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Fred Tomaselli’s work 

Introduction

Art is an important aspect of human life because of the fact that it adds value to the quality of life and aids in the development of human creativity. It is a natural aspect that is perceived differently by various individuals. Further, it is a feature that has been appreciated since conventional times and can be considered a vital element that aids in the communication of social and cultural ideals, besides having aesthetic values. Most importantly, art has an economic value as the artistic skills and items are sold for financial returns. Modern art has different attributes and assumes varied forms. Painting is often at the core of art as it adds color that enhances the appeal of the object.

Any painting establishes a visual scope that is set with specific rules. Compared to conventional artwork, modern artists can be commended for having superb skills that are exhibited by their high quality products. This can be attributed to their ability to incorporate different skills when developing the same. One such artist whose work has won the hearts on many in the recent past is Fred Tomaselli. Indeed, it can not be disputed that the artist’s mastery of different artistic values is evident in his products. It is against this background that this paper analyzes the works of Fred Tomaselli. Elaborately, it will focus on his aspect of vision, hallucination and transformation.

Fred Tomaselli is an American artist born in 1956, in California. He is particularly popular for his detailed paintings drawn on wood panels which combine an array of unorthodox materials that are suspended in a thick layer of clear resin. Fundamentally, his paintings seek to explore social relationships with regards to altered perception, escapism, immersive reality, and utopian/dystopian belief systems. In the United Kingdom, he is represented by the White Cube and in the USA, the James Cohan Gallery.

Hallucination

Generally, Tomaselli’s paintings are termed as fresh, lively and detailed in a hallucinatory manner. The various components on his paintings vary from pharmaceuticals, street drugs, natural psychotropic substances, collages elements that are originally printed materials and hand painted ornaments. The paintings are coated with resin, and he clutters leaves, paper, pills and paper to present great intergalactic panels. He combines medicinal herbs, prescription pills and hallucinogenic plants with images from magazines such as those of flowers, birds, butterflies, arms, noses and many more.

These characteristics make his products unique and differentiate them from those of other artists. In this regard, Schwabsky contends that it is an indication that he pursues a theme that has not been successfully explored by other artists in the past (83). The painting, After Migrant Fruit Thugs (2008) is a classic illustration of how Fred Tomaselli portrays the hallucinatory visions that seem to radiate from the original work of the same title. In this, he uses silk and gold threads to create two luxurious birds that seem to be in paradise, and are set against a fantastical nocturnal backdrop.

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These are beautifully worked out into patterns spread over the surface of the painting to bring out a sense of a beautiful virus or growth. A remarkable work of Tomaselli is the Organism of 2005. The painting depicts a man with transparent skin plunging into crystal chaos of stars, spider webs and fractured mandals. This piece of art seems to bring out the human transition term as difficult between meat and mental ecstasy.

Organism, 2005

Vision

Vision is an important artistic aspect that is equally given preference by Tomasseli. In this regard, he employs a host of different artistic features to create this impact. For instance, he artistically uses different types of lines to ascertain different features of a given piece of art. Thus he succeeds in presenting to the audience a comprehensive piece of art that is characterized by intricate and harmonic features that can easily be understood by the audience. Coupled with a distinctive use of color, it can be argued that Tomasseli presents to the audience images that have exemplary features.

As indicated earlier, most of his art works tend to be engrossed in resin. However, it is worth noting that there are no specific guidelines with which he uses in developing these. Thus in most instances, he mixes this up, at times using multiple layers of collagen and changing the location of leaves. Further, he in some cases uses paint beneath the collagen and vice versa. This often has differtn effects on the audience but essentially, it puts them in a state of uncertainty; in that they are unable to identify the distinctive style that the artist employs in his work.

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_fjW363NTv3U/S14TRXuwOkI/AAAAAAAAAJE/6931XC3OQA4/s1600/tomaselli” * MERGEFORMATINET

Tomasseli: Use of Lines and Color and different textures to create visual Impact

In his review, Ayers also cites that Tomasseli employs different patterns of newspapers not only to create a specific texture but also to achieve a specific visual effect. This is an evident feature in most of his artworks and has been successful in creating a desired effect. Further, Rondeau indicates that his use of patterned newspapers is a sustainable way of conserving the resources that could have otherwise been employed in creating respective patterns.

In his personal view, Tomaselli contends that his paintings are windows into a surreal and hallucinatory world (93). He further incorporates allegorical figures such as in the untitled painting of 2000 where he borrows figures of Adam and Eve from Masaccio’ Expulsion. Another illustration is the Field Guides (2003) where he creates his version of the grim reaper. The figures in these paintings are described in an anatomic way such that the organs and veins are outwardly exposed like in a scientific drawing. Thus at this juncture, it can be argued that his mixture of themes culminates in rich pieces of art that are appealing to different viewers.

Tomaselli explores the relationship between nature and man and therefore depicts archetypal forms through the materials, color and pattern that he uses. This means that he is connected to various artistic and literary aspects of romance and wilderness. His paintings portray an aspect of spirituality and personal transformation that is connected to an immersion which may be either communal or individual in nature. Basically, his paintings are symbolic and humble and are aimed at creating spiritual correspondences (Schjeldahl, 97).

Another painting, The Big Bird (2004) on an overall general visual aspect, is a colorful exotic bird species that is perched upon the branch of a tree against a star-filled sky. His employment of color in this respect can be considered to effective as it clearly highlights the two varying environments within which the bird is situated. On a closer look, the bird is a representation of hybrid parts with its body constitution swarms of tiny flowers, eyes and beaks.

Use of color in this regard plays a critical role of clarifying the minute details that could have otherwise been overlooked. The overall aspect of this painting is unsettling as the bird seems to lie in between the natural wonder and mutant monster. The Big Bird appears to be a confirmation of Tomaselli’s work of shaping of nature which is defined by infection, pathology, pain and pollution. In this, Tomaselli also used different colors to invoke a feeling of texture too. This is important as it helps the viewer to make a clear differentiation between the different parts of the body and the environment within which it s situated.

The Big Bird, 2004

Transformation

Tomasseli also explores the concept of transformation in his artwork. Essentially, this seeks to provide the viewers with fundamental lessons with regard to social and spiritual values. In addition, transformation is informative as it teaches the society about the repurcussions of various events and actvities. Thus it can be used as a way of forwarning the same about activities that are likely to have far reaching implications on their holistic wellfare. With regard to Tomassells work, he employs transfornation to nform the society bout the historical events tha tinfluence the chriatian ideals that are revered by the same.

In their review, Barry and Heldi ascertain that Tomasseli uses human paintings to illustrate the concept of transformation (49). In particular, in his Expulsion, he depicts Adam and Eve being banished from the biblical garden of Eden. The garden in this regard is represented by a figure of a Mandala that is filled with pills and matter that are organic in nature. These features are also employed n his other artistic works like Airborne event as well as the Mellnium Phosphene Bloom. The inherent transformation have a lasting effect on the feelings of the audience as it evokes feelings of both pain and beauty.

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Tomasselli’s Expulsion

Apart from exploring the concept of transformation in his artwork, Tomasseli also presents some concepts of transfiguration. This implies that he is spiritual and it can be posited that he perceives spirituality in high regard too. A classic illustration of this is his Field Guides, 2003. In this, a man is presented hoeing mushrooms. Typically, this is not a something that is cultivated and is therefore compounded by certain strangeness (Barry & Heldi 46). Seemingly, the head of the man is depicted being transformed in to butterflies that are horn-shaped. Studies cite that this is a portrayal of the aspect of transformation.

Conclusion

Art is a very important medium of expression one’s thoughts, ideas as well as preserving one’s culture. Currently, it presents a viable option through which persons improve their economic wellbeing. As it has come out from the review, Tomasseli succeeds in mainstreaming in his work fundamental aspects pertaining to hallucination, vision and transformation. His distinctive use of different lines, shapes, color and other forms of art plays a fundamental decorative function. Furthermore, it enables him to present to the audience a wide range of ideas in a single piece of work. At this juncture, it can be concluded that his exploration of artistic forms and different concepts is indeed exemplary.

Works Cited

Barry, Schwabsky. Paintings. London: White Cube, 2007

Fred Tomaselli. White Cube gallery Retrieved 18th April, 2010, from: < HYPERLINK “http://www.whitecube.com/artists/tomaselli” http://www.whitecube.com/artists/tomaselli>

Ian, Barry and Heldi Jacobson. Fred Tomaselli. USA: DelMonico Books.

James, Rondeau. “Interviewing Fred Tomaselli” in Fred Tomaselli, USA: Galerie Gebauer, 1999.

Peter, Schjeldahl. “Street Value,” The Village Voice, 6 (1997): p. 97.

Robert, Ayers (October 20, 2006), HYPERLINK “http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22791/fred-tomaselli/” Fred Tomaselli, ARTINFO, Retrieved 18th April, 2010, from: HYPERLINK “http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22791/fred-tomaselli/” http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22791/fred-tomaselli/

Running Head: Fourth Amendments’ Arrests and Stops 

Fourth Amendments’ Arrests and Stops

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Introduction

The 4th Amendment forms the legal basis for determining how, when and where searches and seizures should be carried out by the authorities. Under the Arrests and Stops, the police officers are required to obtain warrants where necessary, though non court sanctioned arrests may be made under reasonable suspicion. Any of process of search and arrest should thus by guide by probable cause as well as limitation to the extent to which a search can be carried out. These stipulations can be illustrated by looking at such cases as United States v. Watson, Chimel v. California, and Terry v. Ohio.

United States v. Watson

Citation

United States v. Watson, Supreme Court of United States (1976)

The facts

Material facts

In the case, a postal inspector was tipped by an informant on how to get the person who stole cards. Upon alerting the inspector, the two colluded to have the informant meet the defendant at a restaurant and signal the officer upon confirming that the case was indeed true. Based on the signal, the defendant, Watson, was arrested and his car searched, after which two cards were recovered from his car.

Legal facts

In the case, the court was to determine the legality of the arrest

The holding

The court’s ruling affirmed the officer’s action. As such, the arrest was deemed legal and within the law.

Legal rationale

The legal argument of the court was that in such a case, the officer relied on the provisions and principles of probable cause. Based on the stipulations of common law and the laws of the US, a postal officer or equivalent is entitled to carry out arrest in case of a felony. Such an arrest can be made if the officer witnessed the felon carry out the illegal act or if he can reasonable belief that a felony has been committed by the accused.

Conclusion

The outcome of the case calls for a broad based view of such cases and the roles of peace officers with respect to enforcement of laws.

Chimel v. California

Citation

Chimel v. California, U.S. Supreme Court; 395 U.S. 752 (1969)

The facts

Material facts

Based on an arrest warrant, officers went to Chimel’s house to execute the order. As a burglary suspect, the police went ahead and searched the house to check if he had stolen materials. In the process, a number of items were obtained in the house and late used as court exhibits. In the process, the accused was convicted.

Legal facts

The legal issue was to deduce the legality of the officers’ search given that they only had an arrest warrant.

The holding

The Supreme Court held that the search was unconstitutional under the 4th amendment.

Legal rationale

Basing its opinion on the principle of ‘incident to arrest’, the court argued that the search act was not reasonable. The law requires that application of the principle be within an area within control of the accused. Specifically, the police are not allowed to carry out a comprehensive search as they did without proper / legal authority. A search warrant could have therefore been sought by the police together with the arrest warrant.

Conclusion

In the case, it is evident that an arrest warrant does not entitle the police to carry out a house search. This would entail abuse of police authority and the legal instrument given by the court

Terry v. Ohio

Citation

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)

The facts

Material facts

In Terry v. Ohio, a police officer observed two men behaving strangely as they inspecting or surveying a store and conferring with each other. The suspects could peep into a store’s window alternatively and talk to each other before being joined by another who would disappear speedily after a brief exchange. The officer then confronted the men and when he enquired about their identities, one only mumbled, promoting the officer to search them. In the process, a pistol was discovered from them and they were arrested.

Legal facts

In the case, the court was to determine the legality of the use of the recovered weapon as court evidence. In line with the 4th amendment, the court was to establish whether or not the police acted reasonably within the law. In determination if the legal facts that arose relate to whether probable cause and search principles were legally applied in the process of arrest.

The holding

The court held that the officer acted within the law and the very spirit of the 4th amendment.

Legal rationale

This is because he carried out limited search on the suspect. Though probable cause may be absent in certain situations, an officer can actually carry out search if in his reasoning the suspect might be having dangerous weapons that may be used to assault him or her or the public.

Conclusion

The case outlines the need for the police officers to avoid unnecessary risks in the course of their duty/duties. As such, one should be reasonable when he observes a strange act and instigate a follow up. When such a situation arises there is need for the officers to be on the look out for a possible criminal act while at the same time taking care not to risk their lives and public safety by searching the suspects of any dangerous weapons.

Application of Fourth Amendment

In the United States vs. Watson, the Supreme Court relied on the provisions of the 4th amendment to determine the case. Based on the amendment, the lower courts decision was reversed for narrow and restrictive interpretation of the 4th amendment.

The 4th amendment as envisioned in the disposition of the cases can be described as one of the best legal instruments that promotes adherence to the rule of law and respect of human rights. For example, the case of Chimel v. California emphasizes need for respect for individual right to privacy and protection by the law. The architects of the amendment must have been driven by the need to refine the laws so that ‘an incident to arrest’ may not be abused by the police. As such, the role of warrants and need to differentiate between a search and an arrest warrant come into play. The amendment, also emphasizes the significance of probable cause and incident of arrest so that the police do not use excessive force or abuse their powers in the process of law enforcement. In United States v. Watson , the officer’s decision to search the car did not arise as a result of an illegal arrest . As such, the court argued that under reasonable situation and existence of reasonable degree of suspicion, it is not mandatory that an arrest warrant be obtained first before an officer can act. Conversely, a warrant less arrest can be executed and the conviction of such a crime by let to stand in court of law. In Terry v. Ohio, the probable cause and reasonable suspicion issues clearly come out. It is evident that a police is justified to carry out a search on an individual even without a warrant as the suspect may be armed and in the process harm him or her. As such the principle of probable cause does not apply in this case. However the nature of the officer’s action must be guided by reasonable suspicion that is devoid of malice. For example, by continuously peeping through the window and coffering, the police had a reasonable ground for suspicion of the intention of the men on the street. At the same time, the search needs to be carefully applied with limit. As such reasonable suspicion gives ground for frisking by a police officer.

In conclusion, United States v. Watson, Chimel v. California, and Terry v. Ohio cases point out the fact that human right need to be observed at al times so that the requirements of the 4th amendment are legally taken into account. As such, the officers need to carry out limited search if they are convinced that probable cause exists. However, the absence of the same as well as a warrant , under reasonable suspicion can prompt a stop and frisk or limited search situation.

References

Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969) Retrieved July 20, 2010, from

http://supreme.justia.com/us/395/752/case.html The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2010, from

http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/cje/html/policeethics.html

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) [Electronic version]. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from

http://supreme.justia.com/us/392/1/case.html United States v. Watson , 423 U.S. 411 (1975). Retrieved July 20, 2010, from

http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0423_0411_ZS.html

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Frederick Douglass, The struggle against slavery

The struggle against slavery is one that will forever be entrenched amongst the significant movements in the history of the United States of America. One of the key figures in this struggle against slavery was Frederick Douglass. Douglass’ found himself born into slavery and his reaction, like most of those before him, was one of rebellion. The difference, in the case of Douglass, was that his rebellion was an active one, and it spanned his whole lifetime, long after the end of slavery in 1862. Frederick Douglass’ story aptly captures the story of slavery and highlights the difficulties slaves encountered in their quest for freedom as well as the prevailing racism conditions that served to perpetuate the menace. In addition, the story also highlights the main motivations and reasons behind the drive for the maintenance of slavery in the south years after it the slave trade had been abolished in other parts of the world, while at the same time highlighting the reasons why slavery was still able to thrive long after the end of the international slave trade.

Douglass narrates his story through which he highlights the predicament most slaves found themselves in. Not only were they overworked, but they did so under very poor conditions. The living situation they were accorded in terms of bedding and shelter, as well as clothing were non-existent, with those who broke any rules being punished severely, at times even fatally. Douglass himself does not really work in the plantation as he is a child and therefore does not really bear the brunt of this mistreatment, the fact that he is sold to a more liberal household; the Auld’s, serves to provide a stark contrast that depicts the suffering of plantation slaves in an even darker light. Through learning to read, Douglass becomes more and more aware of the evils of slavery as well as of the existence of a law abolishing slavery, a discovery that motivates his escape to the North. His return to serve under Auld, and consequently Covey, highlights the exact mentality of most slaves at the time, as Douglass loses his interest in reading as well as in the concept of freedom, as he is constantly tired from the injuries he receives as well as all the work he has to do. He however rebels and thereafter is rented to Freeland, who after discovering of his intention to escape sends him back to Baltimore. These are just but a few of the instances described by Douglass in his book, that highlight his rebellion towards slavery, perhaps epitomized not by his escape attempts but by his 2 hour fight with Covey.

This incident in particular is quite significant if looked at in the context of the struggle against slavery, as it indicated that with the right mentality, it was possible for slaves to achieve their much sought after freedom. The story of his encounters with Covey also highlights the manner through which the institution of slavery slowly but inevitably breaks down any resolve that the slaves might have thus allowing the unfair practice of slavery to continue to thrive, while reducing any chances that slaves might rebel. These narrations by Douglass of his encounters and initial escape highlight the importance of education to the struggle for the end of slavery, as a number of slaves were not even aware of the existence of an act abolishing slavery in the North, not to mention of the existence of free blacks.

The story of his final escape to New York, denoted the importance of finances in the struggle for freedom, as only after earning his own income, is he able to emancipate himself from the clutches of Hugh Auld, and escape to New York. The experiences of Douglass during his time in Baltimore, also highlight some of the underlying reasons for the continued practice of slavery in the United States despite the existence of laws against slavery. These experiences also highlight the strained nature of relations between whites and blacks at the time, a situation that also seems to affect free blacks, who even though free, are not fully free, as the wages they earn are not at par with their white colleagues. In fact, through Douglass’ account of events, it is deductible that part of the reason for the resistance against the struggle for freedom for African Americans, was the fear that allowing blacks to be free and to be able to tend to jobs, would significantly reduce the employment opportunities available to whites.

Frederick Douglass’ rebellion stories formed a significant part of his campaigns against slavery, as using his impeccable oratory and writing skills, he was able to motivate other slaves to rise above their situation, thus encouraging the struggle for freedom as well as leading to the emancipation of a number of slaves. Not only were his stories motivating for other slaves, but he was also able to influence authorities, in a way contributing significantly to the complete abolition of slavery in the United States.

FoxMayer Case

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Institution

One of the key actions taken by the management of FoxMeyer was poorly selecting the software for its needs. The SAP R /3 software was not flexible with the requirements of the company since it was initially designed for manufacturing companies and not wholesalers that were engaged in handling vast number of transactions. The management failed in the selection of the software since the R /3 software was only capable of handling 10,000 transactions in a day while the legacy system could handle 420,000 transactions in a day (Vaman, 2007). Therefore, choosing to implement the R /3 software was a management failure. The management of FoxMeyer did not have contingency planning on how it could deal with changes experienced in the business operations. For instance, a chief customer of the company became declared bankrupt shortly after the company launched SAP (Scott, n.d). The management also failed to involve end users; there was a communication gap since the management used a top-down approach in planning the project.

Besides, the management failed to have sufficient testing of the SAP R /3 before its implementation. The management rushed in implementing the project, which implies that some modules testing was skipped. The R /3 system did not have proper testing so as to determine any shortcomings in handling a vast number of transactions; there was insufficient time in debugging the system in order to determine its functionality with the company’s needs. In addition, the management had poor support for the SAP R /3 system. Originally, the management were extremely committed and supportive to the project; however, after the commencement of the project implementation, the management became reluctant in acknowledging the problems associated with the project; the management failed in recognizing the resources and timelines needed in the implementation of the SAP R /3 project.

The managers of FoxMeyer missed various key opportunities that could have led to the success of the company in selecting and implementation of an IT-project. The managers of the company failed to have a successful software selection. The managers should have engaged different technical specialists in understanding how different software functions through comparing the needs of the company and the various pros and cons of different software. Rather than considering the advice of a single software consultant, the managers should have involved different consultants in order to know, which software would be beneficial to the company (McKeen & Smith, 2007). On the same note, the managers missed to have testing of the software that they implemented; software testing could be helpful in making the managers make up their mind on which software could match the company’s needs.

The managers also missed an opportunity of developing a contingency plan. The managers should have developed a contingency plan of how to ensure survival in case the system failed. This could have helped in saving the company when the system did not work. Besides, the managers of the company missed the opportunity of engaging all the stakeholders, which could have involved customers of the company and end users. The involvement of all stakeholders could have assisted in analyzing the various opinions of stakeholders in the initial stages of the project (Robinson & Kalakota, 2000). In addition, the managers of the company missed an opportunity of monitoring the project thoroughly. A close monitoring of the project could have helped the managers detect related costs and benefits of the project at an early stage (Brown et al, 2012).

References

Brown, V.C, Dehayes, W.D., Hoffer, A.J., Martin, E.W. & Perkins, C.W. (2012). Managing Information Technology (7th Edition). New York: Prentice Hall.

McKeen, J.D & Smith, H.A. (2007, June). “Delivering IT Functions: A decision Framework.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems. Vol. 19 (35).

Robinson, M., & Kalakota, R. (2000). E-business 2.0: Roadmap for success. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Scott, E.J. (n.d). The FoxMeyer Drug’s Bankruptcy: Was it a Failure of ERP? The university of Texas at Austin.

Vaman, J. N. (2007). ERP in practice: ERP strategies for steering organizational competence and competitive advantage. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.

Fredonia Community Health Centre

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Fredonia Community Health Centre (SWOT Analysis)

This is the process used in evaluating internal weakness and strength of an organisation while at the same time focusing on external threats and opportunities that may have an influence in an organisation like patients, economic issues and political. Assessment of external and internal environments is an essential part in strategic planning process. The SWOT analysis gives helpful information in matching the organisation’s resources, and abilities to compete well in its environment hence it is advisable for this organisation to consider this marketing plan.

Internal factors

This are factors that the organisation has control over them.

Strength

The management should first evaluate the strengths of the organisation in terms of location, products, staff, patient loyalty, processes service delivery, and organisational structure in comparison to their competitors. For instance, they should take advantage of the grant to offer quality services at cheaper prices than their competitor to attract people from the community. If happen to provide same patient loyalty with their rival, then this cannot be considered as strength. Nevertheless, if the organisation has higher qualified staff than its competitor, then this is considered as strength.

Weaknesses

The management need to assess and identify any area of proficiency missing in the organisation. This may include inadequate qualified staff, use of inferior technology and services offered, bureaucratic management, poor location, overdependence on the federal government and high fixed costs among others. It is advised that they acquire outside opinions on what their weakness are as their observations may not always agree with actuality. According to Berry, these areas need to be improved in order to compete well with competitor. The SWOT will be useful for their evaluation when they accurately identify their weakness.

External factors

These are factors beyond the organisation’s control.

Opportunities

The next step required by the management is to assess the opportunities. Competitors’ misfortune, like not providing standard health services, gives the management a room to perform better. This may be as a result of technological changes, like in the case where the federal government has offered a grant to improve; the technological services, equipments and transportation services in the organisation. The grant also offers an opportunity to the organisation to provide subsidized services given that the community is from the middle-class.

Threats

The management need to evaluate the potential threats to the organisation. This includes aspects beyond the organisation influence that can place its existence in jeopardy. These threats include; change in technology, socio-political policies and arrival of a new competitor among others. For instance, the organisation may lack market since the community surrounding it is from the middle class, and they may be unable to meet the prices of the health services offered. Some threats are tangible while other may be mere speculations that lead to nothing, but still they add meaning to the SWOT analysis. It is advised to categorize the threats basing on their; “probability of occurrence” and “seriousness.”

Lastly, this SWOT analysis will enable will enable the organisation to utilize the grant more efficiently to meet the community demands and eliminate unnecessary wastage of funds.

A & C Black Publisher Ltd. (2006) Analyzing Your Business’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bnet/Analyzing_Your_Business.pdf” http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bnet/Analyzing_Your_Business.pdf

Berry Tim. (2008). Business Plan Help & Small Business Articles. How to Perform SWOT Analysis. Retrieved from http://articles.bplans.com/business/how-to-perform-swot-analysis/116.

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Introduction

Fragile X syndrome also known as Martin-Bell syndrome is a HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder” o “Genetic disorder” genetic HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome” o “Syndrome” syndrome usually considered as the most commonly inherited mental disorder HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Randi+Jenssen+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” (Hagerman, & HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Paul+J.+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” Hagerman, 2002). It results from mutation or a change in a single trinucleotide gene on the X chromosome leading to abnormal neural development since the protein coded by the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene can not be expressed. The syndrome is characterized by a wide range of intellectual and physical limitations as well as behavioral and emotional aspects ranging from mild to severe symptoms. According to Upner (2007) the most consistent and conspicuous effect of this syndrome is on the intelligence of the affected. For instance, more than three quarters of the affected males have a low IQ of about 75 or less. This is however varied in females where the affected may have low or normal IQ. Fragile X can therefore be easily transferred across different families irrespective of class or ethnicity and also passed from generation to generation through genetic inheritance (Upner, 2007).

Cause of Fragile X Syndrome

As mentioned above, Fragile X Syndrome is a genetic disorder usually caused by a change or mutation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene found on the X chromosome. It is noteworthy that genes usually contain information needed for making of at least a single protein code (Upner, 2007). When changes occur in the genes, the cells may not be able to make the proteins or even provide a form of protein required by the body. The failure of fragile X mental retardation 1 gene to make normal quantities of usable Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) causes Fragile X disorder. The severity of the disorder is determined by the amount of FMRP in the body. Fragile X syndrome is severe in circumstances where such proteins are insufficient in the body and mild when normal levels of the proteins are present. The gene activity level in structuring of FMRP in the body is usually controlled by the repeats of a cytosine-guanine-guanine (CCG) sequence contained in the promoter region of the FMR1 gene. The number of CCG repeats vary among different people with the normal beings having an average of thirty CCG repeats ranging from 6-55 repeats while individuals having Fragile X syndrome have even more than 200 repeats. Basically, the more than 200 CCG repeats inactivates genes through a process called methylation hence cells are unable to make the FMRP.

Inheritance patterns

Due to the fact that both females (XX) and males (XY) have at least an X chromosome, they can therefore pass on to their offspring the mutated gene. Upner (2007) argues that this is possible since Fragile X gene is carried on the X chromosome. If a father has an altered X chromosome and the mother has normal X chromosome, all the sons would be free from genes for Fragile XZ while all the couple’s daughters would have the altered Fragile X genes as illustrated in the diagram below. A father can only pass an altered gene to a daughter and not son since the Fragile X gene is only carried on the X chromosome (Upner, 2007).

  Father  

  Y XFragile

Mother    

X Boy

XY Girl

XXFragile

X Boy

XY Girl

XXFragile

Fathers can only pass on the premutation form of the FMR1 gene to their daughters even if they have full mutation. This implies that a daughter will only get a milder form of Fragile X upon inheriting a mutated FMR1 gene from her father. On the other hand, mothers can pass on Fragile X genes to either daughter or sons since she is only able to pass on single X chromosome.

Symptoms and recognition of Fragile X Syndrome

Even though different individuals with Fragile X disorder present different symptoms, they usually share a set of social, physical, sensory as well as mental characteristics due to the little amount of FMRP in their cells (Upner, 2007). Generally, the signs and symptoms of Fragile X disorder are categorized into five main groups namely; physical, sensory, social and emotional, intelligence and learning as well as speech and language (Upner, 2007). For instance, many people with this disorder have impaired mental functioning hence their ability to think, reason, as well as learn is highly affected. An intelligence Quotient test is used to determine the intelligence levels of individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome. According to researchers the IQ of such individuals is always 75 or less unlike normal beings whose IQ range from 85 and 115. Physically, individuals with Fragile X syndrome have unique characteristics including longer jaw or face and larger ears HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Randi+Jenssen+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” (Hagerman, & HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Paul+J.+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” Hagerman, 2002). They are always shorter than their peers. Moreover, macro-orchidism is exhibited among affected individuals at puberty. This entails the enlargement of male testicles among individuals with Fragile X disorder. The affected children suffer from social anxiety hence may even attempt to avoid social situations. They feel nervous and uncomfortable in the company of others. Besides, males with Fragile X are easily upset by sounds and sights.

Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome

Currently, there is no single definitive treatment for Fragile X despite proposal of several medications for the disorder. However, there are three basic options for treating the disorder. These options include medication options, educational options, as well as therapeutic options HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Randi+Jenssen+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” (Hagerman, & HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Paul+J.+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” Hagerman, 2002). To begin with, individuals with Fragile X disorder in their family tree may be subjected to genetic counseling in an attempt to assess the possibility of bringing forth affected children as well as the severity of the offspring (Hughes, 2004). A special and free education is also guaranteed to children with Fragile X syndrome from the age of three according to the existing Federal laws in the U.S. The children with disabilities are able to learn with ease as the learning facilities are made available under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997(Hughes, 2004)

Finally, professionals can also help individuals with Fragile X syndrome and their families tackle the symptoms of the disorder. Therapeutic assistance is best provided by health care experts such as occupational therapist who would teach the family of the affected child on how to adjust conditions as well as tasks to suit the desire and ability of an individual (Hughes, 2004). For instance, parents of the affected child may be taught on how to massage their patient to calm her down. Corrective heart surgery as well as ADHD medications can also be used in the treatment of FXS HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Randi+Jenssen+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” (Hagerman, & HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Paul+J.+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” Hagerman, 2002).

Life expectancy of Fragile X syndrome

Generally, there is no concrete evidence on the impact of Fragile X disorder on the affected individuals. The life expectancy however varies from one person to another depending on the severity of the condition. Patients with Fragile X Syndrome will have a normal life expectancy for the most part. Such mutation leads to the failure by the aforementioned gene to make normal amounts of FMRP in the cell (Upner, 2007).

Conclusion

Fragile X Syndrome is a genetically inherited disorder characterized by intellectual and physical limitations as well as behavioral and emotional features ranging from mild to severe symptoms. It results from mutation of a fragile X mental retardation 1 gene found on the X chromosome. The Fragile X gene is carried on the X chromosome and may therefore be passed on to the children from the parents as explained above. The Syndrome presents varied signs and symptoms including HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome” l “Physical_phenotype” social anxiety, mental retardation, hypersensitivity as well as physical characteristics. The disorder has no specific cure but can be treated through medical options, therapeutic options as well as education options. All the three options help the affected and their families in managing the symptoms of the disorder. Finally, it is worth noting that the disorder has no impact on the life span of the affected individuals. However, the severity of the disorder may cause the variance of life expectancy from one person to the other (Upner, 2007).

Reference list:

HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Randi+Jenssen+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” Hagerman, R. & HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Paul+J.+Hagerman%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=12” Hagerman, P. (2002). Fragile X syndrome: diagnosis, treatment, and

research. 3rd Ed. Maryland: JHU Press.

Hughes, D. (2004). Educating children with fragile X syndrome: a multi-professional. New

York: Routledge.

Upner, J. (2007). New Research on Fragile X Syndrome. New York: Nova Publishers.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Frederick Jackson Turner was born on November 14, 1861, in Portage, Wis, a country town that was inhabited by many European immigrants. Turner attended Portage High School where he won a prize to provide a lecture in a graduation ceremony, a speech that was printed in a newspaper owned by his father. During his youthful years, Turner worked for his father in his newspaper office where he had the duty of typesetting the information to be printed on the newspapers. In 1880, Turner joined the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where he gained knowledge about the historical institutions such as feudal monarchy and medieval church from Professor William F. Allen. Later, Turner declared that Allen introduced him to the significance of institutional theory, a theme that is currently viewed in Turner’s writings mostly on the history of the development of American democracy. Turner graduated in 1884 and later completed his master’s degree at the University of Wisconsin. He then joined John Hopkins University in 1888, where he studied his doctorate. Bennett claims that Turner wedded his long-time girlfriend named Caroline Mae Sherwood in 1889. Currently, Frederick Jackson Turner is recognized as one of the best American Historian writers of the United States history. Many of his history works were used in rewriting the most of the American account in the 20th century. Frederick Jackson Turner is one of the most recognized historians because of his significant contributions to the American history. Many historians have reviewed his work, which includes the development of the frontier thesis that explains the frontier theory including life on the frontier and describing its closing, contributions to history, his teaching career, and worldwide influence.

The Frontier Theory

Turner’s theory is based on his recognized thesis that is titled “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” which projected that the American frontier could be used to establish the reasons why America expanded in a different manner compared to Europe and other countries. Turner believed that the frontier situation and the fact that the American population faced emerging and unexpected problems subjected them to management, and provided many positive opportunities. From his theory, the frontiers provided a safety opportunity that prevented America from developing a social status class realization and experiencing a severe struggle.

Lee Benson is one of the historians who supports Turner’s claim that when American entered the New World, they experienced new challenges, climate changes, and large pieces of land, which was different from what they had experienced in Europe. Initially, these Americans were used to thinking and reacting like Europeans, but the occurrences experienced in the new world subjected them to establish and acquire new methods of conducting tasks, and reacting according to the difficulties they experienced. It was the changes, the confrontation on the perimeter of evolution, and the harsh conditions of the new country that developed the American character. Through these procedures, the American population on the frontiers rearranged themselves constantly to develop a exceptional and skilled category of people who had the determination to explore the wilderness and generate a sound individualism. As successive generations of the American society explored further west of the wilderness, they developed different institutions, categorical class differences, churches, and established governments from their experiences. This contributed to the development of independent and democratic living conditions.

As Turner reviewed the entrance of Americans in the New World, he recognized that the background of American civilization was inspired by the first European immigration to the New World. However, he claimed that the American West adopted the European immigration and transformed it into something that was American in nature. One of the factors that differed from the European background was the process of democracy. Turner believed that the resilient American population travelled to the west and in the process lost the layer of European civilization, which made them harsh. This was facilitated through surviving the process of facing hardships of their daily life in the wilderness, harsh conditions of the weather, and outbreak of unknown diseases. Through this, Turner claims that American democracy was not carried from one city to another, but it was developed from the American forest, and gained additional potency every time it reached a new frontier. With this, the frontier theory was applied on different levels in the American history, and is currently used to explain history and democracy to Latin American nations, Australia, and Russia among other countries to explain the foundation of nationalized characteristics.

To elaborate on the frontier theory, Turner claims that a love for freedom, self-reliance, and energy are fundamental factors in the American heritage, which are also connected to recognized great leaders such as Abraham Lincoln and Thomas Jefferson. The lives of these great presidents are an example of the influence of the western frontier democracy in the American life. The major traditional frontier regions of America were gradually changed by different generations of the new society. With this, there were social changes caused by changing environmental, financial, societal, and political factors that created a new character and nationality in America. The American society started developing with regional differences with the largest and powerful regions being the North and South of America.

Life on the Frontier

Turner’s essay on the frontier emphasizes on the fact that, the American history was influenced by the living conditions of the primary settlers of the frontier and the presence of unoccupied land ready to be settled upon and used. In part of his thesis, Turner declares that the presence of a large area of free land and the progress of American settlement to the west explains the American development. Therefore, to explain the American expansion, Turner reviewed the primary settlers of the American West; the people considered to having influenced the American character and growth. This means that Frederick Jackson Turner is a recognized historian for reviewing the lifestyle of Americans through two diverse classes of settlers, which included fur traders and miners.

Fur Traders

In the ancient period, turner reviewed the lifestyles of primary occupants of the American West who consisted of fur traders. These traders explored the west in search for high-quality fur. Many traders and farmers entered the west from the east routes that were discovered by Jedediah Smith who was the business partner of the Rocky Mountain Company. Turner shows that, at the beginning of the fur trade, the settlers did not understand the relationships that existed among the Americans, primarily the process of providing them with fur in exchange for other products at the cost of a small price. The settlers, including Indians, did not comprehend the societal organization of the Americans where the process of distributing presents was used for international relations. Secondly, the settlers lived close to natural resources and did not recognize the laws of possession compared to the Americans. The settlers, primarily the Indians, did not understand what the American did with all the collected beaver furs or why they acquired goods for providing them beavers. Conversely, the Americans and Europeans in the New World did not have a similar understanding of the significance of substance goods compared to Indians. Therefore, intelligent traders from America generated up to 100 percent profit from the furs collected. Nevertheless, with time, Indians learned that trading with the Americans would contribute to the economy of the tribe. Because of this, fur trade involved the exchange of axes, woolen clothes, iron tool for cooking, and liquor especially rum, named as British milk. The realization of the positive influences that the trade presented provided the settlers with efficient methods of cooking, comfortable and beautiful clothes, and faster ways of cutting wood for fuel. However, apart from the advantages, Americans presented negative impacts such as alcohol, diseases such as smallpox, corruption, and slavery.

Turner explains that the process of the fur business with its continuous and successful nature allowed the occurrence of constant changes while each adventure into the wilderness in search of fur contributed to the discovery of new people, opportunities, and issues that demanded the application of different solutions. This experiences and establishment of new environments forced the creation of a democratic structure within the new areas discovered to allow further trade and exploration. With the development of democratic structures, traders, native-settlers, and explorers had the freedom to find and exchange fur with different goods. Moreover, Turner stipulated that Americans learned new ways of acting rationally under extreme circumstances. It is apparent that the ruggedness, literacy, and devoutness presented the multiplicity of traders, primarily Americans who participated in the fur trade.

Different from Turner’s proposal, some historians such as Saum argued that American traders did not abandon their practices when they travelled in the wilderness to engage in the fur trade. Saum claimed that they never gave up their civilization because they feared becoming savages. This people are believed to have been literate men who had a sense of the European civilization that clashed with the native cultures. Because of this, Saum claims that there was little democracy developed from the fur trade.

Miners

In explaining the mining process, turner clarifies that it was similar to fur trading because it was consisted of an increased level of gluttony and the desire to generate capital and accumulate wealth promptly. The placer stage in the mining process was easy for the miners compared to the level of rock mining that followed despite later developments of the Industrial Revolution and technology. Many people from different countries started the rush towards mining. This included the North and South Americans, Asians, and Europeans. By the year 1852, almost 3000 miners had moved to the New World in such of gold. Once they arrived, they realized that life for miners was difficult because it needed a lot of effort, and was made worse by weather conditions and outbreak of diseases. Web supported Turners ides and argued that many miners became isolated and lonely on the mining fields while their food decayed, and others died due to the collapse of the mines. As a way to forget their harsh lives on the mining fields, the miners wrote letters to their families, gambled, and drank whisky. Surprisingly, the miners did not get rich from the gold trade. Instead, those who profited were the people who supplied goods and services to the miners because in return, they acquired gold, which they sold and gained a lot of money. Conversely, miners were in need of provisions, shelter, outfits, and apparatus for mining thus they acquired this by trading their gold.

The industrial revolution of deep rock mining contributed to changes in procedures from the frontier to a settled mining industry, and it became a big business. The drastic changes presented by the deep rock mining revolution occurred following the problems experienced when miners reached the rock level. Turner believes that the established technology and the competence to work deep on the rocks made the miner’s lives miserable. This is because their skills were no longer required while the establishment of capital investment took control of money from the community and miners and directed the control to different owners who were mostly in different countries. Following this, miners started developing democratic unions to try to regain their positions in the mining process. The loss of their ability to participate in the mining process and the establishment of unique businesses and organizations where independence was overshadowed by business greed and capitalism increased the reaction of the union organizations as the miners responded to unfair conditions around them. This mainly occurred in cases where the established governments could not offer any help, forcing the miners to develop ways to fight for their rights. Turner believes that the stages of the mining process present the American heritage of fighting for freedom and democracy.

Through the frontier thesis, Turner’s most fundamental and recognized contribution to American history was encouraging a clear understanding of the development of American Democracy. The theories that Frederick developed have been debated and criticized throughout the United States and other countries, but Turner has remained one of the most convincing and challenging historian to produce American history. Despite the fact that Turner admitted exaggerating his explanations while he discussed the subject of the frontier in connection with democracy, his thesis of the West movement is currently one of the most recognized factors that influenced American development and the creation of American character traits. These perspectives are clear and valid.

On the issue of mining, different historians such as Johnsons argue in a postmodernist view and discuss minorities of the gold rush who are women. Many people from different parts of the world assembled in the gold fields, and many came from countries that did not have democratic ideas of self-governments. The argument presented by Johnsons supports Turner’s thesis about the development of democratic principles as the people tried to establish methods of working together and organize their community. Despite the fact that many of the cultures did not blend, there was a common understanding and ways of performing tasks.

The Closing of the Frontier

Turner claims that the concluding of the frontier occurred in 1890, when the United States census superintendent declared that with rapid western settlement, there was no frontier line left. This is because, in a quarter century, an amount of three million families had settled and started farming on the lands. Therefore, by the end of the nineteenth century, different people or Americans settled in the West. There were railroads in all parts of the constituency, which included the Great Northern that was beside the Canadian boundary, and the Southern pacific that covered Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico regions that connected to New Orleans and Los Angeles. Moreover, the concluding of the frontier was facilitated by the invasion of farmers, traders, and miners, which increased on the census that contributed to the entrance of new cities that created an enhancement in the cattle or mining business. This includes Denver, San Francisco, and Mississippi West.

With the closure of the frontier, and the availability of additional people farming on lands after 1890, the American experience was not yet over. However, with an approach for the beginning of another century, there was an innovative perspective for the environment and Americans values for the west. Following the end of the frontier, there was a noteworthy interest among Americans to preserve the wilderness. This contributed to the development of national parks such as Yellowstone National Park that was established in 1872 and California’s Yosemite in 1890, which were among the national parks developed to protect the wilderness areas. Moreover, in 1891, the congress implemented the Forest Reserve Act that stipulated that the acting president had the duty to shut timber areas from settlements and generate national forests through acquiring the land from the communal realm. Following this, Benjamin Harrison took millions of acres under the Act and declared the land as the part required for the generation of the national forest. Additionally, many establishments were developed to preserve natural resources such as the Pacific Coast Mountain Ranges. The preservation methods also focused on developing different trends that emphasized on establishing methods of making used of the available natural resources of the West. This contributed to the establishment of many projects such as the development of dams, power lines, and irrigation schemes.

The close of the frontier as Turner believes contributed to the entrance into a period of concentration of capital, monopolies, trusts, and labor that were connected to unions and cooperation. These changes contributed to a movement for expansion that was intended to transpire beyond the United States on the political and social level. Moreover, Turner believed that the expansion contributed to the development of political parties in the United States, and divided on issues that were connected to the question of socialism. Without the control of the frontier, many average workers experienced worse conditions in their jobs thus facilitating political debates that entailed motions on the actions to be taken to end unfair working conditions. As previous frontiers closed, Americans embarked on a new perspective of establishing a political frontier. Nevertheless, Americans had inherited the frontier character of individualism and democratic optimism.

Contributions to History

Turner is recognized for his significant contributions to different sectors in the American History and the development of new methods of viewing past events. He challenged research historians to use different methods while conducting their studies such as geography, sociology, monetary records, and statistics established from surveys. Turner’s methods of research and sources were different from those of traditional historians, which made people doubt the credibility of his theories and work. Nevertheless, he claimed that historians had the right to use any source of knowledge or tools that would assist in explaining past events. Additionally, he encouraged historians to cease using New England and the Seaboard South events to explain history, but to review the past through patterns of immigration and distribution of people, urbanization, political performance, financial history, social and cultural behaviors and the frontier experience.

Billington a recognized historian believes that Turner’s review and belief of the frontier contributed to his change of perspective regarding the common knowledge about America and its generation. This is because Turner was trained to utilize German historical research techniques in Hopkins, primarily the germ theory that stipulated that all American organizations derived their study methods from ancient German tribal practices. Turner utilized the German techniques while writing his work, such as the frontier essay written in 1893. This contributed to the turning point in the American historical research background because, after a decade of the essay’s publication, the frontier experience had a permanent effect on the Americans and their character. It also became the central principle of the American historical research and an issue of ongoing debates. “The Significance of the Section in American History,” written in 1925 was another of Turner’s essay that consisted of geographical and economic insights. Although the essay won a prize, its thesis of sectionalism was used to explain the history of America on a small margin. However, the thesis was widely recognized among historical geographers, political researchers, and in geography studies. Through his essays and thesis statements, Turner is recognized for his presentation of the individuality of America and belief that the country offers a background to study the progression of society. Nevertheless, Turner used different methods of research and was not a geographic or an economic researcher.

Turner, together with other historians who followed his example such as Franklin Jameson and Woodrow Wilson among others created a background that controlled research methods and historical perspectives that were utilized in different institutions. Despite the fact that Turner’s theories were highly criticized since the declaration of the frontier thesis, his work and that of his followers were studied in many universities from 1893 to the period of the Great Depression. His perspectives were also re-visited after the Second World War though in an adjusted modern methodology.

Turners Teaching Career

Turner taught in the University of Wisconsin from the year 1889 to 1910, where he focused on teaching the frontier history through his writings and lectures. This shows that his teaching career revolved around his works such as his publications of the Frontier thesis that was read in 1893, and Indian Trade essay read in Wisconsin 1891. Moreover, Turner used his books such as “Rise of the New West” that was followed by a number of essays including “The Frontier in the American History.” Through his teachings and the use of his books, Turner established a wide audience who believed in his ideas.

From the University of Wisconsin, Turner moved to Harvard University in 1910 where he taught until his retirement in 1924. He then moved to Southern California where he continued to conduct American historical investigations as a research partner in Huntington Library.

Turners Influence

Turner’s work especially his essays influenced many historians in the past and currently. In the sector of historiography, Turner influenced many historians. For instance, in religion, different historians argued that many churches utilized the characteristics established in the frontier theory by establishing different churches apart from the single church developed before the discovery of the New World. This as the historians argued was facilitated by the creation of American organizations such as camp meetings, preaching, and revivals. These perspectives controlled religious history for many decades.

In the film industries, many historians show that the 1910s and 1940s filmmakers and novelists utilized Turner’s frontier theory into their work. For instance, a recognized filmmaker named Oscar Micheaux promoted the West as a region where Blacks had the right to ignore race and participate in economic activities to earn financial success through determination and hard work. Currently, the widespread and acknowledgment of Turner’s frontier thesis has influenced modern history, films, and books, which mostly present the West with regards to independence, frontier hard life and hostility and irregular justice. Disney’s frontier land established in the late 20th century reflected Turner’s belief of the harsh individualism that is currently viewed as the American tradition.

In conclusion, Frederick Jackson Turner was a recognized historian who emphasized on the role the western frontier in the American history from the year 1861 to 1951. He wrote a thesis that stressed on the Western frontier as the major factor that contributed to the development of the current American character. The frontier thesis is used to explain the frontier theory where Turner believes that the American democracy, nature of American organizations, and the unique American character were facilitated by the Americans frontier experience. It also explains the life on the frontier through the original lifestyles of the first settlers categorized as fur traders and miners. It explains the concluding of the frontier giving way to new developments of Americans following the closure of lands and the adoption of different methods to preserve the wilderness. Through his frontier thesis, books, and other essays, Turner has contributed to American history through his works. He also used his teaching career to establish a group of followers who continued with his work and influenced an increased number of people. Lastly, Turner has influenced many people worldwide including filmmakers and novelists who have utilized his work of the Frontier thesis to explain the West. Through his essay, Turner has been established as a recognized historian through presenting evidence that shows that the Western frontier contributed to the American character that can be viewed in the United States today.

Bibliography

Allen, Billington R. The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History? The major attacks and defenses of Turner. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

Bogue, Allan G. “Frederick Jackson Turner Reconsidered.” The History Teacher, 27, No. 2 (February 1994), 195–221. 

Billington, Ray, A. The Genesis of the Frontier Thesis: A Study in Historical Creativity (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1971.

James, Bennett D. Frederick Jackson Turner. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1975.

Johnson, Susan L. Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000.

Jones, Mary E. Daily live on the Nineteenth Century American Frontier. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998.

Lee, Benson. Turner and Beard: American Historical Writing Reconsidered. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1960.

Mark, Wayne . Hard Rock Epic: Western Miners and the Industrial Revolution, 1860-1910. Berkley, Los Angles, London: University of California Press, 1979.

Moos, Dan. “Reclaiming the Frontier: Oscar Micheaux as Black Turnerian.” African American Review 36, no 3 (2002), 357-381.

Nash, Gerald D. “The frontier thesis: A historical perspective.” Journal of the West, 34 no.4 (October 1995), 7-15.

Prescott, Webb W. The Great Plains. New York: Grossett and Dunlap, 1931.

Rod C, and Metz, J, “Frederick Jackson Turner and the democratization of the electronic frontier.” American Sociologist, 27 no.1 (1996), 72-100.

Ronald, Carpenter H. The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner. San Marino, California: Huntington Library, 1983.

Saum, Lewis O. The Fur Trader and the Indian. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1965.

France As A Country Of Choice For Foreign Market Analysis

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093667″Introduction PAGEREF _Toc303093667 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093668″Country and market analysis PAGEREF _Toc303093668 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093669″Country Chosen and relevant market PAGEREF _Toc303093669 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093670″Legal consideration PAGEREF _Toc303093670 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093671″Competition consideration PAGEREF _Toc303093671 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093672″Financial consideration PAGEREF _Toc303093672 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093673″Technological considerations PAGEREF _Toc303093673 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093674″Market analysis PAGEREF _Toc303093674 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093675″Market mix PAGEREF _Toc303093675 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093676″Product PAGEREF _Toc303093676 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093677″Price PAGEREF _Toc303093677 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093678″Placement PAGEREF _Toc303093678 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093679″Promotion PAGEREF _Toc303093679 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093680″Market segmentation PAGEREF _Toc303093680 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093681″Market target PAGEREF _Toc303093681 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093682″Market positioning PAGEREF _Toc303093682 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093683″Analysis of facts gathered PAGEREF _Toc303093683 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093684″Advantages of the product portfolio marketing in France PAGEREF _Toc303093684 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093685″Disadvantages of the product portfolio marketing in France PAGEREF _Toc303093685 h 13

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093686″Assessment and selection of entry strategies PAGEREF _Toc303093686 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093687″Market entry modes PAGEREF _Toc303093687 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093688″Exporting mode PAGEREF _Toc303093688 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093689″Licensing mode PAGEREF _Toc303093689 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093690″Joint Venture mode PAGEREF _Toc303093690 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093691″Direct Investment mode PAGEREF _Toc303093691 h 16

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093692″Greenfield site mode PAGEREF _Toc303093692 h 16

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093693″Franchising mode PAGEREF _Toc303093693 h 17

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093694″Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc303093694 h 17

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093695″Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc303093695 h 19

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093696″Works Cited PAGEREF _Toc303093696 h 20

HYPERLINK l “_Toc303093697″Appendix PAGEREF _Toc303093697 h 20

Executive Summary

This report focuses on a France as a country of choice for foreign market analysis. This is because of the strong economical position of the country in terms of the GDP. The Purchasing Power Parity of the country is about 2.5 %. The country technology is also developed; its socio-cultural situation is conducive. The legal issues are challenging but manageable. The market mix focuses on packaging, quality improvement and strategic pricing of the company’s beer products in order to compete effectively with the existing brands like Abbaye, Desperados Beer and Kronenbourg Beer. Strategic intermediaries will be use in the market venturing process.

Market segmentation of the company targets demographics of ages 18-60 (both genders) because of financial and economical strengths of this population subset. The two target market strategies that will be employed are differentiated targeting approach and niche-marketing strategy. Market positioning will focus in pricing, quality and packaging. Analysis of the pros and cons of the product portfolio are also shown in order to increase the scope of our products view. The merits are however a good indicator of a stronger brand with positive success signs. Joint venture market strategy is selected as a result of its commensurate balancing effect where the risks and the returns can be substantially attained.

IntroductionForeign country market entrance is a difficult and challenging task because of the risks faced by a new company as well as obstacles that are encountered. The obstacles include political, financial and even legal requirements that should be met before successful market penetrations. A foreign company has a number of options in terms of modes that it can implement to make a successful market penetration. The major market entry strategies include joint venture, licensing, exporting and direct venture among others. A foreign company has to perform a thorough trade off in order to choose the strategy that best suits the company with regard to its current business conditions.

This paper presents a country and market analysis framework that seeks to propose France as a suitable country for venture as a result of a number of issues that are identified in the report. Market mix options as well as the market segmentation, market target and market position are identified in order to strengthen the rationale for the country’s choice. Different market entry options are also analyzed in order to give informed recommendation regarding the best option for the company to take. This also considers the company’s financial position as an imperative factor for the choice made.

Country and market analysisCountry Chosen and relevant marketThe country chosen as the potential market place for Sydney Breweries Limited (hypothetical name) is France. The rationale for this market choice is because of its potentiality in terms of future growth in terms of market growth. An analysis of its trends and consumer behavior will form the fundamental basis of market entry strategy and the appropriate market mix to be applied in order to ensure a successful market penetration and sustainability.

Facts about France Explanation

Financial consideration < 0.5 % alc.vol. per hl

0.5% – 2.8% alc.vol. Per hl / % alc.

>2.8% alc.vol. Per hl / % alc.

Tax on soft drinks VAT 20.6 % 20.6 %

Other taxes on alcoholic drinks.

Excise duties.

Watch Duty Rate.

Standard clearance procedure for alcoholic drinks.

Demographic Trends.

As one of the focus that help anticipate market growth. The population growth in France is moderate and therefore the market growth will proportionally grow.

Legal Trend Underage drinking is prohibited.

Compensation to a complainant due to effects that may arise from alcoholic contents.

Cultural Modernized country with less attachment to ancient beliefs and also vague religious beliefs.

Competition France is ranked 5th in the European Union in terms of beer making. It produces about 15 million hectolitres per year.

Economic Over 64.4 Million people

GDP of 19, 339.52 per head

Food and drink import 20 Billion

Market trends In 2008, alcohol consumption dropped by 8.2 % as a result of ban of smoking in areas considered public.

Fear of changing consumption habits, only 18 million hectoliters of alcohol were consumed in 2008.

Fifth largest In European union in terms of beer making.

Technological Internet and gaining popularity of online transactions.

Legal considerationFrance prohibits underage drinking of alcohol, it also provides for the beer companies to compensate people affected by alcoholic drinks that they offer. One of the major legal restrictions that have seen a decline in the alcohol consumption is the restrictive legislation called Loi Evin.

Competition considerationOne of the major challenges in France market is competition with other beers. There are other beers made in the country including Meteor Beer, Desperados Beer, Kronenbourg Beer and Fischer Beer. Consumers in the country are becoming more sensitive in terms of their choices, amber and Abbaye and others like high and quality beers. This has seen their rise in sales by 5-6 %. Other classic beers such as lagers lost about 18 % (Parsons 191). Cultural considerations The cultural trend in terms of beer consumption has undergone some notable changes for the past 5 to 6 years. This was especially after the enactment of regulations meant to check beer consumption in the country (de Mooij 270). Consumers are also increasingly becoming more sensitive in terms of selection of beers and especially specialized beers lile Abbaye and amber.

Financial considerationClearance of imported beers in the country is usually by means of Standard clearance procedure, other forms of taxations experienced by importers of beer to the country includes Excise duties and Watch Duty Rate.

Technological considerationsInternet development in France makes it conducive for online transaction, teleconferencing and telemarketing that will drastically reduce the expenses that would have been incurred. The trends at which online transaction processing is gaining popularity that pave way for almost all transactions globally to be conducted at a stationary point regardless of the time zones (Harrison and Thomas 12).

Market analysisMarket mix, market segmentation and target and market positioning will be considered in order to ensure a successful market launch in France.

Market mixProductThe company’s beer products like ales, bitters, premium lagers standard lager of our company will have to be branded in order to meet the customer’s expectation in France. Considering the changing customer trend in France, it would be essential to ensure that these products meets and even exceed the branding, quality and packaging of amber and Abbaye which are on the rise in terms of consumption as compared to other local beers. I would also recommend packaging the products with reusable bottles containers in order to emphasize savings and environment friendliness (Paul 251).

PriceThe second component is the established pricing components from the existing products. For example at some instances providing discounts to lowering the prices to increase the market penetration. In a grocery beer can cost up to €4.00 per pack of (6×0.33ml). In a restaurant or a café one may pay almost the same amount for a beer. In our company, it would be preferred to establish a price skimming strategy where the same pack in a grocery would cost €3.99 per pack of (6×0.33ml) and thus allowing a similar drop a café or restaurant. It would also be viable to include reasonable discounts for wholesalers and discounts for early payments. Price flexibility will also be a recommended strategy considering the decline of beer in some major regions in France. This will be varied according to demand but at the same time maintaining a reasonable range from other existing beer brands in like Abbaye, Desperados Beer, Kronenbourg Beer and Fischer Beer (Paul 253).

PlacementAvailable distribution channels for the company’s beers include wholesalers and retailers such as groceries, restaurants and cafés. In order for our company to be effective in the French market, it would be more strategic and appropriate to consider distribution of beer products using specialized intermediaries. These specialized intermediaries will only be focused on the market segment which is as a result of the changed buying behavior in France market over the past five years. For instance, these intermediaries will ensure convenient and free delivery of products to convenient places and even homes of the target market. An inquiry on the consumers wishes will be established prior to launching this strategy that will position the company better in a competitive mark. Using more than one option of distribution channel will also increase the dissemination of the products and hence increased sales (Trout 34).

PromotionBoth the traditional and modern ways of marketing will be used aggressively in France. This is recommended because of the decline in alcohol consumption in the country as well as a new customer buying behavior that has led to the decline of other brands. Personal sales force will be adopted as a traditional method yet effective. These sales people will target the demographic segment with free samples of drinks and further explanation on the quality, affordability and social responsibility aspect of the new brand. This will be made in comparison with amber and Abbaye which are growing in terms of consumption.

Internet marketing is also another promotional mechanism that will be adopted in order to foster awareness to the target market. From the year 2008 to the year 2010, internet usage in France has increased by about 10%, from 58.1 % to 68.1 % in a population that is estimated to be about 64 million people (Paul 251). These statistics reveals a strategic importance of the internet as marketing tool also considering that the target demographic of ages 18-60 who form the prime target are the majority of internet users. More so, internet marketing is much cheaper and lower than the traditional methods of marketing but by far more effective.

Market segmentationThe market subset which will be targeted in France is demographics of ages ranging from 18-60. These groups of people both male and female form the prime consumers of alcohol beverages. They are both financially stronger and at a legal age of consuming alcohol. The advantage gained from narrowing to these groups of people is the reduction in marketing expenses and also improved cash flow as a result of increased sales. Another imperative consideration in this target market is the need understand the changing trend of beer consumption in France after the enactment of restrictive legislation as well as prohibiting of smoking in public places. Another consideration in addressing the target market is the change of beer brand consumption as evident by the drop of Heineken consumption because of its lack of clarity as compared to amber and Abbaye. The French market is also sensitive to social esteem and brand perception. In order to win the target market upon entry, our company will work on positioning of the product as well as improvement of quality in order to stand out in a crowded market. The price will also vary depending in the demographic social setting and regard to pricing (Paul 251).

Market targetBecause of the statistical decline of beer consumption (recently in 2010 by about 1.7%), the preferred market targets approaches are differentiated targeting approach and niche-marketing strategy. Differentiated targeting approach will utilize the different strategies to target different segments; this will be implemented by marketing brands like Premium lager, specialty beers and standard lager to demographics of about 30-60 years because of their financial muscle. Ales, stouts and bitters will be targeted to younger demographics from ages 18-29. Niche-marketing strategy will be focused on segments identified with more financial power and higher beer consumption rates. Areas like Paris, Marseille and Lyon will be the target of this strategy because of the large population and financial capability (Trout 34).

Market positioningPositioning is an imperative strategy that will be critical in determining the success of our product in France. Some basic elements of market positioning that will be enhancing in the market are as follows.

The Prices

This is an essential factor of considerations, since our company has a portfolio of a number of products, pricing will be varied with respect to the geographic location and competitors prices and the income levels of people in the location. Another consideration will be to price some of our products perceived as “of class” high quality higher in order to target customers who are quality and brand driven. Premium lager, specialty beers and standard lager are beers that will be prices higher than €4.00 in the market. Other brands that are perceived to be average like ales, stouts and bitters will be priced lower than €4.00.

Quality

Our company should ensure quality control measures for all of our products including backing the quality claims with customer friendly guarantees and even return policies in the case of defects. This will enhance the positioning of our products in the French market.

Packaging

Different brands of beers will also be packaged in a desired way that portrays the intended message to the audience. This will ensure that the brand is unique and stands among other local and foreign products.

Positioning will also aim at creating a lasting memory about the brand in the consumers mind through its promotional strategies.

Analysis of facts gatheredAdvantages of the product portfolio marketing in FranceThe product portfolio of our company is of high quality, the company also has a variety of products such as Premium lager, specialty beers, standard lager, ales, stouts and bitters. As a result of a larger product portfolio, segmentation and positioning can be easily improved to meet the expectations of the French market. Another advantage of our product portfolio is the ability to vary pricing of different products according to their positioning in market mix. This allows attracting different segments using differentiated and niche-marketing strategy.

The validity of information collected such as the internet data showing usage of internet increase in France is also another merit to our product portfolio. This is because the statistics reveals that internet usage is on the increase as the population increases, the current usage is about 68.9 % which is also an important statistical finding in terms of considering online marketing of our products in the country given that the target demographics are also the majority users of the internet.

The favoring economical muscle of the country with a Gross Domestic Product per capita of about US$43, 491 and a GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) of 2.5 % demonstrates the financial status of the country as a potential market for our varied product portfolio. Being Europe second largest economy also shows that the market potential of the region is positive. Apart from the strong economical muscle, the region is also stable in terms of political climate. France has not witnessed major issues arising from political difference, more so the political climate of the country does not interfere with international businesses in a negative way.

Disadvantages of the product portfolio marketing in FranceThe changing trend in the French market is a major obstacle in the development of marketing strategies in the region. Notably the legal legislations specifically Loi Evin which aims at reducing or checking alcohol consumption in the country is a major barrier to our market portfolio. Other restrictive measures that curb smoking in public places including drinking bars are also reducing alcohol consumption rates because smoking goes hand in hand with drinking. This has contributed to the decline of alcohol consumption in France for the past five years.

Another notable disadvantage to our product portfolio is the statistics which reveals a decline in alcohol consumption in most areas in France which has led to a cumulative decline of about 1.7 % in the country. Some statistics also reveals that the beer consumption in the country is not expected to pick up in the near future. Another notable blow to our product portfolio in France is the changing trends or social cultures of the market where most consumers are biased in their consumption. In essence majority of the beer consumers prefer amber and Abbaye and other specialty beer products which are mostly imported. The change in consumer behaviour may this affect the establishment of a sustainable product portfolio in the region.

The rate of taxation and other duties that are paid by international companies is also another major obstacle when seeking market penetration in France. Excise duties, Watch Duty Rate, Standard clearance procedure for alcoholic drinks are the major barriers of our product in the region. This will lead to increase of cost of production and hence cutting on the profits of the company considering the skimming pricing strategy in our market mix which is to be adopted when making market penetration in the country.

The existing and established brands such as Desperados Beer, Kronenbourg Beer and Fischer Beer will provide stiff competition to our product portfolio in the region. More so considering that consumers are increasingly selective in terms of their consumption brands which put amber and Abbaye and other specialty brands above other imported brands such as Heineken is a major disadvantage to our product portfolio.

Assessment and selection of entry strategiesMarket entry modesThere are five major market entry modes that are available for the company to use in making its market entrance to France.

Exporting mode Exporting is one mode in which our company can use to make market entry in France. Typically exporting is a traditional way of making market penetration as it involves direct sales of domestically produced goods in an outside country. It alleviates the need for the goods to be produced in the target country. This creates an advantage because the there is no foreign investment in the country and thus narrowing the cost to marketing expenses only. Some key players that will be required in this mode of market entry includes the exporter, the importer, the transport provides and the government. The demerit of this means is the reliability of the importer and the perception of a foreign product in the target country. The response of the target market will thus determine the availability of the importer.

Licensing modeLicensing is another mode of entry at the disposal of our company, licensing usually involves seeking license permit in the target market to use the property of the licensor. This usually involves intangible properties such as patents, trademarks, and even techniques of production. By paying a fee to the licensor, the licensee is able to use the rights which are provided by the intangible property or the production technique if the payments are paid to that effect. The merit of this mode of entry is the capacity provided to use the rights to the advantage of our company. After paying the license fee, the company can go ahead and produce its products in the market and also take advantage of the already established local brands names to make an easy entry into the market (Leibsohn 13). The profits made as a result of the manufacture and sales of our beer products will not be lost to the licensor since the payment of the fee is the only requirement. The demerit of this option is the possible failure of the decline in the fame of the trademark adopted in the market and hence leading to a market decline.

Joint Venture modeAnother imperative entry mode that our company can adopt in the use of strategic joint venture, this method has a number of advantages including; technology sharing, risk/reward sharing, sharing the development of the product as well as meeting the requirements of the government regulations. The other merits of this method of entry include convergence of partner strategic goals while competitive goals are diverged. This strategy is especially favorable in market where there are larger market leaders and hence the need to leverage on a collective effort to ensure that the small partners mergers to increase their market power and resources. More so, converged partners are able to acquire exceptional proprietary skills form each other in order to fill market gaps with innovative strategies and products. Notably our company will have to clearly consider control, length of the agreement, technology, pricing, and capability of local firms, resources and even the intentions of the government. This will be essential in ensuring that the company optimizes its joint venture (Leibsohn 13). There is however some demerits of this method, some are mistrust on the level of openness in proprietary knowledge, inadequate support from the parent company and even how to terminate the relationship when need arise.

Direct Investment modeDirect investment is another mode that can be adopted by our company; this mode will require a direct ownership of production facilities in our target market. This mode of entry will demand resources transfer such as technology, capital and even personnel to the foreign market. There are two options of direct investment; one is acquiring an existing entity while the other one is establishing a new one (Leibsohn 13). The merit of this means is the full control of the operations and the ability to know the customers and even the competitive environment. The demerit of this mode is that it demands resources as well as higher level of commitment.

Greenfield site modeThis is still a new form of market entry but as well effective choice for our company. In this mode of entry the company will need to establish a new operation in the foreign market. This method of entry has been successfully used by Australian companies like Westfield shopping malls and Village Road show cinemas. The advantage of this method is the reduction of costs, customer and duties (Leibsohn 13). It eliminates delays; ensure uniform quality of products and also providing the firm an ability to adapt to the local requirements the region. Some demerits of this method includes slower rate of entry, increased risks exposure, politics risks and potential low price as a result of low wage in the region.

Franchising modeFranchising as a mode of foreign entry can be of great significance. In this mode the franchisor gives the franchisee the rights to distribute products in a foreign country. This is usually done using franchisor’s brand and also system with a fee. Franchising can adopt a more complex process which specifies a preferred business format to the franchisee and elaborate on how the franchisee is expected to carry on the business process and also ensure similar customer experience throughout the entire network (Leibsohn 13).. This is evident in the management of McDonalds. The merit of this method is its ability to foster rapid market expansion by optimizing on franchisor’s intellectual property rights. The other gain of this mechanism is the capital and zeal of the operators of a network. The demerit of this method is the loss of company identity, poor development of the company’s brand because it is usually overshadowed by the franchisor’s brand adopted.

RecommendationsThere are several factors that our company needs to consider in order to determine the best method of market entry in the selected market country (France). These factors include; ownership advantage, how will the decision to choose a market entry option affect the ownership of the business? How will the location (the target market) influence the business? Is the market performance in the target country a factor worth considering when selecting an entry mode? Does the company desire to share or maintain its control in the target market? Are the resources of the company (especially financial resources) adequate to sustain a direct market venture or other forms of cost sharing market entry mode will be required. These factors form the basis of our decision making process considering the number of options available for the company to adopt while making its entrance to the target market (Jain 233).

A summary analysis of three major preferred methods of entry will provide further insight to the decision making process which considers the financial position of our company. A direct market entry mode will result in high investment which will lead to high risk/returns as well as higher degree of control to the venture. A joint venture mode of entry will involve fewer investments hence providing a commensurate return, risk and control. Licensing provides low investment mode as a well as low risk/returns but the least in terms of firm control (Osland 153).

With the consideration of the above analysis, since the target market is not well known in terms of its sustainability given the changing trends of customer behavior and the statistical decline of beer consumption by about 1.7 % in the year 2010. It would be sounder for our company to opt for joint venture entry mode. The rationale for this statement is also backed by the financial sustainability need of the company in the event of unsuccessful foreign market entry. Joint venture will alleviate the problem of direct investment that will develop despite giving our company higher control and ownership but in the end bring higher risks of financial losses as a result of resource allocation and centralized decision making which may be based on assumptions or poor understanding of the foreign market (Osland 153).

Joint venture is thus the preferred method of entry as a result of its low commitment of financial resources, higher degree of proprietary knowledge contribution, diverse ideas on product improvement and market venture as well as sharing of cost and risks that may occur in the market failure. Other essential benefits in this mode includes the technology that will be acquired as well as the meeting all the regulations of the government as compared to when the venture is made by a sole venture. More so, the strategic partners will be critical in promoting a common brand that will effectively compete with the market leaders such as amber and Abbaye and other specialty beers. Our company will also ensure to carry out thorough investigations on different partners in order to minimize risks associated with joint venture such as mistrust and openness of the partners (Jain 231). The performance of these partners in the target market (France) will be considered in order to reduce the expenses needed for the marketing process through taking advantage of the already established brand names, trademarks and other essential patents and intellectual property rights that enhances competitiveness of the company.

ConclusionThis report has analyzed France has a country of choice for foreign market analysis. France has been selected because of its strong economical position; its GDP is about US$43, 491. The Purchasing Power Parity of the country is also about 2.5 %. The technological infrastructure in France is also developed as revealed by statistics that shows a growth of 10 % in a span of two years, and is about 68.9 % in the year 2010. This statistical finding provides a basis of enhancing online promotional strategy of our company’s aspect in the market mix. As also noted in the analysis, customer behavior in France has also undergone some changes with customers preferring specialty beers and other brands such as Abbaye as opposed to other local and even imported brands such as Heineken.

The target market has also been identified to be a demographics of ages 18-60 in both genders, this is because of their legal age of drinking beer, their economical strength as well as because they are a majority in the entire 64 million population. The target segments are also indentified as major cities such as Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Differentiated targeting approach and niche-marketing strategy are the key strategies to be used in the region. The advantages and disadvantages of the product portfolio are also discussed in order to demonstrate the strengths and the weaknesses of the adopted strategies. Notable the preferred mode of entry to the selected region is through joint venture because of the financial advantages, low risks, expected high returns, advantage of propri

Free exercises of religion

Name

Institution

Free Exercise of Religion

Law enacted within any country should be constitutional since a country’s constitution is the supreme law of that country. The constitution provides the basis or foundation on which other laws are legislated. If a law fails to uphold the constitution, then the law is considered unconstitutional. Based on the provision of the constitution, various acts of law making can be keenly examined and accepted or rejected. For instance, the congress can enact statutes such as “No person or entity, government or private shall allow or encourage any of the following:

Consumption of any amount of alcohol by a minor as part of a religious service,

Wearing any religious clothing, headwear, religious symbol, or religious jewelry in a public school,

Time off for religious worship by students or teachers during the school or by government employees during regular working hours.”

Such a statute my accepted as constitutional or rejected as unconstitutional depending on the perspective of the constitution one chooses to examine them from. However, since the constitution supports diversity tolerance and promote on activities that do not cause harm to any one; some of the provisions of the above statute may be unconstitutional while others can be accepted as constitutional.

It is a dilemma whether enacting a statute allowing consumption of alcohol by minor as part of religious service should be considered as constitutional or unconstitutional. The constitution guarantees free worship to all citizens, but at the same time allow for the prohibition of alcohol consumption by minors. Ironical, some religious rituals involve consumption of alcohol and my require minors to consume alcohol as part of religious service. Passing a low allowing minors to consume alcohol for religious purposes merely extend to people their right to free worship. Though many may look at this as unconstitutional, and interference with the gains made by prohibiting under age alcohol consumption, it is clear that consumption of alcohol due to religious rituals is not as indulging as the social consumption, which has negative effects such as, addiction and road accidents (Greenawalt, 2009). Consumption for religious rituals is regulated, and the minors are under the observation of adults such as religious leaders and parents. In addition, the statute allowing the consumption may stipulate the amount that can be consumed by the minors. In this regard, the statute is constitutional since the circumstance surrounding the consumption of alcohol grant the minors their religious rights and do not violate the provisions of the statute prohibiting consumption of alcohol by minors.

The second provision the statute allowing wearing any religious clothing, headwear, religious symbol, or religious jewelry in a public school is constitutional. By according citizens free rights to religion, the constitution does not restrict people on what they do their religion unless it undermines that other freedoms of other people. Wearing any religious clothing, headwear, religious symbol, or religious jewelry in a public school does not violet any other persons freedom. Furthermore, the constitution encourages embracing diversity in public places and freedom of expression (Baisden, 2009).

Finally, allowing time off got religious worship by students or teachers during the school or government employees during regular working hours can also be considered constitutional since it allows citizens to enjoy their religious rights. Different religions have different religious holly days and praying or worship hours. If members of a religion are not allowed to pray at their appropriate time, their constitutional right to religious worship is undermined (Haynes & Thomas, 2007). In this regard, it is constitutional to allow time off for religious worship by students or teachers during the school or government employees during regular working hours.

Although, the above provisions may seem to contradict with other statutes that are constitutional, the provisions are equally constitutional. Any contradictions can be ironed out by creating a link between the statutes. All in all, the individual right of worship should never be compromised.

Reference

Baisden, C. (2009). Wearing religious Attire at work: Freedom of expression or Disruption? Respect, Winter 2010, 9(2).

Greenawalt, K. (2009). Religion and the Constitution: Volume I: Free Exercise and Fairness. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press

Haynes, C. C. & Thomas, O. (2007). Finding Common Ground: A Guide to Religious Liberty in Public Schools. Washington D. C: First Amendment Center

Name

Professor

Class

Date

France Business Culture on Communication Structures and Forces

The way people assert words in France is very critical and the same applies to what is said in other languages. People in France greatly appreciate and respect elegance even as they sophisticatedly use their language to present their ideas in inartistic form. The sense of national pride that is alive in their blood makes it hard for them to listen to their language if it is spoken badly. The worst part of it all is when they are presented with poorly written French. In France, a businessman who does not know the language properly would be better off if he speaks in English (Benard 36).

Rules for Investments

The French government came up with rules to regulate foreign investments in the nation in 2005. The laws stipulate that the French government will provide prior approval for foreign investors in the French economy that is likely to harm the national defense interests and public order. This law created three different classes of investors; namely, the EU entities, non-EU entities, and French citizens. In investments by non-EU citizens, the French authorities investigate the nationality of the final managing shareholder. For EU investors, all they need to do is to register their companies in France (Cronin 47).

Capital Strategies

For a country such as France, that has a low rate of entrepreneurship and a high rate of unemployment, the critical capital strategy would be the stimulation of entrepreneurship. However, for almost four decades, a strong elite group referred to as the meritocracy has proscribed France’s economy. This has curtailed the growth and development of foreign investors. The problem has always been put right on the elite groups in France but this has not always been the case. This is because businessmen investing in SMEs are in a position to do well particularly if they invest wisely (Jones 103).

Exit Strategies and Cultural Diffusions

Most investors in France go through numerous struggles when they are starting their businesses. However, they often forget to think about the implications of their decisions in the course of doing business in France. Even those who end up getting much profit forget to have an exit strategy. The worst scenario is where some decide to bleed their businesses dry in an attempt to exit the French market. They do this by ensuring they pay themselves hefty benefits and obtain a big chunk of the businesses’ shares. This in the end ensures that they obtain a large part of the dividends, which they can choose to use according to their preferences. Upon being paid almost ten times more than other shareholders in the business, they decide to live on the income rather than reinvest it. However, the good thinking ones may invest it in another country (Cronin 50).

Spreading of Standards across Cultures

France has been credited for inventing several things. The most notable invention from France is the game of Tennis. The notion of hitting a ball against the wall spread fast and first. It was first adopted by England and then it went to other countries in Europe such as Spain, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and Denmark. The kind of diffusion experienced between these countries has been contagious diffusion (Benard 67). Nowadays the game is played all over the world and has major tournaments in America as well as its incorporation into the Olympics.

Works Cited

Benard, Leon. The emerging city: Paris in the age of Louis XIV:Duke University Press (2010): 34-67. Print.

Cronin,Vincent. Paris: City of light.1919-2010.New York:Harper Collins. (2009): 45-78.Print.

Jones, Colin. Paris: The Biography of a city. New York. Penguin Viking. (2007):102-134. Print