Category: Uncategorized

Name

Course

Institution

Instructor

Date

Flying cheap movie

‘Profit’ is often the main motive to investors or businesspersons in all sectors of trade. It is therefore sure that operators within the airline travel sector, just as it is the case with other forms of business try to maximize profits while minimizing on the costs. This informs the plot and storyline depicted by the documentary on flying cheap as written and directed by Rick Young. The movie critically presents a factual documentary on what exactly happened in ill-fated Colgan operated flight that crashed in 2009 outside Buffalo and claimed at least fifty lives. The ‘continental connection flight’ 3407was a commuter flight and is exactly the recreation of the documentary by Young and which depicts the errors with the pilot as well as the first officer to have caused the crash (Genzlinger, para 1-5).

The documentary depicts evolutionary process in the regional system of airlines with the special focus on the relatively small airline companies such as the Colgan Company. The movie depicts the operations of the rather small airliners carrying the big names like ‘continental’ on them despite their failure to meet at least the minimum standards of operation in safety as well as training for the crew members. The plot features a former Colgan Pilot’s description of his daily routine at Colgan as a pilot. Many short routes coupled with lots of ‘landings’ and ‘take offs’ as well as meeting and braving bad weather are basic daily experiences to any pilot with the company. This according to him is so tiring and often presents a very long day to the pilot and crewmembers.

As the documentary features, passengers often make a misinformed perception whenever in a plane for a flight while thinking that they are safe at the hands of the ‘well able and experienced pilot and crew members in control’ while the reality may prove otherwise. The story line adopted in the documentary is an investigative plot where it investigates how regional airline couriers especially those operating as low cost flights have steadily changed the entire air travel industry with increased awareness of competition and the need for incentives such as the cheap flights. However, the investigation line is on whether the adoption of such strategies and the need to realize higher profits is in any way related to compromises of safety standards as observed in airline operators. This is confirmed through the strategic feature of the continental connection flight, which crashed in 2009 outside Buffalo. The documentary records mistakes of the pilot to have caused the crash and reveals that they were mistakes that would be easily avoided if proper caution in safety measures and training were observed.

The analysis of the movie reveals a shocking scenario where despite the technical nature of operations for a flight company, the need to compete favorably and profitably within the industry has caused many compromises in the past, which have been attributed to the great losses suffered whenever such a flight plane crashes. An emerging feature in operations of commercial flights is the lowering of the freight charges in order to attract more customers. Besides, the assumption of regional and international operations as insinuated by such titles as the ‘intercontinental’ are increasingly being adopted by small operators within the industry as a strategy to win customer trust and loyalty. Shocking however is the revelation that many of such companies are investing little if any in training of the crewmembers and the pilots as well as in ensuring that the safety standards observed are as would be necessary.

The business strategies that are being adopted by operators within the air travel industry are branding, offering incentives as well as minimizing operational costs with the aim of operating profitably in the industry. For instance, the so called ‘regional couriers’ are increasingly partnering with the small ‘independent’ couriers as partners in augmenting own income. Besides, these service provides are shown to be adopting the strategy of employing poorly experienced pilots and crew members in order to pay them poorly as a strategy of reducing on operating costs and increasing profit margin. Furthermore, these flight providers require the crew to operate long hours and many trips to increase profitability while in the extreme they fail to pay them until a flight is completed. This, on the other hands would be shown to be the main cause of poor performance by the crew as they are forced to ‘cut corners’ in order to rise on individual incomes. This therefore shows that despite the criticism on the movie (that it is scary and would be detrimental to viewers regarding the air travel as a choice for travelling), it is effective in exposing the vices that are propagated in the industry and the need to have them rectified for the welfare of service consumers and the crewmembers.

Recommendations: There is a need to have higher safety standards being observed in the industry in order to improve on the safety of using air for travelling. This paper therefore recommends that commercial flight operators should improve on the working conditions for the pilots and the crew members who are shown to fall victims to poor working conditions and hence the compromised productivity. In order to boost pilot concentration, well-defined flight routines are inevitable as well as improving on the pilot’s payments. Safety standards are also paramount to the welfare of all involved in the industry (the passengers as well as the companies) and hence the need to have predefined safety standards to be observed in the industry and have a regulatory body, which would be responsible of composing and enforcing policies to ensure safety, is observed in the industry. This paper also recommends the adoption of such incentives as improved customer relations, which would improve on customer loyalty especially with the guarantee of safety in travel by air.

Consequences: The above recommendations may all be interpreted as meant to increase the operation costs of the companies operating in the industry. However, the consequence of increased costs would be overcome by improved customer loyalty, which would lead to higher profit margins, and reduced risks in losses as would result from reduced customer loyalty and such crashes by the planes.

In conclusion therefore, this paper presents a summary of the documentary “flying cheap” as written and directed by Young. It is a depiction of the vices often overlooked in the air travel industry. The effects that result are as shown by the 2009 ‘continental connection flight’ crash and the great loss suffered. There is the need to restructure the operations of the industry especially in improving the working conditions of the pilots and the crew to increase on their productivity.

Works cited

Genzlinger, Neil, “Up in the Air, With Frayed Safety Nets” 2010. Web. 10 February 2014 < http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/09/arts/television/09cheap.html?_r=0>

Author

Tutor

Course

Date

Focus on Need Inc

A.Identify what specific organization or cause you want to support.

In choosing the appropriate charitable organization to support, it is imperative that one looks for an organization that has the same course as him or her. We chose to support Focus on Need Inc. a charitable organization that was established in 2011. It aims at providing varied educational programs including reading, lecture, writing, computer literacy, as well as mentoring in Philadelphia community. The organization plans to support or prop the local community, and the needy countries all over the world in enhancing their awareness and knowledge thereby allowing them to be productive in the society.

In choosing Focus on Need Inc, I carried out extensive research to establish the legitimacy of the organization and determine how it uses its funds. I, therefore, consulted the Internal Revenue Service, the charities bureau and the Illinois attorney general in an effort to unearth as much information as possible about the organization. At the minimum, I looked for a local organization that uses more than 65% of the funds on the charitable work. The organization’s objectives were in line with Indiana University Chinese Students and Scholars Association’s objective, which is to support new students and provide a community that will enhance the professional and academic growth of the students.

B.Identify what kind of activity you will conduct – and how you will decide that specific activity

In an effort to raise $50000 so as to support Focus on Need Inc, fundraising came as the most appropriate option over general appeal. Fundraising offers opportunities to meet generous individuals who use all the resources at their disposal to make a difference in people’s lives. In addition, fundraising activities brings all classes of people together for a common cause. It is relationship-based and provides an excellent opportunity for involvement in other people’s lives. In deciding about the activity, it was imperative that we look for a large source of funds, one that can be built over time. It was imperative that the activity targets diverse sources of funds such as individuals, small family foundations, community foundations and corporate foundations among others.

C.Outline how you plan to successfully organize and work with the group, including

The Organizational Structure

The organizational structure is informed by activities such as coordination, supervision and task allocation, which are aimed at achieving certain organizational goals. It defines how responsibilities for varied processes and functions are allocated to varied entities. It provides the basis for routine tests and standard operating procedures and determines the individuals who participate in certain processes of decision-making, and, therefore, the extent to which their views define the actions of the organization (Baligh 23).

Indiana University Chinese Students and Scholars Association (IUCSSA) has a matrix structure, where authority is divided by the project and functional area so as to meet the goals of the organization (Baligh 34). This structure allows for proper coordination or resources, specialization, communication, increase in the breadth of skills, as well as a flexible mode of sharing resources. The IUCSSA uses this structure to coordinate the interdependent and complex activities so as to meet its goals efficiently.

However, the varied groups, making up the association, adopt a functional structure where the group members carry out specialized tasks. This allows for enhanced efficiency and lowers the cost of carrying out activities (Baligh 37). However, it allows for little or no chances of communication with other groups.

Group Member Attitudes

The group members’ attitude refers to the obligations that bide the members to stay focused on the ethical and moral aspects. The IUCSSA is composed of young people who are dedicated to making enormous contributions so as to help other students grow professionally and academically. Members of the groups have an obligation to serve fellow students to enhance their professional and academic growth, while promoting the Chinese culture. In addition, all decisions incorporate the inputs of all members, in which case the members feel that they own the groups.

Motivation Concepts and Application

Motivation refers to the process that sustains, controls and elicits certain behaviors. It refers to a group of phenomena that affect how an individual behaves, the strength, as well as the persistence of behavior. Motivation may take on a social, cognitive, behavioral or a physiological approach. To motivate IUCSSA, compliments are given every time a person carries out a task satisfactorily. In addition, the groups adopt participative management processes where all individuals participate significantly in the process of decision making irrespective of their position in the group. Moreover, tasks are divided and assigned in line with individual strengths, likes and preferences so as to allow for intrinsic motivation, which is driven by the enjoyment and interest in performing the task and does not rely on external pressures (Schwartz 67).

Leadership

Leadership refers ability of an individual to enlist the support and aid of other people with the aim of accomplishing a common task. In IUCSSA, leaders have the role of controlling, planning and sharing information, as well as enhancing communication and motivating members of the groups effectively. The president of the group was chosen by all members of the association, and has three vice presidents, each of whom leads one of the three departments in the association. The vice-presidents supervise the daily running of the organization’s operations, as well as communicating with other groups. Under the vice-presidents are managers who have the responsibility of overseeing the operations of the departments.

Group Policies or Procedures

In enlisting members of the group, the initial information provided by applicants is used to determine whether they meet the fundamental requirements of the job. The shortlisted applicants are taken through the interview process, which is guided by the mission of the association to determine the students who have made the greatest contribution to enhancing the professional and academic growth of others.

Communication

Communication serves various functions in organizations including providing information, expressing emotions, controlling behavior and fostering motivation (Harris and Sherblom 56). These are the roles played by communication in UCSSA. Most of the communication is done through face to face method. However, meetings should be held every now and then where vice presidents appraise members on the association’s daily operations, as well as the next mission.

Group and Team Behavior

Group and team behavior is defined by the rules and regulations that the organization has adopted. These rules give a clear outline as to the duties and responsibilities of varied members of the group. It is noteworthy, however, that the team behavior is mainly founded on the values of the group. However, deviation from the commonly held values warrants a disciplinary action.

Power and Politics

Every member of the group has an obligation to play their part so as to ensure that the organizational goals are attained efficiently. Power dynamics and group politics may hinder the attainment of these goals (Hardy 19). In essence, the acceptable politics guidelines should be written down as a guideline for the operations of the group.

What are the 3 most important things you have learned about Behavior in Organizations as a result of this class (that you didn’t know at the beginning of the semester)? (1-2 pages, approximately 500 words)

Irrespective of the position occupied in the group, the association with IUCSSA brought valuable lessons not only on the intricacies of group management but also management of one’s personal life. As the association’s general assistant of operations and activities, it is only natural that I stood to learn quite a lot from the organization.

One of the most valued lessons that I learnt is the importance of motivation in enhancing the performance of the group or team. As much as appraising the performance of all the individuals in their respective capacities may have increased performance, congratulating individuals on performing a certain task satisfactorily enhanced their performance (Steers and Porter 65). This is especially where the individuals were intrinsically motivated through assigning them with duties that are aligned to their likes and preferences (Steers and Porter 67). This ensured that irrespective of the external pressures the individuals had the internal drive to carry out the tasks satisfactorily.

In addition, I learnt the importance of team work as far as accomplishing the organization’s goals is concerned. Teams carry out tasks at a faster pace than individuals. This is especially when the individuals in a group carry out tasks that are in line with their specialization. They learn to complement each other, as well as help each other thereby reducing the work pressure and workload. In addition, competition does not always lead to conflict. In fact, competition between team members has enhanced the motivation of the members to outdo their counterparts as far as performance is concerned. The relationship between the varied team members is improved, while all members stand to gain from each other.

In addition, I learnt the importance of rules and regulations in guiding the behavior of team members. This averted conflicts amongst the various members of the association and the group since the members always had conflicting ideas and motivations. Rules, therefore, set the means of operation for the team members thereby aligning their actions to the goals of the organization (Bacharach and Lawler 45).

Extra credit

The success of any project depends on the dynamics of the varied aspects of the project and their interrelationships. These include the organizational structure, the attitudes of group members, leadership strategies, motivational concepts and communication, as well as power, politics and group behavior.

Organizational Structure

There are variations as to the appropriate organizational structures within groups in organizations and the entire organization. The most appropriate organizational structure within groups in an organization is a flat structure where there are few or no intervening management levels (Baligh 35). This ensures that every group member participates in decision making thereby enhancing productivity. However, a matrix structure is the most appropriate within the organization. This allows for division of authority by the project and functional area. It enhances specialization and interaction between the constituent groups (Baligh 37).

Group Member Attitudes

Group members’ attitudes are affected by the composition of the groups. In essence, it is always imperative that any individual who joins the project is rigorously vetted to ensure that he or she shares the same attitudes as other team members. This would ensure that the perspective and the commitment of other team members remains unchanged thereby enhancing the attainment of the organizational goal.

Motivation Concepts and Application

Motivation is an essential component in any organization. It enhances the performance of employees and gives them the impression that they are valued. To motivate members, it is imperative that a reward system be incorporated where individuals who have performed exemplary are recognized and rewarded. In addition, team members should be assigned tasks that confine to their areas of specialization or their likes and preferences (Mitchell 45).

Leadership

While many people may not feel the need to have leaders especially when all members are carrying out their duties and responsibilities appropriately, it is always imperative that the group chooses leaders who will be accountable for its decisions. However, they must undergo a rigorous interviewing process to ensure that they are sufficiently motivated to propel the project to other heights. They must be able to influence other people to assist in the attainment of common goals. In addition, they would enhance sharing of information, motivate the members and allow for communication.

Group Policies or Procedures

It is noteworthy that there are challenges pertaining to the miscommunication, as well as a deficiency of responsibility. Miscommunication signals a problem with the communication structures, whereas a deficiency in responsibility shows that the team members are not appropriately motivated. It is imperative that the appropriate selection process be carried out to allow people who have the internal drive to carry out the affected tasks. In addition, decisions must be communicated effectively in team meetings and avenues of clarification be established to eliminate chances of miscommunication.

Communication

Communication is extremely essential for the success of the project. In essence, it is imperative that the project incorporates clear communication structures. In essence, the decisions that affect the whole project should be communicated to every member through meetings and newsletters (Harris and Sherblom 68). In addition, communication between group members should be enhanced, and all members allowed to incorporate their input in all decisions affecting their groups.

Group and Team Behavior

Group behaviors have a bearing on the overall performance of the project. In essence, as much as the groups have different individuals it is imperative that they be taught how to act as teams rather than groups. This involves allowing the participation of all individuals and incorporating their inputs in every stage. In addition, increased coordination of the members’ activities is needed to allow for maximum output.

Power and Politics

Power and politics have a bearing on the performance of the group. It is imperative that the appropriate structures be incorporated to allow for the synchronization of the varied political opinions, especially as far as allocation of duties responsibilities and roles are concerned. The project must incorporate clear guidelines as to how decisions will be made. These rules have to be sufficiently flexible to allow for their usage in diverse situations (Hardy 16).

References

Baligh, Helmy H. Organization Structures: Theory And Design, Analysis And Prescription. New York: Birkhäuser, 2006. Print

Schwartz, Andrew E. Motivation: Linking Performance to Goals. New York: Andrew E Schwartz, 2001. Print

Steers, Richard M. and Porter, Lyman W. Motivation and work behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975

Mitchell, Terence R. Motivation and performance. New York: Science Research Associates, 1984. Print

Harris, Thomas E and Sherblom, John. Small group and team communication. London: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2005. Print

Bacharach, Samuel B and Lawler, Edward J. Power and politics in organizations. Chicago: Jossey-Bass, 1980. Print

Hardy, Cynthia. Power and politics in organizations. New York: Dartmouth, 1995. Print

Statistics and Research Methods

Name

Affiliation

Executive Summary

Amid the period 2009-2013, the normal offer of the essential area in Dubai downright GDP was 9%, the optional part was 16% and the tertiary division was 75%. The essential division incorporates horticulture, domesticated animals, angling, mining and quarrying. The optional area incorporates fabricating businesses. The tertiary segment incorporates whatever is left of the financial exercises, which are essentially benefits. The offer of the essential part in Dubai GDP was declining by a yearly normal rate of 4%. The offer of the auxiliary part was staying steady and unaltered. The offer of the tertiary segment was ascending by yearly normal rate of 1% amid the period 2009-2013 (Business Monitor International, BMI 2008)

Introduction

Dubai vision for what’s to come is to turn into the financial center point and the monetary focus of the area. Fundamentally Dubai is resolved to help long haul non-oil GDP development depending on the creation of non-oil items and the procurement of the administrations. Dubai is relying on major monetary segments for the acknowledgment of this vision. These are in particular industry, exchange, administrations and development.

The kind of the financial development of Dubai is controlled by the structure of the economy and the monetary cycle that the economy experiences. The monetary development of Dubai has chiefly been element driven.

Objective

The essential target of this macroeconomic report is to follow and recognize the late advancements in the structure of Dubai GDP and what discovers that structure and what are the conceivable future prospects of the major monetary areas of Dubai economy.

Research Hypothesis

Dubai economic sectors in the coming years is high

Methodology

A logical methodology is utilized to reveal insight into the late improvements in the structure of Dubai GDP and its segments, the execution of the major monetary areas, the profitability of the components of generation and their shares in GDP, and the profits on interest in the diverse parts. This is notwithstanding Dubai government money. Authentic information for the period 2009-2013 is utilized as a part of the investigation. Factual programming, for example, MS Excel are utilized to process and depict the financial information.

Structure of Dubai GDP at Sectorial Level for 2009-2013

Dubai (GDP) is isolated into oil and non-oil GDP, with the recent speaking to the staggering piece of Dubai GDP. As Figure 1 underneath demonstrates, the offer of non-oil GDP altogether GDP expanded from around 90% in 2000 to around 93% in 2013. At the point when the commitment of the mining area (that is oil part) is avoided from the commitment of the non-budgetary partnership segment, the remaining segments contributed 74% of aggregate GDP over the same period.

Figure 2: Structure of Dubai GDP, 2009-2013

95% 70% 45% 20% -5% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2009 Corporation sector Financial sector Government sector Households sector Imputed bank services Source: Own calculations based on Dubai Municipality Statistical Year Book, 2013.

Figure underneath demonstrates the yearly normal development rates of the sectoral parts of Dubai aggregate GDP amid the period 2009-2013 (Syrquin, 1989). As the Figure demonstrates, each of the non-oil GDP sectoral parts was becoming speedier than the oil area. Overall, the non-oil areas were becoming yearly by 8% while the oil part was becoming by 5%. This pattern clarifies why Dubai non-oil GDP commands its aggregate GDP. Figure underneath gives the commitment of the non-money related partnership area by its sub-areas.

Figure 4: Structure of Corporation sector, 2009-2013 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 2009 2000 2001 2002 2013

847725-1889125847725-1889125

Agriculture Mining Manufacturing Utilities Constrution Trade Resturants & Hotels Transport & communication Real estates Social services Source: Own calculations based on Dubai Municipality Statistical Year Book, 2013.

Inside the non-monetary enterprise area, the offer of the sub-part transport,

Stockpiling and correspondence in GDP was relentlessly rising. It partake in GDP ascended from 12% in 2009 to 18% in 2013.

z-Test: Two Sample for Means

  Variable 1 Variable 2

Mean 3180.75 3747.75

Known Variance 2 3

Observations 4 4

Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 z -507.14 P(Z<=z) one-tail 0 z Critical one-tail 1.644854 P(Z<=z) two-tail 0 z Critical two-tail 1.959964  

The sub-segments whose shares were imperceptibly declining amid the period 2009-2013 are development sub-division and wholesale, retail exchange and repairing administrations sub-area. It is clear from these assumes that the circulation of the quality added is skewed more to capital (Ministry of Planning, 2013).

This outcome is normal for an economy like Dubai which is in view of modest outsider work. The ramifications of this outcome is that work is well on the way to be of low aptitudes and this is liable to bargain the nature of the yield created. At the end of the day, Dubai may contend on cost, however it will be unable to contend on quality.

Dubai Public Finance

As we have seen in segment 2, the administration area has contributed around 9% of Dubai aggregate GDP. In this manner, Dubai government income and use arrangements have a financial effect on the economy of Dubai.

Table 1: Dubai government operations, 2009-2013 (millions of AED)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Total revenue 8,724 11,079 10,211 9,103 10,091

Non-tax revenue 7,163 9,548 8,590 7,690 8,187

Oil and gas 3,670 5,875 4,949 3,735 4,000

Enterprise profits 1/ 1,111 1,111 1,035 1,237 1,361

Other 2/ 2,382 2,562 2,606 2,718 2,827

Tax revenue 1,561 1,531 1,621 1,413 1,904

Customs 3/ 1,378 1,365 1,415 1,178 1,622

Income tax 4/ 183 166 206 235 282

Total expenditure 9,850 9,341 10,008 10,215 11,286

Current 5,665 5,523 6,617 6,865 7,742

Wages and salaries 2,328 2,571 2,885 2,939 3,331

Goods and services 2/ 5/ 2,895 1,740 1,983 1,971 2,010

Subsidies and transfers 6/ 254 850 1,238 1,590 1,908

Other 188 362 511 365 493

Development 2,981 2,365 1,841 2,040 2,244

Loans and equity (net) 4 253 350 110 100

Domestic 4 253 350 110 100

Foreign 0 0 0 0 0

Grants – Contribution to federal government 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200

Overall balance -1,126 1,738 203 -1,112 -1,195

Consumption

Consumption is a stream variable and is characterized as the yearly spending on last merchandise and administrations, by both government and private area. Sadly, there is no information accessible on Dubai private utilization. Along these lines, we have utilized the utilization weight at UAE level to infer a private utilization figure for Dubai, and this is indicated in Figure 11 underneath as a proportion of Dubai GDP for the period 2000-2013. The normal offer for this period was 0.47. The offer of determined private utilization altogether GDP of Dubai was ascending by a yearly normal rate of 4% amid this period. This is so on the grounds that private utilization was ascending by a yearly normal rate of 11% and the GDP by 7% amid this period. The rising utilization is brought on by rising wage or GDD, developing populace and stable purchaser costs.

Figure 11: Consumption-GDP ratio

0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 2000 2001 2002 2013

857250-1977390

Reported government consumption Derived private consumption

Source: Own calculations based on Dubai Municipality Statistical Year Book, 2013.

7. Prospects of the Economic Sectors

Sectorial shares in Dubai Total GDP

0.900 0.800 0.700 0.600 0.500 0.400 0.300 0.200 0.100 0.000 2009 2000 2001 2002 2013

875665-1957070

Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector

Source: Own calculations based on Dubai Municipality Statistical Year Book, 2013.

This segment examines the future prospects of the diverse financial segments of Dubai. Figure 14 beneath demonstrates the sectoral shares of Dubai GDP amid the period 2009-2013. The essential area incorporates agribusiness, animals, angling, mining and quarrying. The auxiliary segment incorporates producing commercial ventures.

As per our counts, the offer of the essential area in Dubai GDP was falling by a yearly normal rate of 4% amid the period 2009-2013. The offer of the optional segment did not change throughout the entire period. Then again, the offer of the tertiary area was ascending by a yearly normal rate of 1% amid this period. These outcomes affirm the discoveries in the financial writing on the examples of auxiliary change amid the procedure of monetary development (Syrquin, 1989). The outcomes demonstrate that the administrations division has promising prospects of development later on.

The principal segment of table 2 beneath demonstrates the separate of the tertiary area into its distinctive monetary exercises.

Table 2: Average shares and growth rates of economic activities during 2009-2013

Share growth

Wholesale, retail trade and repairing services 0.16 0.06

Transports, storage and communication 0.15 0.19

Financial services (banks, insurance, finance) 0.11 0.11

Real estate and business services 0.09 0.06

Government services 0.09 0.06

Construction 0.08 0.05

Restaurants and hotels 0.05 0.08

Social and personal services 0.03 0.08

Electricity, gas and water 0.02 0.05

Domestic services of households 0.01 0.07

Imputed bank services -0.03 Source: Own calculations based on Dubai Municipality Statistical Year Book, 2013.

As clear from the table the prevailing monetary exercises in the tertiary division (those with an offer of 5% and then some) are exchanging; transport, stockpiling and correspondence; money related administrations; land and business administrations; taxpayer driven organizations; development; and eateries and inns. The exercises that were becoming generally speedier are transport, stockpiling and correspondence; and monetary administrations.

Conclusions

Amid the late years, the offer of the essential area in Dubai GDP has been declining; the offer of the auxiliary division has been steady and unaltered; while the offer of the tertiary segment has been rising. The prevailing monetary exercises of the tertiary area are exchanging; transport, stockpiling and correspondence; budgetary administrations; land and business administrations; development; eateries and inns.

References

Business Monitor International (BMI) “The UAE Business Forecast Report”, BMI LTD, 2005.

Dubai Municipality, “Statistical Year Book- Emirate of Dubai”, 2013, Statistics

Center.

Dubai Municipality, “Economic survey for private sector establishments”, Statistics Center, 2013.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) “United Arab Emirates: Statistical Appendix”, Country Report No. 04/175, June 2004, Washington, D.C.

Ministry of Planning, “National Abstract for 2000-2013”, available on the Internet online at: http://www.uae.gov.ae/mop/acc_Report/acc_tab_00-03.htm

Syrquin, M. (1989), “Patterns of Structural Change.” in H. Chenery and T. Srinivasan, (eds.), “Handbook of Development Economics”, Vol. 1, Amsterdam, North-Holland.

27

Anywhere Hospital Compliance Program

Following American Psychological Association Guidelines

Name

Institution

Date

Anywhere Hospital Compliance Program

Presentation Summary

Our Corporate Compliance Program fundamentally incorporates the universal key seven compliance elements. This is put forward as the initial step, a virtuous faith, and expressive commitment of the hospital’s administration and all the employees en route for success and achievement of goals by the hospital. Each individual as applicable is obligated to back the program’s effective implementation significantly.

1. The development and distribution of written canons of conduct, in addition to written guidelines and procedures that uphold the hospital’s obligation to compliance. This is by comprising observance to compliance necessities as a component of the evaluation of managers and personnel and that clearly address the particular areas of probable fraud. These may comprise claims development and submission procedures, financial associations with general practitioners and code gaming among other health care specialists;2. The description of a principal compliance involves staff and other applicable bodies. This would be a corporate compliance team with the principle responsibility of functioning and watching over the compliance program. This team reports straight to the governing body of the hospital.3. The development, facilitation and adoption of regular, operative educative and training plans for each and every employee affected.4. The upkeep of a progression, example of a hotline, to take in complaints and recommendations, and the embracing of measures to protect the secrecy of the appellants and to protect informers from possible reprisal;5. The adoption of systems to answer to contentions of improper/illegitimate undertakings and the implementation of appropriate punitive action against personnel who have desecrated internal compliance policies, pertinent statutes, conventions or the Federal health care program necessities;6. The usage of assessments and/or other appraisal modus operandi to monitor compliance and to largely assist in the lessening of acknowledged problem area.7. Lastly, the review and remediation of acknowledged wide-ranging glitches and the improvement of procedures addressing the non-employment or the urge to retain sanctioned individuals.These are the key aspects to be outlined in the compliance program.

References

Compliance Guidance. (2014, November 9). Retrieved December 10, 2014, from https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/compliance-guidance/index.asp

Summary of Wekmed’s Compliance Program, (2014) retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.wakemed.org/body.cfm?id=72″http://www.wakemed.org/body.cfm?id=72 . Retrieved on December 10, 2014.

Introduction

The performance of an organization reflects the kind of leadership applied. Studies have shown that there is no specific leadership style that is perfect; similarly, none is without fault. However, leaders should realize they are the model that the members of the team look up to, therefore, they should exercise professionalism and skills when giving guidance. The management style exercised by leaders has also been known to greatly affect the performance of tasks. This is attributed to the regulation and division of duties in a manner that will favor the team. Description of the goals and firm’s aims should be clear for a good management system where the workers will work towards the accomplishment of certain objectives. These attributes are only achievable for a leader who leads by example rather than one having expectations which he/she cannot lead people to.

Michael Eisner assumed position of Walt Disney boss for many years before his actual retirement. During his time served as the Chief executive of Disney World Company, Eisner exercised authoritarian leadership. Most of the decisions were made by himself with minimal involvement of the Board of Directors. According to Farrell, (2004) “I saw nothing on the record that the decision was preceded by a meeting of the corporation’s director… the board had to approve Ovitz’s employment agreement a month after his appointment was announced.” Michael clearly did not appreciate the spirit of consultation before making appointments and preferred to take full control. This led to a court case that continued for several years. He was less likely to delegate duties and involve relevant authorities in development of the company.

Conversely, Bill Gates exhibited proper management skills that allowed and incorporated ideas from other people. Being the entrepreneur behind the successful Microsoft Company, he was known to be relatively harsh to his group which drove them to learn the art of strongly defending their ideas. Davidson, (2006) stated that, “Burns said Bill Gates is one of a handful of those who had the capability to take his own company through the long ascension from small startup to big company.” This demonstrates his ability to delegate duties fairly to the qualified staff in order to achieve the set goals. His belief in his staff showed the kind of managerial style he practiced which contributed to the successes.

Clearly, the two leaders deal with different industries since Eisner deals in entertainment while Gates’ deals with computer technology. They have show different management styles and capabilities to delegate duties. This is evident in the ways which they quit service in their respective organizations. Bill Gates left the organization to join the foundation he and his wife had established (Storm, 2008). He entrusted the management of his firm to the people ha had adequately trained. Eisner on the other hand was forced out of his position by a decision to replace his presidency in the organization. His unwillingness to let the responsibilities be handled by other people showed his oneness in management and little trust in the board. He was less open to the idea of delegation. He was also criticized for the over twenty years he had spent in the position (Holson, and Waxman, 2003) where there were other people with similar qualifications.

Conclusion

It is clear that success of any organization is reliant to the management style used. Besides competence of the workers, a leader should be able to adequately lead his/her employees to better performance. Involvement of the workers in matters of decision making also encourages them to be part of the company. The willingness to give people with equal abilities the chance to develop them is also advisable since it expands the productivity by the new ideas. They may be better and enhance the marketing and expansion strategies of the organization.

References:

Davidson, K. (2006, September 15). Both Entrepreneurial, Managerial Styles Bring success. Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com

Farrell, R. (2004, October 21). Disney Directors on Trial for a Payout. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Holson, L., & Waxman, S. (2003, December 8). Criticism of Disney Chief Grows Bolder. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Storm, S. (2008, May 13). Retiring Microsoft Official to Run Gates Foundation. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Floating Exchange Rates’ applications, significance and impact on economic growth

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Introduction

Financial stability and currency values are very important issues that need to be given special attention and recognition by every country in the process of developing, coordinating and implementing macroeconomic policies. By coming up with sound and accountability oriented policies with respect to fiscal and monetary management, the governments become a very important institution as far as issues relating to international finance and international trade are concerned. It is with this respect that the floating interest rate regime has been applied to help in the management, control and regulation of international finance and national currencies. Floating /flexible exchange rate regime entails a macroeconomic money regulation system where the market forces dictate the rates or currency prices. Thus, the rate at which one currency may be sold or traded against another is not rigidly / subjectively determined by the regulators but the interaction between the demand and supply in the foreign exchange market. As such there is neither a static nor predetermined currency exchange rates. This paper discusses the concept of flexible exchange regime as applied by different countries to ensure non discretionary and subjectively determined exchange rates. There is also critical review of the impact that the flexible exchange has in an economy more so with respect to economic growth and enhancement of development and net exports. The paper also outlines the challenges that are faced in the process of application of flexible exchange rates regime in a bid to implement macro economic policies.

Floating Exchange Rates: Description

Descriptively, the flexible exchange rate regime allows for free fluctuation of the exchange rate without interference by the authorities such that the government does neither have an exchange rate control policy nor impose a predetermined exchange rate.

Wide application of the floating exchange rate in the economy can be traced to the 1970s. By 1980s, most countries had adopted this system as the best way to deal with macro-economic challenges that require a more proactive and indirect intervention by the regulators and a way of managing / controlling the speculative exposures that an economy may experience under the fixed exchange rate regime. A major shift in the exchange rate system that led to wide application of the flexible exchange rate came in 1990s when it became apparent that a country had to choose one of the regimes (Kenen, 2000).

Debate among the proponents and opponents of the system of currency rate management have always revolved around the dangers and benefits of the free fluctuations of the exchange rates in the economy. Though the flexible exchange rate regime allows for free movements of the currency prices, the opponents of the system have cited this as a weakness that is akin to economic instability as well as exposures to dangers of economic fluctuations. However, the principle behind the adoption of the flexible exchange has it that the economic fluctuations or changes in the rates of exchange will not be erratic. The significant benefit of this regime is that it enhances national autonomy with respect to monetary issues. As such every country can effectively design the policy instruments that are consistent with their macro economic objectives.

Impact on the Economy

A fundamental question with regards to the role and choice of the type of the regime to adopt would normally be based on the understanding of how the choice made would affect the domestic economy’s growth and development. The flexible exchange rate regime is preferred because of the impact that it has to the economy and influence on the economic growth. Generally, the flexible exchange rate regime has both direct and indirect impacts on an economy. First, under the direct effect, it is held that the flexible exchange rate regime helps an en economy to recover from shocks. Generally, this type of regime has better economic shock insulation as compared to the fixed regime. This argument is supported by Broad (2002) who observed that under the fixed exchange rate regime, due to unfavorable trade balance, a country would experience a huge fall in real GDP figures due to small magnitude currency depreciation as well as fall in price levels . On the other hand, adoption of floating exchange rate regime, experience a relatively smaller magnitude of real GDP fall and high level of currency depreciation, under similar circumstances. However, this argument holds in the short run as in the long run, both regimes show similar behaviors.

By making implementing macroeconomic polices that are well fused with the macro economic objectives and the flexible exchange rate; it is possible to have direct impact on the economy through growth. This system offers the best adjustment to the economic shocks as it is more responsive and fast reflected in the foreign exchange market. This argument is based on the fact that the other sectors that may help in stabilizations such as the labor market do not respond fast to market changes as the foreign exchange currency rates. Similarly, the Treasury (2010) argues that the flexible exchange rate system has been preferred by several countries as it has been viewed to offer “better able to absorb shocks from open capital markets than economies with a pegged rate”. Through the possibility of independence in designing and application of monetary policies, it is likely that the nominal market rigidities can be dealt with effectively.

Based on economic theory, the floating exchange rate regime has some indirect influence on the rate and pace at which an economy grows. The ways in which the flexible exchange rate regime may influence the rate of economic growth is through impacts of investment levels, the composition and nature of the international trade and the pace and well as efficacy of the financial market. Generally, the flexible exchange rate regime has an indirect impact on economic growth. This is mainly in terms of the investment by the foreigners. Though the fixed exchange regime is desired as it encourages stability and certainty, there are certain arguments which favor flexible exchange rates in relations to international investments. The fixed exchange regime has been cited as a god foreign investment attraction model as it keep both the rates of interest and inflationary pressures low. This would encourage borrowing and consumption as well as exports. However, flexible exchange regime has been described as favorable to foreign investors who are risk takers and ready to invest in a foreign market based on possibility of non erratic exchange rates. The flexible exchange rate regime is favored in this respect as the fixed exchange may be abused, or used selectively to perpetuate protectionist policies. This way, the flexible exchange rate regime is depicted as a macro economic policy that encourages globalization and foreign investments on the account that the system is not open to political abuse or arbitrary determination of exchange rates, but it is the market forces that reflect the prices of currencies.

The flexible exchange rate regime also promotes economic growth and development in an indirect manner through enhancement of development of the capital money markets. With a poorly developed financial market, it is not possible for an economy to recover fast from economic shock. However, adoption of flexible exchange rate regime will promote need for competitiveness in the financial markets so as to attract foreign investors in a country’s bourse. This is because, for a floating exchange rate to work effectively, there s need for high level of transparency and objectively strong regulation of the financial market. The transparency in the management of the exchange rate would have a trickle down effect on other sectors, notably the financial market. As such, a country’s competitiveness will improve as indicated by the level of capital inflows and foreigner’s investment in financial securities due to high level of investor confidence.

Influence to Economy

The significance of the type of exchange rate regime chosen by a country may have to an economy has been a point of debate among many researchers. According to Pedreski (2009), taken nominally, an exchange rate has no major influence on economic growth, particularly in the long run. At the same time the author argues that this question has been ambiguously handled with little clear theoretical evidence offered. However, the type of an exchange rate regime chosen, that is flexible or fixed, will affect the economic growth. Impliedly, a floating exchange rate regime may affect the economy and the rate of economic growth through the impacts it has on “trade, investment and productivity” (Pedreski, 2009).

Because of the reduced level of foreign exchange reserves that the central banks need to keep and allowing of market forces to operate freely in the foreign exchange markets, the flexible exchange regime allows for development of monetary polices that can enhancement of certain macro economic objectives. Generally, adoption of the flexible exchange regime boosts international trade, globalization of the financial system and removes risk exposures that come about from currency speculations. This is what Kenen (2000) refers to as “vulnerability to speculative attacks”. This system also promotes independence of the monetary regulatory authorities in different countries so that the process of monetary control is done objectively and professionally. By adopting the flexible exchange regime, a country stands to benefit from sound monetary management, applications of customized macro economic polices that suit a given domestic economic setting.

Several macro economic objectives can be achieved through the flexible exchange regime without much intervention of the central banks. These objectives are normally aimed at promoting productivity and economic growth. One of the main macro-economic objectives is management of export and import net flows so that a country’s development and competitiveness is not hampered by the exchange rate fluctuations and imbalance in the balance of payment account. Trade deficit is normally a non favorable economic indicator. Under the fixed exchange rate regime, to deal with such deficits, the central banks normally use the foreign reserves. This process is expensive and may not immediately spur economic growth. However, under the flexible exchange regime, it is partially possible to allow the market forces to bridge a trade deficit. This occurs where the monetary policy adopted is to enhance money velocity locally so that demand and productivity increases while at the same time export promotion strategies are in place.

The flexible exchange regime would help to achievement these objectives and ensure stabilization in a disequilibrium state. Because of the trade deficit, the foreign currency price (exchange rate) will be forced down. This will help to make the exports relatively cheap while the imports will be more costly. As the exports become more expensive, the demand will fall while the foreign markets will demand more of the exports to enable a country earn more foreign income. In the process, the fundamental disequilibrium situation will be solved and the surging deficit abridged.

Broadly, the changes in the labor market in terms of demand and supply are affected by the kind of exchange rate regime in place. In turn, the situation in the labor market influences the pace and magnitude of the economic growth. Any sector that operates in the international market will feel the effect of currency fluctuations. Thus, it is critical that the monetary policies adopted seek to ensure high output and stability in the labor market. To understand how the currency exchange rate changes affect the labor market, it is important that the relationship between exchange rate changes and labor market be outlined. With a rise in the exchange rate that makes one currency stronger than the other, it is likely that growth Gross Domestic Product, in real terms, will stagnate. This is because; the appreciation in a local currency will greatly affect exports in a negative way. Consequently, the local producers may react to the fall in demand for the products for export markets by scaling down their operations and carrying out retrenchments.

However, through flexible exchange regime, the regulators may act by promoting availability of credit to the business so that the collapse of strategic industries does not take place. This will make the economy have higher money supply. At the same time, when the exchange rate is strong, it is possible that with the increased money supply, the economic stability and recovery may be possible. According to Markin (2003)., when the central banks increase the real money supply in the economy, the prevailing rate of interest will fall in the domestic market, thus enhancing economic growth The rate of economic growth that comes with such sound macro economic polices under the flexible exchange rate regime emanates from the fact that lower interest rates in the domestic markets lead to increase in the consumptions well as investments locally. Based on this argument, the flexible exchange rate regime allows for economic growth given that with the fall in the price levels in the local market, the wealth created act as inducement for expenditure and investments by the households and the private sector.

Benefits to the Economy

Several factors and economic explanations have been put forward to underscore the b benefits that can accrue in an economy that has adopted and fully implemented the principles of floating exchange rate regime. Through the flexible exchange rate system, it is easier for the regulators to influence money velocity, demand and supply in an easier and freer manner. With a free and less rigid money regulation, the central bank will be able to engineer and stimulate economic growth due to possibility to apply target monetary control principles on specific variables to achieve a given objective that suits a particular economy. Put differently, this macro-economic system enables the central bank to pursue a country specific monetary policy. This however requires a high level of fiscal and monetary discipline and non political interference in the momentary policy development and applications. As such the central bank will be able to check the rates of interest rate changes as well as the inflation levels.

The concept of currency competition supports the benefit of non fixed exchange financial regime. This is because there is no control of the prices in the market. This differs from the rigid system where the central banks act as the only suppliers in the market. As only suppliers, they are able to dictate the prices thus promoting unfair competition.

Application of the floating exchange rate has gained wider application because of the fundamental benefits that comes with the system, based on the economic indicators. The fixed regime had certain issues with regards to economic lags. This is because; it is the economy that responds to the pegged currency prices. On the other hand, the non discretionary monetary system, the currency prices adjust with the volumes and nature of market trade thus giving a picture/ reflection of the status of the economy.

Through the pursuit of independent monetary policies, it is easier for the regulators to influence resources distribution fast and efficiently. The regime is less susceptible to economic shocks thus helping in a more objective distribution of the spill-over of market shocks between local and foreign economies. According to Pedreski (2009), flexible exchange rate regime has an effect open the economic shock adjustments as sound management of the process may help design effective strategies to absorb the shocks.

The application of the flexible exchange rate also limits need to have more reserves which can be used in market stabilization. This is because, the principles of flexible exchange rate regimes do not advocate for keeping of foreign reserves that can be used for market intervention. This makes it easier to fully apply the monetary policies to meet such objectives management of employment and inflation rates. Through the self adjustment mechanism, the central bank will have to concentrate in other macroeconomic objectives as the exchange rate will be ‘self adjusting’.

Additionally, the application of the flexible regime offers the best way to ensure faster adjustments to the prevailing economic situations. The economic adjustments however depend on the currency exchange rate movements. During currency depreciation against a stronger one, for instance, the demand for export improve thus promoting export trade, production and economic growth. However, this can only happen if the net export gains are not eroded by the other cash outflows such as increase in wage rate and rise in export prices. Nevertheless, the research findings by show that if bilateral trade figures are analyzed objectively, then it would be would be realized that net flows drawn from the nations that has adopted the flexible exchange regimes would be relatively high, as compared those which do not have such policies (Brada & Mendez, 1988 ).

Challenges

Though the flexible exchange rate regime has been overly described as the best way to enhance a country’s competitiveness in the global market, certain fundamental challenges have been experienced with its applications. The policy challenges of this regime became more serous during the recent credit crunch. As such there have been calls for more innovative international trade management as well as development of intervention strategies that would help in handling the target variables. The general argument has been that the market is efficient and has self adjusting mechanisms. However, the financial crisis exposed weaknesses of the flexible exchange rate regime more in relations to international trade that is fast becoming very interlinked and responsive globally. The major challenges posed by the flexible exchange rate regime is how a country can deal with the spill over of credit crunch that is taking place in another market with which it trades. Another challenge comes about from the fact that most international trade instruments and transactions are voiced in major currencies like the USD, Euro and Yen. This way, the market failures in US, Europe or Japan will automatically be felt globally. Further, the flexible exchange regime results into such challenges as market uncertainties as well as irregularities in flows of capital into and out of an economy. Further,

Selcuk (2005) argues that with the flexible exchange regime it is very challenging for the authorities do contain market volatility. Countries like Turkey had to resort to auctioning of currencies periodically to manage their market precariousness (Selcuk, 2005).

Conclusion

From the discussion, it is evident that the flexible exchange rate enhances transparency, promotes trade and investments as well as the level of production. However, the focus should be how a country can effectively apply the regime without undue interference by the authorities. To ensure economic stability, it is desirable that the authorities manage the short run effects of the exchange rate movements so as to allow the economy to absorb the shock before their effects escalate. This requires what Selcuk (2005) describes in the case of Turkish economy as “structural reform process and pursues sound fiscal policies that would held bring down public debt as well as debt ratio, without which adverse shock may erode the gains made The governments should also have in place effective macro economic objectives and policies as well as target variable that guide international trade.

References

Brada, J. & Mendez, J (1988). Exchange Rate Risk, Exchange Rate Regime and the Volume of

International TradeWWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG.

Broad, C. (2002). Terms of Trade and Exchange Rate Regimes in Developing Countries. Federal

Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report Number 148.

Kenen, P., B. (2000). Fixed Versus Floating Exchange Rates Cato Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1.

Markin, A. (2001). Macroeconomic Policy in an Output-Expenditure Model. IAER Journal, Vol.

7, No. 3.

Pedreski, M. (2009). Exchange-Rate Regime and Economic Growth: A Review of the

Theoretical and Empirical Literature. Staffordshire University. Economics e-Journal, No. 31.

Selcuk, F. (2005). The Policy Challenge with Floating Exchange Rates: Turkey’s Recent

Experience. Open Economies Review.

Treasury (2010). Fixed vs. Flexible Exchange Rates. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from

HYPERLINK “http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchange-” http://www.ustreas.gov/offices/international-affairs/economic-exchange-rates/pdf/Appendix_2.pdf.

Follow-Up Feedback Control Checks and Implications of Poor Control Processes

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Follow-up Feedback Control Checks

To ensure adherence to the strategies I have established for compliance within IndiasafeInvest, I would use three follow-up feedback control checks. The first is the individual performance, where I would use data generated from performance metrics to inform each individual in the workplace of their individual performance in meeting benchmarks, standards, and goals that govern performance expectations in executing fraud-free tasks. Such data can assist in isolating individual performance and better instructing and motivating each employee on areas of individual performance requiring improvement continuously. Slowiak and Lakowske (2017) suggest that good individual performance feedback reinforcing positive behaviors. These behaviors ensure ethical and value-based employee functioning, which is vital to avoiding malpractices such as fraud.

The second follow-up feedback control check involves interactive team performance. I would use agile approaches such as Scrum or Kanban to create an interactive team feedback loop, which would offer metrics for establishing whether or not in-progress work by teams of employees meets the set performance expectations. I would accumulate sufficient team performance data to compare team performance against set standards and guide decisions on how to improve team efficiency and performance towards meeting those expectations, hence adjusting team processes adequately.

The third follow-up feedback control check to use includes validation assessments. Both comparative and descriptive validation assessments are essential follow-up feedback control checks because they target specific employee attributes underpinning their behaviors in the workplace. Validation assessment will be important in ensuring compliance at IndiasafeInvest in that they will direct and refocus training initiatives aimed at improving employees’ abilities to meet the unique demands of their specific tasks (Tracey and Tews 2005). Validation assessments would allow for the use of data to carry out performance comparisons to establish progress, hence tailoring employee training to align with competencies of performing specific tasks ethically and without engaging in malpractices.

Implications of Poor Control Processes

Poor and ineffective controls and control processes have serious potential ramifications for IndiasafeInvest, its employees and customers, and other organizations. One of the implications for the staff is the augmentation of temptations for fraud. Weak controls characterized by the inability to monitor individual employees can cultivate new opportunities for staff members to commit fraud as it happened at IndiasafeInvest. This means that in the presence of weak, passive, and ineffective control processes, employees can leverage weaknesses in the firm’s financial systems, hence getting tempted to take chances to commit financial fraud as Nawawi and Salin (2018) suggest. Also, poor control processes have the potential implication of impairing employee’s system of ethics and values. The rationale for this implication is that poor control processes mean that employees can compromise passwords, accounts, and critical financial data to engage in unethical practices that taint their value systems.

For customers, poor control processes can cause a loss of customers’ trust for the company. The reason for this is that customers may develop perceptions that the company betrays their trust by failing to maintain proper and sound control processes aimed at detecting fraud incidents promptly, hence safeguarding customers’ financial assets entrusted to the company. Also, poor control processes can increase the possibility of compromising client data privacy (Cheng, Liu, and Yao 2017; FSA 2008). Although the fraudulent incident at IndiasafeInvest had no impact on customers’ data, poor control processes can increase the chances of breaching client data protection mechanisms culminating in their data privacy being compromised, especially if fraudulent activities remain undetected for overly extended periods.

One implication of poor control processes for IndiasafeInvest is the financial losses that occur when thefts and unauthorized transfers occur without being detected. Another implication is damage to its corporate image. Due to the presence of poor internal controls for monitoring individual employees, the fraudulent incident in this company remained unnoticed for a long period. Consequently, the slow detection of fraud affected the image of the company’s integrity, ethics, and values, indicating that poor control processes can damage a firm’s overall corporate image as Hermanson, Ivancevich, and Ivancevich (2008) submit. Lastly, poor control processes can have serious implications for the reputation of IndiasafeInvest. This is because customers’ perceptions of trust betrayal coupled with the loss of positive corporate image due to the absence of proper control processes can translate to a bad reputation for the enterprise.

The potential implications for other organizations are similar to those for IndiasafeInvest, which include financial losses and damage to organizational image and reputation. Examples of other organizations that have experienced similar fraud issues as a consequence of ineffective control systems are HSBC Bank, Citibank, and Commonwealth Bank. At the key investment center of HSBC Bank in Bangalore, ineffective control systems promoted thefts of data by an IT employee. Also, ineffective control systems facilitated the theft of client account information at Citibank. At the Commonwealth Bank, a manager exploited ineffective control systems to steal nearly $500,000 while failing to report a fraudulent transfer of $64,000 by an employee to a personal account to conceal his fraudulent incident.

Reference List

Cheng, L, Liu, F, and Yao, D. D, 2017. Enterprise data breach: causes, challenges, prevention, and future directions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 7(5).

FSA, 2008. Data security in financial services. Financial Services Authority Report. London: FSA.

Hermanson, D. R, Ivancevich, D. M, and Ivancevich, S. H, 2008. Building an effective internal audit function: Learning from SOX section 404 reports. Review of Business, 28(2), p. 13.

Nawawi, A, and Salin, A. S. A. P, 2018. Internal control and employees’ occupational fraud on expenditure claims. Journal of Financial Crime, 25(3), pp. 891-906.

Slowiak, J. M, and Lakowske, A. M, 2017. The influence of feedback statement sequence and goals on task performance. Behaviour Analysis: Research and Practice, 17(4), p. 357.

Tracey, J. B, and Tews, M. J, 2005. Construct validity of a general training climate scale. Organizational Research Methods, 8(4), pp. 353-374.

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Florence Nightingale and her contribution to modern medicine

Despite her death over a century ago, Florence Nightingale’s influence still reverberates in the world of medicine. However, not many are aware that it is because of her that hospice care is wholesome. From proper care of injuries to the sterile conditions of carrying out medical activities in both outpatient and inpatient setting, all nursing aspects can be attributed to her. She argued that separate training should be performed by aspiring nurses (Christopher and Gill, 2005). It was during Florence’s voluntary mission work at the military fields that she got shocked at the number of soldiers dying from infection related deaths. She took it upon herself to ensure the sanitary conditions of health care facilities were up to par, she extended these conditions to housing and cooking segments. She even became immortalized in the poem “Charge of the Light Brigade” due to her hard work (Christopher and Gill, 2005). Florence used her fame to spread her sanitary reforms.

Initially, nursing schools were premised on religion or military orders, nurses were never trained on the arty of caring, they just handled medical emergency situations as they appeared. Florence remedied the situation by initiating the first sectarian school of nursing (Richards, 2006). The institution was supported with funds from British soldiers she assisted during the war. In her nursing classes, Nightingale encouraged her students to focus on the duties and tasks undertaken by nurses, as well as, the entire well-being of their patients. The books she wrote are used today as relevant nursing textbooks. Florence has been called a visionary for her contributions to the field of nursing (Richards, 2006). She shifted the paradigm from the patient to the nursing environment; her points of concern were pure light, pure water, efficient drainage, light and cleanliness.

The nursing profession was looked down upon by many people. However, when Florence realized that many of the British soldiers were not dying from the extent of their injuries but from the pitiable sanitary conditions in which they were being treated. It was from this front that Florence agitated for change in the military health care system, and the nursing profession began gaining respect (Christopher and Gill, 2005). The unsanitary conditions led Florence to formulate statistical analysis on preventable deaths in the military. She came up with the ‘polar-area diagram’ that illustrated the extent of needless deaths occasioned by unsanitary conditions (Julia, 2008). She used this as a basis for the need of reform. She formulated that it was possible to determine social phenomena and subject the results to mathematical analysis. She relied on this formula to develop descriptive statistics that buttressed her claim for the need of reform.

The fact that nursing and health care was reformed by a woman who came from a crop of Victorian women who did not attend universities, neither did they purse profession careers. However, her parents were of a different school of thought, they believed that their children should get an education and make a better life for themselves. She and her sister learned Latin, Italian, mathematics and history (Gillian, 2004). This background enabled Florence to easily gather and formulate data on statistical analysis.

During the Crimean war, in Scutari, an era that had witnessed the shunning of female nurses owing to their poor reputation, the medical situation was appalling and there was public uproar on the neglect of the injured soldiers because of insufficient medical attention and treatment in unsanitary and inhumane conditions. Soldiers lay on their own excrement on feeble stretchers strewn on corridors (Julia, 2008). The health facilities were infested with bugs and rodents; there were no bandages and soap. Florence and her nurses tidied up the place, cared for patients by day, and through the night using a lamp. Through her actions of caring for her patients throughout the night, she was referred to as ‘lady of the lamp.’

Florence gathered data and revolutionaries recordkeeping practices. She applied the data in improving the military and city hospitals. Florence and a team of nurses worked hard to overturn the conditions at Scutari to the point of reducing the overall deaths by twothirds. She conducted analyses on mortality rate, which she used to support her notion that improving sanitary conditions would result in a decrease, in deaths (Gillian, 2004). After her suggestions were implemented, the mortality rate reduced drastically.

From those results, she graphically represented the data, created polar-area charts that indicated the statistic being highlighted is proportional to the region of the wedge in a circular representation. Throughout her life, Florence received awards and prize money from various channels, including the British government (Richards, 2006). She used the monies acquired to further her cause of reform in health care. She funded the founding of St. Thomas hospital in which she advanced training and education of nurses.

Florence has been credited for improving conditions in the stay of hospitals. She implemented numerous patient services which aided in the improving of quality treatment in hospitals. It was Florence who came up with a patients’ kitchen where appealing food, in line with medical dietary requirements, was prepared (Mark, 2008). She initiated laundry segments in hospitals so that patients’ apparel would be cleaned and sterilized. In furtherance of making hospital stay more appealing, Florence integrated classrooms, as well as a library, for patients to stimulate their intellect. All the above attributes can be seen in virtually all health care facilities across the world. Florence Nightingale changed the hospital setting and treatment quality; as a result, unnecessary deaths were eradicated.

Nightingale’s statistics and ability to formulate diagrams on the situation on the ground paved the way for organized learning and led to improvement in medical, as well as surgical practices. Florence formulated a Model Hospital Statistical Form for health care facilities to generate and gather regular data and statistics (Linda, 2006). Nursing is not the same as medicine as its goal is to place the patient in conditions that will make them heal and feel better quickly. Nursing exercises promote health regardless in care giving situations.

Today, the nursing and medical fields are still applying practices pioneered by Florence. She emphasized on improved sanitation, gathering and compiling data on the situation on the ground. Hospitals across the world rely on collection of data to inform their decisions, surgeries cannot be conducted without analyzing success rates on similar surgeries, and nurses not only care about the treatment, but the overall well-being of the patient, as well (Mark, 2008). So many exercises revolve around Florence’s contributions and suggestions. Training of nurses has been intensified, and the scope of its study has similarly been increased (Gillian, 2004). From humble beginnings, Florence school of nursing has grown to the level it is today. Health care, as we know it, has developed at an amazing rate, many of the changed being witnessed stem from the ideologies postulated by Florence Nightingale.

References

Gill, Christopher J., and Gill, G.C. Nightingale in Scutari: Her Legacy Reexamined. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005. Print.

Gill, Gillian. Nightingales: The Extraordinary Upbringing and Curious Life of Miss Florence Nightingale. Ballantine Books. 2004. Print.

Julia, Rehmeyer. HYPERLINK “http://www.sciencenews.org/index/generic/activity/view/id/38937/title/Florence_Nightingale_The_passionate_statistician” Florence Nightingale: The Passionate Statistician. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_News” o “Science News”Science News. 2008. Print.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Richards” o “Linda Richards”Richards, Linda. America’s First Trained Nurse: My Life as a Nurse in America, Great Britain and Japan 1872-1911. Diggory Press. 2006. Print.

Bostridge, Mark. Florence Nightingale, the Woman and her Legend. Viking. 2008. Print.

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Food Additives and Human Health

As the human populations increased and lifestyles begun to change, it was deemed necessary to preserve food in order to ensure steady supply. Fundamentally, the techniques employed in food preparation and preservation were developed to address various problems related to food storage, wastage and food-borne illnesses. The advances in technology have increased the reliance of humans to food processing. In addition, changes in lifestyles have greatly limited the amount of time that was initially employed in food preparation. This implies that additives are increasingly being employed in necessitating the process of food production and preservation. Although they aid in preservation of food and in some instances enhance their nutritional value, food additives have adverse impacts on human health.

Basically, food additives constitute different substances that are either intentionally or unintentionally added to animal feed or human food during processing or storage (Sarjeant & Evans, 1998). They are wide and varied and include preservatives, antioxidants, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents and coloring agents. Usually, they contain very little or no nutrients. Currently, they are available in natural as well as artificial forms and are used at different stages of food preparation, processing or preservation. Food additives are used for various functions during food production.

Adikinson (2003) indicates that additives are useful for preserving or improving the nutrient value of the respective food. In this respect, statistical evidence ascertains that a significant number of drinks and foods are fortified and enriched in a bid to improve their nutritional value. At the same time, additives preserve the foods and give them a longer shelf life. This regulates consumption and helps in preventing food wastage and conserving the natural resources employed in food production. Usually, the law requires that all foods that contain the additives are labeled accordingly. Besides preserving food, additives enhance food flavor and provide color to the food; thus improving its appearance. Most importantly, additives maintain food wholesomeness by preventing entry of bacteria, fungi, air or yeast that can cause diseases (Adkinson, 2003).

Conversely, food additives have adverse health effects that compromise the quality of life of the consumers. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (2009), food additives contain toxins that are harmful to human health. Seemingly, a significant percentage of these are manufactured from chemicals that are harmful to human health. The negative health impacts usually occur immediately or after a long period of time. Immediate effects according to Sarjeant and Evans (1998) range from behavioral changes and changes in energy levels to changes in mental concentration and reduction of immunity. In most cases, these occur when an individual is exposed to the additives for a lengthy period of time. Long-term effects on the other hand include degenerative conditions, risks of cardiovascular diseases and risk of cancer (FAO, 2009).

Although food additives are helpful for preserving food and improving its nutrient value, they have far reaching implications on human healthy after a lengthy exposure. Food additives comprise of food color, flavorings, antioxidants and anti-infective agents. As aforementioned, they are added to food during production and storage. They are useful for enhancing the flavor, nutrient value and appearance of the food. However, they have negative impacts on human health as they lead to behavioral changes, affect mental concentration and reduce immunity on the short term. If exposed for a lengthy period of time, individual also risk getting cancer, heart diseases and other degenerative conditions.

References

Adkinson, N. (2003). Middleton’s allergy: Principles and practice. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier.

Food and Agriculture Organization. (2009). General standard for food additives. USA: FAO.

Sarjeant, D. & Evans, K. (1998). Hard to swallow: The truth about food additives. USA: Alive Books.

Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Model

Name

Institution

Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Model

Introduction

Florence Nightingale, also known as “The lady with the Lamp” is considered by many to be the founder of scientific nursing and a leading luminary in nursing education. She was the first person to declare that nursing ought to be practiced in a specific way and that it could be achieved through specialised education and training (Meleis, 2011). Her nursing notes formed a strong basis for numerous nursing practices and research in the nursing field. She is the first nursing theorist, who came up with the environmental theory which she explained in her book Notes on Nursing: What it is, What it is not. Her environmental theory is the main subject of discussion of this paper.

The Main Idea of the Theory

Florence Nightingale’s Environmental theory has many ideas and assumptions under which it operates. The basic assumptions embraced by the theory are natural law, nursing as a calling; nursing as an art and a science, humans’ ability to achieve perfection, nursing through altering the environment, nursing that requires a specialised education base and the idea that nursing is totally different and independent of medicine (Selanders, 2010). In her theory, Nightingale depended on several cannons that are now known as the theory’s major concepts.

The concepts of Nightingale’s nursing care include light and noise, ventilation and warming, personal hygiene, quality food consumption, bed and bedding, observation/petty management and sharing hopes and advances. Her document espoused her nursing meta paradigm that forms a nursing conceptual model of Nightingale’s theory (Selanders, 2010). The key paradigms are nursing, person, health and environment. Nightingale’s concepts have unique relationships and thus affect each other. Their relationship is symbiotic in nature since they support and complement each other in practice. Failure to exercise one concept appropriately may negatively affect the outcomes of those concepts that are properly exercised.

Origin of Nightingale’s Theory

Nightingale’s intellectual abilities and her experience certainly led her to develop this theory. She was a statistician and philosopher. She had read a wide variety of literature that influenced her thinking. Finally, being religious lead to a strong conviction in what she termed as “God’s Calling.”

The insistence on a clean environment was a product of her experience in nursing. Her consideration of clean air in relationship to the environment was linked to the air condition to England’s 1800’s atmosphere that was polluted by smoke from coal heating, which affected both indoor and outdoor air quality (Meleis, 2011). Due to her appreciation of sanitation, she also recognised the importance of clean water. During the Crimean war, she noted that the hospitals were infested with rats and fleas. In addition, the wards were continuously flooded by sewerage waters. She also noticed that patients died of diseases rather than wounds. An improvement of their environmental sanitation reduced their mortality rates.

In developing her theory, she used the empirical evidence such as the polar diagram, which is a statistical diagram. She had excellent research skills that enabled her to record what she observed, conceptualise it, infer a synthesised meaning and communicate her findings. In this regard, she developed her theory using empirical information and studies which provided adequate evidence for her to draw the conclusions towards various environmental concepts and assumptions.

Usefulness of Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Model

Nightingale’s theory is very useful for nursing. It has been practical and helpful throughout the 20th century and even now, in the 21st century. The theory further contributes to the understanding and prediction of outcomes in a nursing environment, for instance; it has been effectively used in the management of Tinea Pedis in populations deemed vulnerable (Howett, Connor, & Downes, 2010). Nurses apply this theory by providing patients with the best conditions possible to aid in their recovery. For example, nurses assume the responsibility of reducing noise, alleviating patients’ anxieties as well as providing them with a healthy sleep. Environmental adaptation forms the core of holistic nursing care.

Testability

Nightingale’s Environmental Model has been applied and tested in various environments through scientific research. The tests have shown remarkable evidence of the ability to improve patients’ health by improving their environment. Researchers have proved that unhygienic practices, poor housing conditions, lack of clean drinking water expose children to a number of ailments. Cleaning the environment reduces their symptoms. One of studies that has used this theory is “Environmental Theory Applied to the Home Environment of Children Exposed to HIV at Birth: A Descriptive Research” by Crisitna & Gimeniz (2011). The study exalted the significance of Nightingale’s theory major concepts such as cleanliness, fresh air and sunlight to human health.

Overall Evaluation

Nightingale’s Environmental Model is comprehensive and specific. The theory effectively covers different component of the environment that affect patients’ health. It then narrows down to the specific components of the environment that influence patients’ health and how. To a certain extent, the theory is general since the environment is wide and its impacts are continuously revealed.

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Theory

Strengths

Florence Nightingale’s theories were written in a capturing, logical and flowing format. Her writing is considered elegant.

The theory has a broad spectrum of applications, and it has been used in homes, employment places, intensive care units among others.

It raises consciousness of a nurse on the importance of the environment to healthcare outcomes.

Weaknesses

The theory has limited information about psychosocial environment. It concentrates mainly on the physical environment.

There are still contradictions over the applicability of her concepts.

Conclusion

Nightingale’s Environmental Model is a functional model that has helped to improve the ability of nurses to deliver nursing service to patients. The model has been adopted in hospitals, elderly homes, homes, workplace among others. It has generated positive outcomes in places where it has been adopted.

References

Vieira, C. I., & Gimeniz, G. (2011). Environmental theory applied to the home environment of children exposed to HIV at birth: a descriptive research. Brazilian Journal of Nursing, 10(2), 1.

Howett, M., Connor, A., & Downes, E. (2010). Nightingale theory and intentional comfort touch in management of tinea pedis in vulnerable populations. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(4), 244-50

Meleis, A. I. (2011). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Selanders, L, C. (2010). The power of environmental adaptation: Florence Nightingale’s original theory for nursing practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 81-8.