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Fred Tomaselli’s work 

Introduction

Art is an important aspect of human life because of the fact that it adds value to the quality of life and aids in the development of human creativity. It is a natural aspect that is perceived differently by various individuals. Further, it is a feature that has been appreciated since conventional times and can be considered a vital element that aids in the communication of social and cultural ideals, besides having aesthetic values. Most importantly, art has an economic value as the artistic skills and items are sold for financial returns. Modern art has different attributes and assumes varied forms. Painting is often at the core of art as it adds color that enhances the appeal of the object.

Any painting establishes a visual scope that is set with specific rules. Compared to conventional artwork, modern artists can be commended for having superb skills that are exhibited by their high quality products. This can be attributed to their ability to incorporate different skills when developing the same. One such artist whose work has won the hearts on many in the recent past is Fred Tomaselli. Indeed, it can not be disputed that the artist’s mastery of different artistic values is evident in his products. It is against this background that this paper analyzes the works of Fred Tomaselli. Elaborately, it will focus on his aspect of vision, hallucination and transformation.

Fred Tomaselli is an American artist born in 1956, in California. He is particularly popular for his detailed paintings drawn on wood panels which combine an array of unorthodox materials that are suspended in a thick layer of clear resin. Fundamentally, his paintings seek to explore social relationships with regards to altered perception, escapism, immersive reality, and utopian/dystopian belief systems. In the United Kingdom, he is represented by the White Cube and in the USA, the James Cohan Gallery.

Hallucination

Generally, Tomaselli’s paintings are termed as fresh, lively and detailed in a hallucinatory manner. The various components on his paintings vary from pharmaceuticals, street drugs, natural psychotropic substances, collages elements that are originally printed materials and hand painted ornaments. The paintings are coated with resin, and he clutters leaves, paper, pills and paper to present great intergalactic panels. He combines medicinal herbs, prescription pills and hallucinogenic plants with images from magazines such as those of flowers, birds, butterflies, arms, noses and many more.

These characteristics make his products unique and differentiate them from those of other artists. In this regard, Schwabsky contends that it is an indication that he pursues a theme that has not been successfully explored by other artists in the past (83). The painting, After Migrant Fruit Thugs (2008) is a classic illustration of how Fred Tomaselli portrays the hallucinatory visions that seem to radiate from the original work of the same title. In this, he uses silk and gold threads to create two luxurious birds that seem to be in paradise, and are set against a fantastical nocturnal backdrop.

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These are beautifully worked out into patterns spread over the surface of the painting to bring out a sense of a beautiful virus or growth. A remarkable work of Tomaselli is the Organism of 2005. The painting depicts a man with transparent skin plunging into crystal chaos of stars, spider webs and fractured mandals. This piece of art seems to bring out the human transition term as difficult between meat and mental ecstasy.

Organism, 2005

Vision

Vision is an important artistic aspect that is equally given preference by Tomasseli. In this regard, he employs a host of different artistic features to create this impact. For instance, he artistically uses different types of lines to ascertain different features of a given piece of art. Thus he succeeds in presenting to the audience a comprehensive piece of art that is characterized by intricate and harmonic features that can easily be understood by the audience. Coupled with a distinctive use of color, it can be argued that Tomasseli presents to the audience images that have exemplary features.

As indicated earlier, most of his art works tend to be engrossed in resin. However, it is worth noting that there are no specific guidelines with which he uses in developing these. Thus in most instances, he mixes this up, at times using multiple layers of collagen and changing the location of leaves. Further, he in some cases uses paint beneath the collagen and vice versa. This often has differtn effects on the audience but essentially, it puts them in a state of uncertainty; in that they are unable to identify the distinctive style that the artist employs in his work.

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Tomasseli: Use of Lines and Color and different textures to create visual Impact

In his review, Ayers also cites that Tomasseli employs different patterns of newspapers not only to create a specific texture but also to achieve a specific visual effect. This is an evident feature in most of his artworks and has been successful in creating a desired effect. Further, Rondeau indicates that his use of patterned newspapers is a sustainable way of conserving the resources that could have otherwise been employed in creating respective patterns.

In his personal view, Tomaselli contends that his paintings are windows into a surreal and hallucinatory world (93). He further incorporates allegorical figures such as in the untitled painting of 2000 where he borrows figures of Adam and Eve from Masaccio’ Expulsion. Another illustration is the Field Guides (2003) where he creates his version of the grim reaper. The figures in these paintings are described in an anatomic way such that the organs and veins are outwardly exposed like in a scientific drawing. Thus at this juncture, it can be argued that his mixture of themes culminates in rich pieces of art that are appealing to different viewers.

Tomaselli explores the relationship between nature and man and therefore depicts archetypal forms through the materials, color and pattern that he uses. This means that he is connected to various artistic and literary aspects of romance and wilderness. His paintings portray an aspect of spirituality and personal transformation that is connected to an immersion which may be either communal or individual in nature. Basically, his paintings are symbolic and humble and are aimed at creating spiritual correspondences (Schjeldahl, 97).

Another painting, The Big Bird (2004) on an overall general visual aspect, is a colorful exotic bird species that is perched upon the branch of a tree against a star-filled sky. His employment of color in this respect can be considered to effective as it clearly highlights the two varying environments within which the bird is situated. On a closer look, the bird is a representation of hybrid parts with its body constitution swarms of tiny flowers, eyes and beaks.

Use of color in this regard plays a critical role of clarifying the minute details that could have otherwise been overlooked. The overall aspect of this painting is unsettling as the bird seems to lie in between the natural wonder and mutant monster. The Big Bird appears to be a confirmation of Tomaselli’s work of shaping of nature which is defined by infection, pathology, pain and pollution. In this, Tomaselli also used different colors to invoke a feeling of texture too. This is important as it helps the viewer to make a clear differentiation between the different parts of the body and the environment within which it s situated.

The Big Bird, 2004

Transformation

Tomasseli also explores the concept of transformation in his artwork. Essentially, this seeks to provide the viewers with fundamental lessons with regard to social and spiritual values. In addition, transformation is informative as it teaches the society about the repurcussions of various events and actvities. Thus it can be used as a way of forwarning the same about activities that are likely to have far reaching implications on their holistic wellfare. With regard to Tomassells work, he employs transfornation to nform the society bout the historical events tha tinfluence the chriatian ideals that are revered by the same.

In their review, Barry and Heldi ascertain that Tomasseli uses human paintings to illustrate the concept of transformation (49). In particular, in his Expulsion, he depicts Adam and Eve being banished from the biblical garden of Eden. The garden in this regard is represented by a figure of a Mandala that is filled with pills and matter that are organic in nature. These features are also employed n his other artistic works like Airborne event as well as the Mellnium Phosphene Bloom. The inherent transformation have a lasting effect on the feelings of the audience as it evokes feelings of both pain and beauty.

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Tomasselli’s Expulsion

Apart from exploring the concept of transformation in his artwork, Tomasseli also presents some concepts of transfiguration. This implies that he is spiritual and it can be posited that he perceives spirituality in high regard too. A classic illustration of this is his Field Guides, 2003. In this, a man is presented hoeing mushrooms. Typically, this is not a something that is cultivated and is therefore compounded by certain strangeness (Barry & Heldi 46). Seemingly, the head of the man is depicted being transformed in to butterflies that are horn-shaped. Studies cite that this is a portrayal of the aspect of transformation.

Conclusion

Art is a very important medium of expression one’s thoughts, ideas as well as preserving one’s culture. Currently, it presents a viable option through which persons improve their economic wellbeing. As it has come out from the review, Tomasseli succeeds in mainstreaming in his work fundamental aspects pertaining to hallucination, vision and transformation. His distinctive use of different lines, shapes, color and other forms of art plays a fundamental decorative function. Furthermore, it enables him to present to the audience a wide range of ideas in a single piece of work. At this juncture, it can be concluded that his exploration of artistic forms and different concepts is indeed exemplary.

Works Cited

Barry, Schwabsky. Paintings. London: White Cube, 2007

Fred Tomaselli. White Cube gallery Retrieved 18th April, 2010, from: < HYPERLINK “http://www.whitecube.com/artists/tomaselli” http://www.whitecube.com/artists/tomaselli>

Ian, Barry and Heldi Jacobson. Fred Tomaselli. USA: DelMonico Books.

James, Rondeau. “Interviewing Fred Tomaselli” in Fred Tomaselli, USA: Galerie Gebauer, 1999.

Peter, Schjeldahl. “Street Value,” The Village Voice, 6 (1997): p. 97.

Robert, Ayers (October 20, 2006), HYPERLINK “http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22791/fred-tomaselli/” Fred Tomaselli, ARTINFO, Retrieved 18th April, 2010, from: HYPERLINK “http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22791/fred-tomaselli/” http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22791/fred-tomaselli/

Running Head: Fourth Amendments’ Arrests and Stops 

Fourth Amendments’ Arrests and Stops

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Introduction

The 4th Amendment forms the legal basis for determining how, when and where searches and seizures should be carried out by the authorities. Under the Arrests and Stops, the police officers are required to obtain warrants where necessary, though non court sanctioned arrests may be made under reasonable suspicion. Any of process of search and arrest should thus by guide by probable cause as well as limitation to the extent to which a search can be carried out. These stipulations can be illustrated by looking at such cases as United States v. Watson, Chimel v. California, and Terry v. Ohio.

United States v. Watson

Citation

United States v. Watson, Supreme Court of United States (1976)

The facts

Material facts

In the case, a postal inspector was tipped by an informant on how to get the person who stole cards. Upon alerting the inspector, the two colluded to have the informant meet the defendant at a restaurant and signal the officer upon confirming that the case was indeed true. Based on the signal, the defendant, Watson, was arrested and his car searched, after which two cards were recovered from his car.

Legal facts

In the case, the court was to determine the legality of the arrest

The holding

The court’s ruling affirmed the officer’s action. As such, the arrest was deemed legal and within the law.

Legal rationale

The legal argument of the court was that in such a case, the officer relied on the provisions and principles of probable cause. Based on the stipulations of common law and the laws of the US, a postal officer or equivalent is entitled to carry out arrest in case of a felony. Such an arrest can be made if the officer witnessed the felon carry out the illegal act or if he can reasonable belief that a felony has been committed by the accused.

Conclusion

The outcome of the case calls for a broad based view of such cases and the roles of peace officers with respect to enforcement of laws.

Chimel v. California

Citation

Chimel v. California, U.S. Supreme Court; 395 U.S. 752 (1969)

The facts

Material facts

Based on an arrest warrant, officers went to Chimel’s house to execute the order. As a burglary suspect, the police went ahead and searched the house to check if he had stolen materials. In the process, a number of items were obtained in the house and late used as court exhibits. In the process, the accused was convicted.

Legal facts

The legal issue was to deduce the legality of the officers’ search given that they only had an arrest warrant.

The holding

The Supreme Court held that the search was unconstitutional under the 4th amendment.

Legal rationale

Basing its opinion on the principle of ‘incident to arrest’, the court argued that the search act was not reasonable. The law requires that application of the principle be within an area within control of the accused. Specifically, the police are not allowed to carry out a comprehensive search as they did without proper / legal authority. A search warrant could have therefore been sought by the police together with the arrest warrant.

Conclusion

In the case, it is evident that an arrest warrant does not entitle the police to carry out a house search. This would entail abuse of police authority and the legal instrument given by the court

Terry v. Ohio

Citation

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)

The facts

Material facts

In Terry v. Ohio, a police officer observed two men behaving strangely as they inspecting or surveying a store and conferring with each other. The suspects could peep into a store’s window alternatively and talk to each other before being joined by another who would disappear speedily after a brief exchange. The officer then confronted the men and when he enquired about their identities, one only mumbled, promoting the officer to search them. In the process, a pistol was discovered from them and they were arrested.

Legal facts

In the case, the court was to determine the legality of the use of the recovered weapon as court evidence. In line with the 4th amendment, the court was to establish whether or not the police acted reasonably within the law. In determination if the legal facts that arose relate to whether probable cause and search principles were legally applied in the process of arrest.

The holding

The court held that the officer acted within the law and the very spirit of the 4th amendment.

Legal rationale

This is because he carried out limited search on the suspect. Though probable cause may be absent in certain situations, an officer can actually carry out search if in his reasoning the suspect might be having dangerous weapons that may be used to assault him or her or the public.

Conclusion

The case outlines the need for the police officers to avoid unnecessary risks in the course of their duty/duties. As such, one should be reasonable when he observes a strange act and instigate a follow up. When such a situation arises there is need for the officers to be on the look out for a possible criminal act while at the same time taking care not to risk their lives and public safety by searching the suspects of any dangerous weapons.

Application of Fourth Amendment

In the United States vs. Watson, the Supreme Court relied on the provisions of the 4th amendment to determine the case. Based on the amendment, the lower courts decision was reversed for narrow and restrictive interpretation of the 4th amendment.

The 4th amendment as envisioned in the disposition of the cases can be described as one of the best legal instruments that promotes adherence to the rule of law and respect of human rights. For example, the case of Chimel v. California emphasizes need for respect for individual right to privacy and protection by the law. The architects of the amendment must have been driven by the need to refine the laws so that ‘an incident to arrest’ may not be abused by the police. As such, the role of warrants and need to differentiate between a search and an arrest warrant come into play. The amendment, also emphasizes the significance of probable cause and incident of arrest so that the police do not use excessive force or abuse their powers in the process of law enforcement. In United States v. Watson , the officer’s decision to search the car did not arise as a result of an illegal arrest . As such, the court argued that under reasonable situation and existence of reasonable degree of suspicion, it is not mandatory that an arrest warrant be obtained first before an officer can act. Conversely, a warrant less arrest can be executed and the conviction of such a crime by let to stand in court of law. In Terry v. Ohio, the probable cause and reasonable suspicion issues clearly come out. It is evident that a police is justified to carry out a search on an individual even without a warrant as the suspect may be armed and in the process harm him or her. As such the principle of probable cause does not apply in this case. However the nature of the officer’s action must be guided by reasonable suspicion that is devoid of malice. For example, by continuously peeping through the window and coffering, the police had a reasonable ground for suspicion of the intention of the men on the street. At the same time, the search needs to be carefully applied with limit. As such reasonable suspicion gives ground for frisking by a police officer.

In conclusion, United States v. Watson, Chimel v. California, and Terry v. Ohio cases point out the fact that human right need to be observed at al times so that the requirements of the 4th amendment are legally taken into account. As such, the officers need to carry out limited search if they are convinced that probable cause exists. However, the absence of the same as well as a warrant , under reasonable suspicion can prompt a stop and frisk or limited search situation.

References

Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969) Retrieved July 20, 2010, from

http://supreme.justia.com/us/395/752/case.html The Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics (n.d.). Retrieved July 20, 2010, from

http://www.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/cje/html/policeethics.html

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) [Electronic version]. Retrieved September 3, 2008, from

http://supreme.justia.com/us/392/1/case.html United States v. Watson , 423 U.S. 411 (1975). Retrieved July 20, 2010, from

http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0423_0411_ZS.html

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Frederick Douglass, The struggle against slavery

The struggle against slavery is one that will forever be entrenched amongst the significant movements in the history of the United States of America. One of the key figures in this struggle against slavery was Frederick Douglass. Douglass’ found himself born into slavery and his reaction, like most of those before him, was one of rebellion. The difference, in the case of Douglass, was that his rebellion was an active one, and it spanned his whole lifetime, long after the end of slavery in 1862. Frederick Douglass’ story aptly captures the story of slavery and highlights the difficulties slaves encountered in their quest for freedom as well as the prevailing racism conditions that served to perpetuate the menace. In addition, the story also highlights the main motivations and reasons behind the drive for the maintenance of slavery in the south years after it the slave trade had been abolished in other parts of the world, while at the same time highlighting the reasons why slavery was still able to thrive long after the end of the international slave trade.

Douglass narrates his story through which he highlights the predicament most slaves found themselves in. Not only were they overworked, but they did so under very poor conditions. The living situation they were accorded in terms of bedding and shelter, as well as clothing were non-existent, with those who broke any rules being punished severely, at times even fatally. Douglass himself does not really work in the plantation as he is a child and therefore does not really bear the brunt of this mistreatment, the fact that he is sold to a more liberal household; the Auld’s, serves to provide a stark contrast that depicts the suffering of plantation slaves in an even darker light. Through learning to read, Douglass becomes more and more aware of the evils of slavery as well as of the existence of a law abolishing slavery, a discovery that motivates his escape to the North. His return to serve under Auld, and consequently Covey, highlights the exact mentality of most slaves at the time, as Douglass loses his interest in reading as well as in the concept of freedom, as he is constantly tired from the injuries he receives as well as all the work he has to do. He however rebels and thereafter is rented to Freeland, who after discovering of his intention to escape sends him back to Baltimore. These are just but a few of the instances described by Douglass in his book, that highlight his rebellion towards slavery, perhaps epitomized not by his escape attempts but by his 2 hour fight with Covey.

This incident in particular is quite significant if looked at in the context of the struggle against slavery, as it indicated that with the right mentality, it was possible for slaves to achieve their much sought after freedom. The story of his encounters with Covey also highlights the manner through which the institution of slavery slowly but inevitably breaks down any resolve that the slaves might have thus allowing the unfair practice of slavery to continue to thrive, while reducing any chances that slaves might rebel. These narrations by Douglass of his encounters and initial escape highlight the importance of education to the struggle for the end of slavery, as a number of slaves were not even aware of the existence of an act abolishing slavery in the North, not to mention of the existence of free blacks.

The story of his final escape to New York, denoted the importance of finances in the struggle for freedom, as only after earning his own income, is he able to emancipate himself from the clutches of Hugh Auld, and escape to New York. The experiences of Douglass during his time in Baltimore, also highlight some of the underlying reasons for the continued practice of slavery in the United States despite the existence of laws against slavery. These experiences also highlight the strained nature of relations between whites and blacks at the time, a situation that also seems to affect free blacks, who even though free, are not fully free, as the wages they earn are not at par with their white colleagues. In fact, through Douglass’ account of events, it is deductible that part of the reason for the resistance against the struggle for freedom for African Americans, was the fear that allowing blacks to be free and to be able to tend to jobs, would significantly reduce the employment opportunities available to whites.

Frederick Douglass’ rebellion stories formed a significant part of his campaigns against slavery, as using his impeccable oratory and writing skills, he was able to motivate other slaves to rise above their situation, thus encouraging the struggle for freedom as well as leading to the emancipation of a number of slaves. Not only were his stories motivating for other slaves, but he was also able to influence authorities, in a way contributing significantly to the complete abolition of slavery in the United States.

FoxMayer Case

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Institution

One of the key actions taken by the management of FoxMeyer was poorly selecting the software for its needs. The SAP R /3 software was not flexible with the requirements of the company since it was initially designed for manufacturing companies and not wholesalers that were engaged in handling vast number of transactions. The management failed in the selection of the software since the R /3 software was only capable of handling 10,000 transactions in a day while the legacy system could handle 420,000 transactions in a day (Vaman, 2007). Therefore, choosing to implement the R /3 software was a management failure. The management of FoxMeyer did not have contingency planning on how it could deal with changes experienced in the business operations. For instance, a chief customer of the company became declared bankrupt shortly after the company launched SAP (Scott, n.d). The management also failed to involve end users; there was a communication gap since the management used a top-down approach in planning the project.

Besides, the management failed to have sufficient testing of the SAP R /3 before its implementation. The management rushed in implementing the project, which implies that some modules testing was skipped. The R /3 system did not have proper testing so as to determine any shortcomings in handling a vast number of transactions; there was insufficient time in debugging the system in order to determine its functionality with the company’s needs. In addition, the management had poor support for the SAP R /3 system. Originally, the management were extremely committed and supportive to the project; however, after the commencement of the project implementation, the management became reluctant in acknowledging the problems associated with the project; the management failed in recognizing the resources and timelines needed in the implementation of the SAP R /3 project.

The managers of FoxMeyer missed various key opportunities that could have led to the success of the company in selecting and implementation of an IT-project. The managers of the company failed to have a successful software selection. The managers should have engaged different technical specialists in understanding how different software functions through comparing the needs of the company and the various pros and cons of different software. Rather than considering the advice of a single software consultant, the managers should have involved different consultants in order to know, which software would be beneficial to the company (McKeen & Smith, 2007). On the same note, the managers missed to have testing of the software that they implemented; software testing could be helpful in making the managers make up their mind on which software could match the company’s needs.

The managers also missed an opportunity of developing a contingency plan. The managers should have developed a contingency plan of how to ensure survival in case the system failed. This could have helped in saving the company when the system did not work. Besides, the managers of the company missed the opportunity of engaging all the stakeholders, which could have involved customers of the company and end users. The involvement of all stakeholders could have assisted in analyzing the various opinions of stakeholders in the initial stages of the project (Robinson & Kalakota, 2000). In addition, the managers of the company missed an opportunity of monitoring the project thoroughly. A close monitoring of the project could have helped the managers detect related costs and benefits of the project at an early stage (Brown et al, 2012).

References

Brown, V.C, Dehayes, W.D., Hoffer, A.J., Martin, E.W. & Perkins, C.W. (2012). Managing Information Technology (7th Edition). New York: Prentice Hall.

McKeen, J.D & Smith, H.A. (2007, June). “Delivering IT Functions: A decision Framework.” Communications of the Association for Information Systems. Vol. 19 (35).

Robinson, M., & Kalakota, R. (2000). E-business 2.0: Roadmap for success. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Scott, E.J. (n.d). The FoxMeyer Drug’s Bankruptcy: Was it a Failure of ERP? The university of Texas at Austin.

Vaman, J. N. (2007). ERP in practice: ERP strategies for steering organizational competence and competitive advantage. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.

Fredonia Community Health Centre

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Institution

Fredonia Community Health Centre (SWOT Analysis)

This is the process used in evaluating internal weakness and strength of an organisation while at the same time focusing on external threats and opportunities that may have an influence in an organisation like patients, economic issues and political. Assessment of external and internal environments is an essential part in strategic planning process. The SWOT analysis gives helpful information in matching the organisation’s resources, and abilities to compete well in its environment hence it is advisable for this organisation to consider this marketing plan.

Internal factors

This are factors that the organisation has control over them.

Strength

The management should first evaluate the strengths of the organisation in terms of location, products, staff, patient loyalty, processes service delivery, and organisational structure in comparison to their competitors. For instance, they should take advantage of the grant to offer quality services at cheaper prices than their competitor to attract people from the community. If happen to provide same patient loyalty with their rival, then this cannot be considered as strength. Nevertheless, if the organisation has higher qualified staff than its competitor, then this is considered as strength.

Weaknesses

The management need to assess and identify any area of proficiency missing in the organisation. This may include inadequate qualified staff, use of inferior technology and services offered, bureaucratic management, poor location, overdependence on the federal government and high fixed costs among others. It is advised that they acquire outside opinions on what their weakness are as their observations may not always agree with actuality. According to Berry, these areas need to be improved in order to compete well with competitor. The SWOT will be useful for their evaluation when they accurately identify their weakness.

External factors

These are factors beyond the organisation’s control.

Opportunities

The next step required by the management is to assess the opportunities. Competitors’ misfortune, like not providing standard health services, gives the management a room to perform better. This may be as a result of technological changes, like in the case where the federal government has offered a grant to improve; the technological services, equipments and transportation services in the organisation. The grant also offers an opportunity to the organisation to provide subsidized services given that the community is from the middle-class.

Threats

The management need to evaluate the potential threats to the organisation. This includes aspects beyond the organisation influence that can place its existence in jeopardy. These threats include; change in technology, socio-political policies and arrival of a new competitor among others. For instance, the organisation may lack market since the community surrounding it is from the middle class, and they may be unable to meet the prices of the health services offered. Some threats are tangible while other may be mere speculations that lead to nothing, but still they add meaning to the SWOT analysis. It is advised to categorize the threats basing on their; “probability of occurrence” and “seriousness.”

Lastly, this SWOT analysis will enable will enable the organisation to utilize the grant more efficiently to meet the community demands and eliminate unnecessary wastage of funds.

A & C Black Publisher Ltd. (2006) Analyzing Your Business’s Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bnet/Analyzing_Your_Business.pdf” http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bnet/Analyzing_Your_Business.pdf

Berry Tim. (2008). Business Plan Help & Small Business Articles. How to Perform SWOT Analysis. Retrieved from http://articles.bplans.com/business/how-to-perform-swot-analysis/116.

Forms of Renewable Energy

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Abstract

Energy is a critical component in human existence. People derive energy from varied sources through burning of fossil fuels-coal as well as use of utilization of radioactive elements. The former is widely employed in a number of nations globally and is almost the dominant form of energy. It is easily accessible with no complex use of technologies in harnessing. However, it is a high degree of pollution. It releases a high percentage of unwanted gases to the atmosphere hence contributing to global warming. Furthermore, there is only a small percentage of useful energy extracted from them. It is established that not more than fifty percent of energy get utilized properly. The later despite its high efficiency, it is prone to leakage of radioactive substance to the atmosphere. As a result, greener forms of energy prove to be the only answer to the problems encountered. The paper looks at the five forms of energy that when employed will provide plenty of energy with no harm to the environment.

1.0 Solar

Sun is in plenty and the planet gets enough exposure except in the northern and southern regions where sun exposure is only in hours or not at all. Scientists describe the sun as a star that react through fusion and has been burning for many years. Additionally, a day exposure of this form of energy is enough to supply the present population for a period of twenty seven years. The radiation heating the planet in three days can be equated to the fossil fuels present in the planet. It implies that the sun has enough and adequate energy (Cothran, & Helen, 2002).

The procedure of harnessing the sun is a new idea not fully exploited. Clarence Kemp acquired a US patent for novel invention in 1891 for creation of the thermal solar collector. Its utilization was in the cooking food as well as heating water. In 1839, the use of photo voltaic effect got unveiled by Edmund Becquerrel. Since then, many improvements on the technology went on growing.The evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture, solar photovoltaic, and artificial photosynthesis gets employed in harnessing this form of energy. They get categorized as passive as well as active technologies. Active form of harnessing is widely employed where solar panels get utilized so as to harness thermal power and convert it to the need form for use (Glassley, & William, 2010).

The International Energy Agency in 2011 asserted that the growth of inexpensive, vast and spotless solar-energy technologies is going to have big longer-term advantages. It is going to augment nations’ energy safety via dependence on a native, in-exhaustible and typically import-independent resource, increase sustainability, lessen pollution, decrease the price of mitigating climate change, and hold fossil fuel charges down. These benefits are comprehensive and encompass clean pollution free, high efficiency, reliable, and abundant. Therefore the extra costs of the encouragements for placement have to be taken into account and advocacy on the adoption of this type of energy is mandatory as it is in plenty especially in arid and semi-arid areas where it does not allow any viable activity undertaken (Cothran, & Helen, 2002).

2.0 Wind energy

Wind is a wave that carries with it enormous amount of energy and its discovery started long time with the use of wind mills to drive windmills. A windmill derives energy from wind and gets employed for pumping water, grinding serials etc. Wind in major places comes as a catastrophe causing havoc to the environment. Tapping it can be an alternative way of harnessing its potential. The technology employed heavy plates but technology revolutionized everything until now when lighter plates are possible. Beside the uses stated above, electricity is as well generated from wind turbines. It is possible through letting the plates rotate a turbine that in return generate electricity. The turbines act like propellers that propel a shaft of a turbine which in turn generate electricity (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).

Currently, there are numerous turbine globally with a capacity estimated as 282,482 MW of electricity as at the end of the year 2012. The figure quadrupled since 2000 and 2006 implying that it adoption is spreading and people are embracing wind as alternate source of energy. By 2013, the nameplate capacity was 318 GW in approximation. Decentralization of electricity is the major concern for every nation. Due to its fastest growing familiarity of the use of wind as an alternative source of energy, the dramatic step calls for major developments. Europe and North America are some of the countries setting the pace for wind energy adoption. There has been increase in capacity and the estimation is 1000 MW in a global scale. According to the America Energy association, it amount to sixteen billion kilowatt hours of electricity. It is the energy that can supply five cities like Miami. In the US, wind energy supply roughly 20% of electricity to the main grid in the national level (Glassley, & William, 2010).

The reduction on the reliance of oil is essential the health of all human beings as well as the ecosystem. Wind energy is a viable option that can ameliorate the predicament. Studies indicate that the three billion in kilowatts produced in America yearly is enough to displace approximately 6.4 million of oils in terms of barrels. It eliminates an estimated amount of 1.67 tons of the carbon emission comprising of nitrogen oxide as well as sulfur known for causing acid rain and smog. Therefore, as a large number of people adopt wind energy, carbon emission gets drastically reduced. The figures is a sure way that global warming can get eradicated completely if people go for alternative sources of energy making the planet a good place for the present as well as future generation (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).

3.0 Hydropower

Water that is not stationary presents a strong entity responsible for creating electricity for cities as well as big cities. The early invention began in Greece where water wheel s gets employed as a way of rotating a wheel. The mechanism converted the kinetic energy into potential energy. The resultant energy gets utilized in grinding serials as well as pumping water. It later went as far as utilizing in power machines for cutting timber in factories. In 1879, the first water powered electric plant was in Niagara-falls. Water falling down from a fall gets directed to turn a turbine linking a generator. Water can get tapped in waterfalls or in man-made waterfalls-dams. When water gets collected in a reservoir it has the potential of producing huge amount of electricity. The principal behind the working is that a generator has permanent magnets. When a rotating magnetic field is under a stationary core, electricity gets induced. It is the induced electro-motive force that electricity gets generated. Once realized, it passes through transmission lines to the customer. Stepping up and stepping down is a way of making generated electricity reach to the end user sufficiently (Smith et al, 2008). 

Hydropower is cheap, clean, reliable, and convenient. It is cheap in the sense that it does not involve a lot of complex methods in generation hence the cost present to the client per consumed power is affordable. In terms of cleanliness, it does not produce any carbon to the environment, and as long as water is enough, it always available. The convenience comes with regulation of generation. The amount of power gets generated depending on the number of customers subscribed on the line. As a result of the benefits accrued, the form of energy occupies approximately 97% of all the alternative renewable sources of energy. It implies that its adoption and utilization is widespread turning out to be a leading renewable source of energy. The utilization of this form of energy eliminates the burning of approximately 120 million of coal as well as 22 billion of oil. Conversely, the major drawback is that the construction of a dam calls for a high place. Topography is a challenge. Also, it requires displacement of the population so as to have enough ground for dam construction. In case of flooding, people living around the dam have to relocate to safe sites. Despite the challenges experienced, hydropower is still the most favored form of greener energy globally (Ravindranath, & Hall, 1995). 

4.0 Biomass

Biomass in biological terms refers to organic material containing stored energy via photosynthesis process. The forms that exist are in pants and can undergo various chains in the bodies of animals together with their wastes. It can undergo conversion for use in daily processes as combustion liberating carbon dioxide in living matter. The biomass fuels utilized presently are in form of dried vegetation, wood, aquatic plants, and even crop remains. Over the last decade the use of biomass has come to be the dominant form of energy employed in many homes. The form of energy is in plenty and a number of people are ignorant of its presents not realizing its affordability, cleanliness, efficiency, and cheap in terms of cost of setting up as well as operation. The compounds of photosynthesis in plants are in mass amounts. People dispose the residues of plants and animals with on knowledge that its transformation can generate vast amount of clean energy (Smith et al, 2008). 

Even though the definition of sustainable generation of electricity proves to be a difficult task, biomass definition can broadly span through to forest timber, solid waste from municipal, and landfill among many. For it to be green environmental form of energy, biomass must get burned without emission of pollution gases. There is need for caution in the process of burning methane gas produced by landfills. It is due to the fact that methane if not harnessed well is not environmentally friendly gas (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).

The use of biomass causes drastic reduction in the use of fossil fuels by a greater percentage. Despite the disruptive nature of vegetation in quest for biomass, caution has to be put into consideration not to destroy nature for biomass. Residues must only come from wasted by-products. There is need to apply technological means so as to harness this form of energy. The new methods are going to permit energy tapping that is not polluting the environment, efficient, and very economical in the current financial turmoil (Kreis, & Steven, 2001). 

5.0 Geothermal

Geologist assert that the internal core of the earth contain immense heat. When the earth encounters some tectonic movement, the intense heat will find escape roots and come out as jets of steam. It is the steam that can get exploited as a form of energy. Along the rift valley and areas where Fold Mountains occurred experiences steam release inform of jets such as the lake Bogoria, and Olkaria in Kenya. The Kenyan government is now investing heavily (Ravindranath, & Hall, 1995). 

The occurrence of geothermal can be in two forms. First is that the intense heat as a result of molten magma near the surface can heat water in that level forcing jets of steam to be produced such as geysers. Secondly is that there can be a natural occurrence of water that can be easily tapped for generation of energy. Once the steam is tapped, it gets channel to run turbines that in turn move turbines just as in hydropower (Fthenakis, & Kim, 2009).

The geothermal power is very clean, cheap, efficient, and reliable. However, it is prone to decline. For instance, the geothermal facility at North California that was the first to geothermal plant established in 1905s, but it decline in 1980. It is proves that there is a time when the heating of the magma will reduce. Therefore the form of energy cannot be sustainable in the long run. It depends on the geographical location and the processes taking place in the earth’s crust. Irrespective of the disadvantage, it is still a viable source of energy needing a lot of exploitation (Cothran, & Helen, 2002).

Conclusion

The global warming attributed to the release of carbon constituents to the ozone layer can get eliminated and the earth rescued from the predicament. One of the promising methods is to adopt alternative renewable sources of energy that are sustainable in the long term. The five forms of renewable sources of power enumerated are the options that nations of the world must advocate for through policy aligning and support. Hydropower and solar energy are the most viable forms of energy with a lot of benefits with fewer disadvantages followed by wind energy, geothermal and lastly biomass form of energy. The ranking depend on the most adopted with minimal challenges.

References

Cothran, Helen (2002), Energy Alternatives, Greenhaven Press

Fthenakis, V.; Kim, H. C. (2009). “Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle

analysis”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (6–7): 1465.

Glassley, William E. (2010). Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, CRC

Press

Smith, Zachary Alden; Taylor, Katrina D. (2008). Renewable And Alternative Energy Resources:

A Reference Handbook

Ravindranath, N. H., & Hall, D. O. (1995). Biomass, energy and environment: a developing

country perspective from India. Oxford University Press.

Kreis, Steven (2001). “The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England”. The history guide.

Retrieved 19 June 2010

Statement of Purpose

My academic and professional achievements have been characterized by hard work and continuous effort. Just like in a race, I have thrived to reach the finish line by preparing myself well in advance and equipping myself with the required skills and knowledge. To this point, I can say that I can see the finish line but I still have to instill the final debonair attempt to avoid those who are behind me from crossing the line ahead of me. To do this, I have to push my self beyond but not past the elastic limit. This is the reason behind my interest in joining Masters of Science in Medical Informatics.

I believe that I am by all ways among the smartest people. This has been propelled by my quest for excellence and my never dying eagerness to defy my ultimate frontier. In my previous education, these qualities have made it possible for me to realize self-transcendence. Whether in my undergraduate studies in B.A. Psychology or my Masters in Business Administration or Ph.D. Business Administration; all undertaken in the most recognized universities, have all been achieved from end to end through strong self-discipline and perseverance. I believe that life is designed like a journey and my application at Northwestern University School of Continuing Studies will propel me to greater heights.

My professional journey has helped me gather the most competitive talents in the country. From all the awards of performance, team building contest and presidents’ Club Winner attained at Pharmaceutical Company (Fortune 500) in 2003 and 2004, to the position as the Regional Sales Manager in the same company and later the Senior District Sales Manager, have helped me grow and expand my team spirit, individual accountability and critical thinking. I later worked as Senior Director of Sales and Marketing in Marketing Company and it is here that my interrelation skills have been sharpened. My current position as the Vice President Customer Relations Technology in an Internet Company has made me competitive and has enhanced my basic skills in Microsoft Office, Microsoft CRM, Adobe Acrobat, Lotus 1, 2, 3 among others (Kindly refer to my resume for comprehensive information).

The old proverb goes “All work and no play make Jack a dull boy”. In my quest for attainment of my academic and professional goals I have also engaged myself in extracurricular activities. I was once the public speaker in National Organization for Women, Elected delegate and Elected Chairman for a National Political Party and also a Developer –Community Outreach Program at St. Francis Memorial Hospital. These roles have helped me realize the importance of teamwork, interrelation skills, and managerial skills. These skills are undoubtedly going to be important in my future studying and practicing Medical Informatics.

The motivation behind my decision to take up the Online Master of Science in Medical Informatics at Northwestern University School of Continuing Studies lies behind the integration of my psychology background to the exposure I have had in the Internet Company. Medical Informatics is a field of study that links health and the use of information technology, in such a way that patient care and records are monitored electronically. Northwestern University School of Continuing Studies is a university in the United States that is attributed to best graduates in the world and is well known for its superior scholarly culture. It is also a renowned, eminent, veteran, high-ranking and a university that equips its students with leadership skills.

Employment in the Medical Informatics field according to research is also bound to augment by a significant 18% through to the year 2016. It will expand my demand as a medical informatics proficient in healthcare management, clinical IT Leadership and research related organizations.

In seeking to attain the most that life can offer, I believe that concurring different hurdles and setting new goals to be attained are involved. My quest for further education is one of my new set hurdles. By undertaking my studies at Northwestern University School of Continuing Studies for Master in Medical Informatics will put me ahead of my challengers and what better way to do it than to enroll into a university of factual world stature.

Fossil Records

Name

Institution

Fossil Records

It is often difficult to find complete fossil records because of the environmental and geological processes that affect the process of fossilization. The hard parts of an organism such as teeth, bones, and shells do not decay unlike the soft parts that rot naturally. However, in rare instances, soft parts can be fossilized if the organism is buried in oxygen-free sediment soon after dying before the decaying process begins. Over time, sediments cover the hard parts and mineralization occurs (Stephen, 2009). Minerals such as silica, pyrites or calcite that crystallize out of the water in the sediment usually replace the parts through compression.

The fossils formed are subjected to harsh geological processes such as erosion and subduction, and excessive pressure and heat. In turn, these conditions destroy the formed fossils reducing their chances of survival. Fossil records comprise of the fossils that have survived the harsh conditions and should be present at a location being explored by people for them to be found. In addition, the explorers surveying the possible locations of the fossils should be able to identify the fossils found. Fossil records are usually incomplete because there are few entries of fossils since the majority of the dead organisms do not survive to form fossils. Moreover, other existing fossils have not been unearthed and identified for them to be entered into the fossil records. These factors account for the incomplete fossil records (Stephen, 2009).

Despite the fact that fossil records are incomplete, their importance is indispensable. Taxonomists rely on fossil records in identifying the phylogeny or evolutionary past of an organism. They usually utilize the available data to place an organism in various taxa depending on similar molecular and anatomical characteristics provided by the data entered in the fossil records.

Reference

Stephen, D. (2009). The fossil record – the prodigal son returns. Charles Darwin & Evolution. Retrieved on 6 Oct. 2013 from http://darwin200.christs.cam.ac.uk/pages/index.php?page_id=f7

Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE)

NameInstitution

The FIRE (Foundation for Individual Rights in Education) is a non-profit making organization that was founded by 1999 in the United States. The organization focused on the civil liberties mainly in academic and learning institutions in the United States. The primary goal of FIRE is “to sustain and defend individual rights and freedoms at America’s universities and colleges,” including individual rights to “legal equality, religious liberty, sanctity of one’s conscience- an essential individual dignity and liberty quality, freedom to speech, and due process” ( HYPERLINK “http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/123.html” Columbia University Unable to Defend Policy in Public, 2001). America’s universities and colleges are theoretically described as the institutions that are essential in developing critical and intellectual minds and furthering of core liberty values, legal equality, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. Unfortunately, these learning institutions have become the barriers to these fundamental pursuits and qualities by denying the faculty and students their voices, individual humanity, and their fundamental rights and freedoms as constitutionally granted. The universities and colleges therefore advocate for legal inequality, political indoctrination, and assaults to moral reality orthodoxies ( HYPERLINK “http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/123.html” Columbia University Unable to Defend Policy in Public, 2001). The illiberal universities and colleges’ practices and policies must therefore be abolished and exposed to the public scrutiny and criticism in order to create awareness among the public on the violations of students’ basic rights and freedoms that have become common practices in these institutions of higher learning in the United States. After receiving a number of pleas for help and communications from students who were victims of illiberal institutional policies and practices that violated the students’ rights and intruded on their private consciences, Harvey Silverglate (civil-liberties legal expert at Cambridge) and Alan Charles Kros (University of Pennsylvania professor) founded FIRE to respond to these violations and to help in cultural transformation (Sarabyn, 2008).

FIRE decisively and effectively defends the American liberties particularly on behalf of the faculty members and university students who are often oppressed with the rigid institutional policies that limit their freedoms and basic rights. FIRE therefore comes in a legal body that fights against these institutional policies that infringe on the rights of its members. FIRE is responsible for bringing about favorable and desired resolutions for these groups of students and university teaching staff who are challenged by institutions, universities and colleges’ policies that deny them their liberties and fundamental rights ( HYPERLINK “http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/123.html” Columbia University Unable to Defend Policy in Public, 2001). Besides working for individuals, this non-profit making organization, FIRE, nationally works to create public awareness on the liberty fates in the higher learning institutions in the U.S. FIRE primary responsibility is the protection of fundamental rights of students and teaching staff both at the university and college institutions (Sarabyn, 2008). In so doing, FIRE focuses on four main areas: freedom of association and religious liberty, freedom of expression and speech, legal equality and due process on campus, and freedom of conscience. Therefore, FIRE primary goal is to bring to an end debilitating fatalism in the institutions of higher education that paralyzes the faculty and the student body through the provision of legal protection to the helpless victims of such abuses and by exposing to the public these issues surrounding violations of fundamental rights of the faculty staff and students (Sarabyn, 2008). This has been achieved by criticizing the university and college administrators whose activities and principles, in the view of FIRE, constitutes violation of due process rights and freedoms or free speech of the university and college students and the faculty team as outlined under the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution” o “Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution” Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

References

” HYPERLINK “http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/123.html” Columbia University Unable to Defend Policy in Public”, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Press Release, March 13, 2001. Accessed October 31, 2013.

Sarabyn, K. (2008). HYPERLINK “http://www.thefire.org/index.php/article/9041.html” “Yale Caves into Its Women’s Center’s Speech-Repressing Demands”. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. Retrieved 2008-03-25.

Student’s name

Name of lecturer

Course Number

Date of assignment

Foundational Knowledge

My goal for foundational knowledge was to gain insight about how an international student, who has made a big change of life by deciding to study abroad, can be able to adapt to the new environment and learn. Dr. Flink is of the opinion that for one to build a good foundation for learning he or she must be able to understand and remember the ideas and information they receive. This really helped me as I had to learn the language of the country I had gone to study in given that my language was different from theirs. The main achievement that I gained at this stage was the ability to learn and use the foreign language effectively as this was the basis for all my education. All the classes are offered in this language. I also had to understand the culture of the people in my new environment in order to blend well with them.

Application and integration

My objective here was to improve my language and cultural skills and come up with effective ways of using the knowledge I obtained at the foundational stage to better my learning environment in my new school. In the course of measuring the application process, I evaluated the things I mostly needed to review, how I could review them and the accompanying consequences of my intended changes. To continue applying my new learned language, I had to keep on speaking and make sure that there was someone who could correct me, when I went wrong. I also had close relations with the native people in order to get to understand their culture better. Instead of getting discouraged at my failure to adapt to the new culture and language, I took it in stride, and used it as an avenue to better understanding. Through the integration of the skills I had previously attained at my home country and the ones I was learning here, I was able to form a cordial relationship between myself and the other students. I had also to manage may time very well so that I could get some extra time to catch up with my leaning.

Human dimension

My objective in the human dimension of learning was the rethink how my relationship with the other students had been in the past. Of emphasis, will be how these relationships I had developed would benefit both me and the other people around me in school. I will also consider the fate of these relationships in future whether they will remain to be strong or they will fade with time. From the information acquired here, I will be able to understand the dynamics of having to deal with people of diverse cultures, and how we can blend perfectly to avoid any confrontations on personality grounds. Iam also able to understand that the best way to navigate away from personal differences is to make sure that you air your views in a way that everybody will understand and appreciate you. This will form the right and strong basis on which one ban move forward successfully.

Caring

From the beginning when I embarked on the journey of education, my main aim was to get education that will help me better the lives of my people in my native land. Being a girl that came from a society that puts less emphasis on girl’s education, my main aim will be to advocate for change in this area having experienced different cultures and languages while at school. I wanted to experience education in new cultures and language so that I can have a feel of what other cultures and people feel about the different cultures. This will help me come up with appropriate and efficient ways of managing education in my home country. I care more about making commitments to this change and I greatly feel that I owe it to my country men who have given me the opportunity to go out and learn and eventually bring change that will make their lives better

Learning How to Learn

One of the most important attributes of learning is to understand how to learn. For one to understand how to learn, there are several things that one has to be involved in. First, the person must be able to participate actively in the learning process. Secondly, they should be able to reflect on what they have been taught. Lastly, the person must be able to embrace the change that has been brought about by the education. By actively interacting with the classmates and being able to understand the Dr Fink’s approach to learning, I have learnedsomething. The completion of this project is also a good indicator that i am learning to learn. This is because initially I could not use this language, but through leaning I have been able to tackle this assignment with great success. Through this I can be able to tackle other assignments, that I initially could not tackle.