Category: Uncategorized

Firm’s Competitive Environment

Author

Institution

Introduction

A comprehensive understanding of the government regulations and the dynamics pertaining to the competitive environment of businesses comes is imperative not only for businesses but also for potential employees. Needless to say, the markets are made up of different structures, each of which is affected in a different way by the varied regulations. On the same note, a number of bodies and commissions are established in an effort to regulate the markets and ensure fairness not only among the business entities but also with regard to the customers.

Antitrust laws

Also called competition laws, antitrust laws underline statutes aimed at protecting consumers from predatory or unfair business practices through safeguarding the existence of fair competition in open-market economy. The United States has four fundamental antitrust laws including the following.

Sherman Act – enacted in 1890, the Sherman Act prohibits any conspiracy, contract or combination between two or more business entities that imposes unreasonable restrictions on commerce and trade (Vogel, 1998). It prohibits monopolies, conspiracy or agreements that monopolize the market of a particular service or product.

Clayton Act- this Act, passed in 1914, aimed at addressing specific practices whose effect is the creation of a monopoly or substantially lessen competition. It covers mergers and acquisition, exclusive dealing agreements, tying arrangements, as well as interrelated boards of directors.

Robinson-Patman Act – coming into force in 1936, the Act addressed discrimination in prices that are charged to competing purchasers for goods that have similar quality and grade (Vogel, 1998). It aimed at protecting small businesses through restricting the capacity of larger companies to dictate discriminatory discounts via their purchasing power.

Federal trade Commission Act – the Act gave the Federal Trade Commission the authority to enforce the three other antitrust laws. It prohibited deceptive practices and unfair competition methods (Balleisen, 2011). It was designed to nip anticompetitive practices in the bud.

Intended Purpose of economic regulation in monopolies and oligopolies

Oligopolies

These refer to market structures that are characterized by few firms dominating the market, selling differentiated or identical products with considerable barriers to entry in the industry. Economic regulations in this industry are aimed at ensuring economic efficiency. Oligopolies may try to fix prices, leading to high prices and reduced production unlike the case of perfect competition. In addition, economic regulations of oligopolies are aimed at enhancing the growth of the industry, especially considering that oligopolies can apply unethical practices so as to limit entry into the industry.

Monopolies

Economic regulation of monopolies aims at preventing excess price. Deficiency of government regulation may cause monopolies to put the prices up, resulting in allocative inefficiency and a reduction in consumer welfare. In addition, economic regulations safeguard the quality of services in monopolies (Baldwin et al, 2010). Monopolies often have no incentive to provide quality services as there is no competition. Economic regulations ensure that monopolies meet specific standards of service. Moreover, economic regulations promote competition and limit monopsony power (Baldwin et al, 2010). Firms that have monopolistic powers may choose to exploit monopsonic buying power.

Key functions of federal commissions governing economic regulations

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

FERC controls oil pipeline rates, hydroelectric licensing, wholesale electric rates, natural gas pricing and interstate electricity sales.

Securities and Exchange Commission – SEC’

SEC was created with the aim of controlling securities markets, as well as protecting investors. It has statutes that encourage full public disclosure and protect investors from manipulative and fraudulent practices in security markets (Balleisen, 2011).

Federal Communications Commission

The FCC aims at making available worldwide, nationwide and radio communication services with sufficient facilities at reasonable cost to all United States people without discrimination (Balleisen, 2011). It also aims are promoting safety of property and life via radio and wire communications.

Intended purpose of social regulation in all market structures.Social regulation underlines a wide range of rules that govern the manner in which individuals or businesses undertake their activities with the aim of correcting varied market failures (Baldwin et al, 2010). It aims at serving two purposes. First, it prohibits business entities from producing goods with certain characteristics of in ways that would harm public interests like environment, health and safety (Baldwin et al, 2010).

Secondly, it aims are ensuring that business entities produce goods with certain characteristics and in ways that would benefit public interests.

Key functions of the five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA was established with the sole aim of protecting the environment and human health through the creation and enforcement of laws made by Congress. It is responsible for the maintenance and enforcement of national standards under varied environmental laws in consultation with local and state governments (Baldwin et al, 2010).

Food and Drug Administration

FDA promotes and protects public health via supervision and regulation of dietary supplements, tobacco products, food safety, prescription, vaccines, blood transfusions, veterinary products, pharmaceutical drugs, biopharmaceuticals and ERED (Balleisen, 2011).

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

CPSC controls the manufacture and sale of varied consumer products through banning dangerous consumer products, researching on their potential hazards, and issuing recalls if such products are already in the market (Balleisen, 2011).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHA has the mission of safeguarding healthful and safe working conditions for workers through establishing and enforcing standards, as well as offering assistance, education, outreach and training (Baldwin et al, 2010).

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

The NHTSA aims at saving lives, preventing injuries, as well as lowering vehicle-related crashes through the development of anthropomorphic dummies that are used in safety testing and the test protocols themselves (Balleisen, 2011).

References

Baldwin, R., Cave, M., & Lodge, M. (2010). The Oxford handbook of regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Vogel, S. K. (1998). Freer markets, more rules: Regulatory reform in advanced industrial countries. Ithaca, NY [u.a.: Cornell Univ. Press.

Balleisen, E. J. (2011). Government and markets: Toward a new theory of regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Firm-level challenge

Name

Affiliation Company Overview

The Walt Disney Company, together with its auxiliaries and subsidiaries, is a main enhanced universal family stimulation and media undertaking with five business sections: media systems, stops and resorts, studio diversion, customer items and intuitive media. Media Networks involve a tremendous show of telecast, link, radio, distributed and computerized organizations over two divisions – the Disney/ABC Television Group and ESPN Inc. Notwithstanding substance advancement and circulation works, the fragment incorporates supporting home office, correspondences, advanced media, conveyance, promoting, examination and deals groups (DePamphilis, 2009). The Disney/ABC Television Group is made out of The Walt Disney Company’s worldwide amusement and news TV properties, possessed TV slots gathering, and radio business. This incorporates the ABC Television Network, ABC Owned Television Stations Group, ABC Entertainment Group, Disney Channels Worldwide, ABC Family and in addition Disney/ABC Domestic Television and Disney Media Distribution. The Company’s value enthusiasm for A&E Television Networks, Hulu, and Fusion round out the Group’s arrangement of media organizations.

For more than 90 years, The Walt Disney Studios has been the establishment on which The Walt Disney Company was manufactured (Gaughan, 2010). Today, the Studio brings quality films, music and stage plays to buyers all through the world. Highlight movies are discharged under the accompanying pennants: Disney, including Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios; Disney nature; Marvel Studios; Lucas film; and Touchstone Pictures, the standard under which cutting edge movies from DreamWorks Studios are dispersed. Disney Consumer Products (DCP) is the business portion of The Walt Disney Company (NYSE:DIS) and its associates that conveys inventive and connecting with item encounters crosswise over a large number of classifications from toys and attire to books and compelling artwork. As the world’s biggest licensor, DCP moves the creative abilities of individuals around the globe by bringing the enchantment of Disney into purchasers’ homes with items they can appreciate year-round. DCP is contained three specialties units: Licensing, Publishing and Disney Store.

Information Management Policy

Information management (IM) is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the dissemination of that information to one or more gatherings of people. This occasionally includes the individuals who have a stake in, or a privilege to that information. Management implies the association of and control over the arranging, structure and association, controlling, transforming, assessing and reporting of information exercises keeping in mind the end goal to meet customer goals and to empower corporate capacities in the conveyance of information (Ivashina & Scharfstein, 2010).

All through the 1970s this was to a great extent constrained to records, document upkeep, and the life cycle management of paper-based documents, other media and records. With the multiplication of information innovation beginning in the 1970s, the occupation of information management tackled another light, furthermore started to incorporate the field of information support. Never again was information management a straightforward employment that could be performed by just about anybody. A comprehension of the innovation included, and the hypothesis behind it got to be fundamental. As information stockpiling moved to electronic means, this got to be more troublesome. By the late 1990s when information was frequently dispersed crosswise over PC systems and by other electronic means, system administrators, it might be said, got to be information directors. Those people ended up tasked with progressively complex errands, equipment and programming. With the most recent apparatuses accessible, information management has turned into a capable asset and an extensive cost, and additionally hazard, for some associations.

To put it plainly, information management involves arranging, recovering, procuring, securing and looking after information. It is nearly identified with and covering with the act of information management.

Evaluation

Management information systems have changed the elements of running organizations productively. Decentralization is one of the greatest points of interest; it permits observing of operations at low levels and authorizes assets for departmental administrators to give time to key exercises. Coordination of particular ventures and exercises is vastly improved and chiefs in the association are mindful of issues and issues in all divisions. Another playing point of MIS is that it minimizes information over-burden, which can be very basic with customary organizations in the present day period (Ivashina & Scharfstein, 2010).

Better Planning and Control

MIS must be outlined and oversaw in such way that it totals information, screens the organization’s exercises and operations and upgrades correspondence and joint effort among workers. This guarantees better anticipating all exercises and better approaches to quantify execution, oversee assets and encourage agreeability with industry and government regulations. Control helps in estimating, planning exact plans and giving the devices and key information to workers, top management and business accomplices.

Aid Decision Making

The purpose of MIS is to create incorporated and handled information from modernized/mechanized and certain manual systems. Information appropriation to all levels of corporate supervisors, experts and key administrators gets to be truly consistent with streamlined MIS. Administrators have the capacity to make snappy, auspicious and educated decisions. Top management and board individuals can take key decisions, plan future development and business extension exercises taking into account the information and information produced by MIS.

Disadvantages

Depending on organization deployment, utilization and unessential components, a few detriments identified with Management Information Systems can go to the fore. Distribution of plans for MIS updates, adjustments and different corrections can be very dubious on occasion. On the off chance that financial plans are not distributed consistently or according to prompt necessities, key functionalities may get effected and advantages may not be acknowledged reliably. Mix issues with legacy systems can influence the nature of yield and fundamental business discernment reports.

Constant Monitoring Issues

Change in management , ways out or takeoffs of division supervisors and other senior officials has a wide impact on the working and checking of certain association works on including MIS systems. Since MIS is a basic part of an association’s danger management procedure and unified systems, consistent observing is important to guarantee its viability. Nature of inputs into MIS needs to be observed; generally consistency in the nature of information and information produced gets effected. Supervisors are not ready to direct business, operational and decision making exercises with the imperative adaptability.

The

Nature and Scope of the Marketing-Information Management Function

This capacity revolves around distinctive organizations attempting to get information about their items from their target market. Shagginess realize that on the off chance that they comprehend what their clients need then it opens the way to grow thoughts, make more mindful thoughts and even comprehend what their rivals are doing admirably and not well.

Information for Marketing Decision Making

Dissimilar information is monitored for different marketing decisions.  It is part into three principle classifications of shoppers, marketing mix, and the business environment. Shopper information that is checked is information about age, sex, pay, training, and family measure. Advertising blend information that is checked is information about essential items, item highlights, management s, item bundling, and assurances. Business environment information that is checked is information about kind of rivalry, contenders’ qualities and systems, financial conditions, and government regulations. There are numerous more sorts of information required for compelling advertising decisions for every class.

Common Sources of Internal and External Marketing Information

Clients don’t set out for some purchasing items unless they are super rich. They have to have a reason clients ought to come. Information Monitored for Marketing Decision Making. Distinctive information is observed for diverse advertising decisions. Regular Sources of Internal and External Marketing Information. There is a five stage procedure to focus the information required. The intention is to figure out what sources are needed (evaluate each). Exactness, time, detail, and expense are all components took a gander at to perceive how great the source fits the needs of the organization. Inside information occasions that happen inside the organization.

Creations and operations reports make the organization more cost and time productive. Tests in view of execution are judged based off of consumer loyalty or deals. Outer information gives calculates outside of the association. Government reports make distinctive reports utilizing a gathering of information after some time. Business information and information benefits that help settle on the best decision for how to market an item.

Effectiveness of Financial Marketing Information System Policy

A showcasing information system (MkIS) is a composed technique for gathering, putting away, investigating, and recovering information to enhance the adequacy and productivity of advertising decisions. Little and expansive organizations oversee information with PCs and now and again a staff, however the information must be finished, exact, simple to utilize, auspicious, affordable, and financially savvy. The five components beneath are the manner by which to outline the showcasing information system.

Input is the information that goes into the system that is required for decision making. This information originates from clients, contenders, and business operations to discover information that advertisers will then use to make decisions for the business. Storage includes the assets used to look after information, including hardware and techniques, so it can be utilized when required. The information needs to be stores and composed for future utilization. The information must be found accurately.

Analysis is the methodology of outlining, joining, or contrasting information with the goal that decisions can be made. This is the place the decisions are made for getting ready for the future and in addition things like limited time plans being built. Output is the aftereffect of examination given to chiefs. This is the most vital component as a great many people will never see the past three. This is usually depicted through composed information or representation to present the information gathered. Decision Making- These decisions ought to be made rapidly if the MkIS is very much outlined. Some decisions are routine while others are definitely not. More individuals will settle on decisions on confused points.

Steps Needed to Gather and Study Operations Divisions

Another approach to assemble information is through auxiliary information. Optional information is information that has been now gathered and utilized by another person. This information gets to be auxiliary when you can likewise utilize this information. Optional sources can run with essential sources. For example you can discover auxiliary information that may fill in 70 percent of the information required. At that point essential sources can be done to discover the last 30 percent. Auxiliary information can be anything from organization records, government reports, schools and colleges studies directed, and other information reported by other authority business. The other alternative of gathering essential information which is information gathered surprisingly to take care of the issue being contemplated. Essential information can be gathered through studies, research organization, mentioning objective facts, and trials. The greater part of the information gathered needs to have the capacity to fill in the steps that incorporate characterize the issue, examine the circumstance, add to an information accumulation method, assemble and study information , and propose an answer. Studies can be directed in two separate behavior. Close finished inquiries are normally yes no inquiries. A sample is “do you like the Bucks?” The other is open finished inquiries which leave the inquiries bearing to the individual getting studied. An illustration is “the thing that do you like about the Milwaukee Bucks.” Observation is recording information about somebody without contact them, yet rather simply viewing. Investigations are the place each part finishes what has been started aside from a solitary variable. The test is to discover what changes in the variable. A test system can be made which is the place the organization decides the greater part of the components with the exception of the variable.

Role of Situation Analysis in the Marketing-Planning Process

Breaking down the circumstance permits the scientist to recognize what is now thought about the issue, the information right now accessible, and even the conceivable arrangements that have as of now been endeavored. Somebody must comprehend the issue all right to decide how to tackle it as this is a piece of logical critical thinking. The analyst surveys accessible information and assembles information from individuals who may have thoughts of extra information. Past studies can help deduce how to approach the issue. A watchful situational investigation without anyone else’s input may bring about ID of an answer, and the study will reach an end (Marks & Mirvis, 2010).

Interpret and Report Out Descriptive Stats for Marketing Decision Making

This information system concentrates on attempting to enhance the decisions that are made. There are various decisions that need to be made. These decisions incorporate who’s included, when are they made, what methods need to be tended to, and what information is still required. An illustration would be is whether I run a Mexican cap store and our candy machine is out of Pringles. I would need to discover the nearest and most cost reasonable Pringle wholesaler in the range. A case utilizing measurements would be that an office supply store shows low stock levels of paper, and a PC investigation system confirms that two hundred instances of paper are required. It will look the merchants to discover the least conceivable cost. Different decisions that aren’t as standard would include more individuals all the while. Allude to the area above for any additional decision making related information

References

DePamphilis, D. (2009). Mergers, acquisitions, and other restructuring activities: An integrated approach to process, tools, cases, and solutions. Academic Press.

Gaughan, P. A. (2010). Mergers, acquisitions, and corporate restructurings. John Wiley & Sons.

Ivashina, V., & Scharfstein, D. (2010). Bank lending during the financial crisis of 2008. Journal of Financial economics, 97(3), 319-338.

Marks, M. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (2010). Joining forces: Making one plus one equal three in mergers, acquisitions, and alliances. John Wiley & Sons.

Mishra, P., & Chandra, T. (2010). Mergers, acquisitions and firms’ performance: Experience of Indian pharmaceutical industry. Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics, 3(5), 111-126.

Firm’s Competitive Environment

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421505” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc380421505 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421506” Antitrust laws PAGEREF _Toc380421506 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421507” Intended Purpose of economic regulation in monopolies and oligopolies PAGEREF _Toc380421507 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421508” Key functions of federal commissions governing economic regulations PAGEREF _Toc380421508 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421509” Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) PAGEREF _Toc380421509 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421510” Food and Drug Administration PAGEREF _Toc380421510 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421511” U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission PAGEREF _Toc380421511 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421512” Occupational Safety and Health Administration PAGEREF _Toc380421512 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380421513” National Highway Traffic Safety Administration PAGEREF _Toc380421513 h 5

Introduction

A comprehensive understanding of the government regulations and the dynamics pertaining to the competitive environment of businesses comes is imperative not only for businesses but also for potential employees. Needless to say, the markets are made up of different structures, each of which is affected in a different way by the varied regulations. On the same note, a number of bodies and commissions are established in an effort to regulate the markets and ensure fairness not only among the business entities but also with regard to the customers.

Antitrust lawsAlso called competition laws, antitrust laws underline statutes aimed at protecting consumers from predatory or unfair business practices through safeguarding the existence of fair competition in open-market economy. The United States has four fundamental antitrust laws including the following.

Sherman Act – enacted in 1890, the Sherman Act prohibits any conspiracy, contract or combination between two or more business entities that imposes unreasonable restrictions on commerce and trade (Vogel, 1998). It prohibits monopolies, conspiracy or agreements that monopolize the market of a particular service or product.

Clayton Act- this Act, passed in 1914, aimed at addressing specific practices whose effect is the creation of a monopoly or substantially lessen competition. It covers mergers and acquisition, exclusive dealing agreements, tying arrangements, as well as interrelated boards of directors.

Robinson-Patman Act – coming into force in 1936, the Act addressed discrimination in prices that are charged to competing purchasers for goods that have similar quality and grade (Vogel, 1998). It aimed at protecting small businesses through restricting the capacity of larger companies to dictate discriminatory discounts via their purchasing power.

Federal trade Commission Act – the Act gave the Federal Trade Commission the authority to enforce the three other antitrust laws. It prohibited deceptive practices and unfair competition methods (Balleisen, 2011). It was designed to nip anticompetitive practices in the bud.

Intended Purpose of economic regulation in monopolies and oligopoliesOligopolies

These refer to market structures that are characterized by few firms dominating the market, selling differentiated or identical products with considerable barriers to entry in the industry. Economic regulations in this industry are aimed at ensuring economic efficiency. Oligopolies may try to fix prices, leading to high prices and reduced production unlike the case of perfect competition. In addition, economic regulations of oligopolies are aimed at enhancing the growth of the industry, especially considering that oligopolies can apply unethical practices so as to limit entry into the industry.

Monopolies

Economic regulation of monopolies aims at preventing excess price. Deficiency of government regulation may cause monopolies to put the prices up, resulting in allocative inefficiency and a reduction in consumer welfare. In addition, economic regulations safeguard the quality of services in monopolies (Baldwin et al, 2010). Monopolies often have no incentive to provide quality services as there is no competition. Economic regulations ensure that monopolies meet specific standards of service. Moreover, economic regulations promote competition and limit monopsony power (Baldwin et al, 2010). Firms that have monopolistic powers may choose to exploit monopsonic buying power.

Key functions of federal commissions governing economic regulations

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)

FERC controls oil pipeline rates, hydroelectric licensing, wholesale electric rates, natural gas pricing and interstate electricity sales.

Securities And Exchange Commission – SEC’

SEC was created with the aim of controlling securities markets, as well as protecting investors. It has statutes that encourage full public disclosure and protect investors from manipulative and fraudulent practices in security markets (Balleisen, 2011).

Federal Communications Commission

The FCC aims at making available worldwide, nationwide and radio communication services with sufficient facilities at reasonable cost to all United States people without discrimination (Balleisen, 2011). It also aims are promoting safety of property and life via radio and wire communications.

Intended purpose of social regulation in all market structures.Social regulation underlines a wide range of rules that govern the manner in which individuals or businesses undertake their activities with the aim of correcting varied market failures (Baldwin et al, 2010). It aims at serving two purposes. First, it prohibits business entities from producing goods with certain characteristics of in ways that would harm public interests like environment, health and safety (Baldwin et al, 2010).

Secondly, it aims are ensuring that business entities produce goods with certain characteristics and in ways that would benefit public interests.

Key functions of the five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)EPA was established with the sole aim of protecting the environment and human health through the creation and enforcement of laws made by Congress. It is responsible for the maintenance and enforcement of national standards under varied environmental laws in consultation with local and state governments (Baldwin et al, 2010).

Food and Drug AdministrationFDA promotes and protects public health via supervision and regulation of dietary supplements, tobacco products, food safety, prescription, vaccines, blood transfusions, veterinary products, pharmaceutical drugs, biopharmaceuticals and ERED (Balleisen, 2011).

U.S. Consumer Product Safety CommissionCPSC controls the manufacture and sale of varied consumer products through banning dangerous consumer products, researching on their potential hazards, and issuing recalls if such products are already in the market (Balleisen, 2011).

Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSHA has the mission of safeguarding healthful and safe working conditions for workers through establishing and enforcing standards, as well as offering assistance, education, outreach and training (Baldwin et al, 2010).

National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationThe NHTSA aims at saving lives, preventing injuries, as well as lowering vehicle-related crashes through the development of anthropomorphic dummies that are used in safety testing and the test protocols themselves (Balleisen, 2011).

References

Baldwin, R., Cave, M., & Lodge, M. (2010). The Oxford handbook of regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Vogel, S. K. (1998). Freer markets, more rules: Regulatory reform in advanced industrial countries. Ithaca, NY [u.a.: Cornell Univ. Press.

Balleisen, E. J. (2011). Government and markets: Toward a new theory of regulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

First amendment and fairness doctrine

Author

Institution

Introduction

Freedom of speech arguably is one of the most valued aspects of in any country irrespective of the setting. However, it also doubles up or comes as one of the most misused freedoms in any country. Unfortunately, many are times when misuse of this freedom leads to disastrous results. This, therefore, underlines the importance of putting restrictions on freedom of speech. This is especially in academic institutions. It goes without saying that recent times have seen an increase in the rate of violence in academic institutions. This violence may be aimed at one individual or a certain race or tribe. On the same note, there are instances where speech amounts to bullying, which is one of the key problems plaguing present-day academic institutions. This underlines the importance of the incorporation of a speech code. Unfortunately, it has become increasingly impossible to control the personal conduct of students especially as pertaining to speech, thanks to the entry of computers, internet and social networks. Nevertheless, it is imperative that rules are implemented pertaining to the speech of students in academic institutions in order to maintain law and order. The following rules would be applicable for students’ conduct online.

Students are not allowed to make hate speech against an individual, a group of people or even a race. Hate speech, in this case, is defined as any statement that creates a hostile, offensive or intimidating educational environment for a certain group of people. The predominant characteristic of this speech is that it causes emotional distress to a certain individual or group of people.

Students are also prohibited from making discriminatory or racist epithets or any other expressive behavior that is directed to an individual or group of individuals, or on separate instances at varied individuals, or even for physical conduct. This is in instances where such epithets, expressive behavior, physical conduct or comments intentionally demean the sex, race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, ancestry or national origin of an individual or group of people. Such statements may also create an intimidating, demeaning or hostile environment, which is not conductive for education, university-authorized activities or university-related work.

Students are also prohibited from making statements that aim at inciting other students to commit violent activities. The term incitement is used to describe a speech that may lead individuals who are in agreement with it to carry out immediate violence. There is always danger that a certain speech or statement will convince some or all listeners to carry out an immediate, unlawful action.

Students are also prohibited from making any obscene expression revolving around hardcore depiction of sexual acts. They are prohibited from producing and transmitting obscene material online in the academic environment. Any statement would be categorized as obscene in situations where an average person would find such a statement as appealing to the prurient interest, even in application of contemporary community standards. The work may also be describing or depicting sexual conduct in a way or manner that is patently offensive. This is also the case where the statement, taken as a whole, is devoid of serious artistic, literary, scientific or political value.

As much as the university is the one place where freedom of expression should be guarded jealously, it is worth noting that it is composed of people with different likes, preferences, feelings, values and principles. The enjoyment of all freedoms rests on the ability to allow other people to live their lives without any interruption. The term university revolves around the universality of ideas. It is always imperative that students learn to argue their points in a manner that would not limit the freedom of other people to outline their ideas, as well. In addition, it is worth noting that universities have opened up their doors to people from different races, communities, religions, as well as sexual orientation. It is noteworthy that some of these people are likely to be intimidated, especially in cases where they come from minority groups. This underlines the importance of protecting the minorities and ensuring that they do not suffer simply because they come from minorities. In some cases, students may make inciting statements that may lead to the disruption of academic-work, destruction of property, as well as loss of life. This is even in cases where they have been provided with appropriate channels of airing their views and grievances. Prohibiting the making of inciting statements would go a long way in ensuring that students learn to solve disputes amicably and ensure the protection of property, human lives and ensure peaceful coexistence.

Part Two

Do you think the Fairness Doctrine should be revived, revised, or left dead? Why?

Fairness Doctrine

The media has been one of the most fundamental aspects of any society. This is right from newspapers or print media to the radios and televisions. However, there exists a wide difference between print media and electronic media. Electronic media, unlike the publishing or print media, had an endless supply of tools of the trade. This is because the finite number of available frequencies limited the broadcasting licenses. This led to the enactment of the Fairness Doctrine as the broadcast licenses were relatively fewer than the people who wanted to have them. Licensees, as the trustees of this limited public resource, accepted a certain obligation pertaining to the public interest in exchange for the restricted the scarce public airwaves. The Fairness Doctrine was mainly meant to ensure that the broadcasters would air different views beyond the ones the licensees favored. The Fairness Doctrine incorporated two fundamental elements. It required the broadcasters to allocate some of their airtime to the discussion of controversial matters that were of public interest, as well as air contrasting views pertaining to those matters. It is worth noting that the stations were offered wide latitude on how they could provide contrasting views. They could choose to do it via the editorials, news segments or even the public affairs shows. However, this doctrine was repealed in 1987 during President Reagan’s reign as it was seen as being in conflict with the first amendment. However, there have been questions as to whether the Fairness Doctrine should be reinstated, revised or eliminated entirely. In my opinion, the Fairness Doctrine should be reinstated.

First, I believe that the reinstatement of this doctrine would allow the public to have an enhanced access to information pertaining to controversial issues. The main point behind the enactment of the First Doctrine was to ensure that broadcasters gave airtime to both sides pertaining to controversial issues. It is worth noting that, the doctrine did not require them to offer the two sides equal time but to offer a balanced view pertaining to crucial issues. This prevented one-sided reporting especially considering that the airways and programs were limited. Unfortunately, this is something that is lacking in today’s media industry. This has led to a poorly informed people, something that affects their decisions especially pertaining to political matters. There are still some people who cannot access cable networks, in which case they can only get information from the same channels that have certain individuals presenting warped ideas and point of views. Unfortunately, the absence of this doctrine makes such people give incorrect information as they would not need to defend their views.

In addition, this comes as one of the ways of preventing personal attacks and disingenuous information from being broadcast, which has been the norm in the media. Research shows that there has been an increase in personal attacks and misinformation in mainstream radio since the repealing of this doctrine. It is worth noting that these have resulted in mass misinformation, as well as deaths of individuals against who the broadcasts had suggested action. The reinstatement of this doctrine would guard against broadcasts that may polarize the people.

Lastly, it is worth noting that the foundation of this doctrine was the notion of “spectrum scarcity”. The notion underlines the physical restriction of airwaves, which then leads to the restriction the number of stations that are available. It is worth noting that the maintenance of limited airwaves is done in the public interest. In essence, the doctrine underlined the fact that the airwaves are not private property but a public resource. It reaffirmed the congressional mandate that television and radio has to be maintained as the general public’s medium for free speech, rather than an outlet for serving the private or personal interests of its licensee. It is worth noting that licensees are trustees of limited public resources, in which case they accept a certain obligation pertaining to the public interest, in exchange for the restricted utilization of the limited public airwaves.

Author

Tutor

Course

Date

First day in College

Introduction

Students getting out of high school and colleges always talk about their love for their school especially in their last days in the institutions. Being blessed with a natural ruminating tendency does wonders in lubricating the brain gears, which explains why finalists have so much to say about their just-to-be former school. College always presents numerous opportunities for growth and unforgettable lessons beyond the academics. It is an opportunity to learn new phenomena, make new (and valuable) friends, and get lost in the confusion and chaos that do little to create a conducive environment for making friendship. This explains why my first day in Nicholls State University sticks so much in my mind.

The exact date escapes my brain, but it was in mid August, when my adventurous journey in Nicholls State University started. I must admit that I was walking with my head as not many people have the opportunity to pursue their academic journey in this college. However, I was haunted by the question that many people asked me. “Why Nicholls State University of all other colleges?” Of course, I would come up with smart (and grown up) stuff such as, “excellent infrastructure, placement record, ambience etc”. Unfortunately, the question reappeared the day I was joining the institution, something that poured cold water on my hopes pertaining to the institution. I knew there and then that the institution was to be feared.

Having my dad escort I to the college did not make matters better, but I understood how kids feel when starting school anew. The fact that I had left high school quite a number of years ago did not make matters better, as it meant that I would find few friends from my former high school. Fortunately, there were a number of them, albeit in different departments. I got to college in time for the orientation ceremony at the Gandhi Hall, where I joined my soon-to-be friends. It goes without saying that I felt out of place and lonely in one of the most magnificent and complex places on which I have ever set my eyes. The presence of an old friend from high school livened my spirits in a remarkable manner. Unfortunately, the new students were required to sit with their respective departments in which case I had to bid him goodbye, as I settled in with my prospective friends. I could not help noticing that some of them already knew each other and were chattering away making me feel miserable.

The orientation whizzed away with numerous speeches that incorporated messages and anecdotes being made. These lifted my spirits and made everyone feel welcome, cheerful and warm. After the three hours, we were required to go for an orientation tour around the institution so that we could know our way around it. I must admit that keeping my lips tightly zipped was the hardest thing I have ever had to do, as I am a natural born socialite. In essence, I made a friend with one of the new students. It seemed the God was not so cruel as I had earlier thought. Unfortunately, my happiness was cut short as we were grouped in alphabetical order according to the first letter of our names. The first letter of my name differed from hers in which case we had to separate amidst a grudging goodbye. I, therefore, chose to concentrate on admiring the place.

This campus was simply astounding. I naturally blended into the group, as all of us were left speechless by almost every architectural contortion by which we came, including the enormous library, the workshop, administration block and the stadium. On a number of instances, we bumped onto other groups making the tour and, luckily, found other friends from my former high school. It goes without saying that the day was improving with time. This was confirmed when lunch time came. The cooks must have prepared the food with kings in mind, which made me repent for having thought of how cruel God is for sending me to the college.

The orientation resumed after the heavy lunch, but I found it hard to drag my feet up the stairs to the class. However, I found solace in chatting away with my new found friends who were not only my future classmates but also bus-mates. The tour to the lecture halls and seating arrangements took several minutes, thanks to the mumbling and grumbling that we excitedly made. This ultimately gave way to the afternoon snack, which was simply lip-smacking. The highlight of the day was the ride back home when I boarded the school bus. As a newbie, I was not privy to the art of sleeping in the bus. I was animatedly chatting with my new-found friend when she burst out laughing. This attracted the attention of one of the teachers who called us to the front seats. This was extremely embarrassing to us, but I bet it is going to make one of the things about which we will always laugh. The first day in college was characterized by embarrassment, ebullience, and a dose of stupidity, but I settled in, thanks to fate, God, and my ever cooperative schoolmates.

Financial Reporting Disclosures in Australian Corporate Sector

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Institution

Introduction

According to (Deegan, 2009), corporate entities, financial statements are documentary reports which they prepare to track and evaluate the amount of money in regards to profit or loss an organization is realizing from the investment operations. Financial statements and reports are intended to express this information piece to the shareholders and investors of an organization. As a result, financial report is a critical contract between the investment and the outside (external) investors because they have right to be sufficiently informed if their fiscal investment is being utilized perceptively and at a significant return.

This paper purposes to establish a report of 2 identified Australian companies. The paper provides disclosures analysis established in the two selected companies financial reports in view of the following subjects 1) the Joint venture investments; 2) related party disclosures and transactions and 3) reportable segments.

The two companies that are being analyzed are Mirvac Group and Fairfax Media Ltd. Mirvac deals in real estate investment, investment management and hotel operations, while Fairfax on the other hand deals in media industry.

The financial statements of both Mirvac group and Fairfax Media Ltd. have been developed in compliance to the policies and practices of accounting adopted by the previous annual fiscal statement, for the periods ending December 31, 201, though did not integrate the adoption of AASBs 2010 developments. The AASBs 2010 established various trivial developments to the AASBs. The improvements that were significant and the effect of the current or earlier financial periods are illustrated.

The financial periods of the two Companies ending 31 December 2011, have been developed in conformity with the procedures of the Corporations Act 2001 and Australian Accounting Standards AASB 134: The disclosure of the financial reports as stipulate in the AASB 134 ensures that the fiscal statements and notes also abide by the International Financial Reporting Standards.

AASB 101 improvements in financial statement production

The improvements does provide an option in developing the reconciliation of every element of other comprehensive proceeds, such could either be done by way of notes of the fiscal reports or in the reports of alterations of equity (Deegan, 2009). Both the corporate groups “consolidated statements” have opted to retain reconciliation within their consolidated statements in equity as earlier disclosed, hence no significant discrepancy regarding their accounting procedures.

Joint venture Investment

Joint venture is an agreement through a contract between two or more companies (or parties) where they consent to undertake an investment which is operated through joint control. AASB 128 describes the requisites for the investment disclosure in joint ventures or associates. The joint venture or associate incorporates IAS 28, established by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The guideline has describes the accounting procedures in joint venture and outlines the particulars for the equity-based approach to be applied in associated or joint investment. The procedure is used on entities that have joint control of investment or have important impact over the investees. The guideline requires that the below factors be considered when making public the financial statement;

Acknowledgement of liabilities incurred and assets controlled, and share of revenue gotten alongside expenses obtained by a venture in a joint controlled investment.

Acknowledgement of shares of liabilities incurred, assets jointly controlled, collectively incurred share of liabilities, sales revenue and all other expenses realized as a result of joint venture interest.

Describing all the investment interest in collectively controlled entities by the application of equity method, cost method or fair value approach.

Mirvac group financial report indicates its joint venture in Mirvac property trust and Mirvac Limited. Their joint investment was arrived at in March 2011. In their financial statement for the period ending 31 Dec 2011, they have indicated that $1.2 billion expenditure is projected on Mirvac property trust and Mirvac Limited joint venture investment. The report did not cover the particulars of AASB 128, for instance, the liabilities incurred and the assets controlled have not been acknowledged. In addition, the share of assets jointly controlled was not outlined. This may be so because they have not implemented the AASB 128 since the projected venture operations will materialize in course of 2012 financial year.

In respect to Fairfax, they gave disclosed their operations in joint investment venture in their financial year ended 31 Dec 2011. The joint venture is referred to as Fairfax Digital Media. Within joint venture, Fairfax holds 70% interest and has realized a margin of $87.8 million in the year ended 2011 (Fairfax Media Limited Annual Repor 2011).

In a similar operation to Marvic ltd, Fairfax financial report did not disclose information concerning the liabilities incurred and jointly controlled assets in their joint investment.

Reportable Segments

AASB 8 outlines the requirements of reportable segments, which requires corporate organizations to disclose materials that will enhance the users of financial reports to examine the fiscal effects and position of investment activities which they are engaged in and the economic setting of the operations.

In addition, this principle requires investment entities to separately report information concerning each of their business segments. The reportable segments have to be the geographical and business segments whereby a considerable portion of the corporation’s income earned from, particularly the sales from the external customers.

The financial statement of Mirvac indicates that this standard has been applied, for instance; the segment information has been outlined in their page 62 of their financial statement. Marvic illustrates two of its investment entities in Northern Territory and Western Australia. The profits, costs and revenue for their segments have been illustrated in conformity with the AASB 8 according Mirvac Group Annual Report, (2011).

Fairfax on the other had outlined the information concerning its business segments in form of notes on the financial statement. Fairfax has three reportable segments namely; Australian Radio, Independent Newspaper limited and Fairfax Digital (Fairfax Media Limited Annual Report, 2011). The fiscal information of the segments which comprises; financing costs, segment revenue, profits, liabilities and assets has been illustrated. Both the two companies have disclosed information pertaining to their segment liabilities and assets, and their financial statements have omitted the investment value in joint ventures within their segments.

3. Related Party Transactions and Disclosures

The related party transactions are obligations, resources transfer which occurs between related parties not considering if a price has been charged or not. A look at the Marvic’s financial statements indicates that the related party’s particulars have adequately been disclosed (Mirvac Group Annual Report, 2011). They have been disclosed within the financial statements notes particularly the ones linked to the interests in associates, financial guarantees of the parent company and joint venture interest.

Similarly, Fairfax has also disclosed particulars linked to interests in associates, financial guarantees of the parent company and joint venture interest (Fairfax Media Limited Annual Report, 2011).

References:

Deegan, C. (2009). Australian International Merketing (6th ed.). Spring Hill, QLD: Irwin/McGraw Hill.

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Financing Options for Continental Carriers, Inc

One of the primary factors that determine the success of a company is its financial power and ability to carry out the planned investment plans. Taking into account the costs and benefits that come with difference financing options that are available to the company, Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI) therefore has a number of financing options to choose from. However, every financing method preferred by the company has its benefits and associated disadvantages. It was on this ground that Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI) management evaluated all the option financing options at their disposal. The acquisition of this company would be critical in helping the firm realize its primary objective, that is, expansion of the CCI’s routes as well as cost reduction strategy. With the merger deadline set, the ICC opted for external financial sourcing and avoiding long-term debt was prioritized. The company had the following financing options to choose from; retained earnings, issuance of common stock (3 million shares), and issuing a 10% bonds with 15 years maturity. Although CCI Inc. had three external financing alternatives to choose from (debts, retained earnings, or issuance of shares), other factors had to be taken into account. Some of these key factors include the costs involved in each option, the amount of financing risks associated with each financing alternative, and the implications on the value of the firm. For instance, it was advised that the use of debt would add considerable amount of risks to the company in terms of the long term variations of the market price of the company’s common stock. On the other hand, sale of stock was likely to dilute the stock valuation. The dilution was measured in terms of the earnings per share instead of the replacement or book value of the shares. In this case, it was realized that the post acquisition earnings would raise $34 million before the interest and taxes, but if the common stock were sold, the earnings per share would be $2.72. Therefore, the use of debt would increase the earnings per share to $3.87.

It was on this account that the entire management team and the board of directors convened a meeting aimed at exploring possible financing alternatives that would have been affordable and sufficient to meeting the financing needs of the company. These resources would be useful for expansion and acquisition of new plants by CCI. On that account, evaluation of these sources of financing was critical in order to settle for the alternative that is affordable and sustainable given the company’s debt and capital structure and policy. In order to raise extra financial resources to acquire Midland Freight, Inc., $50 million had to be generated. Given the importance of these financial resources to Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI), it is important for the management of the company to make the right choice after evaluating the disadvantages and advantage of their financing choices.

Analysis of the Options

One of the main objectives of many companies is to attain a sustained expansion mode which can increase the value of their assets and market command in their business environment. Expansion for a company encompasses increased marketing standards, increased capitalization, acquisition and many other business expansion stimulants. The management through the various stakeholders of a company makes a considerable amount of moves through the board of directors to substantially ensure there are sustained improvement, expansion, and growth of the whole company.

The recent board of directors’ disagreements alarmed the CCI’s management, headed by Mr. John Evans, president and the treasurer of Continental Carriers, Inc. (CCI), Elizabeth Thorp, to assess the previous board arguments in order to make a preformed position in the meeting to follow. There was an earlier agreement of acquisition policy as the key to continued expansion in revenues and income, thus, the merger of CCI and Midland Freight, Inc. was eminent and with the board’s policy of avoiding long-term debt, the management realized that the fund for the acquisition would be raised from outside source. Following the three scenarios, the company could use its large amounts of retained earnings which were already supplemented with the proceeds of the 1982 stock offerings to fund the acquisition. According to Ms. Thorp, the firm would sell $50 million in bonds to a California insurance company to raise the fund, with the interest rate at 10% and a maturity of 15 years. Finally, in order to avoid major market decline of the CCI’s share market prices, new common stock could be sold to the public at $17.75 per share, leaving the net proceeds of the company at 16.75 per share after the underwriting fees and expenses. In this scenario, the acquisition would require issuance of a 3 million new shares.

Considering the scenarios, the management met with a considerable amount of arguments from the board of directors and the analysis of each scenario was comprehensively analyzed in the board meeting which followed. After disappointed market performances of the CCI’s common stock, the firm’s policy of avoiding the long-term debts became realizable to the management and thus it was felt that such a change might be justified by the anticipated stability of CCI’s future earnings. In this case, selling $50 million bonds to the California insurance company would make sense according to Ms. Thorp, considering the 10% interest rate with 15 year maturity duration. This would require a sinking fund of $2.5 million, thereby leaving a 412.5 million outstanding at maturity. This would be the best to be obtained according to Ms. Thorp although it would create some sizeable need for cash. Although the Midland acquisition received much approval at the May board meeting, the cost of the debt issue raised much alarm considering the exclusion of the annual payment to the sinking fund. Issues were raised, among which argued that the stock issue had smaller cost than the bonds since the cash outlay would be required by the bond alternatives and the $12.5 million maturity considering the CCI’s already existing lease commitments. Therefore, the use of debt would add considerable amount of risks to the company in terms of the long term variations of the market price of the company’s common stock.

On the use of retained earnings, it was argued that the company’s stock had become a ‘steal’ at $17.75 per share and the CCI’s policy of the retained earnings had built the book value of the firm to about $45 per share by 1987. According to this argument, it was realized that although the true value of the firm was known but understated since the company’s assets were considerably below their current replacement cost, there was a substantial dilution of the management efforts to control the shares at 3 million share offering. This meant that selling the common stock would gift the shareholders of the company in terms of the value held the current stockholders.

One of the interesting, but striking arguments was that the sale of stock would dilute the stock value, yes, but in essence, this dilution was measured in terms of the earnings per share instead of the replacement or book value of the shares. In this case, it was realized that the post acquisition earnings would raise $34 million before the interest and taxes, but if the common stock were sold, the earnings per share would be $2.72. Therefore, the use of debt would increase the earnings per share to $3.87.

In conclusion, management’s main focus was to make a full preview of the concerns and making logical strategic moves on them. Upon the analysis of these options, it was also realized that CCI was one of the few companies in the trucking industry which had no long term debts in their capital structures, yet it had one of the lowest retained earnings in the same industry. In this way, the possibility of considering the issuance of the preferred stock came into discussion. It was therefore important, as proposed, that CCI could also consider selling 500000 shares of the preferred stock having a dividend of $10.50 per share and a per value of $100. Notably, the focus on the sale of stocks, and other financial sources were very critical in their consequences. However, the management and therefore the board of directors would not have neglected the power of other stakeholders of the Continental Carriers, Inc. It was crucial to involve all the stakeholders of the company at some points in order to avoid regrettable consequences as argued in the May board meeting, especially on the issues involving the debts and stocks of the company.

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Financial Risk Management

Personal Statement

Financial Risk Management has always been my forte. Financial Risk Management at graduate level offers immense opportunities for students. It offers learners a chance to gain computational, mathematical, and statistical skills requisite for maneuvering today’s financial needs. This course offers a real chance for the learners to appreciate the dynamics of a rapidly changing business environment. Such skills are valuable when understanding the various risks in the industry, and enable the learner to come up practical skills for navigating the turbulent waters. In addition, being successful in today’s business world requires the learner to have a clear understanding of the psychological and managerial issues that have a direct impact on management of business. Many problems and risks bedevil today’s business. The environment changes rapidly, and this requires competent staff that can address and remedy the situation as it arises. Financial Risk Management is the right course to address these challenges.

I would like to study this course at UCL for a number of reasons. First, this is a public university with a bias towards research. I love doing research because without so, one becomes intellectually redundant. Secondly, UCL has a highly respectable standing in world league tables. This would grant me an opportunity to study and carry out research with the best brains, and by using the most recent publications. The financial world changes rapidly, and this calls for timely and consistent research to keep up with the happenings. Third, the location of the University is ideal for this kind of academic course. London is a major financial hub. The Financial Services Authority (FSA), Bank of England (BoE), and Financial Services Industry (FSI) have a direct and an unwavering interest in the quality of financial analysis and risk management. The collaboration of UCL and these institutions will offer an opportunity for learners to up their analytical skills, develop an interest in entrepreneurial skills, and offer the best advice concerning the financial risk situation.

There is every motivation to study Financial Risk Management. I have always fancied offering practical advice in real situations. There is a high demand for risk management expertise. This is because managing risk is the first step towards succeeding as an enterprise, especially in the prevailing market forces. The conduct of business is now global and understanding risk factors, and initiating mitigating measures is a sure way to get to a winning start. The development of global markets and instruments means there will always be inherent risks in the running of any business. The risk managers must have a clear and concise understanding of credit risk, market risks, operational risks, and liquidity risk. This course handles these areas in a more comprehensive manner, alongside other quantitative risks and the tools requisite for understanding market changes. It would be interesting to learn other changes in risk management when I commence this course.

My academic and professional background makes me ideal for a course in Financial Risk Management. First, I hold a degree in Mathematics, which predisposes me to an analytical mind. Mathematics enables an individual to have a pragmatic and practical approach to problem analysis. I am also a mature student who understands the requirements of graduate studies. I am also efficient, have organizational skills and human skills, and ability to manage myself well. I can also assess situations objectively, and have a sense of self-discipline. In addition, I am forward looking and have a strategic mind, with a keen eye for risk. I have the ability to keep abreast with the volatility of financial markets. Lastly, I have communication skills with the ability to win over teams to my side. Communication also requires an organization to pass relevant information to all stakeholders. It would be imprudent to lie to organizations about actual risk, or to communicate such information ambiguously. The risk manager must have the ability to summarize a lot of information, analyze it, and come up with an honest assessment of the situation. Hence, communication skills are a requisite for a successful financial risk manager.

My programming experience comes from the work I have been doing since the year 2008. During that year, I helped to raise funds for Wenchuan earthquake victims, and helped to organize 30 people of Chinese descent to watch the opening ceremony of the 2008 Olympics. I also represented Chinese students at school, and did voluntary work for a famous singer’s concert. In all these endeavors, I gained praiseworthy reports.

A career in Financial Risk Management has numerous opportunities, given the shifting nature of business operations. I would like to acquire the skills that would enable me to offer faithful and timely advice to organizations on all matters of risk, and to become a trailblazer in my field of specialization. The financial world is prone with many risks. I would like to assist business organizations and investors to understand business environments before investing their resources. This would minimize chances of loss, and would ensure businesses remain sustainable in the end. Finally, completing this course will enable me to play an active role in risk management by learning what is new, and what can potentially affect businesses. This course has the potential to change the way I view the world of finance and risk, and will be the perfect opportunity for me to learn what motivates and excites me. It is my hope that the skills I learn will be of immense value to organizations.

Find A Newspaper Article That Converts Measurement At Some Point In The Article. Show The Calucatlation That Are Neaded To Convert The Measurement And Indicate Weather The Publisghed Reslts Appear Tio Have Been Calucatedm Correctly.

The published results in the article have beeen calculated corectly, however, the results is wrong. The wrong results can be attributed to the fact that the article final steps in the question have been concantated.ths means the there are section of the conversion factors that were left out for the ease of conversion. This was done to enable the conversion have an easy time converting the final result (Kreswell, 2002).

Write areport about kelvin, fahrenheit, and celcius temperature scales why each is used and why we have a diferent temperature scales.be sure to include how these diferentr systems affect the values of the community and respect.

Fahrenheit is majorly used for recording the surface temperatures measurement. This is mainly used in the US by meteorologists. However, a large portion of the world’s population is conversant with the use of Celsius which was initially developed in the 17th century. This forces the meteorologists to convert the measurement to a standard unit that can be used by everyone. This involves the conversion from Fahrenheit to degree Celsius. Kelvin is mainly used in scientific experiments, and is also applicable in scientific calculators as it starts from the absolute zero,

Celsius to Kelvin: K= ͦᴄ+273

Kelvin, fahrenheit and celcius are the main conversion and measutrements units for temperature. However, they very in the values used based on the conversion factors used. However, these names are just compledx and may scare people, the conversion process need not be that complicated. For example to convert fahrenheit to celcius, one can start be deducting 32 from the fahrenheit termaprature, to get the conversion factor than multiply the reulting figure by 5 and finaly devide the result by a value such as 9 to derive the celcuius temperature.

On the other hand, one can easily get the Fahrenheit temperature from the Celsius temperature by first multiplying the Celsius temperature by a figure such as 9, and then resulting figure is divided by 5. And finally the result after the operation is added to 32to get the Fahrenheit temperature required.

degrees Celsius (oC)     HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Text.1

degrees Fahrenheit (of)     HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Text.1

Kelvin (K)     HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Text.1

degrees Reaumur     HTMLCONTROL Forms.HTML:Text.1

These values changes the way people reason, for example, if one qouted the fahrenheit outside the americas, it will be a new concept and many are not conversent with it. Additionaly. The fahrenheit is not widely used (Kreswell, 2002).

Compare and contrast metric and english measyrement systems. Also include, where each iusn used and why we have difFerent measurememt systems. What reason might e given for continuing to use the the english systems

Compare

The two systems are both used for measuring volume, distance, mass, and temperature. They are both accurate with negligible variation.

Contrast

The metric system is much easier tom use as it is specific to a unit for example volume, for capacity. The English system is complicated as one unit can be used to refer to number of measurement. For example, the ounce can be used to refer to volume, quart or pounds.

Relevance of English measurement

The English measurement will only be used a different measures especially when we want to have a single unit for measuring many values. However, it is rather illogical.

Compare and contrast conversion in linear measurement, area and volume measurement.

Compare

Linear measurement is used to measure the displacement in straight line

Area measurement- refers to the amount of space covered by a plane.

While volume is three dimensional space enclosed by a border line

Contrast

measurement formula Si unit

area Length X width unit²

volume Length X width X height Unit 3

Length displacement unit

Write a paper why every measurement has two parts

All measurement has two parts, for example every measurement has the numerical part which is also referred to as the factor and the other part is the dimension also called the unity. This is useful for showing what is measured and the quantity measured. For example: 2 meters. Two is the factor, meters is the unit of measurement.

References

Kreswell. J. (2002), Operation Research, A Gentle Introduction. NY Sage

Essay: Financial Risk Management, A Case of Goldman Sachs Bank during the Financial Crisis

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Goldman Sachs was one of the major investment banks (later became a bank) in US that went bankrupt but was bailed out during the financial crisis of 2008 over alleged malpractices involving shorting its subprime mortgage backed securities. Kunt, Evanoff and Kaufman (2011) define financial crisis/ distress as ‘an event in which substantial losses at financial institutions and/or the failure of these institutions cause, or threaten to cause, serious dislocations to the real economy, measured in terms of output foregone.’ Financial malpractices at Goldman Sachs bank saw its profits decline due significant losses being realized from large subprime write downs which were followed by mortgage crisis meaning beneficiaries were unable to pay. The short selling of subprime mortgage securities to Lehman Brothers is blamed to have worsened the financial crisis to the detriment of both institutions. As a result, the bank approached the federal government for a bailout under the troubled asset relief programmed (TARP). Since the loan came with high interest rates and short repayment period, the banks financial condition worsened and become highly geared. In summary, Goldman Sachs financial crisis can be classified as threefold, that is, financial malpractices among traders and top executives in trading mortgage securities (operational risk), mortgage industry crisis/ risks and high financial leverage.

Risk management theories that can be used to explain the crisis an offer insights into possible solutions are discussed hereunder. Weinberg (2007) noted that the bank relied on incomes from trading to maintain its profit growth which was risky. Therefore, the bank should have maintained a prudent model to monitor the value at risk (VaR) for securities being traded. VaR model shows the maximum estimated loss for a portfolio factoring market related risks at a given time horizon (Esch, Kieffer and Lopez, 2005). Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) would also have helped the bank to understand the behavior of capital markets and possibilities of excess, negative and optimal return on a portfolio by analyzing the securities market line (Elton et al., 2010). Brownian motion model of financial risk management though highlights useful risk strategies useful under normal circumstances was found to fail in providing rational understanding of financial turmoil (Borma and Sharma, 2011).

References

Boma, S. & Sharma, D. (2011). “ How much trust should risk managers place on “Brownian Motions” of financial markets?” International Journal of Emerging Markets, 6 (1), 7 – 16. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.emeraldsinsight.com/journals.htm” www.emeraldsinsight.com/journals.htm

Elton, E., Gruber, M.J., Brown, S. & Goetzmann, W.N. (2010). Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis (8th ed). New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley and Sons Inc

Esch, L., Kieffer, R. & Lopez, T. (2005) Asset risk and management: Risk oriented finance. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Kunt, A.D., Evanoff, D. & Kaufman, G.G. (2011). The international financial crisis: Have the rules of finance changed? (Ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ltd

Weinberg, N. (2007). “Sachs appeal (Goldman Sachs Group)”, Strategic Direction, 23(7), 56 – 61. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm” www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm