Category: Uncategorized

Muslim Brotherhood: Is it a Terrorist Faction

Student’s Name:

Institution:

Muslim Brotherhood: Is it A Terrorist Faction

1.0 Introduction

The Muslim Brotherhood group is one of the main Islamist sects in the North Africa and Middle-East. Its function in the prospect of world governments warrants careful thought in relation to rampant terrorists movements spread all over the planet. This paper is going to argue that the Muslim Brothers as a terrorist group. It is going to argue that the practices employed by the group are in contrary to the Islamic religion. The study will compare the practices of the Islamic brotherhood and the Islamic practices. Such a comparison will bring out distinctive differences and it can prove that it is a terrorist group. Both normative and descriptive analysis of Muslim Brotherhood and Muslim religion with a view of looking at practices, governance, organization, and strategies is employed. The normative and descriptive analysis study is employed because it presents in-depth analysis of the situation. This will help bring a balance to either suggest or prove that Muslim brotherhood exist as a terrorist group.

The paper is going to employ analysis of secondary sources where journals, magazines, books, and research papers are going to get scrutinized. In both the instances, the issues arising are going to be highlighted. Discussion of findings on the matters emanating from the analysis will be made, and the way forward drawn to give a direction that requires action, as well as the conclusion. The outcome is going to be of great significance in that evaluation of issues is going to be established and is going to allow all concerned take up security issues very seriously in relation to the group activities.

2.0 History and Background of the Muslim Brotherhood

2.1 Hassan Al-Banna

He is the founder of the Brotherhood group. He was born from a poor background family in Egypt and trained as a school teacher. In 1998, he established the Muslim Brotherhood that was taken as the first movement fundamental in modern Islam. During his childhood era, he got attracted to intolerant characteristics of Islam that was fierce to the secularism of the western world. They were angry and against the western world and fought for the rights of women. Their anguish was in considerable part a response to the downfall of the Ottoman Kingdom, the conclusion of the Muslim-Caliphate, the British position of Egypt, and the causing revelation of Arab civilization to Western ideals. According to him, the expiration of the Caliphate, even though emanated by nonspiritual Muslim-Turks, was irreverence in contradiction of Islam for which they accused the non-Muslim-West.

Muslim Brotherhood was established as a club so as to strike against the western world. They preached the necessity of reforming the Arab civilization. Later, the society expanded and entrenched in its goals the need of going back to the Islamic values. Among their aims was advocating of the education, health, equalities, resource management, and increasing conflicts. He was against the European Marxism. As the group extended, the leader had the dream of restoration. He had a conviction that the dream could only be possible by means of the sword-an idea taken very well with the followers. He preached the need for Muslims to return to the origin of Islamic roots and his speeches was inflammatory advocating for the resumption of the great holy-war against non-Muslim world. This led to him creating the Holy war document.

The first step was the “the great Arab revolt”-a translational terrorism in between 1936-1939 when the Islamic leaders as well as the Muslim Brotherhood incited the supporters for a three year war on the Palestinians as well as to the British was set up the mandate. By 1936 the group had more the 800 supporters and the membership had expanded to more than 20,000 by 1938 just two years into the revolt movement. The group had a planned and organized leadership in that they set up mosques, schools, factories, clubs, health facilities, and welfare associations. The leader, Al-Banna created secrets cells, trained, and stole weapons. In the group they train persons in different rank as the police and waited for orders to go public. They organized suicide and assassination missions.

In Nazi Germany, Reich presented them with power and connection. It grew stronger and Al-Banna created an ideology of overshadowing Hilter Nazism. The two had varied opinions but worked together-to the Nazis, the Aryan must rule, and to Al-Banna, the Muslim religion must hold dominion. They both were against nationalism and wanted liquidation of states. They both had a totalitarian figure leading their followers to different parts of the Arab world advocating for a society of believers as well as a master race. Through these, other alliances erupted and among the alliance are the Mein Kampf and Der Sturmer. In the World War II, both Hitler and Mussolini together with AL-Banna supported each other with the aim of fighting against the British. The intelligence arm of the Brotherhood gathered information on the leadership of the Cairo regime so as to fight it back. The Palestine issue on the United Nation front to end the war, al-Banna and Amin al-Husseini was against it and wanted the Arab world to come together to oppose it-leading the “Jewish world conspiracy.” The Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha declared the group illegal and disbanded causing incarceration of many group members. Pasha got assassinated by the Brotherhood member. In 1949, Al-Banna was assassinated in Cairo in the street when he was waiting for a taxi on the grounds that he was one of the activists against the reigning regime.

2.2 Sayyid Qutb

For the majority part of his life, Qutb’s inward companions mostly comprised of compelling legislators, learned people, writers and artistic figures, both of his age and of the former era. By the mid-1940s, huge numbers of his compositions were authoritatively among the curricula of schools, universities and colleges.

Despite the fact that a large portion of his perceptions and feedback were leveled at the Muslim world, Qutb is additionally known for his serious dissatisfaction with the general public and society of the United States, which he saw as fixated on realism, viciousness, and sexual pleasures.Views on Qutb fluctuate broadly. He has been portrayed by supporters as an extraordinary mastermind and saint for Islam, while numerous Western onlookers see him as a key originator of Islamist ideology. Others in the West accept Qutb is a persuasion for vicious gatherings, for example, Al Qaeda. Today, his supporters are distinguished as Qutbists or “Qutbi” (by their adversaries, not without anyone else present).

He assimilated his involvements with the Nasser administration and its oppressive activities. It was grounded on his understanding of the Qur’an that assisted as direction for his concept of a frontline to create Islamic revitalization in the Muslim biosphere. He trusted that every characteristic of life is concentrated on obeying God’s spiritual will by internalizing the Islamic philosophies of tawhid (there is no God but Allah) and hakimiyyat Allah (God is supreme on earth). All Muslims need to be persuaded of these Islamic philosophies and use them in their manner of life. From Qutb’s viewpoint, contemporary living had guided Muslim civilizations to jahiliyyah (unawareness of the celestial direction) by submitting to worldly frontrunners or powers that be in place of God. Hence, Qutb and his factions called for takfir (ex-communication) of Muslims behind jail powers. It necessitated announcing them as kafir (non-believer). The Cubists professed themselves as an Islamist frontline crusade of true supporters. These extremists thought that the utilization of ferocity was genuine so as to combat all impacts of a jahili culture and start an Islamic nation. Even the notion of jihad was not omitted from attaining this objective. Al-Hudaybi and the associates of his Leadership Council foretold detrimental penalties to the Muslim Brotherhood if the association trailed Qutb’s opinions. The Muslim clerics gave substitute deliberations of the three main notions of deep-rooted Islamist understanding. Foremost, the notion takfir lost significance if employed to judge a person or an entire humanity, since the conviction of faith (shahada) was taken as the only binding attitude in defining whether an individual is a Muslim or not. Once an individual confesses his faith, he should be acknowledged as a Muslim and become part of the Muslim society except he openly rejects faith. Hence, no human being is capable of giving a ruling on another person belief or announces a Muslim, a kafir. The ruling, as well as the forgiveness of iniquities, is up to God. Thus, involvement in Islamist involvement, of whatsoever type, cannot decide whether a person is a supporter or not. Additionally, the Sayyid Qutb’s ideas point out that Islamic researchers like Abul Ala Mawdudi were incorrect in their postulation that the human malfunction has directed to misinterpretation of the Sunna and Qur’an. The motive is that the word of God, given in the Qur’an, was not once lost and continually exists to Muslims. In that way, a century-long misapprehension of the greatest vital Islamic literatures must be omitted as the cause for the existent of a jahili association. The scholars determined that Mawdudi’s deduction concerning the idea of jahiliyyah was improper, and therefore took away another philosophical basis of the extremists.

Lastly, the concept of God’s total dominion on the planet was evaluated. The preachers evaluate that Islamic decree, sharia, are not permanent but give room for suppleness and presents men a capability of decision-making in the guideline of societal existence (self-will). As long as this self-will does not disrupt religious responsibilities, it does not test divine supremacy or God’s dominion. Moreover, employing God’s decree to Muslims’ every day existences is significant and ultimate. They disputed that it will be too far realization to bring into line worldly laws in an inflexible manner according to the code of God’s dominion and sharia with no additional excogitation.

Both literatures signify the contrasting sides of the un-bridgeable ideological breach amid the extremist and modest factions. There was no opportunity for concession or likelihood of reconciliation. Amalgamation was not a choice. Therefore, the focus on Muslim Brothers concerning whether to go along the reasonable or the extremist path lied on the extremists themselves. They get members to imprison themselves no knowing to select the non-violent substitute to the extremist and inflexible pathway of the Qutbists. There were only a few extremist disciplinarians that might be persuaded to return to the reasonable fold. Eventually, this philosophical head-to-head compelled all Muslim Brotherhood members to make a choice for or against bigger extremism. It turns out to be obvious that al-Hudaybi and Qutb followed the similar objective of an Islamic national by dissimilar methods, based on their philosophical stand-point — training versus aggression.

2.3 Terrorism during and after Mohammed Morsi regime

Taking after the 2011 Egyptian turmoil and fall of Hosni Mubarak, the Brotherhood was legalized and was from the start and became extremely effective, overwhelming the 2011 parliamentary election and winning the 2012 presidential outcome, before the armed force tumbled President Mohamed Morsi after a year, and took action against the Brotherhood.

On 30 April 2011, it propelled another gathering called the Freedom and Justice Party, which won 235 of the 498 seats in the 2011 Egyptian parliamentary outcome, significantly more than other parties. The gathering rejected the “appointment of ladies or Copts for Egypt’s administration”, however not for bureau positions. The Muslim Brotherhood’s competitor for Egypt’s 2012 presidential choice was Mohamed Morsi, who crushed Ahmed Shafiq—the last PM under Mubarak’s standard with 51.73% of the vote. Some abnormal state supporters and previous Brotherhood officials have repeated danger to Zionism, albeit amid his fight Morsi himself guaranteed to remain for tranquil relations with Israel. Inside a brief time, genuine open resistance created to President Morsi. In late November 2012 he “briefly” conceded himself the ability to administer without legal oversight or survey of his demonstrations, in light of the fact that he required to “ensure” the country from the Mubarak-time power structure. He likewise put a draft constitution to a submission that adversaries grumbled was “an Islamist coup.” These issues—and concerns over the indictments of writers, the unleashing of ace Brotherhood possess on peaceful demonstrators, the continuation of military trials, new laws that allowed detainment without legal audit for up to 30 days, and the appearing exemption given to Islamist radical assaults on Christians and other minorities brought a huge number of nonconformists to the roads beginning in November 2012.

By April 2013, Egypt had “gotten to be progressively isolated” between President Mohammed Morsi and “Islamist partners” and a resistance of “moderate Muslims, Christians and liberals. Adversaries blamed Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood for looking to force issues happen, while Morsi’s partners say the restriction is attempting to destabilize the nation to destroy the chosen leadership”. Adding to the agitation were extreme fuel deficiencies and power blackouts which confirmation recommends the consequence of Morsi’s botch of the economy.

On 3 July 2013 Mohamed Morsi was captured and kept by the military, following a prevalent rising of a large number of Egyptians requesting the abdication of Morsi. There were additionally restricted counter-challenges in backing of Morsi. On 14 August, the military announced a month-long highly sensitive situation and initiated assaults against Brotherhood challenge settlements. Roughness heightened quickly and prompted the passing of in excess of 600 individuals and harm of in the range of 4,000, the most exceedingly terrible mass killing in Egypt’s present day history. In countering Brotherhood supporters robbed and blazed police headquarters and many churches. The crackdown that took is the most noticeably bad for the Brotherhood’s association “in eight decades”. On that day Supreme Leader Mohammed Badie was arrested, crossing a “red line”, as even Hosni Mubarak had never captured him. On 23 September, a court announced that the gathering is prohibited and its benefits seized. Prime Minister, Hazem Al Beblawi on 21 December 2013, announced the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist association after an auto bomb tore through a police assembling and killed more than than 14 individuals in the city of Mansoura, which the legislature faulted for the Muslim Brotherhood, nevertheless no proof and a Sinai based dread gathering guaranteeing obligation regarding the attack. On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 parts of the Muslim Brotherhood to death. By May 2014, more or less 16,000 individuals (and as high as more than 40,000 by one free count), for the most part Brotherhood parts or supporters, have been detained since the coup.

2.4 The Controversy

Before the ideal time in power, the Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan) and its united Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) were the subjects of contention, which proceeded after the July 2013 military overthrow. Numerous endeavors to undermine the association started after the solid execution of Muslim Brotherhood associated between the 2005 parliamentary choices, when the Mubarak administration’s state media called the Brotherhood secret and illegal. These debates would keep amid Morsi’s chance in power. For instance, the Muslim Brotherhood made various strides that were exceptionally dubious furthermore assented to or upheld crackdowns by the military amid Morsi’s presidency. Amid the Muslim Brotherhood’s opportunity in force, as a rule the association’s activities seemed to play into the negative generalizations that numerous Egyptians had of the association. Case in point, before the unrest, the Muslim Brotherhood’s supporters showed up at a challenge at Al-Azhar University wearing military style fatigues, and the Mubarak administration censured the association for beginning an underground militia. During now is the right time in power, the Muslim Brotherhood did without a doubt attempt to secure outfitted gatherings of supporters and looked for authority authorization for its parts to be armed. Therefore, a large number of the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood helped the picture that faultfinders of the association were attempting to pass on. On the other hand, it ought to additionally be noted that there was critical media scope from stations, for example, only that could be contended to have been some piece of a huge exertion – whether composed or awkward – to attack the association.

2.5 The differences between Islamic brotherhood practices and Islamic practices

Where the Brotherhood contrasts is in its system for confronting the test of advancement. Affected by the instructing of Sayyid Qutb, it embraced a method for change which captivates deliberately with the cutting edge world and creates arrangements which captivate with innovation in every measurement of life. The Brotherhood is more beguiling in dialect and appearance than Islamic practices. Islamic practices have a tendency to be separatist and can give the impression of being centered upon individual religious devotion, which differentiates them from the individuals who don’t impart their convictions. Islamic practices likewise have a tendency to talk utilizing devout religious language, making few concessions to the informative standards of others. This is reflected in their way of dress, which surrenders nothing to common style sense. Conversely the Brotherhood’s methodology is to infiltrate and change western establishments, with a definitive point of realizing the same end as the Islamic practices. The Brotherhood may appear to be more businesslike and obliging than Islamic practices, yet this is minimal more than a key strategy on their part, not proof of a major contrast in extreme objectives. Fraternity ideologues can be exceptionally talented in changing their talk to suit their gathering of people; however this is not a workmanship Islamic practice.

Steady with its objective of infiltration and change, Brotherhood belief system cooperates straightforwardly with and challenges western thought. It is sure about current science, and has created ideological positions on difficulties postured by cutting edge financial and political substances. It has solid speak to and earnestly enlists Muslim experts and savvy people, including specialists and researchers – a significant number of them western-taught – who have helped a considerable lot of its pioneers, and when it is capable the Brotherhood can work as a state inside a state, with it constitution, instructive framework, and laws. Fellowship belief system has made note of and absorbed present day western philosophies, for example, the thought of insurgencies. It utilizes western ideological terms; for example, vote based system however reinterprets their intending to reference its final objective of sharia execution. Case in point in this feature, amid late races, President Morsi was addressed about proclamations of Brotherhood pioneers for implementing jizya, the biased expense paid by Christians living under sharia law. He answers that this was taken outside the realm of relevance. Christians living under Islam, Morsi said, have a larger number of rights than they figure it out. Morsi additionally clarifies that the Islamic state by definition satisfies the goals of a common society: “the Islamic state is by need, need – let the West hear – a common express, a moderate express, a majority rule state; there is no contrast in the middle of shura and vote based system”. (Shura is discussion as imagined by Islamic law.) A right translation of Morsi’s message is that when the Brotherhood tells western pioneers that it is agreeable to majority rules system, what it truly means is that it is resolved to maintain a strict application of the Islamic sharia. Despite the fact that Islamic practices scrutinize the Brotherhood for making an excess of lodging to non-Muslim thought, Brotherhood ideologues defend their plans on Islamic grounds, by speaking to the case of Muhammad.

A key thought taught by Brotherhood philosophy is that of the Phases or Stages of Da’wa, or “declaration” of Islam. In view of the model of Muhammad’s own prophetic profession, the Brotherhood’s belief system is that in executing Islam there is a God-given grouping of stages to be taken after. From the beginning there is the less unmistakable, even shrouded, phase of developing people in their confidence. At that point a group is framed with related establishment building. At long last there will come the suspicion of force for the purpose of Islam, whether through continuous political procedures or, if vital, jihad. As per this model, Brotherhood philosophy stresses that military jihad is a system for the later phases of the usage of Islam, generally as it was in Muhammad’s own particular prophetic vocation. Hence, until the Islamic development achieves the suitable stage, Brotherhood teachings about jihad may be downplayed or hid, particularly before the eyes of pariahs. Interestingly Islamic practices have a tendency to be considerably more forthright and proud in displaying their teachings. They are a ‘what you see is the thing that you get’ development. Like the Brotherhood, they embrace the principle of stages focused around Muhammad’s case, yet look to structure and keep up an unadulterated Islamic group all through all phases of creating Islam, which requests a consistency and virtue in their open message to their body elector

3.0 Other Terrorists Group

3.1 Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS)

It is an Islamic movement that is radical and the word mean zeal. It became vigorous in the initial phases of the intifada, functioning mainly in the Gaza- District but then again Samaria and Judea. It was founded 1987 as an extension of the Palestinian division of Muslim Brotherhood. A number of HAMAS rudiments have employed both party-political and vehement measures, comprising terrorism, to chase the objective of starting an Islamic-Palestinian national instead of Israel. Slackly planned, with some essentials functioning surreptitiously and others functioning openly via mosques and social-service institutions to enroll members, advance money, plan tasks, and issue misinformation. It won the majority of seats in 2006 election in the Palestinian parliament. The activists most with the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades have carried out numerous attacks comprising suicide bombings against Israeli citizen and military focuses. They targeted Palestinian collaborators as well as Fatah opponents in 1990. Its activities expanded in 2002-2003 and made many attacks against Israelis. Its target surrounds only Israel citizens even though there are US citizens caught up in their operations in Israel. Its strengths lie on more than 10,000 followers and sympathizers. They donation from Iran and expatriates from Palestine globally and other Arab people from the rest parts of the globe.

3.2 Al-Qaeda

The merging of Islamic Jihad to al-Qaeda took place in 1998 and was formally done by al-Zawahiri.Hi gave combined fatwa with Osama-bin-Laden with the them, “Islamic Front Against Jews and Crusaders.” Al Qaeda runs networks encompassing both a cosmopolitan, nationless army and a fundamental Wahhabi-Muslim crusade requesting for a severe understanding of sharia- law and jihad, the fight regarding Islamic standards, at an international scale. Al-Qaeda has accomplished many raids on targets it taken as Kafir. Amongst the Syrian-civil-war, al-Qaeda groups began combating each other, as well as the Kurds and administration. Al-Qaeda has assaulted citizen and armed targets in numerous nations, comprising the September 11 incidents, 1998 US consulate bombings and the 2002 Bali-bombings. With the demise of main leaders, concluding to the death of Osama-bin-Laden, al-Qaeda’s processes have decentralized from activities that were regulated from the top-down, to activities by franchise related collections, to activities of lone-wolf operators.

Distinguishing methods utilized by al-Qaeda comprise suicide-attacks and concurrent bombings of dissimilar targets. Events attributed to it might comprise members of the association, who have taken an oath of trustworthiness to Osama-bin-Laden, or the much more many “Al-Qaeda-connected” persons who have undertaken training in one of its campsites in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sudan and Iraq, but who have not taken any oath. Al-Qaeda philosophies visualize a complete breakdown from all foreign effects in Muslim nations and the formation of a new international Islamic faction. The Al-Qaeda’s aim is to convict Christians and Jewish. They have believed that killing is accepted in Muslim religion. They as well assimilated sectoring on the Muslim such as the Sadr bombings, Ashoura Massacre, Baghdad bombings in 2007.

4.0 Terrorists Attacks Linked to the Muslim Brotherhood Group

He was later arrested. In 1931, suicide bombing was reported on an attempt to kill Minister Hasan al-Alfi of Egypt, who was against the faction groups. On another attempt to assassinate Atef Sidqi failed but twenty-one people were killed in the process. Later two hundred and eighty people linked to Al Qaeda got arrested.

In 1981 president Anwar Sadat was assassinated, and the action was linked to the Al Zawahiri dealings and his factions.

On February 26, 1993, a truck-bomb was ignited underneath the North-Tower of the World-Trade-Center in the city of New York. The 606 kg urea nitrate–hydrogen gas device was planned to thump the North-Tower into the South-Tower, cutting both towers down and murdering countless people. It failed to happen, however did slay six individuals and harmed more than a thousand. The assault was arranged by afaction of terrorists amongst Mahmud Abouhalima, Ramzi Yousef, Ahmad Aja, Nidal A. Ayyad, Abdul Rahman Yasin and Mohammad Salameh.

In 1995, the Egyptian embassy in Pakistan got attached. It was under the leadership of Zawahiri.

There was Luxor Attack in 1997 where six shooters from the Islamic Group and Vanguards of Conquest slaughtered 62 people. The six aggressors were furnished with programmed guns and cuts, and masked as parts of the security powers. They slipped on the Temple of Hatshepsut at around 08:45. They killed two furnished gatekeepers at the site. With the sightseers caught inside the sanctuary, the killing went on deliberately for 45 minutes, amid which numerous bodies, particularly of ladies, were disfigured with blades. They utilized both weapons and butcher knives. A note applauding Islam was found inside a gutted body. The dead included a5-year-old British kid and 4 Japanese couples on honeymoon. The aggressors then seized a transport, however ran into a checkpoint of furnished Egyptian police and military powers. One of the terrorists was injured in the shootout and the rest fled into the slopes where their bodies were found in a hole, evidently having submitted suicide together.

In the United States, there was the attack in 1998 the embassies of America in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda simultaneously, and all these activities linked to the Al Qaeda. In the US, there was the bombing of the world trade center on September 11 and this was attributed to tourist’s attack

In the year 2007, Al-Zawahiri organized Lal Masjid siege operation. It was a way of indicating that the leader was targeting the government of Pakistan..

Moreover, there are several incidences that reveal the terrorist acts of Muslim brotherhood. These get categorized into six groups: aborted bombing, clashes, incitements, obstructions and bombings. In proofing the acts of Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist faction, we are going to examine only two major actions. The first one is thwarted bombing and then bombing. All these undertakings took place in between December 2013 and July 2014.

Bombing Attempts

The Department concerned with explosives and civil protection on December 26, 2013 succeeded in defusing a touchy associated with a bike fuel tank, contained a warm conductor fixed to blast when the tank’s fuel temperature increments.

Moreover the common security staff succeeded to defusing a bomb inside a transport in Hijaz Square On December 28, 2013, thus sparing the Heliopolis region from a disaster. The bomb was found inside a tin on an open transport, and was contained in unstable material, a detonator, links, and a clock.

Additionally, on January 3, 2014, the head of Kafr El-Shaykh security affirmed that a touchy gadget had been discovered, contained a Molotov container associated with the diesel tank of a truck, convey the permit plate number 9574 LG, near the air compressor. The bomb was proposed to cause whatever number setbacks as would be prudent, especially among learners of the Ibrahimeya School, however was effectively removed.

A bomb an January 23, 2014, was found under a tree alongside the dividers of the Gharbeya governorate building. The bomb was fixed to blast amid festivals of the commemoration of the January 25 revolution, which were hung on Bahr Street in the governorate. Bomb transfer faculty had the capacity uproot the bomb and exploded it securely far from the governorate building.

On January 24, 2014, there was the discovery a bomb on a truck that conveys 15 barrels of material, each one barrel containing 50 kg of explosives, making an aggregate of 750 kg, associated with an electric circuit. It was fixed to blast in the Dawahi neighborhood. The blast would have been effective enough to wipe out the whole neighborhood. The explosives were recouped to the security base camp and defused security.

On January 25, 2014, there was uncovering of gadgets that prooved hazardous. The gadget was found left in a vehicle in Reda Street, between the Ismailiya Stadium and Al-Khair Wal-Baraka Mosque. After reports from owners of the suspicious vehicle, a bomb was found, and wsas suspected to be a remote explosion gadget.

On January 26, 2014, security drives in Giza discovered two bombs in the region of Badrasheen Hospital and was defused securely. On January 31, 2014, unidentified people opened fire on a petroleum transportation truck on the Ring Road, trying to explode it, however, the driver figured out how to escape securely with the truck. On February 1, 2014, railway security in Gharbeya succeeded in turning away a dangerous blast in the Tanta Railway Station, in the wake of discovering Molotov bombs beneath the diesel tank of the Tanta-Cairo train. On February 4, 2014, Cairo bomb transfer staff succeeded in incapacitating two bombs imbedded in the power matrix near a school in the Badr City.

On February 13, 2014, three people on a cruiser tossed a bomb in the Warraq region. Bomb officers succeeded in defusing the bomb after occupants cautioned them to the vicinity of the item, and security constrains effectively pursued down and captured the terrorists.

On February 23, 2014, security officers succeeded in prematurely ending an endeavor to explode 7 hand projectiles, found in a microbus alongside the security camp in Banha. The bombs were left in the microbus inside a dark pack by an obscure person who got away.

On July 18, 2014, bomb specialists in Giza Security prematurely ended an endeavor to explode five gas barrels by the route o

Muslim Men of Arab Origin: Stereotypes

Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

Date:

People are often judged based on their race and gender. Some of these stereotypes are so deeply ingrained in our minds that we do not realize how we act affects others. Some stereotypes are based on past actions; for example, it can be assumed that immigrants are poor, black people are less educated and belong to a lower class than white people among many others. While these stereotypes have caused a lot of pain and hurt to the receiving parties, it would be silly to sweep them under the rug. It is crucial to address these issues to raise awareness and educate ourselves on consciously treating each other with respect regardless of race, gender, religion, and ethnicity. An example of the interaction of national citizenship, gender, and religion and immigrant status is in the profiling of male Muslim men for terror-related incidents.

Terror related incidents have become very common in the past few years. There have been bombings and shootings in all sorts of places including clubs, airports, schools, churches and other public spaces. Most recently a deadly shooting in a New Zealand mosque left multiple worshipers dead. The perpetrators of these heinous acts cannot be categorized into a single demographic; they come from different backgrounds. These incidents have led to stepping up of security measures in many countries of the world as no country can be safe from the ruthless mercenaries causing death and destruction in their wake. Among these measures of security include profiling and surveillance of potential terrorists based on factors such as country of origin, immigrant status among others. However, human rights activists have come out to label some of these acts as a witch-hunt.

The United States has been the victim of many terror-related activities, the worst of which was the 9/11 bombing of the World Trade Center on September 9th, 2011 (Gould & Klor 2016). Hundreds upon hundreds of people were killed and many others injured. United States embassies in Africa were also targets of bombings. Osama bin Laden was suspected of having been the mastermind of these attacks and the US launched an offensive in Afghanistan in search of terrorists. It was later joined by other countries to counter the threat that was fast becoming global (Shay 2017). Al-Qaeda had a strong presence in Afghanistan, and the war against them went on for years, leaving many dead and property destroyed. Osama was finally killed in 2016 by US troops. The war has mostly been successful with a lot of territories previously held by the insurgents now under the control of peacekeeping forces. The government of Afghanistan has vowed to keep fighting terrorists within its borders.

Outside Afghanistan, matters are quite different. Many men today have found themselves victims of harassment due to suspected terrorist connections. Specific countries such as Syria are breeding and training grounds for terrorist operations from where operatives are sent to other parts of the world for missions. The preferred choice of attack is suicide bombs. Because of this, there is heightened surveillance of people traveling from such countries.

Being a male Muslim man of Arab origin is equivalent to having a target on your back. They have been profiled due to the combination of all these factors which can be analyzed separately but lead to the same conclusion. The first focus is on gender. Many terrorist activities have been historically carried out by men. An analysis of all crimes related to terror carried out all over the world involves the male gender. Women usually play a different role of being homemakers taking care of the family as the men go out and plan their activities. Women loyal to the cause are willing to move to other cities and countries to become Isis brides, and this has also been used to profile them (Spencer 2016).

The second factor is religion, specifically Islam. It should be clear that not all terror activities can be attributed to Muslims alone; the killers are from every religious background. However, many of them have professed that their religious beliefs are what motivate them to carry out their atrocious activities. This is however not true as Muslims have come out to condemn these sentiments. Muslims explain that theirs is a religion of love and peace and that Allah would never allow the taking of an innocent human life. Terrorists have taken their faith out of context and twisted it into something vile and evil.

The third factor is national citizenship or origin. Men of Arab descent have been profiled for surveillance in regard for connection to terror activities. Countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia are known to be home to sympathizers and perpetrators of terrorism (Cherney & Murphy 2016). An Arab man can, therefore, be assumed to have some ties with terror. Many people traveling all over the world innocently have fallen victim to harassment and suspicion based solely on their homeland.

Immigrant status is another factor to be considered in profiling terrorist. People move to a different country for many reasons including education, war, and political situations among others. It would be unjust therefore to subject immigrants to some discriminatory treatments just because they look and talk a certain way (Calamur 2016). Many people are merely trying to make a better life for themselves and their families. Immigrants can be subject to lack of work and other forms of discrimination because they are suspected of being in the country illegally.

Many countries have watch lists containing names of people suspected to have ties with terrorists. Inevitably these names turn out to belong to young Muslim Arab men from the Middle East or North Africa. Women too are subjected to extra checks when traveling as they could be supporters of terrorist organizations. Their communications are also surveilled to keep track of what they say and to whom. Remittances to other countries are also subject to scrutiny just in case they are funding terrorist activities overseas (Cherney & Murphy 2016).

As is the case with many other stereotypes, the one against immigrant Muslim men of Arab origin cause a lot of pain and anger and can have negative consequences. Many people have come forward with claims that they have been mistreated especially in the hands of authorities for no other reason than their language, their religion, appearance, and manner of dressing. They have been subjected to humiliating searches that are entirely unwarranted. Even among the general population, these stereotypes are quite common. The unfortunate part is that some leaders propagate fear and hate based on these hurtful and unfounded stereotypes. They do not realize much harm they have caused to innocent people who would like to live in a free, peaceful and just world like anyone else. They have no wish to receive harsh glances as they are led away for a more thorough search or face more protracted questioning when receiving any service.

It is essential that we learn to let go of assumptions that have no basis. Before acting in a manner that depicts another human being in a negative light, put yourself in their shoes. It is very easy to judge people that we do not even know. What if the young man seated across from you was your brother, would you be so quick to make unwarranted judgments about them? We should treat each other as human beings just the way we would like others to treat us. The world today is full of unfair stereotypes that have led to even more problems. Accusing people of crimes that they have not committed can lead them to do just that because it is what is expected of them. It is vital that we are educated on different cultures, religions, ethnicities, and cultures so that we can better understand other people. If each person took the time to learn the teachings of Islam, we would be quick to chastise someone for claiming that all Muslims are terrorists (Cherney & Murphy 2016). This is not to make light of the tragedies that families and loved ones of victims of terror crime shave suffered all over the world. Each person deserves justice for the pain they have suffered. However, this should be done within the scope of the law with proper investigations. With sufficient evidence pointing to the guilty party, they should be brought to book and sentenced accordingly.

In reality, human beings have different backgrounds, but each of us has the power to decide the kind of person we want to be. Killers and criminals from around the worlds can be from any religion, any gender, and any race. People should be judged on their individual actions rather than lumping all white people together and deciding that they all have low levels of intelligence. Sensitivity to other people is an integral part of fostering peace and love in society. If we made an effort to get to know each other without letting biases stand in the way, we would discover that w have so much in common. Young Muslim men from Syria deserve as much respect as a young Catholic woman from Switzerland for the same reason that they are both human.

References

Shay, S. (2017). The Globalization of Terror: the challenge of Al-Qaida and the response of the international community. Routledge.

Spencer, A. N. (2016). The hidden face of terrorism: an analysis of the women in Islamic State. Journal of Strategic Security, 9(3), 74-98.

Gould, E. D., & Klor, E. F. (2016). The Long‐run Effect of 9/11: Terrorism, Backlash, and the Assimilation of Muslim Immigrants in the West. The Economic Journal, 126(597), 2064-2114.

Calamur, K. (2016). Are Immigrants Prone to Crime and Terrorism?. The Atlantic.

Cherney, A., & Murphy, K. (2016). Being a ‘suspect community’in a post 9/11 world–The impact of the war on terror on Muslim communities in Australia. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(4), 480-496.

Chick-fil-a Company Proposal

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc7060006 h 31.1 Research Background PAGEREF _Toc7060007 h 31.2 Chick-fil-A mission statement PAGEREF _Toc7060008 h 41.3 Aims and Objectives PAGEREF _Toc7060009 h 42.0 SWOT Analysis of Chick-fil-A PAGEREF _Toc7060010 h 42.1 Strengths PAGEREF _Toc7060011 h 52.2 Weaknesses PAGEREF _Toc7060012 h 52.3 Opportunities PAGEREF _Toc7060013 h 62.4 Threats PAGEREF _Toc7060014 h 73.0 Strategies for an Effective HR Department in Chick-fil-A PAGEREF _Toc7060015 h 73.1 Recruiting the correct Individuals for the Right work PAGEREF _Toc7060016 h 73.2 Maintaining a Conducive Working Environment PAGEREF _Toc7060017 h 83.3 Employee Relations PAGEREF _Toc7060018 h 83.4 Training and Development PAGEREF _Toc7060019 h 83.5 Compliance with Labor Laws PAGEREF _Toc7060020 h 94.0 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc7060021 h 9

IntroductionIn recent years, Human Resource Management, and other practices have developed a lot of importance in the production, innovation and competence levels of any company or organization. Moreover, the employees in the contemporary world are not only seen as just an aspect of production. They are highly respected and given more essential duties that are vital for the running of business operations. The workforce considers the organization or company that they are working in as their total assets. If the employees of the organization are appropriately managed and included in the critical processes of the organization like decision-making, they can increase the organization’s productivity (Noe et al. 2017). Through effective HR management, the employees are empowered, and this helps to unleash their innovative potential. Therefore, HR management is a critical area, and there is a great need for every organization to put a lot of emphasis on the attainment of its goals and objectives.

This paper discusses and analyzes the Human resource practices at Chick-fil-a, which is a chicken retailing company based in Atlanta. This paper proposes ways in which Human resource management will operate as a competent business partner under my leadership as a human resource manager. Moreover, a global outlook, as well as the cross-cultural approach in the improvement of the company’s running processes, is also highlighted.

1.1 Research BackgroundChick-fil-A is company that specializes in fast food poultry meals. It offers breakfast, lunch, and dinner to its several customers. Its primary ingredient is chicken which it focuses on. Chick-fil-A Inc was established in 1946 by Truett Cathy. The business began when the two brothers opened a restaurant known as “The Dwarf Grill.” Later on, the restaurant advanced and as a result he later opened the first Chick-fil-A. Currently, the diner is well known in the United States, and it has the highest sales of same-store items. It also possesses the biggest quick-service chicken restaurant chain. Therefore due to its popularity and its mode of carrying business, there is a great need to make Chick-fil-A Inc a global company (Rubenstein 2017, p.208). Over the last five years, the company has overgrown. This is evident by the fact that the restaurant seems to be making some significant moves aimed at creating great steps towards its growth. Consequently, the company is in a perfect position to go global.

1.2 Chick-fil-A mission statement“To be America’s best quick-service restaurant.”

1.3 Aims and ObjectivesThe main aim of this is to study on strategies as well as human resource management to classify significant linkage between Chick-fil-a business strategies, its human resource program and the outcomes due to effective leadership. It also aims to propose changes that can be implemented in the company’s cultural and strategic policies that will help in changing the overall working conditions of the company. Moreover, the objective of the research is to study the methods of increasing Chick-fil-a mission as well as vision through effective leadership that will help the company to not only meet global levels but also to function globally.

2.0 SWOT Analysis of Chick-fil-AChick-fil-A due to its substantial annual sales in just the United States makes it be seen as among the major key players in the fast food area precisely chicken based food. Its biggest competitor tends to be only KFC. While comparing it to the other major companies dealing with the same product in the United States, Chick-fil-A is moderately small, and it has only 2100 outlets joints (Radwan, 2018). It is a unique business with its values and standards. The company is also different from the competition as it remains closed on holidays and Sundays. Due to its increased growth, the company should decide going international and establish the business in other parts of the world. However, on the process of coming up with strategies to help it function globally, a SWOT analysis is necessary to assist in the planning of the process.

2.1 StrengthsThe resulting are the strengths of Chick-fil-A Inc:

Personal Ordering. The company provides face to face ordering of food. This reduces the competition as a customer has a feeling that individuals are serving him in each Chick-fil-A outlet. This notion attracts the customer, and this is what other fast food restaurants lack.

Chick-fil-A usually pays their workers higher than what is expected most individuals would expect. It also gives them more opportunities for career development and the main thing is that their value their customers.

Service delivery. This is regarded as the contributor to Chick-fil-A most significant success. They have excellent customer service. There is a self-service system, something that is uncommon to other restaurants and this makes it distinctive.

2.2 Weaknesses

This part elaborates the areas that Chick-fil-A needs significant improvements. The critical weaknesses of Chick-fil-A are:

It operates locally. This shows its poor geographical positioning considering its success and fame. It is only found in the United States. Therefore they are not well known outside the United States unlike their competitors such as KFC.

High prices. Chick-fil-A has high charges of its products compared to its rivals. Although the price can justify the quality of their products, the Chick-fil-A brand tends to be unpopular among the lower or middle classes.

Low innovations. In the present world, fast food businesses are innovating not only their menus like they used to do before but also their marketing and supply chain. However, this requires big scale brands whose profitability generates from their huge sales. Therefore a local brand like Chick-fil-A, this can be a problem to implement.

Retention of Customers. The fast-food industry is rapidly growing and due to the existence of several businesses of the same being opened and this makes the customer have a different choice. Chick-fil-A lacks customer loyalty programs, and hence many of them would find a replacement.

2.3 OpportunitiesThese comprise of the favorable features in the environment that surrounds the firm on which it can benefit from to increase its profits. These opportunities are as follows:

Healthy fast food. There has been an increase in demand for fast, healthy foods in the contemporary years. This has been characterized by increased publicity against the risks involved in consuming fast foods. There is a need for the companies to reinvent themselves and focus on healthy fast foods.

Increase in demand for fast foods restaurants. Most of the fast foods joints have, or customer service and this has made customers to shift their liking on fast food restaurants for example Chick-fil-A. Individuals need high-quality services and therefore this is a good opportunity for Chick-fil-A to benefit from.

2.4 Threats

Threats tend to be the environmental factors that hinder the growth of the business. The threats in this industry include the following:

The main threat is the scandal issues surrounding the fast food joints that use chicken as their main ingredient. There have been increased rumors of the bad quality of chicken used. Some individuals talk negative about the product used, and this creates some worries among customers who might eventually decide never to revisit these outlets.

3.0 Strategies for an Effective HR Department in Chick-fil-AWhen HR departments are well driven for example by the line managers, it will provide the company with a structure as well as the aptitude to meet business needs. While managing the company, it is the responsibility of a manager to recognize that the employees are the most valuable resources. In Chick-fil-a Inc, for example, there are numerous Human resource disciplines. However, the HR individuals in every discipline may be allocated with more than six critical functions (Bratton & Gold, 2017). The HR department would be involved in recruiting of employees and other staffs, ensuring there is workplace safety, ensure there are employee relations; the company complies with the labor law, compensation planning and finally, it will also be involved in training. These functions are well analyzed in the resulting section:

3.1 Recruiting the correct Individuals for the Right workHiring the correct individual for the right work is among the leading key function of HR Department. This is because employees define the productivity of a company. When workers are recruited for the appropriate job according to their skills, abilities, and qualifications, they feel motivated and therefore their performance increases leading to increased productivity.

3.2 Maintaining a Conducive Working EnvironmentAs a manager in the HR Department, safety in the workplace should be among the priority. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, it is the employer’s responsibility to offer his employees a safe working setting. As a strategy of moving Chick-fil-a Inc to the next level, the HR should provide workplace training as well as maintain and obey the necessary rules and regulations on injury and fatality reporting while in the workplace. Moreover the company’s risk and safety specialist need to work HR specialist closely to control the issues related to employees’ compensation issues. This will motivate all the employees since they will see that the company cares for them.

3.3 Employee RelationsHaving good relations for example in different departments and among employees and their employers in an organization is a crucial factor for the growth of the company. Employee relations tend to be the HR feature with the mandate of strengthening the employee-employer relationships. This is achieved by measuring job satisfaction, resolving the conflicts in the workplace and employee commitment of employees. When the employer-employee relations are good, the company achieves its vision faster compared to when the relationships are terrible. All workers whether junior or senior workers respect each other’s occupation and this reduces conflicts in the workplace.

3.4 Training and DevelopmentChick-fil-a Inc should provide its employees with the appropriate tools for the success of the business. It means giving new workers with full orientation training to support them shift into the modern organizational culture. The company’s HR Department should offer leadership training as well as professional development programs (Noe et al. 2017). The training should be provided to the newly recruited employees and other promoted individuals like the managers on matters like performance management and how to tackle the employee relations problems at the department level.

3.5 Compliance with Labor LawsObservance of the employment and labor laws is a crucial HR function. It keeps the company running smoothly without disturbances and disagreements with the authorities and other stakeholders Noncompliance typically leads to workplace complaints grounded on biased employment methods, or working circumstances that may influence negatively the company’s output and finally its profitability. Therefore Chick-fil-A Inc HR staff should understand the federal and also the state work laws, such as, the National Labor Relations Act among others.

4.0 ConclusionFor every business, human resource management is a critical factor. Several responsibilities are involved in the human resource department, for example, hiring and ensuring that there is safety in the organization. Chick-fil-A is a United States based company, and it is among the best in fast food delivery. The company’s management style is excellent, and this has resulted in it to be making a massive amount of profits annually compared to some of its competitors. However, the company tends to be based only in the United States and this paper calls for its establishment in the global market. Before the initial process of transitioning it, it is good to perform a SWOT analysis to define its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities as well as the threats. This will help Chick-fil-A to have an actual plan of the global market since the SWOT analyses will help define it.References

Bratton, J., & Gold, J. (2017). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave.

Chick-fil-A. (2019). Who We Are. Retrieved April 25, 2019, from https://www.chick-fil- a.com/About/Who-We-Are

Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., & Wright, P. M. (2017). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Radwan, M. (2018). Strategic Marketing Case Study Chick-Fil-A. GRIN Verlag.

Rubenstein, K. (2017). The Once and Future Burger King. International Journal of Business and Economics, 16(2), 205-212.

Chief Information Officer

Student’s Name

Institution

Course

Date

A chief information officer is the company executive responsible for managing, implementing and using information and computer technologies. Due to the increase in technology among companies worldwide, the role of a chief information officer has increased drastically as they perform multiple tasks that support the mission and goals of a company. Therefore, there are quite a number of advantages that a CIO brings to a business. First, a chief information officer is responsible for mitigating any financial risks to a business (Karanja and Rosso, 2017). They often accomplish this role by researching the recent methods of securing data and recommending these methods to the senior management team. Second, a CIO ensures process improvement by consistently looking for better ways to improve technology-related policies. In this regard, a CIO liaises with other departments to understand whether they have any computer-related needs. Third, CIO plays a significant role in making informed decisions concerning how information should be handled and processed.

However, centralization might be a disadvantage of having a chief information officer. It is crucial to understand that having a CIO means every information and technology operation should be centralized (Demuru and Katinis, 2018). This is a big challenge, especially to companies that have decentralized their operations. This would mean that the CIO will not be able to make informed decisions. Another disadvantage is CIOs lack strategic planning skills. One significant role of a CIO is strategic planning, but this skill is not taught in IT schools. This may limit the company from achieving long-term goals due to the lack of business skills. COVID-19 has affected my response to the above questions because, after the pandemic, more people are working online; hence, a CIO comes in handy in helping businesses with their technological operations.

References

Karanja, E., & Rosso, M. A. (2017). The chief information security officer: An exploratory study. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 26(2), 23-47.

Demuru, B., & Katinis, T. (2018). CIOs at the Centre of a New Humanism. In CIOs and the Digital Transformation (pp. 85-105). Springer, Cham.

Muslim Religion

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Muslims believe a God, who is incomparable, unique and one, who do not have a son or partner. At the same time, He is the only one who is supposed to worship because He is the only true God and any other deity is considered false. God has been given the most magnificent names as well as sublime perfect traits. God is supreme ruler, Almighty and maker of the entire creation. God is All-Knowing, All-Hearing and All-Seeing. He knows everything that has happened in past, present and future. At the same time, nothing happens in the world without His will. God has the power and is capable of doing anything. He is gracious, compassionate and beneficent. Muslims believe God is just and wise.

Muslims also believe angles existence and considered them honoured creatures. The angels worship and obey God and their actions are guided by His command. One of the angels is Gabriel, who gave Muhammad the Quran. At the same time, Muslims share the belief that God revealed His books to His own messengers and considers them a proof for mankind as well as guide them. Quran is one of the books, which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad by God. He also guaranteed protection of Quran’s from any alteration or distortion (Lane, Redissi & Ṣaydāwī, 2009).  Muslims tend to believe God’s messengers and prophets such as Jesus, Adam, Ishmael, Isaac Noah, Abraham, Jacob and Moses. The final message from God to mankind, which is an eternal message reconfirmation, was made known to Prophet Muhammad. Conversely, Muslims believe that the last prophet who is Muhammad was sent by God and that prophet and messengers were created as human beings and do not possess any divine God qualities. Muslims believe Judgment day when the dead will resurrect and face judgement from God in accordance to their beliefs and actions. Between right or evil Muslims also believe in Al-Qadar that is Divine Predestination in that God has provided human beings with free will, and they can choose and are accountable for the choices made by them.

Sacred texts

The most well known sacred books associated with Muslim is the Quran. The Holy book,which is the Quran is considered the basis of Islam by those practicing Islam and was passed on by Muhammad, who is the religion creator and prophet. The holy book has 114 chapters, which are called Surahs and is viewed as Islam Bible. There are other sacred text sources although; Quran is the only text that has Allah words, which is significant for Muslims.

The Quran

The Sunna is another sacred text and is a record of Muhammad’s teachings, sayings and customs, which he left behind for all Muslims to practice. Muhammad is viewed as the perfect example by Muslims for all mankind. Sunna is equally significant to Muslim just like Quran because it interprets the holy book. It is evident that Quran can be understood properly without the Sunna as various aspects associated with Islamic religion are not mentioned in the Holy book but only found in the Sunna( Lane, Redissi & Ṣaydāwī, 2009). The Quran and Sunna form the basis for Muslims beliefs and practices because they inspirational and authoritative.

Another sacred text is the Hadith literature is the most critical in relation to the various Islamic traditions because a lot of the Islamic beliefs especially about the end-times is found in Hadith literature. It is a record that shows Muhammad saying and deeds. Every Hadith comprises of two parts, which are the Isnad and Matn. The Isnad relies on Muhammad actions or sayings.

Origin of Muslim religion

Islam religion started around 600 AD and saw it spread to regions such as Central Asian,North Africa, East Asia and Central Europe. Islam religion began with Prophet Muhammad teachings that are considered the messenger of the powerful God who is Allah. The spread of Islam was rapid from the Arabian Peninsula in a period of less than 20 years. Both the Persian and Roman Empires were overpowered by Muslim armies,which were less capable and out-numbered.

The next centuries saw Islam reach as far as the East in India and Spain, which is found in the West. At the same time, the spread of Islam continued by traders who moved to Southeast Asia. For instance, a country like Indonesia boost of the largest Muslim country, as the spread of Islam was by Arab traders. The Islamic rule peak, which was associated with Europe Dark Ages, mathematics science, algebra, physics, astronomy and medicine were developed and apparently are still used presently founded on the early Muslim scholar’s principles (Henningfeld, 2010).  Presently, Islam is viewed to be the fastest growing religion around the world. One of the key figures in Islam was Prophet Muhammad, who was married to a rich lady. He was a truthful, sincere and kind person. God exposed to him the intricate religion facts through Gabriel, who was 40years and angel. Prophet Muhammad remains the last prophet line, which began with Jesus, Abraham and Moses.

Prophet Muhammed

Fasting as a Major festivals in Islamic religion

Islam is considered the second largest in the world with almost 1.62 billion members as 23 percent of the whole world’s population is Muslim. Around 49 countries boosts of Muslim majority, even though Africa is considered the only continent, which have a Muslim majority. Many of the world Muslim population are found mostly in countries such as India, Indonesia and Pakistan. Over almost 88 percent of the population in Indonesia’s population are Muslims with 96.4 percent of the Pakistan population also subscribing to the Islamic religion? Countries with almost 100 percent Islamic populations are Morocco, Iran, Somalia, Western Sahara, Afghanistan and Tunisia. The Quran orders Muslims to fast during the fasting month each year. The whole Muslim world is undivided about the fasting principle and considers it compulsory for every Muslim who is physically able (Tames, 2006).

Muslims praying during the Holy month of Ramadan

Fasting during the Ramadan month is compulsory for every adult Muslim, any male or female at the puberty age or any person who is not ill or travelling. Sickness might be temporary sickness, which an individual expects to recover soon. One is allowed to fast if sick, but, they must fast later after completion of the Ramadan to compensate for the days they missed fasting. Those persons who are sick and are suffering from an incurable illness and do not expect to recover are not permitted to fast but have to pay fidyah. This means giving of a day’s meal for any fast missed to needy people.

Instead of giving food a person is allowed to give the equal amount of money to a person who is in need. Women who are in the periods as well as breastfeeding are not authorized to fast, but they have to ensure they make up for the after the Ramadan period is over. Pregnant women, as well as breastfeeding mothers, are allowed to postpone their fasting to a time when they are able to fast comfortably. Travelling in accordance to the Shariah means any journey, which takes one away from their places of residence being a minimum of around 80 kilometres. The journey has to be for a good cause an individual need to avoid frivolous travel in the holy month of Ramadan, which makes a person not to fast. An individual should try to change their travel plans arrangements in the month of Ramadan to ensure they are able to fast and avoid travelling necessary. Any person who misses fasting because of travelling need to make up for the days they missed immediately after Ramadan.

Sharing food with the needy during Ramadan

Muslims share the belief that good action always results to greater rewards in the holy month of Ramadan compared to any other of the Islamic calendar (Tames, 2006).  This is because the month has already been blessed with Allah and it is easier for an individual to do good because during this month the devils are chained in Hell and, therefore, cannot tempt believers. The aspect cannot be interpreted that Muslims will not commit sin, but, that any evil act committed by them comes from them with no additional support from Satan. Majority of Muslims often try not to commit the habits considered bad during the Ramadan month as others attempt to be better Muslims by doing more praying and reading of the Quran during this period. Muslims share the belief that this is one of the ways chaining of the devil is evident, because they do not have any other reason to act that way during the Ramadan period.

About the Author

Muslim religion is fascinating and intriguing and at the same time there have been many misconceptions associated with religion. The opportunity to write about Muslim religion gave me a chance to understand and research deeply about Islam, which is a peace loving religion contrary to misconceptions that have been experienced in the media. I have had the opportunity to personally practice Islamic because I grew up as a Christian.

References

Lane, J.-E., Redissi, H., & Ṣaydāwī, R. (2009). Religion and politics: Islam and Muslim civilization. Farnham, England: Ashgate Pub. Co.

Tames, R. (2006). Muslim. Danbury, Conn: Childrens Press.

Henningfeld, D. A. (2010). Religion. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.

Name

Instructor

Course

Date

The personality of Jesus has been the subject of controversy between Muslims and Christians. Both groups believe that Jesus was born in a divine manner. In Q 19.20-1, the Quran says that Jesus was born in a miraculous manner and that he had no human father. However, on the issue of crucifixion, Muslims believe that the Jews did not kill the real Jesus and that they killed someone else. Muslims believe the real Jesus was taken to heaven alive by God. Christians, on the other hand, believe that Jesus was resurrected by God. Both groups claim that God maintained his honor by not allowing the Jews to get rid of Jesus. Everyone is aware of the personality of Jesus worldwide. He is extensively mentioned in the Quran. He is one of the few people in the Quran who are claimed to be both a messenger and as a prophet q 2.136; 3.84; 33.7. His works are mentioned in the Quran together with his divine teachings. Even his disciples and the miracles he performed are mentioned Q 3.49; 5.110. One Muslim scholar claimed that Jesus plays a huge part regarding human prophets. The Muslim scholar claimed that Jesus represents god’s divine creation and how God tries to integrate his teachings to the human life. He claims that Jesus is the mediator between god and man and that he acts as the template that Christians ought to be in living their own lives.

Muslims disagree strongly with Christians on two issues. They claim that the belief that Jesus was the son of god is false, and that Christians make false claims regarding that. They claim that Jesus was a messenger of God who was delivered by the holy spirit to Mary to be born as a human being. Muslims applaud Christians for their good deeds and that they are God’s people since they abide by the teachings of God. They claim that even the Christians were sent Gods word through the bible. Christians defend themselves on this issue by saying that god manifested himself in human form.

The end of Jesus’s mission

Muslims believe that God from the Jews saved Jesus and that he was never crucified. Christians claim that Jesus died on the cross and was resurrected by God. It is clear that Muslims believe that Jesus will return at the end of time. His mission at this time will be to establish the pure religion of Islam. Islam has a few of substitution theories that they use to claim that Jesus was not crucified and that he was rescued by God. They think that there is the simple divine substitution where someone else who looked identical to Jesus was crucified. Then there is the voluntary substitution where one of the disciples volunteered to be crucified in place of Jesus. There is punishment substitution where the most deserving man to die was placed in the cross in the place of Jesus. The substitution without divine intervention suggests that someone else was crucified, but God had nothing to do with it.

What is important is that both Muslims and Christians try to maintain God’s honor. Muslims say that God did not allow Jews to crucify Jesus, and he was taken away to heaven in order to embarrass the Jews. Additionally, God together with Jesus plotted against the Jews so that they did not crucify him. Muslims claim that God made Jesus with all those powers for reasons that human beings can never know. He made Jesus to be one with him, and there is no way that God can abandon one of his own. By Muslims accepting that Jesus died on the cross, it would imply that God abandoned one of his own ads this is simply not acceptable to them. Christians maintain that God knew what he was doing and that he had planned for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout the whole New Testament. He wanted the Jews to see that he had greater powers than them and that whatever they did could not stop any of his works. In conclusion, Christians and Muslims only agree at the point where God intervened. They, however, on the point exactly when he intervened. Christians and Muslims will probably never agree on the issue, but at least they agree that God was divine.

Works cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Jr, F. Peter Ford. “Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations.” 5 October 2012. The End of Jesus’ Mission and the Honor of God in the Quran: The search for Common Ground Between Christians and Muslims. 6 June 2014 < http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.720869>.

DIABETES MELLITUS

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. Diabetes is considered a chronic illness in that when one has the disease, the body either doesn’t make enough insulin or cannot use the insulin it makes effectively. The general symptoms of diabetes include weight loss, extreme fatigue, blurry vision, sores that hardly heal, frequent urination, increased thirst, hunger, etc. It is crucial to understand that there are symptoms that affect women and those that affect men. Symptoms in men with diabetes are erectile dysfunction, decreased sex drive, and poor muscle strength. For women include yeast infections, urinary tract infections, and dry, itchy skin. Therefore, untreated high blood sugar from diabetes may damage organs in the body such as the kidneys and tissues throughout the body. It is crucial to understand that even though diabetes can lead to serious medical complications, there are ways to manage the condition with medications and lifestyle changes. Healthy eating is a central part of managing the disease. Additionally, insulin can also help manage diabetes since it replaces the hormone the body is not able to produce.

Impact of Stigma on Health Outcomes

There have been a lot of people with diabetes mellitus that face stigmatization in society. Many diabetes patients claim that people say that they brought the disease to themselves. In contrast to other diseases, the public is less accepting and encouraging people living with diabetes. Since diabetes is believed to be associated with obesity, these patients are presented as overweight, lazy, and guilty of bringing the disease upon themselves. Even though being overweight is a risk factor for diabetes, there are other factors such as family history, socioeconomic factors, and environmental factors that cause the disease (Patra et al., 2021). Therefore, such misconceptions and misplaced judgments may bring these patients down and this may result in some negative effects.

Some of the impacts of stigma on the health outcomes for the vulnerable population with diabetes include: First, stigma can lead to worse health outcomes. It is essential to understand that diabetes patients have reported feelings of fear, blame, guilt, low self-esteem, and anxiety due to stigmatization. Such negative emotions mainly result in depression and higher levels of stress. When diabetes patient experiences this kind of stress, they increase their chances of developing health complications like macrovascular problems, sexual dysfunction, and retinopathy.

Secondly, stigmatization among these vulnerable populations may contribute to having poor self-care and diabetes management. Since people with diabetes are always made to feel entirely responsible for managing their health by ensuring their glucose level is normal, when they feel stigmatized, they may stop taking care of themselves as expected. Therefore, it is quite evident that harsh judgments made to people with this chronic disease can prompt efforts to conceal basic diabetes management. An example is patients with diabetes who have reported avoiding injecting themselves with insulin, eating unhealthy meals, manipulating glucose diaries and data to avoid being judged by healthcare professionals, among others.

Thirdly, stigma may also prevent patients from seeking the necessary care especially when healthcare professionals stigmatize them. According to the study, many patients who are mentally ill anticipated stigma from their healthcare professionals, and this contributed to them not seeking care since their patient-provider relationship was compromised. An example is individuals who were blamed for bringing diabetes to themselves reported to reduce their frequency of eye health checks and AIC testing. These are just but a few negative impacts of stigmatization faced by individuals with diabetes. There could be others not mentioned here that are equally important.

Barriers Faced

Stigmatization is one barrier that diabetes patients face, there are other barriers they come across that affect them negatively. One barrier is a lack of knowledge about diabetes self-management practices. Self-management of diabetes individuals entails controlling their glucose levels, adhering to healthy lifestyle practices, and ensuring they adhere to their medication. Quite a number of people diagnosed with diabetes lack the knowledge of diabetes self-management practices. This means that they are not aware of what kind of diet they should eat and what they should do to ensure their glucose levels remains normal. This makes many of these patients diagnosed with the disease follow the wrong ways to manage their disease. However, a way to avoid this barrier is by ensuring when a patient is diagnosed with diabetes, they should be taught ways they should manage their illness by healthcare practitioners (Reddy et al., 2021). This can be done through counseling and the practitioner demonstrating how insulin should be injected into the body. Healthcare practitioners can also develop a timetable to show what kinds of foods diabetes patients should eat and drink.

The second barrier is financial constraints. Diabetes does not affect individuals equally not in terms of its severity but in terms of financial stress, it places on patients. There are many individuals living with diabetes that are unable to cope with the disease due to financial constraints. It is evident that many diagnosed with diabetes are low and middle-class families. This makes them less likely to afford cost-related medication, good housing, and foods required to ensure they manage the chronic illness. Difficulties in maintaining this costly lifestyle in order to manage diabetes have affected patients globally. A way to prevent financial constraints among diabetes patients is by seeking help from medicine-assistance programs and acquiring government health insurance. Also, hospitals should be able to provide free insulin bags and injections for people with diabetes as it is costly to buy them.

The third barrier is insufficient counseling. Many are times people living with diabetes suffer from stigmatization which later causes them to be depressed since they do not receive appropriate counseling that will help them overcome the stigma. Also, with less counseling, these individuals may experience eating disorders and anxiety. Therefore, after a patient has been diagnosed, it is crucial for healthcare practitioners to guide and counsel them on how they should avoid feeling stigmatized, self-care management, and social activities they should undertake to help manage the chronic disease. Frequent counseling is essential as it helps to keep the patient on track.

The fourth barrier is a lack of support from family members and friends. This is a major problem for diabetes patients and it may result in stress which later derails treatment. According to a study, those who do not acquire any strong social support report cases of health complications and poor eating habits causing high health risks. Therefore, social support is essential in that it helps them to manage their disease and in turn reduces the risk of diabetes-related hospitalization or even death, fewer psychological issues, and speedy recoveries (Thompson et al., 2015).

Impact on Family Members

Family members mainly take part in caring for and supporting their loved ones with diabetes. This may cause physical and emotional stress for the entire family including stress, exhaustion, and irritability. However, many changes take place for the family as well as individuals caring for people with chronic illnesses. Some major adjustments that family caregivers make when a loved one is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus include: First is how to manage financial resources. Financial resources have had a major impact on family members since they have to put some finances aside for medical treatment and healthy and nutritious foodstuff for the diabetic family member. Also, money is needed for frequent checkups and doctor’s appointments. This can be quite challenging and overwhelming for the family.

Second is the disruption of leisure activities and social exclusion. With a family member that is diagnosed with diabetes, then a lot of time is needed to care for the patient. This makes it difficult for the family caregiver to have time for themselves hence no leisure time or lack of engagement in social activities (Schiel et al., 2018). Social exclusion is often a part of having a chronic illness patient since family members will want to keep their loved ones close to ensure they are well cared for.

The third is increased role strains. It is crucial to understand that having chronically ill patients in the family means that more roles and responsibilities are required of them. Family members are often required to ensure their loved ones eat a healthy balanced diet, their glucose level is normal, and that they are mentally healthy. This mainly causes some levels of anxiety regarding the well-being of their loved ones. In addition, exhaustion is also caused since the family members are doing their level best to ensure the patient is doing well.

Things that can be done to assist family caregivers to provide care for their loved ones with diabetes include Emotional and mental support. It is vital to note that most family members often experience anxiety, depression, exhaustion, and stress as they care for their sick loved ones. All they need is mental and emotional support as they go through a lot of caring for their loved ones. This will help prevent them from being stressed or depressed.

Policy Support

A major national policy that supports persons living with diabetes mellitus is having private and public insurance coverage. The government has been able to provide insurance coverage for diabetes patients. This has helped individuals with diabetes both rich and poor to have access to medical facilities and medicine such as insulin that will assist in improving their health outcomes. The main goal of this policy is to provide care to patients with both high, medium, and low incomes and ensure better health outcomes.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Strategies that will help improve health outcomes for people living with diabetes mellitus include: One is closing gaps in preventive care. Diabetes is a chronic disease that primarily gives rise to other health complications such as cardiovascular disease, eye and hearing impairment, neuropathy, among others. Diabetes patients should be able to address these problems even before they arise to avoid further complications and costly when treating. This can be done by eating healthy, having blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering medication, etc. Therefore, closing this care gap is a vital step as it creates an effective care program for diabetes individuals.

The second strategy is having healthy lifestyle choices. People living with diabetes require some lifestyle changes that will keep them in good health. Living active lifestyles by doing physical exercises and eating a healthy nutritious diet is essential as it regulates blood sugar levels (Whittemore and Roy, 2002). It is essential to understand that lifestyle changes can also be extended to substance-related habits such as no cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Adhering to all these choices will help in the management of weight.

The third strategy is adhering to medication. For people living with diabetes, adhering to medication is a critical aspect in managing their condition and living a healthier life. Medical adherence is mainly linked to positive clinical outcomes. Therefore, when one does not adhere to their medication, there are increased chances of morbidity and mortality, with a great risk of cardiovascular issues.

References

Patra, S., Patro, B. K., Padhy, S. K., & Mantri, J. (2021). Prevalence of diabetes distress and its relationship with self-management in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 30(2), 234.

Reddy, P. A., Saravanan, K., & Madhukar, A. (2021). A Study on Assessment of Attitude and its Impact on Practice in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 13(4), 396.

Schiel, R., Bambauer, R., & Steveling, A. (2018). Technology in Diabetes Treatment: update and future. Artificial organs, 42(11), 1017-1027.

Thompson, V. L. S., Johnson-Jennings, M., Baumann, A. A., & Proctor, E. (2015). Peer-Reviewed: Use of Culturally Focused Theoretical Frameworks for Adapting Diabetes Prevention Programs: A Qualitative Review. Preventing chronic disease, 12.

Whittemore, R., & Roy, S. C. (2002). Adapting to diabetes mellitus: a theory synthesis. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(4), 311-317.

SLIDE 1 INTRODUCTION.

SLIDE 2:

ALS was first described by Jean-Martin Charcot, A French professor and is known the father of French neurology and one of the world’s pioneers of neurology

Lou Gehrig was known as one of baseball’s greatest players.  He was known as the “iron horse” for playing 2130 consecutive games.  His streak was ended after he developed muscle weakness because of ALS.

The brain sends messages via the motor neurons to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The degeneration of the motor neurons from ALS leads eventually to their neurons death. After these neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control the muscle is lost. Voluntary muscle action is progressively affected, individuals in their later stages of the disease soon become totally paralyzed.

SLIDE 3:

ALS is estimated to kill two people per 100,000 population annually.

For every 100,000 people two people will be diagnosed each year with 5,600 new diagnosed yearly. 30,000 Americans are to be suspected to have the disease at any given time.

The life expectancy of an ALS patient averages about two to five years from the time of diagnosis, this disease is variable and many people live with quality for five years and more.  More than half of all patients live more than three years after diagnosis.

There are people that have ALS that the disease stopped progressing and only a few number of people that the symptoms of reserved

SLIDE 4:

With 15 new cases of ALS diagnosed daily, the ALS CARE Database of 30,000 is made 60% up of men which 93% of all patients are Caucasian.

Most people who develop are in the 40-70 age range with the average age of 55 at the time of diagnosis, however people in their twenties and thirties also are diagnosed.

ALS is 20% more common in men than in women but with increasing age, ALS is more equal between men and women

SLIDE 5:

There is no one test or procedure to positively diagnosis ALS. Through clinical examination and series of diagnostic tests, this can rule out other diseases that mimic ALS

Electo diagnostics such as electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction velocity (NVC) are currently being used to try and diagnosing ALS.

Blood and Urine tests such as checking high resolution serum protein electrophoresis, thyroid and parathyroid hormone levels and 24-hour urine collection for heavy metals

SLIDE 6:

Read off the slide at a interval. This slide does not require additional information, it is already to the point.

SLIDE 7:

The most common form of ALS in the United States is “sporadic” ALS. This category can affect anyone, anywhere.

“Familial” ALS (FALS) means the disease is inherited. Only about 5 to 10% of all ALS patients appear to have genetic or inherited form of ALS.

In these families, there is a 50% chance each offspring will inherit the gene mutation and may develop the disease.

SLIDE 8:

Prenatal genetic testing technology for FALS mutations exist when there is a known mutation within the family

The test is a blood sample taken and sent to a specialized lab, the test takes two to three months and 300-500 per and 4000 for a panel which is multiple tests at one time.

SLIDE 9:

WHERE TO DONATE

SLIDE 10:

QUESTIONS?

Chemical Waste Management

Student’s Name

Course Code and Number

Instructor’s Name

Date of Submission

Question 1

Oftentimes, top management in organizations face a dilemma in daily operations and management when it comes to profitability. An illustration of this is meeting the profit margins of the investors and on the other side meeting corporate social responsibility as required by other stakeholders such as the communities living around where the organization operates (Shanker, 2019). The top management may be having the option of dumping chemical waste such as chromium VI in water bodies to cut the expenses incurred if the right procedures are to be followed in order to dump such chemical waste properly. On the flip side of the coin, the surrounding community will have expectations that organizations are required to act ethically and manage their waste using the most appropriate means that will conserve the environment for the coming generations (Yoshinaga et al., 2018). I may not be convinced to let my firm to dump chemical waste such as chromium VI in water bodies. This is because the short-term gains by cutting operational costs for the organization will be outweighed by the long-term effects of dumping such chemical wastes in the water supply. In certain situations, the organization may lose its operating licence and be ordered to shut down.

Chromium discharged in bodies of water has the potential to contaminate water and soil. Since chromium is highly attached to soil and is often retained within the silt layer of the environment but not within the groundwater reservoir, water contamination is fairly limited to surface water and will not damage groundwater (Tumolo et al., 2020). When water is contaminated, it does not accumulate in fish, but it does collect on the gills, creating detrimental health impacts in aquatic species. Furthermore, chromium absorption usually leads to escalated rates of mortality in fish owing to chromium contamination. When other animals consume chromium-contaminated water, the health impacts can range from tumour formation, respiratory problems, infertility, reduced capacity for fighting diseases, and birth defects.

For humans, not only is chromium VI carcinogenic but also come with a range of other health associated problems such as ulcers, allergic reactions, liver damage, skin rush, kidney and liver damage, and may sometimes go to extreme extents such as death (Wojcik et al., 2020). Contamination of water by chromium VI not only cause health problems to human and animals but also may result to penalties and fines by the government for improper disposal. There also exist high chances for corporate image to be damaged as a result of increased consciousness among individuals. Increase use of social media may exacerbate the problems that come with damaged corporate image as this may increase the likelihood of public unrest from the communities living within the vicinity of the organization. All these effects combined will do more harm to the organization thereby rendering the short-term goals of cutting operational costs useless.

Question 2

Top management teams are more likely to engage in unethical behaviours in comparison to their individual members. In unpredictable circumstances, most people have questions concerning their own judgment (Hassan, 2019). These fears keep individuals from doing things that others might consider to be unethical. Individuals have increased likelihood to participate in their acts whenever they have other supporting colleagues who may legitimize or support their actions. Often at times, cohesion within the management teams encourage unethical behaviour because affirmation is more probable from fellow colleagues in the management team (Johnson et al., 2018). Due to the cohesiveness found within the members of a management team, they may be able to share blame with others whenever they are detected behaving unethically, further to receiving social support. The distribution of responsibility that comes with making decision as a group is perhaps the primary reason why people behave differently in groups.

It is worth noting that both factors, that is, social support and responsibility distribution, indicates that cohesiveness enhances the likelihood of unethical behaviour since coherence prevents questionable behaviour from being classified as unethical, either through the reduction of critical thinking or via the social support (Grzesiuk, 2016). Although belonging to a coherent team influences one’s view of an action’s ethicality and hence aids immoral behaviour, cohesion may influence one’s inclination to act even if one’s imminent action is perceived as unethical due to post hoc reasoning. Individuals should be able to rationalize their behaviour in order to act in a way that they believe is unethical. Individuals make such reasons largely to themselves, therefore belonging to a coherent team will indeed provide a stronger self-justification.  Another reason why people are more inclined to act unethically in groups in comparison to action on an individual basis is because their acts might be justified as serving the group’s interests. In conclusion, social support and responsibility dispersion enable unethical behaviour by creating a setting for doubtful activities to be classified as ethical, whereas rationalization encourages unethical behaviour even when it is classified as unethical.

Individuals in cohesive organizations understand that their fellow members are extremely dedicated and devoted to the group, and they anticipate elevated levels of reciprocity from them. This devotion may be founded on strong personal bonds among team members, although it may be especially strong in groups that are extremely dedicated to attain task-related objectives such as increasing organizations profitability (Lian et al., 2020). This may result in the perception that others members within the group may be more willing to take accountability for some of their acts, particularly if their acts are driven by a desire to help the entire group. Furthermore, individuals of coherent teams identify more with other individuals within the group and, as a result, have a larger perception that they can effectively comprehend the group’s intentions and aspirations (De Cremer & Vandekerckhove, 2017). This may indeed allow them to behave more boldly on behalf of the entire group, knowing that the other teammates will support them. It is also worth noting that views of other group members do not have to be true because they have implications for conduct regardless of their correctness. Nevertheless, a person’s ideas concerning others assuming accountability for an activity that positively serves the group could be valid, in the sense that team members may regard abandoning a team mate who has done an activity unethically to serve the group’s interest to be mistaken.

This group distribution of accountability for the repercussions of their choices and acts may limit critical thinking, which would be less likely to occur if an individual were to act on an individual basis and bear the repercussions of his or her decisions alone (Hosain, 2019). Diffusion of accountability reduces the urge to think critically in relation to a planned action, which increases the likelihood to act unethically. People are likely to use their critical thinking abilities to evaluate a form of action if everyone else share in the repercussions, both positive and negative, in comparison to when they bear the ramifications alone. People can participate in immoral behaviour without realizing it because of a lack of critical engagement.

Question 3

The outcomes of the two cases, Pacific Gas and Electric which resulted to a direct lawsuit of 333 million dollars and Rongping which amounted to 105,000 dollars in compensation for the communities who suffered the negative impacts of chromium disposed by the two firms. The outcomes of these two cases may have a positive impact on the ethical decisions of management teams in the future. Laws and ethics are virtually everywhere within the societies. They control the actions of people from day to day. The two, law and ethics, usually work together to ensure that individuals behave in a certain manner as well as coordinate the efforts of management teams aimed at protecting the welfare, health and safety of the general public (Zhang, He, & Sun, 2018). While laws encompass different forms of punishment for their violations, on the other hand, ethics do not. In essence, laws usually enforce the conduct that individuals ought to follow whilst ethics suggest what individuals ought to follow and assist them in exploring the options available in order to make the most appropriate decision.

In the case of management teams and ethics, even though law and ethics are two different things and are not co-extensive, the negative outcomes from the two firms will compel individuals in management positions to act in a manner that does not jeopardize the health, safety and the welfare of the general public. Even if some may sometimes have the urge to act unethically to meet the interests of the organizations, or be willing to act unethically due to the cohesiveness within the management teams, lawsuits and other repercussions for unethical conduct such as shut down will compel these individuals to act in an ethical way (Fehr et al., 2019). It is true that ethical decision making arises from one’s moral sense or in some cases the desire to maintain a good personal and brand image, the consequences of law suit will surely force individuals and organizations to make ethical decisions just to ensure that they remain in business. Organizations will be more conscious of their actions in the future and hence top management will take whatever actions to ensure that they do not go against the law even if it means firing certain individuals.

References

De Cremer, D., & Vandekerckhove, W. (2017). Managing unethical behavior in

organizations: The need for a behavioral business ethics approach. Journal of Management & Organization, 23(3), 437-455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.4Fehr, R., Welsh, D., Yam, K. C., Baer, M., Wei, W., & Vaulont, M. (2019). The role of moral

decoupling in the causes and consequences of unethical pro-organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 153, 27-40.

Grzesiuk, K. (2016). Unethical Behaviour of Organisations from a Social Network

Perspective. A Literature Review. Annales. Etyka w życiu gospodarczym, 19(4), 23-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.19.4.02Hassan, S. (2019). We need more research on unethical leadership behavior in public

organizations. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1667666Hosain, M. S. (2019). Unethical pro-organisational behaviour: Concepts, motives and

unintended consequences. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 15(4), 133-137. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2319510X19883084Johnson, K. J., Martineau, J. T., Kouamé, S., Turgut, G., & Poisson-de-Haro, S. (2018). On

the unethical use of privileged information in strategic decision-making: The effects of peers’ ethicality, perceived cohesion, and team performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 152(4), 917-929.

Lian, H., Huai, M., Farh, J. L., Huang, J. C., Lee, C., & Chao, M. M. (2020). Leader

unethical pro-organizational behavior and employee unethical conduct: Social learning of moral disengagement as a behavioral principle. Journal of Management, 0149206320959699. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206320959699Shanker, A. K. (2019). Chromium: environmental pollution, health effects and mode of

action. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11575-1Tumolo, M., Ancona, V., De Paola, D., Losacco, D., Campanale, C., Massarelli, C., &

Uricchio, V. F. (2020). Chromium pollution in European water, sources, health risk, and remediation strategies: an overview. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5438. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17155438Wójcik, G., Wieszczycka, K., Aksamitowski, P., & Zembrzuska, J. (2020). Elimination of

carcinogenic chromium (VI) by reduction at two-phase system. Separation and Purification Technology, 238, 116410.

Yoshinaga, M., Ninomiya, H., Al Hossain, M. A., Sudo, M., Akhand, A. A., Ahsan, N., … &

Kato, M. (2018). A comprehensive study including monitoring, assessment of health effects and development of a remediation method for chromium pollution. Chemosphere, 201, 667-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.026Zhang, Y., He, B., & Sun, X. (2018). The contagion of unethical pro-organizational behavior:

From leaders to followers. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1102. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01102

Presented by:

Course:

Date:

Question 1

Music is famous of its exclusive influence to the society. Various forms of music are helpful in identifying with different groups of people in the world. The world would be extremely boring without the sweetness of music. People connect with different forms of music that make their social life extremely bearable and enjoyable. However, music as a major element in the social world is bringing exclusive influence in the world where all people are wishing for a certain class of music. As a result, different forms of music are creating subcultures within themselves to let different people identify with their values as they remain in the umbrella of that music.

Hip-hop is a worldly celebrated form of music where different people attach themselves to the form of music on unique interests. Different people believe in the music for different reasons. Within itself, the form of music has created a subculture where people engage in the subculture by different ways. The subculture that has become exclusively sensitive within the hip-hop music is the gangsta rap subculture (Riley, 2005). This form of music has become mainly attractive to youths. The main influence of the music to youths is in the United States. This form of music is darling to many youthful souls. They believe it as the way to rock the heart to music. However, following the sensitivity that the youths are creating through the music, the world has also become sensitive of the influence of the music. Gangsta rap is proper definition of the elements that make the sub cultural theory. As the theory defines gangs as proper environment for crime, and violence, represents the issues that the youth experience under the influence of gangsta rap (Harkness, 2013).

The subculture has exposed youths to violent behaviors at tender age. Artists who believe in violent performances define the class of hip-hop music. Their presentations are made of violent incidences, which are affirmed by use of abusive words. Youths who have become friends to this world of music have become wooed to the ill elements that come with the music (Söderman, 2013).They have become the takers of the ill elements defined by the subculture.

This subculture of Hip-hop music represents rich artists who preach crime and violence through their music. The artists to this form of music are individuals with exclusive wealth that makes them highly attractive among youths. This results to existence of only a small group of youths who may fully identify with this kind of music. Some of the youths have been sidelined following their inability to match the expensive style of the artist of the music that they believe to be exclusively attractive to them. Some of the youths who may not afford the lifestyle of gangsta rappers, tend to practice the violent actions they learn from the musicians (Harkness, 2013). This further affirms the element of violence and crime as defined in the sub-cultural theory.

Gansta rap as a solid source of source of crime among youths has resulted to extensive abuse of drugs among youths. They want to practice every behavior they see and this has landed most of the youths to drugs. This behavior makes the youths extremely irresponsible in the society.

However, the influence that the music has brought amongst the youths in terms of crime and violence can be changed if there were campaigners for a new name for the subculture. Although, the subculture is defined by existence of a wide influence and occupation by youths, it can still take a turn if youths remained relevant to the music. The upcoming gangsta rappers should be responsible of eliminating the ill name that has been created. They should unfold a future of a subculture that is attractive and assistive to the youths. They should give the contrary of the current findings of sub-cultural theories defined by different authors.

Question 2

Rapcore or punk is a major subculture of hip-hop music. It is culture define by existence of an extensively moral panic within itself. The moral panic that the subculture defines is use of erotic and abusive language. It is the way of the subculture to communicate in a given form of language. It defines abuse of language through use of extremely sensitive words. Language as a major element of defining a culture is extremely critical in this subculture as the success of the attributions of the group depends on abusive language.

The language that is used touches into various elements of the subculture theory. For example, it touches on class, where the music is mainly performed by flashy artists who represent rich musicians. This is an element that defines the subculture through the subculture theory as a practice for rich individuals. The language of the music is full of praises of the dollar, which is representation of wealth (Söderman, 2013).

The language extends its traits as a moral panic through the punk subculture showing existence of racism. A name like “Nigga”, which is common among such musicians have been useful in the definition of the black people. This is a sign of racism where the whites refer to the blacks by other names. Racism is a definition of subculture element and it is extensively abused through the punk subculture of music (Mccrary, 2003).

Youths, who are well represented in the subculture theory, are concrete definition of what entails the Punk Subculture. The music is usually performed by youths who use erotic language in expressing their songs. This is improper definition of a subculture attracting different people. The language that the artists use has become common among the youths and they feel comfortable to use the language at any point (O’meara, 2003).

Question 3

In a given industry, there may be different forms of subculture. This means there would be exclusive uniqueness in each of the subcultures. However, their differences may not be exclusively wide as some of the subcultures are likely to interact to develop a highly effective and unique sub cultural practice.

Post modernism may be defined as the cultural logic of late capitalism. There are various elements that may define postmodernism in the art industry. For example, the elements of pastiche and historicity are proper support for the above claim. Pastiche has been defined as the blank parody of postmodern literature. The term blank may be significant to define the reflexivity, and intertextuality of the postmodern period, not being connected to historical content in the current times. The style is a representation of the shift that has remained exclusive in defining change at the current times. There is no need for extensive reliance on past practices (Robertson, Ralston, & Crittenden, 2012).

Literature and society are resultants of the extensively dominated, as well as determined by capitalist ideology but as capitalism has changed so has the literal theory. This is main definition of the movement from modernisms to postmodernism.

Parody is an element that defines mocking. It is true that a trait in a given subculture may mock other traits within the same subculture to define a given social element. This dictates there must be one of the elements that will conform to the values of the other. As a result, one order of a subculture may disorder other elements of other subcultures. The mocking may develop other texts that may be extensive useful and influential for change in the society (Robertson, Ralston, & Crittenden, 2012).

On the other hand, meta-narratives such as functionalism and Marxism may be exclusive useful in the definition of postmodernism. They are exclusive elements of influence that may induce change in the society. They are elements that slowly extend modernity to the society. They are proper elements to dictate value in the current society. Proper arguments of the modern society mainly rely on such elements of meta-narratives such as functionalism and Marxism (Hossieni & Khalili, 2011).

Because of application of these theories, subculture reorders have been witnessed and are becoming exclusively vital in defining postmodernisms and the practices that are being witnessed in different fields of the modern society (Hossieni & Khalili, 2011). The music industry also faces exclusive influence to postmodernisms following the change that is being witnessed in the industry.

References

Harkness, G., 2013., Gangs and gangsta rap in Chicago: A microscenes perspective. Poetics, 41(2), 151-176.

Hossieni, A., & Khalili, S., 2011., Explanation of creativity in postmodern educational ideas. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1307-1313.

Mccrary, J., 2003., Effects of Listeners’ and Performers’ Race on Music Preferences. Journal of Research in Music Education, 41(3), 200.

O’meara, C., 2003., The Raincoats: breaking down punk rock’s masculinities.Popular Music, 22(3), 299-313.

Riley, A., 2005., The Rebirth Of Tragedy Out Of The Spirit Of Hip Hop: A Cultural Sociology Of Gangsta Rap Music. Journal of Youth Studies, 8(3), 297-311.

Robertson, C., J., Ralston, D., A., & Crittenden, W., F., 2012., The relationship between cultural values and moral philosophy: a generational subculture theory approach. AMS Review, 2(2-4), 99-107.

Söderman, J., 2013., The formation of ‘Hip-Hop Academicus’ – how American scholars talk about the academisation of hip-hop. British Journal Of Music Education, 30(03), 369-381.