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Factors That Affect the Ability of a Company to Recruit New Employees

Student’s Name

Name of Institution

Factors That Affect the Ability of a Company to Recruit New Employees

The company’s ability to recruit a new staff revolves around an irresistible pull that is developed by that very company. The pull serves to address the recruits’ interests and offer solutions to their fears (Heneman & Judge, 2008). In fact, it makes it look like the company is not just hiring talent, but also attracting it. This paper discusses both internal and external qualities exhibited by companies that affect their recruits’ attraction process. The process of recruiting is either internal or external.

Career Development

Evidently, companies that attract internal recruitment offer training and sponsorships to their employees in order to improve their skills (Heneman & Judge, 2008) It allows the employees to grow into senior positions and earn more. This way, a company not only gets to keep the employees, but also look promising to them.

A Good Employees’ Culture is demonstrated when the employees not only feel valued or are treated so, but when the culture is made public for the audience. Company websites and social sites should have projections of a good company-employees association and also admirable employee-employee interaction (Heneman & Judge, 2008). A website should portray a company staff as a happy family, having fun not suffering from the monotony of work.

Having the Best Compensation and Benefits Schemes. When a company offers beyond average benefits and great salaries to employees, they make potential recruits feel like their company is probably the place to be. Free products sabbaticals and large bonuses that make employees feel like they make as much as the company are some of the baiting benefits (Heneman & Judge, 2008). Others are also schemes like free child care, sick time that is unlimited.

Aggressiveness

Ability to spur interests in potential recruits does not just involve sitting around and waiting for their applications, but also going out there to make them apply. This way, the company comes with obvious bait that looks best in the market if competition for particular recruits is stiff.

Popularity

A company already having an excellent reputation in their fields of expertise and is known far and wide gets the chance of choosing from the best. Running informative blogs that have big audience attraction abilities are some of the activities that a company can engage in to gain popularity. The company can also create large social networks and engage the media on a high-frequency note (Heneman & Judge, 2008). This way, interest is created in potential recruits, and they get to know all the information they would love to know about the company for they aspire to work.

Conclusion

To conclude, a company’s ability to get the best or make more by conducting near perfect recruitment processes depends on its ability to entice the labor market. The above discussed factors all play roles either in one of the internal and external recruitments or both.

References

Heneman, H.G. and Judge, T.A (2008). Staffing Organizations. New York: Irwin/McGraw- Hill.

Factors that affect the demand and supply of oil in Australia

Introduction

The supply demand curve plays assumes a paramount part in deciding the harmony cost for anything and to comprehend the oil business demand and supply curve we need to consider emulating exceptions. Oil Supply and Demand is inelastic to the transient as independent of what petrol cost the auto is not going to change to other fuel or the separation between the two spot likewise not going to diminish this comes about the utilization of oil stay same in short run so the accompanying cases are consistently treated under long haul premise. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is occupied with making arrangements and balance out the oil cost on the planet i.e. represents the aggregate evaluating methodology with respect to which now and then over through interest curve versatility (Agcaoili & Rosegrant, 1995).

Supply – Demand curve

The Supply-Demand curve is fundamentally a graphical representation of supply pattern and interest pattern of item/administrations that is utilized to close the harmony cost of the food. As in balance cost is the cost where the interest and the supply curve meets i.e. the point where amount demanded is one and the same to the amount supplied. Furthermore change in the elements which specifically or by implication influence the interest and supply of the food brings about change in balance cost because of the shift in the interest curve, supply curve or both the curves (Kjärstad & Johnsson, 2009).

Shift in Demand curve

The interest curve all in all compares to the measure of some element that a purchaser needs to purchase at a certain level of cost. The build and abatement popular could originate from changing forms and tastes, earnings, value changes in reciprocal and substitute merchandise, market desires, and number of purchasers. This would result in the whole demand curve to move changing the balance cost and amount. The movement of the interest curve, by creating another balance cost to develop, brought about development along the supply curve from the crossing point of interest and supply curve previously, then after the fact the change in the interest of the merchandise

Shift in supply curve

The supply curve fundamentally speaks to the measure of a few products that the makers are ready and ready to offer at different costs. The components influencing straightforwardly or in a roundabout way in increment or decline in the supply of the merchandise i.e. at the point when the suppliers’ unit data expenses change, or when innovative advancement happens, brings about movement of the supply curve. The shift in the supply curve additionally brings about changing in the harmony cost and amount of the item. The aforementioned supply demand curve movements can be clarified better by graphs in the distinctive cases as specified underneath

Circumstances where demand curve be upward sloping

The Demand curve is generally downward sloping for the goods because it follows law of demand that states the demand for a commodity increase when its price decrease and falls when its price rises, other things remaining constant. But there are certain exceptions for law of demand that results in upward sloping demand curve.

Expectation regarding Future price – If the customer expect a ceaseless increment in the cost of sturdy item. It may begin acquiring more noteworthy measure of merchandise regardless of in its cost with a perspective to keep away from the squeeze of much higher cost in future. Correspondingly when a customer expect for abatement in future value it delayed the buy for future. Case in point, in prebudget month’s value for the most part has a tendency to climb. Yet individuals purchase more storable in suspicion of further climb in costs because of new exacts (Peersman & Van Robays, 2012).

Status Goods – The law of interest does not be significant to the items which are utilized as a ‘materialistic trifle’ for upgrading social esteem and for showing ones riches. The sum demanded for such items climb with an increment in their value and reduction with decline in there cost (Timilsina, Mevel & Shrestha, 2011). For example wares like gold, valuable stones, uncommon artworks, obsolescent, and so forth. Rich individuals purchase these merchandise predominantly on the grounds that their costs are high and purchase a greater amount of them when their costs

Conclusion

A Giffen decent may be any substandard article of exchange much low-valued than its prevalent substitution, devoured by the poor family loop as a paramount product. On the off chance that the cost of such stock raise (cost of its substitute left over unfaltering) its demand upgrade rather than fall in light of the fact that in the event of a Giffen decent, wage impact of a value suspend is more than its substitute impact. The reason is when cost of substandard item builds, wage enduring much the same, poor tenants cut the utilization of the predominant substitute so they may purchase enough amount of sub-par element to meet their principal need. Case in point when cost of potatoes (A fundamental nourishment for destitute) decrease radically, and after that this family unit may like to purchase unrivaled thing out of the cash which they can now have because of the decrease in cost of potatoes. It would expand the utilization of unrivaled products like tree grown foods, cereals, and so forth from these rebate as well as from lessening the utilization of potatoes.

References

Agcaoili, M., & Rosegrant, M. W. (1995). Global and regional food supply, demand, and trade prospects to 2010. In Population and food in the early twenty-first century: Meeting future food demand of an increasing population.

Kjärstad, J., & Johnsson, F. (2009). Resources and future supply of oil. Energy Policy, 37(2), 441-464.

Peersman, G., & Van Robays, I. (2012). Cross-country differences in the effects of oil shocks. Energy Economics, 34(5), 1532-1547.

Timilsina, G. R., Mevel, S., & Shrestha, A. (2011). Oil price, biofuels and food supply. Energy Policy, 39(12), 8098-8105.

Gender and Family Status

Gender

In 2013, Expatriates ladies doctoral researchers and architects had a somewhat higher unemployment rate than men (1.8 percent contrasted with 1.6 percent), yet the distinction was not measurably huge. A multivariate investigation affirmed the absence of a factually huge relationship in the middle of sex and unemployment status in 2013, when other important variables were controlled.

Family Status and Gender

In the all-inclusive community, marriage and kids are connected with low unemployment rates amid Expatriates. A comparable example existed in the 2013 doctoral science and building population. Nonetheless, the effect of marriage and children is very distinctive for men and ladies in the doctoral populace. Single expatriates’ men are higher as compared to the married ones. (Table 1). The unemployment rate for wedded men was 2.4%, contrasted with 2.7% for unmarried men. The similar unemployment rates for ladies were 2.9% and 2.2 %, separately. Institutionalization did not change these connections.

Table 1: Expatriates Unemployment based on Gender

 

The unemployment rate for expatriates with children 1.4 percent) was lower than the unemployment rate for those without youngsters living in the home (1.9 percent) (table 2). Like conjugal status, having kids delivered huge contrasts in the unemployment rates of men and ladies. Despite the fact that ladies with kids had unemployment rates surpassing those for ladies without youngsters (2.4 percent contrasted and 1.2 percent), men with youngsters had lower unemployment rates than their childless partners (1.2 percent contrasted and 2.1 percent). Institutionalization on the non-demographic variables did not diminish fundamentally the quality of this association impact.

Amount of Work Experience

An assortment of circumstances may cause a single person to consider deliberately dropping out of the work constrain or working low maintenance including a craving to invest more of an opportunity with youthful kids or maturing relatives, or essentially requiring some investment off to investigate the world. There are likewise times when people need to pick between profession ways offering distinctive levels of employer stability. Vocations might likewise be hindered by variables past a singular’s control. As per tried and true way of thinking, intrusions in full-time livelihood after culmination of instruction can be unsafe to a singular’s future vocation. In this segment, three essential markers of profession congruity full-time work experience, former period non-job, and low maintenance work experience-are inspected to decide how exact this tried and true way of thinking is.

Full-time Work Experience

The unstandardized relationship between years of full-time work experience and unemployment is not direct (outline 1). Those with less than 5 years of experience and those with 25 or more years of full-time work experience were more prone to be unemployed than those with moderate lengths of work experience. The unemployment rates among those with less than 5 years of full-time work experience were 2.6 percent; for those with 25 or more years, it was 1.9 percent. Be that as it may, the unstandardized relationship does not consider that the quantity of years of work experience is indigent upon the chance to work. Case in point, adolescent laborers have not had room schedule-wise to gather long work histories. In the wake of controlling for different variables in this investigation, the relationship between full-time work experience and unemployment demonstrates that unemployment decreases with expanding years of full-time work experience. The institutionalized unemployment rate for people with 2.5 years of full-time work experience was 4.0 percent, contrasted with 0.7 percent for those with 30 years of full-time experience. Subsequently, among people finishing their doctorates in the meantime, the variable of extra years of full-time work experience seems to reduction the likelihood of unemployment. On account of the solid relationship between years since receipt of the doctorate and years of work experience, this relationship is darkened in taking a gander at real unemployment rates.

 

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Factors that caused the U.S. government to transition from the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution

The Articles of Confederation led to the creation of strong states and weakened the powers of the central government. Each state had its own government, independence and power to control its political and economic systems. The main reason for the adoption of the Articles of Confederation was to weaken the national government as a way of avoiding the problems that Americans experienced during the colonial period (Gillman et al., p. 68). However, the Articles could not regulate the growing states, which led to the transition to the constitution. In addition, the Articles of Confederation had vested too much power in the state governments, which challenged the execution of duties and legislation of policies (Prince, p. 45). The transition to the constitution intended to deal with the problem of lack of central leadership where states were independent from each other and the national government. In most cases, states passed policies that did not rhyme with those of the national government, which challenged economic and political prosperity.

Lack of a common currency was also another factor that led to the transition to the constitution. The Articles of Confederation did not establish a single currency to be used by all states in the United States, which challenged foreign trade and inter-state trade. Difficulties in raising national revenue was also a factor that led to the transition. The state governments had the power to collect taxes from the public and then loan the national government (Prince, p. 124). Therefore, the national government did not have the funds required to finance its roles such as clearing foreign debts and maintaining foreign relations. Most of the factors that led to the transition were the results of the inefficiencies caused by the structure of government in the 1780s.

The inadequate powers of the congress was one of the factors that challenged the working of the Articles of Confederation. The congress could not impose taxes or influence trade between states and foreign entities. Additionally, the congress did not have any mechanisms of passing its policies and influencing legislation due to lack of the executive and a court system. The structure of the government also made it difficult to pass laws affecting the American people because all states had to vote unanimously to pass such laws. It was very difficult for all states to adopt a unanimous vote on an issue. The structure of the government, which vested powers on the state governments, challenged the economic and political systems in the United States, which led to the transition. ‘

The three portions of the U.S. Constitution

The Preamble

This is the non-legal part of the constitution. It outlines the basic reasons for writing the constitution as well as the structure and contents of the document. The preamble also indicates how the constitution was created to safeguard the will of the American people in its opening words “We are the People of the United States.” (Peterson and Brian, p. 100) It helps in understanding the constitution by outlining the reasons that prompted its adoption. Many scholars use the preamble as an aid to interpreting the constitution but not the legal implications.

The Articles

The constitution has seven articles with each of the articles having its own unique contents. The constitution has seven articles that highlight the legislation passed at the Constitutional Convention. The articles summarize the basic law in the United States that determines the structure of the government. The articles explain the powers vested on each arm of the government and its leaders. For instance, Article II summarizes the powers of the executive and the president who is the leader of the government (Peterson and Brian 96). The articles highlight the powers vested on each level of government and provide the procedure and requirements of ratifying the constitution.

The Amendments

The amendments section captures the need to change the constitution that may arise in the course of time. It outlines all changes that have been made to the constitution over time. The amendments originate from the states or the congress as outlined in the articles portion. The amendments portion begins by highlighting the bill of rights that is an integral part of the American people. Presently, the constitution has 27 amendments with the first ten touching on the bill of rights (Peterson and Brian 58).

Structure of the Current U.S. Government

The government of the United States is divided into the federal government and the state governments. The federal government has three branches; the legislature, the judiciary and the executive (Storey, p. 89). The three branches of government are independent of each other although they are interdependent. The president is the leader of the government and shares power with the congress and other systems of government. The constitution outlines the powers of each branch of the government, the powers of the president who is the leader of government and the interaction between state governments and the federal government (DiIulio, p. 105). The state governments govern the affairs of their state governments through legislation and other activities as outlined in the constitution. The constitution outlines the unique responsibilities of each level of government.

Works Cited

DiIulio, John J. American Government. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth, 2010. Print.

Gillman, Howard, Mark A. Graber, and Keith E. Whittington. American Constitutionalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. Print.

Peterson, Christine, and Brian Bascle. The U.S. Constitution. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2009. Internet resource.

Prince, Le B. B. Articles of Confederation Vs. the Constitution. S.l.: General Books, 2010. Print.

Storey, William. Us Government and Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010. Print.

Groupthink

Author

Institution

According to Janis, groupthink is a decline of mental efficiency, moral judgement and reality testing, which usually results from an in-group pressures. The groupthink has a role in the making of the US foreign policy. Most of the America’s policy failures can be contributed to groupthink; for example the Bay of Pigs. Some irrational factors seemed to operate in the foreign policy failures; in analyzing these factors, Bay of Pigs will be used as a reference. One of the factors was the illusion of invulnerability. This developed excessive optimism, which encouraged the taking of extreme risks. During the Bay of Pigs invasion, several advisers to the Kennedy cabinet made a confession that nothing could stop them from their decision with John Kennedy leading them. Another factor leading to the failure of most foreign policies made by the U.S was the illusion of unanimity. Most members of the cabinet and Kennedy advisers during the Kennedy administration had views and judgments that were unanimous. This was admitted by Schlesinger, an advisor, a few months after the Bay of Pigs invasion.

Self-censorship was another factor contributing to the failure of the US foreign policies; doubts and deviations from the cabinet consensus were not expressed. The advisors were reluctant of asking questions that could cast doubt on the decision that they thought was accepted because of fear of evoking condemnation from their associates. Self-appointed mindguards constituted another factor leadings to the failure of most US foreign policies. The role of the president as a mindguard became supplemented by the pressure that he exerted on the group so as to foster docility and uncritical reception of the defective arguments. Besides, another factor leading to the failure of the foreign policies was direct pressure on dissenters; members were under pressure so as not to express arguments hindering the views of the group. There was no member who could criticize the decision that had been agreed by the majority members in the making of the foreign policies. This led to their failure.

The belief in inherent morality also contributed to the failure of the foreign policies; in making their decisions, members making the foreign policies believed in the rightness of their cause, which made them ignore the moral or ethical consequences of their decisions. In the making of a foreign policy, it is crucial to consider the ethical consequences of any action taken; however, the policy is bound to fail if this is not considered, and this is what led to the failure of most US foreign policies. The decision makers believe that their cause was right and could not be reversed. In addition, collective rationalization was a contributing factor leading to the failure of most of the US foreign policies. Members involved in the making of policies discounted warnings and did not reconsider their assumption, which was a weak decision in the making of foreign policies. Furthermore, there were stereotyped views of out-groups. There were negative views of the enemy, which made it difficult for decision makers to integrate responses that could deal sufficiently with the enemy; for instance, in the Pearl Harbor attack, the decision makers underestimated the enemy leading to failure.

The failures that emanated from the groupthink could only become a success story through the adoption of some measures. One of such measures entails the leader avoiding stating of preferences and expectations during the outset of a foreign policy. By leaders avoiding stating preferences, they were capable of eliminating the notion of self-appointed mindguard in the making of foreign policies. Members in the group making the foreign policies should be assigned the role of critical evaluators by the leader in order to avoid instances, where members cannot challenge a flaw in the foreign policy. Through this mentality, foreign policies were made successful. The involvement of outside experts in challenging the views of policy makers became encouraged leading to a success of foreign policies. In addition, in order to realize success the leaders avoided undermining the enemy; the leaders ensured that there was sufficient time in surveying signals coming from rivals. This helped in analyzing the enemy leading to a successful decision. Social-psychological factors are critical to any decision making process. Since making of foreign policy involves acting rationally, social-psychological factors are vital in the making of foreign policies; therefore, I agree with Irving Janis that social-psychological factors are of importance in the making of foreign policy.

Conclusion

The maintenance of unanimity can lead a group not evaluating all its alternatives; this leads to failure of a decision made by the group. Most of the foreign policies of the United States became a failure due to the involvement of the groupthink concept. Groupthink had a critical role to play in the making of foreign policies as depicted in the Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War, the Bay of Pigs, and the invasion of Iraq among others. The decision makers in all these foreign policies utilized the concept of groupthink. However, due to the weaknesses in the decision made by using this concept, these foreign policies did not succeed.

Dissertation Proposal

Name

Institution

Couser

Date

Tutor

Contents

Background/Introduction

Objectives

Literature Review

Methodology

Data Collection

Analysis

Conclusion

Proposed Title

Factors that determine sovereign bond ratings in the European credit market.

Background/Introduction

The banking crisis in late 2008 caused a crisis of assurance in the financial health of some member States of the Euro area (Afonso, 2003). Cantor and Packer (2008) state that various financial organizations in Europe are doing all it takes to boost confidence in European economy to prevent market concerns spreading to other Euro area economies. Attention has been drawn to the role and behaviour of credit ratings agencies and, in particular, the three main agencies: Moody’s, Standards and Poor’s and Fitch.

The rating agencies were visited post the collapse of the banks in 2008 for not rating certain financial products properly, contributing to the severity of the collapse (Mulder and Perrelli 2001). With the rating agencies’ reputations yet to recover, the agencies have been accused of precipitating and exacerbating the Euro area crisis by downgrading some nation’s sovereign ratings for example, Greece and Portugal. According to Monfort and Mulder (2000), Politicians across Europe have opted for enhanced regulation and made suggestions that oligopoly of the rating agencies ought to be challenged by creating European credit rating agency. In October 2009, the European commission initiated a discussion on credit rating agencies regarding these issues (Mulder and Perrelli 2001).

Roubini (2001) emphasizes that the criticism that Credit rating agencies precipitated the European crisis is chiefly unjustified; their downgrades only reflect the weightiness of the problems that many Member states are presently facing. As a matter of fact, as confirmed by Trevino and Thomas (2001), in the majority of cases they have followed, rather than led, market sentiment. Additionally, the works of the three agencies have been complicated by having to work against a background of changing policy initiatives form EU Member States.

The downgrade of rating agency, in certain circumstances, exercises a disproportionate influence on markets, exacerbating fragile situations. Considering the fast changing nature of recent events and financial markets volatility after the economic meltdown in 2008, one can find out the degree to which rating agencies may have worsen the crisis (Trevino and Thomas, 2001).

According to Peters (2002), the credit rating agencies received deserved criticism for their role in the banking collapse on 2008. Their role in the ongoing European market crisis is considerably different, and justified anger over their former failures should not colour objective assessment of their current decisions relating to European sovereign debt (Trevino and Thomas, 2001). The global accredit rating industry is, as at now, an oligopoly.

While not essentially contrasting further regulatory measures to boost transparency, Peters (2002) recommends that the new framework be given time before further changes are made. This is hoped to assist ensure investor get the actual picture of the sovereign ratings: subjective predictions that depend upon the individual judgment of rating agency staff. Investor is not to follow the ratings blindly rather look at them as notions to be balanced and confirmed by other European indicators (Trevino and Thomas, 2001). Following the crisis, it is vital to analyse the suitability and applicability of Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard and Poors ratings agencies. It is also crucial to critically analysing the key determinants of sovereign bond ratings.

Aim of the Research

The research is aimed at analysing the key determinants of sovereign bond ratings reviewing the top three rating agencies: Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard and Poors. The analysis will employ component Analysis in identifying the key factors affecting sovereign credit ratings.

Objectives

In order to achieve the set objective and for finer analysis, two objectives have been set to answer the research aim.

To critically analyze the suitability and accuracy of Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard and Poors ratings agencies.

To critically analysing the key determinants of sovereign bond ratings using the three rating agencies.

Research rationale

Sovereign bonds affect the European economy through many channels, some of which are not clear but sill powerful. The government and financial institutions need to know the various factor affecting sovereign bonds and so the importance of the research.

There have been various blames on the rating agencies of not properly carrying out their functions, and so the real case of the fall in European economy in 2008 has not been properly investigated. The research makes a further step to investigate the credibility and accuracy of the rating agencies and factors affecting sovereign bonds. Through the analysis of the suitability and accuracy of a rating agency, the three agencies under review will have a chance to identify any loop holes in their ratings.

Literature Review

Sovereign debt in merging market economies affects the domestic economy through a variety of channel, some of which are not entirely apparent but still powerful. Few theoretical papers have analyzed the role of sovereign bonds, and most of the empirical literature on bonds spreads and debt crises have not explored that link.

Sovereign bonds have become an increasingly significant source of financing for European countries. One significant feature of the sovereign bonds is its substantial credit spreads owing sovereign default risk. Various theories and notions regarding sovereign bonds ratings have come up since the economic meltdown in 2008. Though there are claims about the accuracy and suitability of the rating agencies, it is clear that various factors have effects on the sovereign bond ratings.

McKenzie (2002) through a research found that world interest rate and domestic. Fundamental account for 40 percent of movement in bond spreads. Few empirical studies include the exchange rate policy into assessing sovereign default risk.

The literature review will collect the secondary information from the journal and books regarding the three rating agencies and information related to sovereign bonds ratings. Literature review is essential in finding relevant information and the former theories and facts about sovereign bonds rating in the European market.

Models to be employed in the research

Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard and Poors past ratings will be used as the basis for analysis since. A principal component analysis will be employed to identify the common factors affecting the ratings. The three agencies will be analyzed in turn for finer and deeper analysis. The three agencies rating in the 2008 economic crisis will be thoroughly examined.

Methodology

The methodology section describes the philosophy to be employed in the research. The research methodology will entail the instruments and the market to studied (European Market). The chapter will further include a description of the sampled market, sampling procedure used and the rationale and how information was collected from the sampled market. The aim of research is to critically analyze the application and credibility of the three agencies as sovereign credit ratings in the European market. In so doing the common factors that determine credit ratings in the European market will be thus identified.

Data Collection

Both primary and secondary research methods will be used in data collection. The primary data will be through questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires will be the main method through which the data will be collected from respondents. The structured interview questions will be mainly aimed at analysing the objectives. The secondary data collection technique will entail collecting data already existing from various sources to give a platform for the research. The past Moody’s analysis will be analysed. Among the secondary sources will be journals and books.

The researchers favoring primary data collection techniques feel as though collecting new data is the best way to contribute to the research topic. Alternatively, those in favor of secondary analysis feel that using available data is the best mechanism to contribute to knowledge base. The secondary analyses identify gaps in the knowledge base and suggest problem formulations, hypothesis, and research methods that require primary collection. The research will majorly depend on the secondary data. Relevant information concerning the analysis of the ratings done by the three agencies will be used for analysis.

Secondary data has a number of uses in the process of consultancy research ranging from helping identify the problem and setting objectives through to helping interpret data and making recommendations. Effective planning of secondary data collection is essential, and the researcher is to assess what they are looking for, where to look and how to look for such data. Through secondary method, the researcher will also be able to collect a large volume of data necessary for analysis and so its adoption in this research. Through the secondary methods, the suitability and accuracy of Fitch Ratings, Moody’s and Standard and Poors ratings agencies will be determined.

Analysis

Analysis will comprise a cross tabulation of the facings affecting the sovereign credit rating in order to determine the common factors shared among the agencies. The analysis will start by eliminating the materials that do not contribute to the research question. The remaining materials will be grouped based on the content.

Conclusion

The conclusion section will summarize the entire dissertation noting the key findings in the analysis. The chapter will also contain recommendations and the research limitations. The conclusion will further contain the areas that require further research.

References

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the Two Leading Agencies”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 27, 56-74.

Aylward L. and R. Thorne (2008), “An Econometric Analysis of Countries’ Repayment

Performance to the International Monetary Fund”, IMF Working Paper, 98/32.

Brewer T. and P. Rivoli (2000), “Politics and Perceived Country Creditworthiness in

International Banking”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 22, 357-369.

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Journal of Political Economy, 97, 155-178.

Bulow J. and K. Rogoff (1989b), “Sovereign Debt: Is Forgive to Forget”, American Economic

Review, 79, 43-50.

Bulow J. (1992), “Debt and Default: Corporate versus Sovereign”, In New Palgrave

Dictionary of Money and Finance, edited by P. Newman, M. Milgate and J. Eatwell, New

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Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, 2, 37-53.

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Spreads”, Working Paper, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University.

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Default, Repudiation and Reputation”, American Economic Review, 78, 1088-1097.

Haque N., M. Kumar, N. Mark and D. Mathieson (1996), “The Economic Content of

Indicators of Developing Country Creditworthiness”, IMF Staff Papers, 43, 688-724.

Haque N., N. Mark and D. Mathieson (1998), “The Relative Importance of Political and

Economic Variables in Creditworthiness Ratings”, IMF Working Paper, 98/46.

Jüttner J. and J. McCarthy (2000), “Modeling a Rating Crisis”, Working Paper, Macquarie

University.

Kremer M. and P. Mehta (2000), “Globalization and International Public Finance”, Working

Paper, Harvard University.

Larrain G., R. Helmut and J. Maltzan (1997), “Emerging Market Risk and Sovereign Credit

Ratings”, OECD Development Center, Technical Paper, 124.

Lee S. (1993), “Relative Importance of Political Instability and Economic Variables on

Perceived Country Creditworthiness”, Journal of International Business Studies, 24, 801-812.

McKenzie D. (2002), “An Econometric Analysis of IBRD Creditworthiness”, World Bank,

Policy Research Working Paper.

Monfort B. and C. Mulder (2000), “Using Credit Ratings for Capital Requirements on

Lending to Emerging Market Economies: Possible Impact of a New Basel Accord”, IMF

Working Paper, 00/69.

C. Mulder and R. Perrelli (2001), “Foreign Currency Credit Ratings for Emerging Market

Economies”, IMF Working Paper, 01/191.

Obstfeld M. and K. Rogoff (1996), Foundations of International Macroeconomics, MIT Press.

22

Peters M. (2002), “Estimating default Probabilities of Emerging Market Sovereigns: A New

Look at a Not-So-New Literature”, HEI Working Paper, No:06, Geneva.

Rose A. (2002), “One Reason Countries Pay Their Debts: Renegotiation and International

Trade”, CEPR Discussion Paper 3157.

Roubini N. (2001), “Debt Sustainability: How to Assess Whether a Country is Insolvent”,

Working Paper, Stern School of Business, New York University.

Trevino L. and S. Thomas (2001), “Local versus Foreign Currency Ratings: What Determines

Sovereign Transfer Risk?”, The Journal of Fixed Income, June, 65-75.

Introduction

The business world is changing each day leading to change of business strategies in order to fit the demands of the clients. The cost of conducting a business as well as the demands of the clients are pushing the change of strategic strategies of business. According to Wheelen & Hunger (2011) notes that numerous organizations miss a key point in accepting that practicality is simply excessively costly for their association they disregard what the purchaser truly trusts in and their long haul association with the customer. Being near the client includes building trust with the client. On the off chance that the client accepts that the organization is set that additional venture to be more capable then the relationship between the organization and purchaser can be extraordinarily improved.

Rational for the Study

The study aims at noting the importance of sustainable business planning and strategies to business organizations. The factors that lead to business sustainable practice will denote the start of the study. In addition, the implication of this practice will also be highlighted.

Factors that lead to adoption of business Sustainable Practice

This can prompt long haul profits between clients by separating yourself from the opposition in a more practical way. Teece (2010) diagrams that maintainable quality ought to grasp the three R’s, specifically regard for one another, regard for our planet and appreciation for future generation.

Teece (2010) used his profession inside an assembling organization and amid that time realized numerous profits of supportable business change. By utilizing three essential aggressive methodologies, in particular lower cost, inventive item and being near the client, he found that these three components must be considered from the manageable plan of action perspective.

In the event that the organization respects it individuals and its group furthermore approaches the nature’s turf with deference, it will be in a finer position to addition long haul advantage.

At the point when endeavoring to create manageable systems for organizations, pros regularly start by directing a review. These are custom-made relying upon the needs of the customer however regularly incorporate an appraisal of the organization’s foot shaped impression with an arrangements or vitality and carbon review. This empowers practicality specialists to acquire information in regards to the organization’s present vitality use and highlight approaches to diminish vitality use and cut expenses. Notwithstanding proposing changes which bear no expense to the organization, experts attempt careful dissection to give a scope of potential arrangements. Where adjustments to build supportability will oblige some speculation, specialists will by and large give gauges so the administration group have the capacity see the potential return of the venture, both in financial and natural terms (Teece (2010)).

There are a scope of extra maintainable quality administrations which are accessible to organizations who are endeavoring to embrace an economical methodology to business. By living up to expectations with pros, organizations can guarantee that they are actualizing changes that have a real and measurable exertion on both the organization and the nature’s turf. Notwithstanding giving counsel with respect to proper changes, business manageable quality masters likewise offer aid with executing new supportable business methodologies. With a specific end goal to adequately screen the impacts of the progressions, authorities likewise support organizations in getting precise information and measuring the impact of the progressions they have executed. This is possible regarding the monetary effect on the business furthermore by measuring the social degree of profitability and evaluating the effect on the neighborhood the nature’s meadow.

As attention to maintainable quality becomes, weight on organizations will keep on increasing. Notwithstanding weight from general society, organizations face weight from the administration and the presentation of new enactment went for expanding supportability. The chance to lessen expenses, expand productivity and additionally restricting harm to the earth implies that organizations are reacting to the requirement for change and are keeping on receiving new economic systems intended to build business manageability in the long haul.

Integration of sustainability concepts of life cycle thinking

Loorbach, Bakel, Whiteman & Rotmans (2010) have concentrated on characterizing different life cycles, yet the depictions of the proposed effect evaluation pointers on the three fundamental maintainable quality measurements are just quickly expressed which causes the idea rather unclear. In 2005, Brent and Visser exhibited an ecological execution asset sway pointer (EPRII) computation method by presenting the life cycle sway evaluation (LCIA) skeleton for looking at troubles at operational level. The methodology assessed effects in four distinctive asset gatherings including water, air, arrive, and mined abiotic assets focused around three procedure parameters containing water and vitality utilization, and waste delivered. Exploration in regards to the social maintainability measurement has additionally been executed accordingly. All the social criteria and its sub-criteria were checked regarding undertaking administration and business, however specific effects were discovered to be more critical in certain evaluated resource or engineering life cycle stages (Orsato, 2009). The EPRII methodology was utilized as a premise to figure the social effect markers; be that as it may, comes about gave off an impression of being questionable and the technique was henceforth closed to be not relevant for choice making purposes right now because of the absence of social venture and foot shaped impression data.

Contribution of sustainability strategy to organization’s overall productivity improvement

The two qualities work in show; one without the other is unrealistic to be supportable and may even harm execution. Learning, for example, makes force for a period, yet without enthusiasm it can prompt burnout. What will I do with what I’ve learned? Why if I stay with this occupation. Essentialness alone—actually when you cherish the credit you get for conveying results—can be stifling: When the work doesn’t provide for your chances to take in, it’s notwithstanding thing again and again. The blend of essentialness and learning prompts representatives who convey comes about and discover approaches to develop. Their work is remunerating not only in light of the fact that they effectively perform what’s anticipated from them today additionally on the grounds that they have a feeling of where they and the organization are going. In short, they are flourishing, and the vitality they make is infection (Baumgartner & Ebner, 2010)

Sustainable growth of the organization and its understanding of the systems

In the constant exertion to construct and manage leeway, and to seek after budgetary dependability, open part associations may experience climbing challenges because of the element multifaceted nature and unconventionality of aggressive and social frameworks where they work. They are required to survey their corporate mission, tune their key objectives, and adjust to them steady administration targets as the worldwide economy and social requests change. Measuring execution targets, adjusting them through the hierarchical structure to cultivate coordination and responsibility, and surrounding the net of element connections between the variables influencing such targets, are a key to seek after practical improvement. Dynamic Performance Management is technique that is intended to help open division directors precisely measure and screen hierarchical advancement and adjust bleeding edge representatives to the authoritative key destinations. By figuring out how to persuade and lead a focused and adaptable association, you will rise with a technique map for planning, actualizing, and overseeing frameworks that make esteem and drive reasonable development over the long haul (Orsato, 2009).

Three-hundred and sixty-hierarchical manageable quality is not a by-result of authoritative execution, nor is it an advertising message trumpeting the association’s corporate social obligation. It is a solid and effective vision, an imparted worth framework, a key arrangement joined by measurable execution targets. Numerous organizations, even worldwide multinationals, have made extraordinary strides in including themselves in their groups, especially by supporting neighborhood philanthropies, havens, wearing exercises and the preferences. These associations are positively preferable corporate subjects over a large number of their companions. Then again, a solid concentrate on being carbon-impartial or offering work-life equalization is not sufficient to be positively manageable.

Change mechanisms and long-term Implications

The element nature of the outside environment in which association work requires a Proactive methodology to change. Change is inescapable in the business world. The survival of association relies on upon their versatility. It got to be vital for them to have the capacity to anticipate

Change and be arranged for it. Organizations develop their wings by venturing into new aggressive spaces and these spaces experience change, new advances rise, and clients change Competitive spaces experience change, new innovations rise, and clients change. However organizations here and there neglect to change and benefit as much as possible from new open doors on the grounds that they are even now attempting to get the best out of the old open doors. They discover this advantageous and less unsafe (Gold, Seuring & Beske, 2010).

Directing systems in associations become as the associations get included in more intricate exercises. These directing components are crucial needed to make importance out of the endless exercises that happen inside the association. Directing components are made to adjust the association to the author’s vision, furthermore to adjust the organization’s vision to changes in the commercial center. At the same time these destinations may be opposing. The organizer’s vision may not be important in the new market situation. While the greater part of associations have systems that are adjusted to their vision, there are a couple of associations in which components are adjusted to the substances in the business environment (Gold, Seuring & Beske, 2010).

Just associations in which components guide the association in accordance with business substances can stay tuned to change. Outdated directing systems disregard business signals. As chiefs depend on guiding instruments, at whatever point a sudden condition emerges, they have a tendency to overlook any data that does not fit into the current system. At the point when administrators address new issues, in such circumstances, directors are frequently not ready to work out; individuals in the association oppose change. Opposing components prevent an association from adjusting to change (Casadesus-Masanell & Ricart, 2010).

Conclusion

It is clear that quality management, management of cost; reduction of cost, long-term sustainability of the business, meeting the clients demands and competing effectively at the market are the key elements for adoption of sustainable practice. It is evident that implementation of sustainable strategic practice is such as good practice that contemporary business organizations should consider it.

References

Baumgartner, R. J., & Ebner, D. (2010). Corporate sustainability strategies: sustainability profiles and maturity levels. Sustainable Development, 18(2), 76-89.

Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Ricart, J. E. (2010). From strategy to business models and onto tactics. Long range planning, 43(2), 195-215.

Elliot, S. (2011). Transdisciplinary perspectives on environmental sustainability: a resource base and framework for IT-enabled business transformation. MIS Quarterly, 35(1), 197-236.

Gold, S., Seuring, S., & Beske, P. (2010). Sustainable supply chain management and inter‐organizational resources: a literature review. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 17(4), 230-245.

Loorbach, D., van Bakel, J. C., Whiteman, G., & Rotmans, J. (2010). Business strategies for transitions towards sustainable systems. Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(2), 133-146.

Orsato, R. J. (2009). Sustainability strategies. Palgrave Macmillan.

Teece, D. J. (2010). Business models, business strategy and innovation. Long range planning, 43(2), 172-194.

Wheelen, T. L., & Hunger, J. D. (2011). Concepts in strategic management and business policy. Pearson Education India.

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Factors that led to acquisition of colonies

The term colonialism refers to the practice of a country conquering another country and coercively exercising political, military and economic control over it. In this instance the colonizer occupies a new country with its settlers and starts exploiting its resources. Some of the major contributing factors for the European powers colonizing the African and the Caribbean nations are the following.

To begin with, there were economic factors. Many European countries were experiencing industrial revolution. As industries developed, there arose a need to move beyond the countries’ borders in the pursuit of resources (Taylor, 2007). Hence, colonies were set up to provide raw materials, cheep labor and market to these rapidly growing industries. In this regard, the argument was that there would be undoubtedly cheap workforce in these colonies. At the same time the local minerals, agricultural land and other natural resources would be a chief source of raw materials for these industries.

Secondly, there was a need to satisfy European social needs. As recorded in many historical books, by the 16th century there was already a population explosion in most of the European powers. So, it was felt that this rising population would be settled in the colonial territories. At the same time, this would help to make the living condition better than before. This was due to the fact that those in the urban areas were living under extremely poor conditions. There was overcrowding, inadequate food, unemployment, poor sanitation and sewerage disposal. Hence, it was believed that the only way through which these ordeals would be eradicated was through the acquisition of colonies (Taylor, 2007).

Besides, another contributing factor to the acquisition of colonies was political competition. This means that there was a political rivalry amongst the European countries like Britain, Portugal, Germany, Spain and France. This resulted from the notion that there was a national pride whereby, each and every one of these powers was claiming national pride in favor of their own countries. However, it has been felt that the only way through which this pride would be demonstrated was by acquiring colonies in different parts of the world. This is why each of these powers was struggling as much as it could to acquire the highest number of colonies. Surely, this would help these powers to occupy various lucrative ports and have an ample opportunity to guard strategic routes. To prove this fact, such kind of struggle has continued later, especially after the First World War, when Germany lost some of its strategic colonies like Tanganyika, to more powerful Britain.

The last, but by no means the least, the European powers felt that it was their God-given duty to liberate Africans from their agonies and civilize them. So, under the cover of missionaries they claimed to have come on the humanitarian grounds purposely to stop the infamous slave trade that had caused a lot of miseries to the enslaved and their larger societies. At the same, they came to introduce formal education and teach literary skills to the natives, even if this education was narrowed to the basic numeric, reading and writing skills (Kevin 2003). More importantly, they came to introduce medical care to these societies. According to many historians, this later became to be regarded as the most important contribution to the life of the natives. Actually, it is only thanks to this development that we were able to get rid of malaria, chicken pox and other killer diseases in many continents, especially in Africa.

Works cited

Kevin, S. (2003). History of Africa. St. Martin’s Press: New York.

Taylor, A. J. P. (2007). The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918. UK: Oxford University Press.

 Factors that may influence the equality of opportunity for individuals

There are various factors that influence equality of opportunities for all individuals. Discrimination or unfair treatment of certain individuals or groups of people is not uncommon in many organizations and social settings. In the health and social care settings, unfair treatment can be avoided through offering services that promote equality of opportunity for all people, regardless of their differences. Below are some of the factors that influence equality of opportunities for all people in the society and health and social care practices that promote equality for all in regard of these factors.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to classification o discrimination of individuals based on their racial origins, cultural norms and language ( HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Anita+Atwal%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Atwal, A. & Jones, 2006, p. 79). People are sometimes treated unfairly or be discriminated against through restricted access to equal access to part or all services and benefits in the society due to their ethnic backgrounds. Good health and social care practices ensure that all individuals feel that they are valued and receive equal treatment regardless of their ethnic background. Most health and social care centres have policies in place to be followed by care workers to make sure that the best of interests of all service users are upheld and that are not mistreated based on ethnic background language ( HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Anita+Atwal%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Atwal, A. & Jones, 2006, p. 79).

Gender

Unfair treatment based on gender relates to the differences between men and women in their access to benefits and treatment in the society. In the health and social care sector, this factor affects the health outcomes of men and women if not well addressed . A huge gender gap is likely to result into to underuse or inefficient use of health recourses to either men or women which could lead to higher mortality rate for either gender (Pyne, 2009, p. 6). Good practices in the health and social care sector promote gender equality and equity through tackling gender biases in communities and providing similar services to all people regardless of gender. The health and social workers need also to focus on strengthening the group discriminated on the basis of gender to respond better to physical and social environment and have better control to determinants of health (Evans, 2001, p. 185).

Sexuality

An individual whose sexual orientation does not conform to prevailing and established patterns can be the target of verbal, psychological and physical violence and acts of hate (Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2010, p. 176). Discrimination based on their sexual orientation refers to unfair treatment of a person or a group of people based on their emotional and sexual attractions, relationships, self identity and behaviour. An individual’s sexual orientation may be heterosexual, bisexual or homosexual. Effective health and social care services should promote equality of opportunities for all individuals by ensuring that their staff are well trained to provide similar services for all people irrespective of individual’s sexual orientation (Mooney, Knox & Schacht, 2010, p. 176).

Age

Discrimination based on age affects different individuals and groups in different ways. For instance, it may apply to the retired whole population of retired individuals in a given society. It may also be marked amongst individuals in ages of 80s and 90s who experience long-term illnesses, mental health problems, and higher levels of disabilities and thus, rely more on health and social care services (Behan, 2009, p. 4). Good practices in the health and social care sector should promote the principle of treating people of all ages equally. Their services should emphasize on the policy of ‘putting people first’ and offering treatment to people of all ages and help them to maintain independence and control over their lives (Behan, 2009, p. 4).

Disability

In the society, barriers may exist for disabled persons with certain physical, psychiatric, sensory, intellectual or neurological impairments to receive appropriate and effective healthcare support. Health and social care services should deal with such inequity by promoting rights of disabled individuals to health and disability services which are affordable and accessible. They should help to reduce the burden placed on such disabilities by the society and the demand placed on the disability and health services (Carnaby & Cambridge, 2006, p. 40). They thus ought to promote care practises that lead to effective management of disabilities and improvement in the health and well being of such people.

Discrimination

Discrimination simply refers to unequal treatment based on individual’s personal attributes such as sexual orientation, gender, age and disability or it may be as a result of a person’s group membership such as belonging to a certain ethnic group (Bulatao & Anderson, 2004, p. 78). Discrimination can determine an individual’s or a group’s living conditions and access to vital resources such as food, shelter, healthcare services, education and employment, among others (Bulatao & Anderson, 2004, p. 78). Anti-discriminatory practices should be adopted in health and social care settings by promoting equality, upholding value diversity, respect for the rights of consumers.

References

HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Anita+Atwal%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Atwal, A. & Jones, M., Preparing for Professional Practice in Health and Social Care, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2009

Behan, D., ‘Age equality and age discrimination in social care: An interim practice guide’ 2009, Accessed 31 January 2012 from, [http://www.scie.org.uk/publications/guides/guide35/files/guide35.pdf]

Bulatao, R. A. & Anderson, N. B., Understanding racial and ethnic differences in health in late life: a research agenda, Washington: National Academies Press, 2004

Carnaby, S. & Cambridge, P., Intimate and personal care with people with learning disabilities, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006

Evans, T., Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action, Oxford University Press, 2001

Pyne, S., ‘how can gender equity be addressed through health systems?’ 2009, Accessed 31 January 2012 from, [http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/64941/E92846.pdf]

Mooney, L. A., Knox, D. & Schacht, C., Understanding Social Problems, California, Cengage Learning, 2010

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Factors that mold the police culture

A leadership culture is a combination of skills, traits and behaviors that leaders draw on when they are interacting with clients. For an individual to favor and support a leadership culture, he has to understand the origin of that leadership culture. In the history of law enforcement, police officers have used various police culture to enforce the law. It has evolved within last few years in many countries to a more participative style than it was in the past. This leadership style among police is distinguishable from other occupational groups as leaders from those groups still cling to an antiquated domineering culture. The main purpose for this study is to discuss the factors that mold the police culture and distinguish it from other occupational groups.

The origin of the present police culture can be traced back to English Parliament. In 1929, the English Parliament passed the Metropolitan Police Act which created the London Metropolitan Police. As Loftus (29) notes, police culture later became the model for American policing. The above model of policing has its foundation in a bureaucratically controlled and highly centralized command. That leadership culture instituted a hierarchical dictatorial organization that implanted impersonality in the police structure.

Incorporation of a scientific management component into the police bureaucratic-efficiency model also shapes and molds police culture. Scientific management component in police leadership culture gives police officers total control in their organization through an inflexible, and a centralized chain of command structure so as to attain an organizational efficiency. Unlike other occupational groups where leadership promotions depend on personal characteristics they provide as leaders, based on this model, police officers promotions depend on experience and longevity. The model gives more emphasis on top leadership and neglects bottom level officers. Officers at the bottom level have no authority to make decisions on their own; they only acts on commands from their seniors on when, what and how to perform their tasks.

The unselfish service and respectable personality police have in their organization and employees is yet another factor that molds their culture. The personality of police officers plays an important role in the way they perform their duties. Police personality is a combination of characteristics that classify their individual behaviors. In other occupational groups, personality negatively influences leadership conduct, attitudes and insight. Police officers understand their personalities well. This helps them to forecast their job performance and behaviors of the people they serve.

The ability to use human talents to increase integrity, performance and trust in their organization and in people they serve is very influential and also shapes the police culture. Based on this factor, police officers recognize the importance of delegation and understand the need for urgency and the willingness of considering autocracy and other alternatives. The police leadership has changed over the decades. At some point, it was classified as Laissez-Faire Autocratic or Democratic. According to Crank (24) states that autocratic culture centers on giving orders to police officers to carry out a given task faster. With this leadership culture, officers only act on instructions meant to guide them on what to carry out, when to do it, how to perform it, and they are then watched to ensure they do it well. Laissez-Faire leadership culture trained police officers to make decisions, but it did not give guidance on how to do it. Democratic culture encourages involvement in decision making, and facilitates fair discussion in order for everyone to understand what to do, and then permits them to perform their duties without supervision. The leadership in other occupational groups primarily focuses on protecting power.

Works Cited

Crank, John. “Understanding Police Culture.” Belmont, CA: Roxbury Publishing, 2004. Print.

Loftus, Bethan. “Police Culture in a Changing World.” Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.