa Kemal was elected the chief of the staff after which he was posted at the Turkish embassy in Bulgaria. While in Bulgaria, Mustafa made a name for himself as the commander and in 1915, his bravery as well as, strategic powers allowed him to thwart the Allied invasion of the Dardanelles. In addition, Mustafa received several and repeated promotions until the when Armistice of Mudros ended the fighting in 1918. However, the battle came to an end, the treaty on the other hand, managed to give the Allies the right of occupying forts which controlled the major waterways and territory that seemed to have posed a threat to security. This forced Mustafa to organize a resistance to the forces in 1919, and when the Treaty of Servers was signed at the end of the World War 1, divvying up the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa demanded complete independence for Turkey; that is the new Turkish parliament and the Great National Assembly which was to engage in series of battles with the American forces and Greek. In 1923, Mustafa Kemal signed the Treaty of Lousanne. The signing of Treaty of Lousanne was important because it led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, and Mustafa Kemal appointed the First President of the Republic of Turkey.

Mustafa kemal Ataturk reforms after the independence war of TurkeyAs the President of the Republic of Turkey for 15 years, until his death in 1934, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was able to introduce a broad range of swift as well as sweeping reforms such as political, legal, economic, social, and cultural spheres which were virtually unparallel in any other country (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). Mustafa achievements in Turkey were an enduring monument to him. This is because various emerging nations admired him as a pioneer of the national liberation. As a result, the world honored his memory as the foremost peacemaker who upheld the principles of the humanism as well as, the vision of a united humanity. In addition, Mustafa launched a programme of revolutionary political and social reform to modernize Turkey. The reforms included the abolition of all the Islamic institutions along with the introduction of Western legal dress, codes, calendar and alphabet. Other reforms included the emancipation of women and replacing the Arabic script with a Latin one (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008).

Social ReformsIn his quote; “The major challenge facing us is to elevate our national life to the highest level of civilization and prosperity,” Mustafa Kemals’ aim was to ensure that he modernized the Turkish life so as to give his nation a new sense of equality, dignity as well as, happiness (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). After about three centuries of Mustafas’ achievement, the Ottoman Empire declined in early 17th and 20th Century. With many Sultans presiding over economic and social system, the Ottoman Empire State became hopelessly outmoded for the modern times. However, Mustafa managed to resolve the issues and led his country out of the crumbling into a brave new future (Walker, Erol & Erol, 2006). In his program to modernize Turkey, education and secular government played a significant role. He made religious faith be matter of individual conscience where he managed to create a truly secular system in Turkey, a place where the vast Moslem were majority while small Christians and Jewish minorities were allowed to practice their faith. As a result of Mustafa’s’ reforms, Turkey had full secular institutions (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). This allowed the leader of modern Turkey aspired freedom as well as, equality for all. When Mustafa proclaimed the Republic, he said, “the new Turkish State is a state of the people and a state by the people.” However, after he had established an egalitarian and populist system, Kemal later observed; “We are a nation without classes or special privileges,” where he stressed the paramount significance of the peasants who were neglected during the Ottoman times, he quoted; “The true owner and master of Turkey is the peasant who is the real producer” (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). Mustafa Kemal gave his nation a modern outlook by introducing many reforms. For instance, many women stopped wearing the veil and the calendar gave way to the Western calendar. Other social reforms included allowing all the citizens to take surnames. Conversely, there was a vast transformation which took place in rural and urban life (Landau, 2009).

Economic ReformsWhen Turkey became Republic in 1923, the state lacked industry, capital and know-how this is because successive wars had fully decimated manpower in the nation causing the agricultural production to stand at a low level, while the huge foreign debts of Ottoman state confronted the new Republic. Mustafa swiftly initiated a dynamic program of economic development in Turkey; he said “Our nation has crushed the enemy forces. But to achieve independence we must observe the following rule: National sovereignty should be supported by financial independence. The only power that will propel us to this goal is the economy. No matter how mighty they are, political and military victories cannot endure unless they are crowned by economic triumphs (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). ” Kemal was so determined of doing whatever that will make his nation to be a better one; he undertook agricultural expansion, technological advancement as well as industrial growth to improve production in the economy. Various activities such as banking, manufacturing, housing, communication, mechanization and other mining activities were carried out. This caused the gross national product to increase in Turkey. It is also reported that the economic development of Turkey during Mustafa’s presidency was very impressive in absolute figures as compared to other countries. The synthesis which evolved during that time allowed the state enterprises as well as, the private initiatives to become active both in agricultural and industrial growth. These economic growths served as the basis of economic structure not only in Turkey, but also in other dozen of developing countries (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008).

Legal ReformsBetween 1926 and 1930, the Republic of Turkey managed to achieve legal transformation which could have required years in some other countries. For instance, the religious laws were abolished during Mustafa’s presidency where a secular system of jurisprudence was introduced (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). In addition, the concepts, texts as well as, contexts of the laws were also made harmonious with the progressive thrust of Kamel’s Turkey. Among the far-reaching legal transformation were the new Civil Code based on Swiss, Business law based on Italian along with Penal Code based on German models. The legal reforms were significant because it made the citizens such as men and women, rich and poor to be all equal before the law (Landau, 2009). This therefore gave Turkey a firm foundation for the society of justice and equal rights.

Conversely, with regard to the women’s Rights, Kamel believed that everything seen in the world was creative work of women. Therefore, with the abiding faith in importance of women in the society, Kamel managed to launch reforms that gave the Turkish Women opportunities and equal rights. The new Civil Code which was adopted in 1926 was significant in that it abolished polygamy as well as recognizing the equal rights of women in divorce, inheritance and custody (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008). The other reform included change in educational system; that is from grade school to university level which became coeducational. Women were given the same opportunity as men recognizing the country as the world’s first women Supreme Court Justice. It is evident that in all walks of life, Mustafas’ Turkeys produced thousands of well-educated women who participated in the national life as doctors, engineers, teachers, administrators and lawyers (Landau, 2009).

How Mustafa kemal Ataturk made a modern country from the IslamicHowever the Turkey seldom figured in Islamic or Muslim disclosure, the nation remained five centuries as the center of the Muslim world until Mustafa abolished the Caliphate-office of the successors to Prophet Mohammed, the supreme politico-religious office of Islam, and symbol of the Turkey sultan’s claim to world leadership of all Muslims was abolished. Despite the fact that 98% of the Turkey’s populations were officially Muslim, only 20% of the population practiced Muslim (Walker, Erol & Erol, 2006). The Turkish government on the other hand, had more freedom to pursue policies which attacked Islamic Institutions. Under the guise of “cleaning Islam of political interference”, the educational system was finally overhauled. As, a result, Islamic education was banned in favor of secular and non-dogmatic schools. It is also evident that other aspects of religious infrastructure were as well torn down (Atatürk & Aksan, 2008).

References

Atatürk, K., & Aksan, A. (2008). Quotations from Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. London: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Turkey.

Clifford, M. (2002). The impact of Atatürk’s reforms abroad. İstanbul: Boğaziçi University.

Kinross, P. B. (2006). Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal father of modern Turkey. New York: W. Morrow.

Landau, J. M. (2009). Atatürk and the modernization of Turkey. London: Westview Press ;.

Sarıalp, A. (2006). Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: an outstanding universal advocate and promoter of human rights and world peace. London: aksu basim-yayin dağitim.

Walker, B. K., Erol, F., & Erol, M. (2006). To set them free: the early years of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. New York: Tompson & Rutter.

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Introduction.

College life can be a daunting affair if approached in a reckless manner, much in the same way life becomes difficult the moment you start being irresponsible. That period of four or so calendar years, during which you are expected to assimilate a large quantity of information and knowledge passes by quickly as I have come to realize over the course of my life in college. New challenges emerge almost every day, as the existent ones shift. However, being the resilient student, I have been able to overcome most of what has been thrown at me.

My academic journey.

Being a student has its fair share of hardships as any person who went through this stage in life will admit. There are many things to like and dislike while one goes through their academic journey, and my dislikes mainly revolve around public speaking. Every student has to master this skill as it prepares them for one of the most critical parts of human life-that of communication. Worth (2004) reports, “the ability to deliver an effective talk is one of the most valuable skills you can possess” (p. 46). I have always found it hard to do this since fear usually overcomes me leading to reactions such as trembling and stuttering.

College life for me presents an opportunity to cultivate responsibility, which should be done if one is to become a productive member of society. I like the way we are left to our devices when it comes to decisions relating to leisure, relationships and entertainment. These being important parts of a student’s life, the ability to effectively manage them in relation to academics cannot be over emphasized. During weekends when I find myself with a lot of free time, polishing up my writing skills has become a norm. Even while I partake in another of my favorite hobbies, which is hiking, I find myself having carried my notepad or I pad just in case I come across an event worth recording. I have recently realized that my dislike for the controlled set up we find ourselves in while in college is growing. That might be attributed to an ever growing workload coupled with the general dislike for conformity in young people. In addition, striking a balance between personal life and academics can be an arduous affair, but with the use of daily planners and a generous dose of compromise, I have done it.

Originally, writing was an intimidating activity for me as the fear of lack of talent as well as inability to efficiently communicate on paper posed as great problems. The ability to transfer thoughts and/or experiences from my mind to those of potential readers was nonexistent, according to me. I had a fear that most readers would fail to make sense of my words leading to my failure as a writer. However, Hamton & Resnick (2008) report that “most strong readers make these parenthetical inferences about words and sentences almost unconsciously” (p. 25). This ability to create relationships between words really excites me. It leaves me with the duty of providing material and starting off the process. Once I write something down, the reader has the ability to establish his/her rhythm-something which elates many writers.

Conclusion.

As an ardent reader, my bag never misses a book or two. I have a somewhat strong attraction towards inspirational books as well as true stories as these have a significant bearing to my life as an aspiring writer. Having the aspiration to grow in these respects means I have to keep learning everything there is about becoming an excellent writer, hopeful that I become one myself.

References.

Hampton, S., & Resnick, L. (2008). Reading Comprehension. Reading and Writing With Understanding: Comprehension in Fourth and Fifth Grades (p. 25). Pittsburg: Reading and Writing With Understanding: Comprehension in Fourth and Fifth Grades.

Worth, R. (2004). Speaking with Confidence. Communication Skills Career Skills Library Ferguson career skills library (p. 46). New York: Infobase Publishing.

Charlie Chaplin’s Modern Times

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Charlie Chaplin’s modern times

Charlie Chaplin has been in the movie industry for a long period and his involvement in this industry has left remarkable strides in the whole industry. Being American he affected a very varied audience even to the European audience whereby even among French speakers there is a movie magazine simply called Charlie. It is through his efforts and film genius ability that he presents us with the film modern times which was produced in 1936. This film is a comedy and it is through the concept of being funny that Charlie presents to the American audience the socialist critique of the society of the 20th century. The movie portrays a factory worker whose employer keeps on trying to make him more productive even when it is futile and he cannot do any more work. The employer is majorly focused on the results and the production, however, does not consider the rights, the feelings, and the conditions of the workers.

The employer due to his capitalistic mind and his desire for performance even makes sure that the workers can eat while they are still working and this to a big extent violates their basic rights as human beings. The film is majorly dominated by machines and these machines have large cogs. This can be said to be a way to display and portray the modern world. Due to the pressure and a lot of work with very few minutes of resting the factory worker gets a nervous breakdown. Even though this worker is taken to hospital he gets out with no employment. There is also a scene whereby he eats food in a restaurant and he is unable to pay and therefore he is arrested. At first, he does not like prison however with time he begins to develop a liking of this place because it provides for his needs like food.

The same factory worker also joins a rally for workers who were denied their rights by their employers and in this march, he is also arrested again as the police claim that he is the leader of the multitude which was causing chaos and unrest as they protested. Chaplin’s partner is called Paulette Goddard. She portrays a young woman caught in the unfairness of the world whereby she is trying to help her siblings who have been caught by the authorities from her. She suffers in trying to get them and this a way of showing how the modern world is not fair most of the time because she is also an orphan.

Ellen is also a character and she tries to steal bread because she was starving. When she tries to steal this bread she is caught by the police who only cared about the law and order and never looked into the needs and the issues which faced society. It is during her period when she is arrested that Chaplin meets her and he helps her. As he tried to help her they fall in love. They move in together and even though they are happy together their home is not in the best condition. This is the house that Ellen finds for them both.

Ellen cannot find a job and therefore in the struggle to find a new job she finds herself dancing to people in clubs to make sure she gets some financial support to keep her going. As she gets this job Chaplin is in prison and finds it very difficult to manage. At the end of it, all ellen also is arrested and she is in prison for the offense of stealing a loaf of bread.

In conclusion, we can say that this movie shows how it is very difficult for ladies to prosper at that certain time in society and this is, therefore, a difficult time for them. It also shows the struggles and the issues that Chaplin goes through. It is a great film.

Reference

Chaplin modern times – Bing video. (n.d.). Www.bing.com. Retrieved March 25, 2021, from https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=chaplin+modern+times&docid=608038404962978944&mid=7680CA6B8522E3A270E97680CA6B8522E3A270E9&view=detail&FORM=VIRE

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Charting a Company’s Direction

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Task 1: Financial Statement Analysis

Question 1

The analysis of a company’s financial statements helps provide the information needed by analysts, creditors, and investors in the evaluation of the company’s financial performance. At the same time, some of the information provided in these statements is usually a requirement by the accounting standards or by law. The financial statements are a good communication tool for the accomplishments that the company has so far made, especially to external parties interested in the company, such as analysts, media, and investors. This is the manner through which management communicates with the external parties. Senior management within the company is able to use financial statements as effective tools for detailing the successes that the company has achieved in the past as well as the expectations it has for the future (Way, 2019). The industry’s needs are met as the first steps in the analysis of financial statements since creditors and investors have invested in the company, and they would use the evaluation as a tool for identifying the profitability of their investments. This is due to the fact that they are the source of finance for the company’s operations. In light of this, the company has to prove that indeed the money is being put to good use, and it is standing out in the industry as a good performer, having met all the industrial requirements and standards set for good performance.

Question 2

Relevance, in light of accounting information in the context of valuation methodology and disclosure, basically means the capability of users to make predictions on past, present, and future outcomes, or making a confirmation of prior expectations. Relevant information helps make a difference in decision making by improving the user’s capabilities in prediction or giving feedback on prior expectations (Board, 2008). Representational faithfulness, on the other hand, is the ability of available information to give a fair and true view, while being presented fairly, especially touching on financial statement information (Alexander & Archer, 2003). In line with this, such information plays a key role in creative accounting as well as in the opinion statements provided by an auditor (. Such information is free from bias and material error, thus showing its relevance.

In the event that the highest relevance is present in the selection of accounting method, representational faithfulness is still considered important even though it is considered next. Relevance is considered first owing to it being essential. They are both important for decision usefulness. With the presence of both, then information is reliable, non-biased, neutral, free from material error, and complete, thus dependable (Di Pietra, McLeay, & Ronen, 2014). Therefore, neither can be absent. In the event that they are both absent, the decision loses meaning when information provided has material error, bias, is incomplete, not neutral, and non-verifiable. This means that accounting information has to have both characteristics: relevance and representational faithfulness for decisions to be useful and dependable.

Task 2

There are various challenges that are presented in the understanding and reporting of cash flows and taxes, especially when looking the operations of businesses. Going concern and liquidity is one of the challenges. The survival of businesses is based on their ability to have cash flow to help the company stay afloat. Management is required to conduct an assessment on businesses to identify the ability of the business to continue as a going concern. Financial statement analysis helps make this clear. In the event that the business is not able to continue as a going concern, the business is forced to inject additional income into the business to prevent bankruptcy (van der Tas, 2020). At the same time, if the economic climate is unfriendly, the government may consider tax reduction for businesses to stay afloat and the economy to continue thriving.

Assessment of impairment on business assets is yet another challenge. Nonfinancial assets being impaired means the sale or use of the asset cannot acquire the carrying value of the asset. This may mean greater losses to business and possibly, cash flow needed to be injected into improving the asset for use or sale. Given the changing assumptions of market participants at certain market conditions when it comes to measurement of fair value, some economic climates may call for more depressing fair value measurement considerations, which may mean much lower value to businesses (van der Tas, 2020). This also means much lower cash flow available to businesses to continue keeping the operations staying afloat. In the event that the economic climate is suffering on the basis of an event that affects business, then the government is expected to come in and provide responses that help provide cushioning to businesses. This can come in form of subsidies, public levy reductions, credit and tax reductions, loans on low interest, reductions in rent, and tax exemptions. To ensure that businesses stay afloat even in pressing economic times, the government has to ensure that relevant laws have been enacted. Businesses will need to consider whether a government grant received or a tax reduction will help provide relief to operations (Info Entrepreneurs, 2019). For cash flow maximization, there ought to be effectiveness in debt control and credit management, while still ensuring effectiveness in supplier management and stock control.

References

Alexander, D., & Archer, S. (2003). On economic reality, representational faithfulness and the ‘true and fair override’. Accounting and Business Research, 33(1), 3-17.

Board, F. A. S. (2008). Statement of financial accounting concepts No. 2: qualitative characteristics of accounting information. Financ Acc Stand Board.Di Pietra, R., McLeay, S., & Ronen, J. (Eds.). (2014). Accounting and regulation: New insights on governance, markets and institutions. Springer Science & Business Media.Info Entrepreneurs. (2019). The challenges of growing a business – and how to meet them. Info Entrepreneurs. https://www.infoentrepreneurs.org/en/guides/the-challenges-of-growing-a-business—and-how-to-meet-them/Van der Tas, L. (2020, April 2). Five financial reporting Issues to consider as a consequence of COVID-19. EY. https://www.ey.com/en_gl/assurance/five-financial-reporting-issues-to-consider-as-a-consequence-of-covid-19Way, J. (2019, February 4). What Is the Importance of a Company’s Financial Statements? Chron. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-companys-financial-statements-21332.html

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Music of the Baroque Music PeriodThe baroque music period began around 1600 to 1750 and involved a musical language depicting affections that include agitation, grief, and joy (Collins). There were distinct styles and practices in the baroque period that include theater (Opera), church and chamber for the styles, while the practices include the Stile Antico which is highly polyphonic and the Stile Moderno that involve homophonic w/solo voice. The opera style of music is a drama in which all the dialogue is sung (Mitchell). For the opera music, there are two main types of singing, and they include aria and recitative. For the recitative section of opera music is a sung speech containing dialogue that is highly rhythmic and syllabic. For the aria type, it involves a fully developed melody for a vocal soloist. Stile Antico is the practice for the opera music, and an example of the stile Antico is that of Claudio Monteverdi, with the opera ‘The Coronation of Poppea.’

Another style of the baroque music is the Church that served the purpose of awakening the passion for the religious subjects (Koenigsberger). The practice is Stile Moderno. The churches spent a lot of money on lavish decorations that conveyed the authority of the church as well as inspiring religious fervor. The sound of the baroque organ filled the brilliant interiors with its powerful resonance and a striking variety of timbres created an awe. An example of the Church style is the work of Johann Sebastian Bach, ‘Toccata and Fugue in D minor.’ The chamber is the third style of the baroque music (Rangel-Ribeiro). The concerto was characterized by multi-movement and involved a musical work that featured an instrumental soloist accompanied by an ensemble. The concerto was of two types that include solo concerto and concerto grosso. Antonio Vivaldi is a renowned musician of the concerto, and an example of his work include his famous masterpiece Le Quattro Stagioni translated as the four seasons.

Work Cited

Collins, Paul. The Stylus Phantasticus and free keyboard music of the North German Baroque. Routledge, 2017.

Koenigsberger, Helmut Georg. “Music and Religion in Early Modern European History.” Music and the Renaissance. Routledge, 2017. 275-306.

Mitchell, Brittney S. “The Secret Society of Opera.” (2016).

Rangel-Ribeiro, Victor. Baroque music: A practical guide for the performer. Courier Dover Publications, 2016.