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Family Life Education

Introduction

Social challenges facing the modern society can best be solved using the finest structure of social organization; the family. This is a premise that has been used to deliver dramatic results to the society with regard to teething social challenges facing the family today. The realization that the family offers a channel to arrest potent challenges with capacity to cripple the entire society has been a safe approach since it is possible to tackle social challenges at source. To illustrate how useful this premise is to offering practical solutions to some real social challenges, this discourse highlights the importance of applying social support to the family in various circumstances that compromise social health. This discourse outlines three basic perspectives in unravelling the opportunity availed by the family including; family resource centre concept, nobody’s perfect parenting education platform as well as support for new immigrant families. The basic principle of family support in the illustrations is that social support offers a platform through which people tackle society weaknesses by solving individual weaknesses.

Thesis Statement: the concept of family support offers a channel of penetration into the core of the society to solve major social challenges.

Family Resource Programs

One of the most important tools that a country can use to reach out to the society with regard to social offering of social support is through formulation of policies for community based organizations (CBOs) targeting the family. A countrywide network of CBOs funded by the government, the community and other well wishers should be in a position to create a comprehensive program that caters for the entire nation’s needs. Family resource programs are nationwide projects that are rolled out to reach the family in such a setting as would enable family members (parents, children, grandparents and home care givers) to meet and learn in a supportive environment (FRP Canada, 2010, p5). According to FRP, these programs operate in centres established throughout the country with an aim of giving support to the family to nurture openness, inclusiveness of family members as well as self reflection. Apparently, the setting of the centres gives the environment necessary for members to experience a rare opportunity to get relieved of life tension that ordinary environment would not offer.

It is clear that the family resource centres present learning and growth opportunity to the members of a family than any other program would. Social network enhanced at the centres enables parents and caregivers to establish a sharing platform with the centres’ staff as well as with their peers. It is important fro the family to understand the opportunities they have when they are not in isolation when they share their problems with their new friends at the centre (FRP Canada, 2010, p10). It is not only parents and caregivers who benefit by gaining confidence but children development in socializing, interaction, schooling and fitness gets boosted. The concept of family support through family resource programs therefore offers a channel of penetration into the core of the society to solve major social challenges.

Nobody’s Perfect Parenting Program

The concept of family support offers a channel of penetration into the core of the society to solve major social challenges through special attention to parenting. Under the social program dubbed Nobody’s Perfect Parenting Program, the Canadian government through the Public Health Agency in collaboration of the provincial departments of health reaches to parents with an aim of offering support to the family. According to the principles of the program, parents’ role of taking care of the children social and physical health is acknowledged and support provided thereon so that the impact trickles down to the society. The prime goal of the parenting program is enhancement of the capacity that parents have towards meeting their role of offering care for their children (Charchun and Skrypnek, 2009, p.iv). The program teaches among other things the importance of instilling discipline to the children while they are still young. The authors state that active participation of parents in instilling discipline to their children was successful under the program hence point at the success of the program.

The society stands to develop if the parents changed the intervention of discipline issues that their children get trained on. Empowering parents and the families therefore trickles the impacts down to the society which benefits by having disciplined individuals. Interactions skills that parents and their children ought to apply for a healthy society are also taught under the program. Social problems are solved in many ways in the program include those dealing with parenting stressors (Charchun and Skrypnek, 2009, p.vi).

Support for New Immigrant Families

The Canadian population gets a significant growth factor from immigrants. According to Hetherington, MacAulay and Mann (2010, p3) newcomer families are faced with a myriad of challenges that range from settling down to other social challenges. By establishing a network between family resource centres and families settlement agencies, the Canadian Family Resource Program is capable of dealing with immigrant families problems at a community level. Among the things that the programs handle with special attention, social needs of the families trying to establish a new home in Canada is top on the services offered.

The concept of family support offers a channel of penetration into the core of the society to solve major social challenges, such as those faced by immigrant families. The families settling in Canada need to get the picture of being welcome in the country if settlement is to be successfully achieved. Bearing in mind that the various needs of the family are at stake, family resource programs attempt to provide an environment where useful insights can be availed to the families to assist them cope with settlement difficulties. This is particularly important since the new families need to contribute to the Canadian society in a positive way, with the diversity that they add to the society. There may be marked negative beliefs from the native society about the incoming families and support is important in regaining courage to face life in the new environment.

References

Charchun, J. & Skrypnek, B. J. (2009) “An Evaluation of the Nobody’s Perfect Parenting Program.” Ottawa, ON: Canadian Association of Family Resource Programs

FRP Canada (2010) “Online Evaluation of for Family Resource Programs.” Ottawa, ON: Canadian Association of Family Resource Programs

Hetherington, K., MacAulay, J. & Mann, B. (2010) “Support for New Immigrant Families- Challenges and Opportunities.” Perspectives, 3:3-32

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Family Models

A family is considered a basic social unit whose environment provides viable conditions for effective functioning. Emergent research ascertains that the family environment provides an ideal environment that comprises of rich stimuli essential for both physical as well as psychological growth and development. Although the external environment made up of the media, friends and schools also influences the beliefs, values and behavior of the children, this remains the fundamental function of the family unit. Thus family conditions play an instrumental role in determining the developmental outcomes of an individual. To a great extent, the model of the family influences the values, beliefs and attitudes that the family members assume. Arguably, family models also determine the functions or roles that individuals within the family as well as the family as a social institution assume. From a psychological point of view, mental problems such as addiction disrupt the functioning of the family and compromise its ability to execute its roles in an effective manner. This paper explores the family unit in light of its models, roles, functions, conflicts in its functions and the implications of addiction to its functioning.

The models of the modern family are wide and varied and largely influenced by the beliefs and attitudes that members of the family hold. According to Strong (1998), family models are classified in three main categories; patriarchal model, Gender-neutral or equity model and entitlement model. The patriarchal model comprises of a father, who assumes the role of the family head, a mother who assumes subordinate roles and children that are protected by both parents. In this family, the parents assume the sole responsibility of ensuring that the minors are protected in all ways. They are the sole decision makers at all times and therefore directly influence the values that their children assume in the long run. Such families experience minimal conflicts as values related to respect and honesty are held in high regard. Certainly, the success of the children in this family is highly depended on the parenting competencies of the father and mother.

Unlike the patriarchal model, the equality family model embraces the principle of equity and both the state and the family have an equal responsibility of making decisions that affect the wellbeing of the family. This is compounded by fraud because the sovereignty or autonomy of the family is undermined. Values related to respect for parents are minimal because of the fact that children, just like parents have an equal right to influence family decisions. The last family model that is supposedly influenced by the principles of feminism is the entitlement family. In this, the mother and children assume the protected class while the state overrules all issues pertaining to the family. The father on the other hand assumes an insignificant position and is in most cases considered an abuser rather than a part of a family. Psychological evidence ascertains that the success rate of such families is usually very low because of the disparities in power sharing (Strong, 1998). Arguably, the inherent controversies contribute to conflicts within the family that undermine its entire functioning.

Generally, the family institution has various social, economic, political and biological roles to play in the society. Biologically, Williams, Sawyer and Wahlstrom (2005) assert that the family is responsible for reproduction or bringing forth offspring. Socially, the family is also responsible for instilling vital social values in the children. These are important because they allow them to socialize with their peers well and grow up in an acceptable manner. It can not be disputed that a viable social environment that is characterized by acceptance is fundamental for healthy growth and development. Relative conflicts with respect to the role of a family in procreation and socialization stem from the changing structure of the family. Seemingly, the structure of the traditional family is changing and likewise, new family values are being embraced. Changes in lifestyles with respect to careers and economic production are also undermining the ability of the parents to assume this role fully. Most importantly, scientific inventions pertaining to family planning have also raised various controversies regarding the role of the family in procreation.

The family is also expected to play important economic functions related to production. From a traditional point of view, family roles regarding economic production were stratified along gender lines. However, this has changed in modern times especially with the invention of technology. Seemingly, the role of the family as an economic unit has also diminished significantly. This can be attributed to the changing values that are placing undue emphasis on an individual rather than a family. Conflicts in this respect also stem from the role of the state in safeguarding the wellbeing of the family. Emergent trends ascertain that the state rather than the family is ensuring economic production.

At an individual level, a family comprises of a father, mother and children. The father and mother assume reproduction and production roles. They safeguard the entire wellbeing of their children and ensure that their needs and wants are catered for. Children on the other hand play supportive roles of helping their parents in different ways. In certain societies, the extended family that entails aunts, uncles, cousins and grand parents also influence the decisions of the family in different ways. With regard to family values, Williams et al (2005) cites that these play an instrumental role in enhancing harmony within the family. Values differ from one family to another and are usually influenced by the beliefs as well as experiences of the family. In some instances, members within a family may assume different values. This is attributable to the intergenerational differences. In this regard, values that parents assume may differ significantly from those that adolescents assume. Reconciling inherent differences is fundamental for harmonic co existence of the family.

From a psychological point of view, addiction has diverse implications on the functioning of the family. This is because of the influence that it has on the family members. To begin with, addiction makes it difficult for the members to play their roles in an effective manner. This is because the affected members spend a significant period of time on their additive activities. This culminates in conflicts especially when the responsibilities are shifted to other members of the family. For instance, an addicted spouse burdens the other spouse with parenting responsibilities. This undermines the quality of parenting and can compromise assumption of vital values by children. The spill over effects affects the entire functioning of the children in future. Also, addiction leads to poor relations within the family. In this respect, the family does not collaborate towards attainment of goals and objectives related to reproduction, economic production and social wellbeing.

References

Strong, B. (1998). The marriage and family experience. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Williams, B., Sawyer, S. & Wahlstrom, C. (2005). Marriages, families & intimate relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Family Problems and Juvenile Delinquency

Author

Institution

Introduction

Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D.B (1998). Relation of Family Problems To Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 26. No. 5.

Juvenile delinquency has been one of the key and fundamental problems in many parts of the globe. Juvenile delinquency refers to the participation of people below the statutory, legal age in illegal activities. Quite a lot of works have been written, and studies done to examine the various aspects pertaining to this problem. However, one of the most fundamental studies of this menace is the relationship between parenting or family structure and juvenile delinquency, as examined in “Relation of Family problems to Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth” by Gorman-Smith, et al.

This journal evaluated the relationship between patterns of delinquent behavior and patterns of family problems over a certain period among a sample of minority adolescent males from inner-city. The study identified and included empirically-derived groups of non offenders, escalators, serious, chronic offenders and chronic minor offenders. In addition, the study identified the patterns of family problems and differentially related them to delinquency problems. This study built on four paradigms of family problems identified by Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber encompassing the existing literature on the categories of family problems related to youth delinquency (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). These were neglect, deviant behavior and attitudes, disruption, as well as conflict. Neglect encompassed the lack of parental involvement in the lives of the children and the quality of parental supervision. Disruption encompasses the life circumstances such as parental absence from home, divorce, separation, parental psychopathology and health problems that may disrupt the family functioning, as well as affect the behavior of children (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). Conflict encompasses the conflict between children and parents as measured by support within family and discipline practices. Deviant behavior and values encompass families where deviant behavior and values are propped or supported, where the participation of children in deviant behavior does not conflict the beliefs and values of parents rather they are supported.

Two hundred and ninety-eight subjects were interviewed with questions covering the subject, family, peers, school and community. The subjects used in the study were Latino and African-American boys, as well as their caregivers. These subjects were derived from economically disadvantaged inner city neighborhoods of Chicago. 62% of the subjects lived in single-parent homes while 47.6% of families had an overall annual income below $10000. In addition, 73.5% of the subjects had an annual income falling below $20000. The subjects were aged between 11 and 15 years (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998).

Evaluation of the results was done in two sections. In the first, the researchers evaluated the relationship between each family problem, the involvement of the youth in each of the developmental pathway, and the virtual importance of each in the understanding of overall risk. In addition, the researchers evaluated the relationship between patterns of involvement in delinquent behavior and patterns family functioning over time.

The results of the study indicated that members of the group that participated in serious, persistent offenses had a higher likelihood of having families that are characterized my multiple problems such as conflict, disruption, as well as lack of parental involvement. In some cases, neglect was so severe that it surpassed the legal definition and requirement of neglect. In addition, these people had a higher likelihood of having families that were distinguished by deviant behavior and attitudes (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998).

The findings provide a test of concurrence between delinquent involvement and family problems. As much as the functioning of family affects youth delinquency and violent behavior, there exists a possibility that the behavior of youths affects the functioning of families. It is worth noting that serious, chronic offenders may disrupt their families to such an extent that the functioning of the family experiences multiple problems (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). In addition, the study showed that members belonging to the group that started later and escalated in their delinquent involvement had a significantly less likelihood of having families that incorporate multiple family problems. This group was clearly distinguished from serious, persistent offenders by the fact that they had started their participation in delinquent behavior later on in life, but reached serious levels of participation. This may signal at other factors such as peer influences, which may have considerably stronger relations to delinquent behavior in the case of this group.

The identification of patterns of behavior and its relationship to potential risk characteristics may offer information, which may be translated to action by indicating the outcomes and transitions that are possible for a certain individual. These results would form a fundamental pillar for basing prevention and intervention. It is worth noting that this study does not assume a general relationship between the functioning of family and participation in delinquency (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). These results, therefore, suggest targeting certain aspects pertaining to family functioning to impact the varied patterns of delinquent involvement.

This paper shows provides empirical indications that parenting has a key role to play in participation of an individual in juvenile delinquency. Of course, there are other factors that may be at play such as peer pressure in the case of individuals who start participating in the delinquency later on in their lives. This does not in any way undermine the role of parenting and nature of family structure in either eliminating or propagating juvenile delinquency.

References

Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D.B (1998). Relation of Family Problems To Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 26. No. 5.

Family Relationships

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Institution

#1

Adolescent is a period of crisis for many youths; as they encounter serious problems while trying to develop their identity. The most challenging aspect of adolescent is the transition for childhood to adopt and assume desirable social conduct, which conform to the norms and rules of the society. The products of adolescent that emerge from youths during the transition are affected by numerous factors; as the youths are the products of society through socialization, peer influence, family ties and interactions, environment and education (Garland, 2012). The parents are the closest people to adolescents, and the influence of the same is substantially significant. However, youths develop the feeling that they should exploit their independence and find their way of doing things, without the influence of their parents. Most deviant behavior by youths results from their desire to rebel against the social conventions, which govern proper conduct.

It is imperative to note that, not all youths portray rebellion to their parents; as a substantial portion of youths grow to become responsible adults, without engaging into indiscipline cases. The youths in the two cases had problems with the family relations. Imperatively, the family is a crucial unit in the society, which is paramount in shaping the behavior of youths. Therefore, dysfunctional families create emotional and developmental problems, in adolescents (Garland, 2012). The girl in case nine developed repulsive feelings towards her family due to constant verbal quarrels with her mother. Though she had a brother named Michael, she distanced herself from the brother and formed other close ties with friends and peers. The outcome of her behavior was that she became selfish, and nothing else mattered to her apart from her friends and school work. Eventually, she formed and joined activism groups, which consumed her entire time coupled with her favorite music and art.

Evidently, the girl in case nine did not accommodate her brother (adopted) in the schedule. Therefore, Michael joined crummy company and stated doing drugs due to loneliness, he missed classes and eventually he was out of school. Michael’s behavior brought serious concerns in the family and eventually his mother had him arrested for domestic violence (Garland, 2012). It is vital to note that the family relations are fundamental, and they cannot be replaced by relationship from peers. The girl in case nine had committed buddies, but she could not discuss with the girls the issues that were tearing her brother apart, as well as his family issues.

The girl in case ten had similar problems in the interactions and relationships, in the family. The breakdown of his family and the love between her parents who seemed distanced ruined the life of this girl. The parents did set a high bar for this girl and compelled the girl to develop new challenge every time she accomplished a target. However, these parents failed to set a perfect example of love to their daughter; as they did not sleep in the same bedroom. Further, the parents tore the girl apart with indistinct goals and demands for absolute control over her life.

Similar to the girl in case nine, the girl in case ten developed strong defense mechanism, which would facilitate her survive the torture from her parents, as well as seize her independence (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). Eventually, she turned to education perfection, which saw her at the summit of her class with the best grades. Further, she turned to friends for comfort and at one point she encountered a terrific handsome young man. The relationship between the two teenagers did not yield anything, and the girl’s mother blamed the girl for ruining the relationship (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). The blame game and other responsibilities proved unfriendly to academic performance of the girl and eventually her top position in class was snatched by someone else. The shock of this failure and lack of family and support from friends plunged the girl into anorexia, in an attempt to regain control over her life.

There are similarities in the cognitive qualities of the two girls, the girl in case ten opted for a less intelligent way of controlling her life than the girl in case ten. Notably, neglecting proper diet was a self destructive method of seeking control of one’s life and such behaviors makes the audience question the intelligence of this girl (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). However, the girl was the best in her class for a considerable period, and this position remained unchallenged for a long while. Similarly, the girl in case nine was equally brilliant as a result of vast research and studies, which gave her lots of knowledge in different fields.

There is a massive disparity in how the two girls in these cases solve their disputes both with their parents and their peers (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). The girl in case nine when faced with a dispute with her parent, she always tries to face it immediately and this resulted to having conflicts with her mother. In addition, this girl seems to trust her friends more than she trusts her parents. This is because she prefers sharing her problems with her peers and friends (Thorne & McLean, 2012). This girl has a rich network of a friend who helps her resolve forget her problems. Further, this girl tries to grasp the cause of issues by analyzing all avenues for a solution. The key factor that facilitate the girl in case ten to deal with her issues effectively is the strong network of friends and a supportive father who helps her with research and other studies. On the contrary, the girl in case nine adopts a self destructive strategy in an attempt to stir guilt feeling in her parents, especially her mother (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). There was no slightest support for this girl from her mother or father and the concerns of her parents focused on trivial issues and absolute control over their daughter. Therefore, the key factors in case ten are quest for academic perfection, denial and lack of support from parents and friends (Dolgin & Rice, 2011).

The girl in case ten seems also to suffer from identity issues. This is because she is not sure of her race. This seems to give the girl challenges while interacting with other peoples as it is even difficult to pronounce her name, something which makes her uncomfortable. The girl in case nine seems not to suffer from any identity issues, and she is even more confident of herself (Thorne & McLean, 2012). Although she has an adopted brother who is of a different race, she seems to love her just like they are of the same race.

There is a disparity in the way the two girls approaches their problems. While the girl in case nine seems to use friends to help her solve her problems, the other girl seem to be reserved, and she does not share problems with anyone else (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). This quality has made the girl in case nine to not to worry much about her problems because she always seem to have a way to solve her problems. This is contrary to the girl in case ten who always seem to worry too much about herself. This has resulted to her having health problems, which affect her negatively. This difference in personality between the two girls contributes to how each of them solves her problems.

There is, however, some slight similarity in their personality, in that both girls want to maintain a good image of their families to the outside world (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). This is demonstrated by the character of the girl in case nine, who although opens up all her problems to her friends she does not want her friends to know about the problems that her family is undergoing. This is same to the girl in case ten also want to portray of her family that, they are a perfect family although there are several problems that they are experiencing.

#2 Marcia Theory

The theory indicates that they are several issues that result to adolescents having relationship issues with either their parents, or their friends. Adolescents usually suffer from a temporal perspective versus time confusion. Most adolescents want to achieve the highest success all at the same time (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). The girl became disappointed when her mother failed to take responsibility for her condition. Adolescents should learn to understand the concept of time and develop patience, in the entire life aspects. It is vital to understand that life has many disappointments; as things do not always turn out as planned.

Further, the theory touches on self certainty versus self consciousness, which are vital in dealing with adolescent issues in the pair of case studies. It is necessary for an adolescent to have self confidence in themselves, and wish that they can attain their goals. This helps them to be able to cope both with the successes and failures that they may experience both at the present, and in the future (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). In their development, adolescents also suffer from what this theory refers to as role experimentation versus role fixation. It is, therefore, important as the adolescents are developing to experiment various roles and identities this gives them an opportunity to find their true identity in the future.

Another important aspect that this theory advises the adolescents to consider avoiding conflicts with their parents and peers, is ideological commitment versus confusion of values. It is beneficial for adolescents to ensure that their own ideologies and believes guides their behavior. This helps the individuals not to be influenced by other people in the wrong way (Dolgin & Rice, 2011).

#3

One of the explanations that have been brought forward to explain why adolescents and especially girls, behave the way they do is gendered reminiscence practices especially during childhood (Thorne & McLean, 2012). Researchers have realized that there are massive disparities in how past experiences and especially those involving fearful experiences affect boys and girls at adolescent stage of life. Girls have been found to be affected by these experiences more than the boys. In addition, girls have been found to be more sensitive to fear and sadness. This, therefore, affects the identity of an individual, as well as his or her perception of things. This can explain why the girl in case ten behaved the way she behaved, in that she seem to have inborn fear that prevents her from exploring her fully self.

Another explanation that has been brought forward to explain the behaviors of the adolescent is the role of communication between the parents and the adolescents. Researchers have indicated that family being the basic social unit it is suppose to provide the adolescents with the necessary social skills, which help them to interact with the rest of the world. This is because before the adolescents develop a relationship with their peers, they usually have had established relationship with their families (Thorne & McLean, 2012). The relationship that the adolescents have with their parents, as well as other family members, may profoundly influence their attitudes towards life. This was demonstrated in the two case studies where the two adolescents seem not to have a devilishly good relationship with their parents. This has negatively affected their behaviors.

#4

There are three principal levels of moral development that have been identified. These levels include the pre-conventional moral reasoning, conventional moral reasoning as well as post conventional moral reasoning. Pre-conventional moral reasoning is mainly based on the physical consequences of their actions. At this level, individuals avoid doing evil because they fear from being punished (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). In the second level, that is the conventional moral reasoning, reasoning is mainly based on the laid down rules of a group, to which the individual belong. At this level, an individual wants to be good because he or she want to be approved by others. In addition, at this level the individual is aware of laws that governs the society and, therefore, does their best to ensure that they uphold these laws.

In the post conventional moral reasoning, the individual reasoning is mainly based on their principles. At this level, individuals are able to determine whether the various laws that are set are based on their rights (Thorne & McLean, 2012). The moral development stages were clearly demonstrated in the two cases studied.

References

Garrod, A. (2012). Adolescent portraits: [identity, relationships, and challenges]. Boston: Pearson.

Dolgin, K. G., & Rice, F. P. (2011). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Thorne, A & McLean, K.C. (2012). Gendered reminiscence practices and self-definition in late adolescence. Article 22.

Family Roles And Responsibilities Towards Promoting Health

Each member of a family unit occupies a given role in the unit as a child, sibling parent among others. An individual’s family roles are always dynamic and depend on the age, family stage among other factors that may dictate role change. Together with the roles are social and family expectations for how the assigned or assumed roles are achieved. Usually each member of a family takes a role and woks hard to keep the family going. Sometimes the roles appear naturally or sometimes the family decides which role they going to take.

The 4 models of family are: clinical model, role performance model, adaptive model and eudaimonisc model. In a clinical model members of family are free of physical, mental and social dysfunction ( Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010); In a role performance model each member perform their routine roles to achieve health; (Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010); In adaptive model family have the ability to recover after a crise( Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010); and in Eudaimonistic model members are focus on efforts to support the family reach their maximum potential. ( Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010).

Whatever the family model the common family roles include Provision of resources, such as the basic and secondary needs of the family. This is a shared responsibility between the parents and the older members of the family unit. With the shared responsibility each member will gain some sense of satisfaction thus minimizing stress and other depressive conditions (Elwood & Longley, 2010). In fulfilling the role of providing for the family the member should be responsible for example ensure you buy health food not just food.

The second crucial role in the family is nurturing and supporting each other socially, psychologically, physical and all form of help that other family members may require. This includes encouraging children in school, supporting each other in case of loss of a family member.

Another key family role is the development of the life skills roles which may include the physical emotional, educational, and social development of children and adults. For example, parent guiding a child on relationship issues. For spouses each one has a role in ensuring satisfying sexual relationship as this play a significant role in a marriage. Both spouses ensure the treat sexual issues in a manner that each gets satisfaction (Wikler, 2002).

Based on the above sampled roles it is evident that each family member has a key role to play in ensuring good family health. Family members need to be flexible, determined and committed to their roles. This would minimizes stress and bring harmony among the family members. I think the ability to keep the family health is each one responsibility and what makes a family health is exactly the commitment of all members.

Reference

Elwood, P., & Longley, M. (2010). My health: whose responsibility? A jury decides. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 64(9), 761-764.

Kaakinen R. , Gedaly-Duff V. , Coelho D., Hanson s. (2010) Family Health Care Theory Practice and research 4th ed, F.A Davis Company Philadelphia

Wikler, D. (2002). Personal and social responsibility for health. Ethics & International Affairs, 16(2), 47-55.

Failure of electronic testing operations

ETO was one of the cost systems with two components namely direct labor costs and overhead. This is because the given burden rate was mainly associated with direct labor costs. It applied both systems proportionately on all products used. This was ineffective because some products required direct labor costs while others required automated machinery operations. Bruns (1999) asserts that with the advancement in technologies and new testing methodologies, ETO became obsolete. This decreased the direct labor while the overhead rates increased and thus, overall rates became higher. Another reason that led to the failure of the electronic testing operations was the current shift of the system to JIT and the whole switch to more testing methodologies assumed to be complex. This affected the labor mix mostly. All these factors were trending to the overall higher rates and higher burden rates.

On the other hand, ETO existing system assumed that all the consumed products consumed overhead and direct labor in the same proportion. Even though there were different products that were produced on cheap and simple labor and intensive equipment while other products required expensive automated equipment’s. This led to the whole existing system to fail because when the testing processes became complicated, they required less labor equipment’s and more expensive equipment. This meant that the costs proportions led by the overhead were increasing while the costs proportions led by direct labor were decreasing (Bruns, 1999).

Calculations of the five components as reported by the following computations:

The existing system was computed by an overhead rate of 146%.

Direct labor Overhead Total

ICA $917.00 $1,329.65 $2,246.55

ICB $2,051.00 $2,973.95 $5,024.95

CAPACITOR $1,094.00 $1,586.30 $2,680.30

AMPLIFIER $525.00 $761.25 $1,286.25

DIODE $519.00 $752.55 $1,271.55

(Bruns, 1999)

The system proposed by the accounting manager

(Bruns, 1999)

Direct labor Machine hours Overhead Total

ICA $917.00 $1480.00 $183.40 $2580.40

ICB $2051.00 $3200.00 $410.20 $5661.20

CAPACITOR $1094.00 $600.00 $218.80 $1920.80

AMPLIFIER $525.00 $400.00 $105.00 $1030.00

DIODE $519.00 $960.00 $103.80 $1582.80

The system proposed by the consultant

Machine Hrs Overhead Machine Hrs Rate

Main Test Room 33201 $2,103,116 $63.35

Mech. Test Room 17103 $1,926,263 $112.63

Total 50304 $4,029,379 $80.10

(Bruns, 1999)

Direct labor Main room Mech. room Overhead Total

ICA $917.00 $538.48 $1126.30 $183.40 $2765.18

ICB $2051.00 $886.90 $2928.38 $410.20 $6276.48

CAPACITOR $1094.00 $190.05 $506.84 $218.80 $1559.69

AMPLIFIER $525.00 $253.40 $112.63 $105.00 $996.03

DIODE $519.00 $443.45 $563.15 $103.80 $1629.40

(Bruns, 1999)

The preferable system

The consultant proposed system is most preferable because it tends to put separately costs of the different test rooms. This is important in that we get to know which test room incurs higher costs such as the mechanical room or lower cost such as the main room. The burden rate given above would be common for all the three calculations instead of it being applied on the labor only. Additionally, the consultant proposed system gave the most correct cost information needed by its users. It also enabled the cost system in capturing the various differences in the way the given overheads were consumed in the various stages of the production process.

Recommendations for the preferable system

Mostly, I would particularly recommend that the overhead rate of the system to be constant for all the products not matter variances in direct labor costs. This is because it will assist in giving accurate information needed by its users.

Reference

Bruns, W. (1999). Accounting for managers: text and cases. Illinois: Northwestern University Press.

 Family Business Succession Planning

1.1 Introduction

the purpose of this phenomenological evocative mixed method is to reveal the challenges that are faced by Kuwaiti family businesses. The research seeks to give an explanation of how Kuwaiti is affected by internal factors such as lack of Business Planning, women enhancement in the succession planning process, Government effect on policies of family business succession and how insufficiency in management affects Family businesses succession. The research also explains the influences that the demographic factors such as, intrusive (achievement, recognition, advancement, responsibility, and patient mix) and extrusive (salary, supervision, organization policy and administration, working conditions, and involvement in research) factors have on the succession of the family businesses. Various tools are used in order to determine how the factors influence the succession of family businesses.

1.2 Problem Statement

For the achievement of the objectives goals of the study, both quantitative and qualitative approaches are used. In order to determine the succession of the business and how it is related to the factors such as ages, salary, supervision, administration, the qualitative method is used. It helps us to find out how the employees ages are related to the succession of the business. Later the quantitative inquiry is used. The quantitative enquiry aids in the determination of how various factors are related to the succession of family businesses. In quantitative analysis the factors such as demographic, intrusive, extrusive factors that affect the workers of family businesses are determined and how they are related to the succession of the businesses. The design of the research that was used is descriptive. The basic reason for the study is to find out “relations”. The following needed to be found out;

The relations that exists between the succession of the family businesses and the salaries of the workers in the organization.

The effects of extrinsic factors on the level of businesses succession in the family businesses.

Hoe both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors determine businesses succession and how they are related to the demographic variables that are identified in the list above.

Administrative effects on the level of businesses succession.

. 3.4 Methodological Framework

The purpose of my study is to establish the nature of family business succession in Kuwait. It seeks to answer the question on why business succession may or may not fail in Kuwait I have sought to identify factors that limit smooth and successful family business succession. In order to adequately address the question collection of data would consists of primary methods particularly a questionnaire.

This entails sampling, data collection procedures and sampling and rationale.

Part one; A letter should be used in the explanation of the intention of the study. The letter clarifies the objectives of the study and its purposes. It also gives a clarification of time that the interview should take (approximated duration). It is through the letter that the respondents are assured that the information that they provide will only be used on the purposes of the study (confidentiality). They are further affirmed to that they are free to give that data or not. Refusal to give the information will not have any side effect in the future. They should do it at their own will but not at the interviewers. For the qualitative part, twenty mangers and twenty employees from family businesses are sampled randomly and given interviews. The interview should be one to one and not through phone or any other electronic. The selected group is interviewed on the succession of the family businesses. The interview finds out how factors like, salary, supervision, administration; organization policy influences the succession of the family businesses.

Part two: Part two involves quantitative analysis. A Likert scale survey (questioner) is to be distributed to three or four major departments in the family businesses. the questioner entails the information that is aimed at achieving how the Family business succession is related to demographic factors, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, administrative influences on the successions of the businesses. The intention is to send to more than 800 respondents. All the responses to the factors that determine the succession of the family business will be recorded on the will be given a response on the 7-point Likert scale. The responses to the succession of the business on the 5- point Likert scale. After the completion of the collection of all data, the total scores are obtained by getting the average across the items. Here factors like, demographic, intrinsic, extrinsic are taken to be independent. This succession of the Family business is hence dependent variable.

Dependent variable will be measured by the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire formulated by Weiss et al (1967) with an approximate Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91. The independent variable measured using the elements that were designed in the questioner that was used in the process of data collection.

To be accessible to the managerial skills in the businesses, 20 participants will be asked to respond to the questions involves descriptive rudiments of leadership behavior as built up by Bass and Avolio (1992). The multifactor Leadership Questioner (MLQ) (1992) by Bass and Avolio will provide a good basis and guidance for the purposes of measurements and assessments of the of the interviewers perspicacity of various factor that resolve the succession of the family businesses.

A sample strategy will be used in identification of the people to be interviewed. The main aim of the study is to find ou5t how the factors are related to the succession of the family businesses, twenty employees and another twenty employers are selected for the interview (Mishler 2004).

The size of the interviewers is large and so a large quantity of data is expected. The data should therefore be collected in a very short period of time and should be detailed to enhance the accuracy and for the better relation comparison levels.

1.3 Research Objective

The objective of my research was to determine how business succession planning in Kuwaiti is affected by:

insufficient management;

demographic factors ((gender, age, social class, level of education, family);

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

lack of business planning;

the role of women in the succession planning process; and

the effects of government policies on family business succession.

The section that follows is a sample questionnaire that as an interviewer used in carrying out the research.. The questionnaire is divided into four different sections each section catering for each objectives. All the questions in the questionnaires are directed to the owners of the businesses.

Sample Questionnaire;

Questions are to ask effectively in order to achieve the questions objectives. This also increases the efficiency and accuracy of data obtained.

Section 1: business management

How do you usually mange you businesses?

What is the level of their education and experience in business world?

What is the proportion of you share in this business?

Section 2: business planning

What strategies have you placed for the succession of the business?

In the current moment do those in charge of planning analyze the economic situation when doing their planning?

Are the policies made by the policy makers (planners) ever implemented?

Does the planning process involve the business maintenance budget?

Section 3: the role of women in the business succession planning

Do women have any role in the business succession plan and to wht percentage

What according to your opinion should be the role of women in succession planning?

In your known case will, if you have started planning for your business succession plan do you involve your wife and daughters in this plan?

If you have not started planning for the succession; will involve your wife and daughters?

Section 4: the effects of government policies on business succession

What are government policies in place are concerned with business succession?

What are the effects of these policies to the issue of business succession?

Government policies change with time; what is your take on changes that have been put in place concerning the issue of business succession.

2.1 Major research questions

The questions of this study will be:

Do government policies affect family business succession?

What is the impact of insufficient fund on the success process?

Does preventing women fro the process affect succession?

Does lack of succession plan affect the process?

Hypotheses

Government is ignorant of the succession plan.

Many family businesses fail because they lack succession plan.

Women have been denied the chance to participate in family businesses

Many family business struggle due to lack of funds.

Variables

Dependent variable is the success of succession process.

Independent variables include funds, women participation, government policies and succession planning.

Assumptions and limitations

Almost all researches or studies make assumptions (Robert, 50). Sample represents the whole population under consideration. Another common assumption is that the instrument used in data collection has validity and is measuring the required variables; i.e. the questionnaire that I will administer will be able to get the necessary information. Still researchers assume that respondents will cooperate and answer the questions of the survey with truth and honest. Therefore it’s important that researchers state the assumptions made.

Due to the great number, the size of data is to be limited and hence a shortfall in the research.

There may be failure of respondents to cooperate or give false information.

All items are assumed to be consistent with the characteristics of normal distribution.

3 RESEARCH DESIGN

Experimental research design would do because I intend to carry out repeated measure on factors affecting family business succession. Although lack of cooperation by the subjects sometimes prevent experiment from being performed, I consider experiment as the best approach because in experimental study one does more than just observing the objects.

3.1 Target population and sampling method

The population in this study is defined as all businesses held by families during the sampling time frame. There are numerous sample methods from which to choose from. To select the sample I would use random selection procedure since it is considered by many researchers as the safest way to ensure that the sample is representative (David, 34). In selecting the sample I will; first identify the population and then narrow down to a specific region particularly the one width high concentration of family owned businesses. Secondly after identify the region to use, them using the random sampling method I will select the sample from which I will issue the questionnaires to collect data.

Obvious the whole country represent the survey population and it would not be easy to conduct survey across the whole country (Graeme, 3). Therefore I would work with a sample of subjects rather the whole population and then generalize. In choosing the sample I would ensure that, the sample is a representative of the population. The number in the sample is very important since the effect of changing the number of the sample reduces or increases the sampling error. When sample is not representative of the population, there is possibility of selection bias. Thus in avoiding bias, the proportion of the people selected as subjects should show high compliance. The key point is; the sample must be large enough to assure that I am likely to get most or all the data that might be important. The research study is expected to take three months (July to December) such that a get enough information and reach many people as possible.

4 DATA ANALYSIS

All categorical items will be changed to an ordinary scale that rangers from the minimum value (i.e. don’t agree at all).to maximum value (i.e. fully agree). The questioners tat did not get an6y response will be coded as omitted values and the scale values calculated as average of the single item. Qualitative technique will be used to handle quantitative data. For example, the segments will be demarcated within the qualitative data and then coded. The highly-structured data will be coded without any further subjection to segmentation. This makes such data analyzable using both qualitative and quantitative techniques (Denzin and Lincoln 2000). The zero order, the multiple, partial, and the interaction association coefficients will be calculated for the qualitative data. Cross-classification technique proposed by Denzin and Lincoln (2000)be will be used, in which the dependent variable ( businesses succession ) is cross-classified with the independent variables so that the ultimate partitioning of the variation in the dependent variable is achieved just as it would be for a regression analysis in a quantitative data. This method is appropriate since the data to be collected is multivariate and hence can be cross-classified.

Descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be performed to evaluate whether there is significant relationship between business succession and the various quantitative variables like the demographic factors. The relationship between the various variables will be measured through the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients (Grinnell & Unrau 2007).

Hierarchical regression analysis will be applied to investigate the degree, to which business succession is subject to business needs. The variables will be arranged in different hierarchical steps. The first step will entail assessment of the background variables such as; intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and demographic factors.

In the second step, management will be evaluated to establish their relationship with business succession. In this step management will be assessed to establish how they relate to business succession. Job demands like the quantitative demands and emotional demands will also be assessed while another step will entail an evaluation of the job resources for instance social support at workplace and leadership.

All the p-values will be two-tailed. P-values of less than 0.05 will be considered significant given that the significance level will be 0.05 or 5%. The values will be given as mean and standard deviation and the data will be calculated using SPSS Version 17. From the research study it is evidenced that there is correlation between family business succession and funds, women participation in the business, government policies, and succession planning.

Works cited

Peter S. Davis, Paula D. Harveston. The Influence of Family on the Family Business Succession Process: A Multi-Generational Perspective. Journal of Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, pp 206 1998

Nigel Finch. Identifying and Addressing the Causes of Conflict in Family Business University of Sydney – Faculty of Economics and Business pp 45-56 2005

Michael H. Morris, Roy W. Williams and Deon Nel. Factors influencing family business succession. Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research MCB UP Ltd Page: 68 – 81 1996

Minal Uprety. A Generalized Estimator of Population Mean Using Auxiliary Information The Icfai University Journal of Computational Mathematics, pp. 63-69 2009

Fontana A, Frey JH. Interviewing: the art of science. In: Denzin NK, Lincoln YS, eds. Handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage, 1994:361-76.

Lussier Robert, Lussier, Matthew C Sonfield, and Sanja Pfeifer. The Influence of Family Business Size on Management Activities, Styles and Characteristics: An International Analysis. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship 2009 Geri LoBiondo-Wood, Judith Haber (2006) Nursing research: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice Elsevier Health Sciences,

Robert H. Brockhaus Family Business Succession: Suggestions for Future Research Jefferson Smurfit Center for Entrepreneurial Studies at the Cook School of Business, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 2004

Interviews on the family business owners and Questionnaire. 2009 Ayelet Kuper, Lorelei Lingard, and Wendy Levinson (2008) Critically appraising qualitative research BMJ 2008;337:a1035, doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1035

Failures of Google in China

In China the internet industry is fast evolving and is highly competitive. Gross estimates reveal that the number of internet users in China was about three hundred and eight five million in the year 2009. Internet use in China has grown in parallel to the skyrocketing growth of the internet users all over the world. A survey conducted in China revealed that people in sixty of China’s largest cities spend seventy percent of their leisure time on the internet and the online advertising in China has recently grown by up to thirty per cent per year, twice the growth of the print media. The internet search industry in China is dominated by a number of players, chief among them Google, Baidu, Yahoo, Sohu and Sina. Google and Baidu dominated the Chinese market accounting for more than three-quarters of the market share (John, 2010).

In 2006, the world’s famous internet giant, Google launched its services in the People’s Republic of China with a strong belief that this would open up access to information for the Chinese people. A few years later, Google announced reports that its Chinese subsidiary was experiencing troubles from the government which was constantly monitoring e-mail communication of certain key human rights activists and groups. In spite of its global authority in the internet market, Google was now considering withdrawing from the Chinese market for obvious reasons of discontent with the government’s activities. In spite of its well articulated intentions, Google was launched amid widespread criticism. Its launch enabled Google to create an authoritative presence in the fast growing oriental search market. In return for running its services in China Google entered into an agreement with the Chinese government to block some websites. Because of this self-imposed censorship, anybody people conducting searches on the google.cn encountered an error prompt message informing them that the pages they were about to view have been banned by the central government in accordance with the state laws, policies and regulations (Erick, 2010).

Actually Google’s journey in the Chinese market was hampered with lots of roadblocks. First the approval process from the Chinese market took unreasonably long time. The official license to conduct business in china was granted eighteen months after the development of Google.cn. This was in September 2007 and in the following year the Chinese regulators started hurling rebukes at Google and other internet players of making pornography available to the locals through their search engines. Baidu and Sina made formal apology to the members of the public concerning the said issue but Google did not apologize and this marked the beginning of Google’s troubles with the Chinese government. In June 2009, the Chinese authorities announced that Google.cn had been suspended from searching foreign web sites and also from its associative search functions, in response to Google’s failure to respond effectively to the criticism from the authorities which required that it removed pornographic content from its website search results. This stern directive was a big blow to Google as most of its users were pushed away to its rival, Baidu (Erick, 2010).

Again in October 2009, Google found itself embroiled in a bitter tussle with the Chinese authorities over copyright issues. The tussle emerged from the fact that Google had made a breach of the copyright law by publishing in its online library works by Chinese writers without their consent or that of their publishers. Google later apologized for the infringement but then the damage had been made. Amid this confusion over the position of Google in China, Google.cn chief executive officer resigned. This dealt the internet search a big blow and eventually saw the internet giant exit from the Chinese market thereby making Baidu the main internet search provider in China (Austin, 2009).

The exit of Google from china has left Baidu with over sixty per cent market command in online search. However, critics say that Baidu has not yet fully been able to meet the online demands of locals. The Chinese search market requires a number of advanced features so as to fully actualize and meet all the demands of the Chinese internet users. First, the Chinese is a multi-dialect language and any search engine has to bear in mind that there is no universality in the Chinese language. For instance, Baidu has a target of being the best Chinese language search engine. To this end Baidu has customized and designed its products and services in such a manner that they suit the needs and requirements of search users and online marketers. Searches in Chinese language need strong competence in well pin-pointed queries more especially in the phonetic searches.

Google’s internet crisis in China has been caused by a number of other factors besides interference from the central government. Some of these are:

Google has not been actively involved in reaching out the mobile internet market unlike other internet service providers like Baidu (Patricio, 2010).

Second, many Chinese internet users only prefer Baidu over the giant Google. Actually Baidu has had the reputation of being the first internet search company that that is of more Chinese appeal than any other. This makes Google a preserve of a few elite citizens who are only interested in showing differences. Interesting enough these elites who use Google prefer Google. Com over Google.cn (Patricio, 2010)

Baidu has actually designed especially well customized search that allows users to enter Chinese keywords based on their corresponding Chinese dialect and pronunciation using the English alphabet. This strategy was actually meant to avoid the tedious process of switching from the English alphabet to Chinese character while inputting. Also the feature gives confidence to the users who are not certain of Chinese keyword characters. Therefore any new search engine aspiring to enter the Chinese market has to take these special features of the Chinese language into account during the design of its search engine or else it meets with acute difficulties in penetrating the largely conservative Chinese market (Owen, 2010). Another important feature of the search engine should be its ability to determine the web page independence with regard to a particular search query and also the relevance of the web page to the search query in question. This technique then calls for use of such special features as link analysis, web crawling, information analysis and Chinese language processing software. For the processing of the Chinese language, Baidu search engine employed a word segmentation technique and also utilized an encoding method that is based on the special characteristics of the Chinese language. Inclusion of these features in the design of the search engine actually will allow for reliable and simple searching experience for Chinese internet users (Patricio, 2010).

The other special feature to be taken into account is the design of a simple but user friendly platform for online marketing. All internet service providers are fully aware of China’s position on global economy and the marvelous growth of its local market. The online marketing platform should include among its special features a pay for performance platform and of course custom tailored marketing solutions. For instance Baidu’s auction based pay for performance platform can allow customers to place their website links on its search result list. The customers can then bid to determine what they are willing to pay each time somebody clicked on their listings in the Baidu website search results. This feature, unlike the traditional forms of online advertising, has proven to be more efficient as it is cost and time effective (Ellen & Steven, 2010).

There are a number opportunities and risks associated with the implementation of the new search engines in China. Everybody knows that the internet has provided a super highway for flow of information. The internet market in China is faced with a lot of growth opportunities as well as impediments. First, rapid growth is possible due to China‘s huge population. With an estimated population of two billion people and an ever growing internet industry, internet firms in china stand to make a fortune. This however might not be achieved as easy as sounds for a number of reasons: First is the censorship policy by the government. The government is deeply involved in monitoring the activities of political and human rights activists and their freedom to communicate freely is under curtails. The next major impediment revolves around the cultural and legal sphere. A new search engine has to take into account the possibility of operating under a daunting legal environment masked with a totally different cultural attitude. This arises usually as a result of different historical experiences (David, 2010).

The next frontier of contention with regard to launch of new search engine in China is in the copyright and information highway. The Chinese authorities have enforced very stringent measures for protecting Chinese writers and publishers against online library service providers (Patricio, 2010).

Another major impediment is illegal and offensive content. As pointed earlier this was one of the issues that pushed Google into logger heads with the authorities in china. Illegal content entails a lot in the context of Chinese laws and includes hate propaganda and speeches, pornography, obscenity, defamation and libel. The authorities are clear on these issues and stiff penalties have been met by internet search providers who have been found to violate them, the freedom of speech and expression policy notwithstanding. The other one is imposition of bans on the publication of trial evidence. Aspiring internet search providers in China jut like the rest of media of media are restricted from publishing information and evidence arising from court proceedings (Robert, 2010). The bans on publications are actually an attempt to safeguard against abuse by the media. The other frontier is personal privacy. The authorities in China do not allow for unfair infringement of other people’s rights chief among them the right to privacy. The privacy act has created a tort of privacy which is actionable without proof of damage. Privacy entails eavesdropping and disguised surveillance which includes electronic invasions on other people’s lives.

Dealing with the crisis

Hence it is clear that Google’s troubles in China cannot be entirely blamed on the perceived government hacking as several other internet service providers are victims of the same brutality and yet they are still in business (Erick, 2010). One retaliatory mechanism requires that Google engages in an all-round active strategy aimed at reaching the Chinese masses that are increasingly turning to the use of mobile internet. One reason for this is that mobile phones are increasingly becoming much cheaper than computers. Tapping in this opportunity will see Google’s market share in the industry soar. This can be achieved through a series of active market campaigns (Erick, 2010).

Another recommendation is that Google engages in bilateral talks with the Chinese government based on mutual respect for each other’s interests. In China, censoring of media by the government is not something that Google can just wish away. It is a bitter reality which Google has to succumb to if at all the internet search giant has to take roots in the vast communist market. And better still Google should be prepared at all times to account for violations of any obligation in the light of Chinese authorities (David, 2010).

Another remedial tactic is that Google should aim at building a service empire that is clearly relevant in the context of the Chinese culture. Most of Google’s services are unfavorably skewed towards a Western culture and this is where Baidu beats Google. Google has to greatly involve Chinese sociologists, ethnographers and anthropologists in the design process of its Chinese version of the search engine (Owen, 2010). This will help Google consolidate its loyalty in the oriental market.

Another thing is that Google should be prepared to meet with stiff competition. Google’s policy should be that of not underestimating her competitors. Google should acknowledge the presence of other internet search companies in the Chinese market and be ready to work with them as the terms of the business will dictate. No business company no matter how mighty should assume obvious penetration into a new market (Patricio, 2010).

Bibliography

Austin, M, 2009, “Google China and Baidu apologize over porn links”,The register.

David, D, 2010, “A new approach to China”, the official Google blog.

Ellen, N. & Steven, M, 2010, “Google threatens to leave China after attack on activists e-mail” The Washington Post.

Erick, S, 2010, “Google processing 20000 terabytes a day and it is growing”, TechCrunch

Erick, K, 2010, “Google unveils top political searches of 2009”, Political ticker blog.

John, M, 2010, “Google does the right thing in China but not with right intensions”, Consumer Watchdog.

Owen, F, 2010, “Don’t blame us for Google hack” ITBusiness.ca

Patricio, R, 2010, “Is Google’s China threat really a business maneuver”, econsultancy blog.

Robert, M, 2010, “Google hackers break into more than hundred computers systems”, ITBusiness.ca

Family care in Hospice

Name

Institution

Family care in Hospice

Introduction

Hospice care is a special kind of care accorded to patients suffering from terminal illnesses as well as those who are chronically ill. It is also a philosophy of care provision that is ardent on alleviating pain and suffering by providing medical and health care as well as fully satisfying their spiritual and emotional needs. The modern hospice movement rose to actualization through the efforts of Dame Cicely Saunders, a British registered nurse who had pursued a career in medical social work and her experience with a Polish refugee enlightened her on matters concerning the care that terminally ill patients required. Saunders was of the opinion that in attending to chronically ill patients who are faced with death in a very short period of time; it was of crucial essence that care givers focus on the patient rather than the disease. This approach was inclusive of taking care of the patient’s spiritual and psychological needs as well as the physical aspect which was the key concern of the hospice care. The hospice setting also took care of the concerns of the family members as they were largely involved in the process of taking care of their ill family members, mainly by openly talking about death and being prepared for it with regards to the health conditions of the patients (Matzo & Sherman, 2010).

Rationale for choosing topic

The rationale used in choosing the topic is basically the fact that hospice care has grown to be a facility that is essential to a large part of our population. The topic on family care in hospice is crucial to society in the present day more than it has been in past time. This has been largely due to the tremendous increment in the number of diseases and illnesses that present a patient with pains, symptoms and conditions that are terminal. In the past years, most of the patient cases places under hospice were a product of the minimal number of terminal illnesses, which are prevalent within the population. Also some patient came due to the need of most family members to take care of their ill family members. All this has changed with the number of disease affecting the population increasing immensely and also a difference in the attitude of family members. In the present day and age, very few persons are willing to leave their careers and professional to offer home based care for ill family members (Nordenfelt, 2009). This has therefore contributed largely to the continued importance and growth of palliative care in society (Shearer, 2010).

Goal and Objectives

The main goal for family care in hospice is provide compassionate care to dying patients as well as helping the patient’s family members cope with their loved ones condition as well as be ready for what may happen to their patient at any point in time. In the founding of hospice care, there are three key objectives that cater for the patient as well as the family members. One of the objectives of the hospice palliative care is to alleviate the pains of the patient by medically handling the symptoms as well as managing the fears and anxieties of the dying persons. This is very necessary because for most terminally ill persons, there is more fear for continued pain than death hence the care providers have to be keen on that. Another objective is that of ensuring that death comes naturally to the patients no matter what. This therefore means that in hospice care, life support machines are not used because the aim of this case since their aim is to ensure that the terminally ill patients receives the best of life before death rather than prolonging life. The third objective for family care in hospice is to provide a holistic and compassionate care which ensures patients die with dignity. The three intentions are significant since they serve both the patients and their family members (Wright, 2010).

Bloom’s taxonomy and Evaluation method

Bloom’s taxonomy is a term used to denote a framework classification of educational goals. It is a collection of goals and objectives that are indispensable to both the instructor and the learners or students. The taxonomy is divided into three main domains which are: affective, cognitive and the psychomotor. For the cognitive sphere, there is focus on mental skills that are responsible for knowledge, comprehension as well as critical thinking with regards to any particular topic or area of study. It focuses on knowing and understanding of concepts, analysing and synthesising the facts and ultimately applying them when handling a situation followed by evaluation of the whole process after results have been attained. Skills in the affective domain are inclined more to the feelings and emotional areas and is inclusive of abilities such as receiving and responding to stimulus in the learning process, attaching value to knowledge acquired and finally organizing and characterising of the knowledge in a way that it becomes influential to one’s character and personality. For the psychomotor domain, there is emphasis on manual and a physical skill such as perception, which is refers to the use of sensory cues to guide motor activity. Other skills include the set readiness to act, the guided response, the mechanism and ultimately the adaptation of skills to suit the special requirements.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that Bloom’s taxonomy is key in many educational philosophies and is very effective as it focuses on skills learnt and acquired rather than content given by tutors and instructors. It is a crucial tool in teaching that helps in assessing and evaluating students and ensuring all skills as mentioned are exercised in the student’s course of learning. The future for hospice is one that is full of promise owing to the much support governments as well as the World Health Organisation has accorded this sector. It is also of essence that society be enlightened on the importance of the care philosophy and the services that it can offer to our society in a bid to make it better. The study of this topic in accordance to the Bloom taxonomy ensures that study objectives are met after learners acquire and comprehend the knowledge given. It is an evaluation tool that is effective in pushing learners to go beyond just reading and understanding but more into analysing situations and knowing how best to handle them in future (Wong, 2012).

References

Matzo, M., & Sherman, D. W. (2010). Palliative care nursing: Quality care to the end of life. New York: Springer Pub. Co.

Nordenfelt, L. (2009). Dignity in care for older people. Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell.

Shearer, T. S. (2011). Palliative medicine and hospice care. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders

Wong, L. (2012). Essential study skills. Australia: Wadsworth Cenage Learning.

Wright, M. (2010). Hospice and palliative care in Southeast Asia: A review of developments and challenges in Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Failure to launch

Name

Institution

Introduction

Globally, youths are considered the leaders of tomorrow as they are the people expected to take various leadership positions from the old generation in the different sectors and industries as well as in government. But even with all this opportunities, many of the youths today have failed to launch as many have not successfully joined these sectors after getting all necessary support from their parents in their childhood stage especially in academics. This has significantly led to many youths depending on parents for the basic needs.

According to surveys conducted by Office for National Statistic, in UK alone, since 1997-2011, about 3.0 million youths ranging between 20-34 years were still leaving with their parents, a 20% increase from 1997. In the normal life cycle it’s expected that after one has completed his or her studies, the next thing should be to look for a job, become employed and later become self-independent (Furstenberg and others, 2005). However, this is the case for many youths, as many are faced with various challenges that have led to some fully depending on the parents even at their adulthood.

In the USA for instance, various factors such as inadequate affordable rented accommodation, un-functional mortgage market, un-employment and low wages for the employed were considered to have led to many youth living with their parents (Painter’s 2010). Many of these challenges are common in many countries especially in developing countries and some developed countries.

Other factors, that have contributed to youths living with their parents, include health related issues, especially for the disabled children. Many are unable to cross over to fully independent adults as they depend on full support from their parents.

Psychological perception by the young people and parents may have resulted to many youths opting to live with their parents especially where parent feel they need to give their children time in order to become fully independent. Many youths also fear on the anticipated challenges of living independently whereas everything, they need, is made available by their parents.

Marriages play a key role to many youths in becoming full independent. From the biblical perspective, as stated in (Genesis 2:18-24) marriage and family is of significance in determining individual structure of life. Through marriages, many youths can move with their spouse to their own home as look for privacy especially away from their parent. According to (Ephesians 5:31) it states that a man ought to leave his parent’s house and be joined with wife to become one. But even with such biblical principles many young adults are unable to adopt such principles due to various challenges especially in raising a family with high levels of unemployment.

Parents also play a key role in creating a comfort zone for young adults. Many parents fail to create boundaries for their children on when they are expected to leave their parents home. Young adults tend to take advantage of this; there is no pressure youths to leave their parents house. By providing everything for their children with the basic needs especially youths many develop the fear of missing and not being in a position to support themselves when they become independent.

Economical issues in different countries have also led to many youths not being able to become fully independent as many are unable to afford basic need due to fluctuations of prices for the basic needs. The purchasing power during the recession also led to many young adults not being in a position to afford the high living standards as many could not afford high rates for rental accommodation, as well as the basic.

Cited Work

Office for National Statistic, (2011). Young adults leaving with parents in the UK, 2011.

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_266357.pdf

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