Category: Uncategorized

Exploring Military Education

Robin M. Carr

Walden University

Part 1

Knowles, M. (2011). The Adult Learner : The Definitive Classic In Adult Education And Human Resource Development. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2011.

Knowles tends to explain the importance of adult education as he explains that the adults should be aware of why they are doing something before they do it. This article is a scholarly article thus proving its credibility. The author has deep experience in the field of education.

Johnson-Freese, Joan. (2012). The Reform Of Military Education: Twenty-Five Years Later. Naval publications.

Joan Johnson-Freese feels that the military education should change and insists on the need to teach tough and think tough by the soldiers. He asserts that military education should equip soldiers to be effective defenders of the USA as well as the effective defenders of the American interest and its partners around the world. This article is credible because it is written by a professor who has deep knowledge of the military education. Professor Joan Johnson-Freese is also the former chair of national Security Affairs at the war college, Newport in the Department of Defense

Bezacie, Gerard. (2004). Synergy Between Doctrine, Training and Military Education

Military education helps the soldiers to be equipped with the general knowledge since just like any other human activity; war is subject to changes and greatly depends on the choices made during a particular period. Military education also assists the soldiers to solve issues with strict intellectual discipline thus enhancing decision making process as well as equipping and preparing the future commanders in their new roles. This article is credible since it is a publication by the military experts and professionals

Kerka, Sandra. (2002). ACVE – Teaching Adults: Is It Different? Eric Publications.

Sandra Kerka asserts that adult learning are based on problems and challenges hence emphasizing the need for critical and transformative learning unlike the children’s learning which is dependent and lacks life experience. Adults are likely to be self directive and greatly motivational thus making it possible for soldiers to understand the concepts and importance of the military education. This article is credible because it is peer reviewed and backed by very rich primary resources from professionals such as Drapper, Guffey and Ramp. The article is also published by educational resources information centre which is a renowned publisher

Smit, H., Den Oudendammer, F., Kats, E., & Van Lakerveld, J. (2009). Lifelong Learning on Either Side of the Border: The Effects of Government Policy on Adult Education In The Netherlands And Belgium.European Journal Of Education, 44(2), 257-270.

A country’s adult education is dependent on various factors such as historical, cultural and economical and differs in many countries. For instance, in Netherlands, vocational training is emphasized amongst adults just like in Belgium where it is greatly supported too. This article is peer reviewed and scholarly. It is also credible because it has other reliable sources cited in it

Maric, L., Krsmanović, B., Mraović, T., Gogić, A., Sente, J., & Smajić, M. (2013). The Effectiveness Of Physical Education Of The Military Academy Cadets During A 4-Year Study. Vojnosanitetski Pregled. Military-Medical and Pharmaceutical Review, 70(1), 16-20.

Maric et al studied the main role of physical education in the cadets’ life and their general personality development by evaluating the effectiveness of physical education. Physical education somewhat develops physical skills but through endurance, strength and speed. This resource is primary since it involves research thus proving its credibility. This study was carried out in the Military academy with a total of 120 cadets using physical fitness in assessment such as running and pull ups. The fact that the study was carried out in the Military Academy proves its credibility.

Skypek, Thomas. (2013). Soldier Scholars: Military Education As An Instrument Of China’s Strategic Power. Washington, DC. China Brief Volume Publications.

Military education equips soldiers with technical knowhow that is very vital in the future battlefield. It further boosts military effectiveness at all levels of war. This article’s credibility is evident because it is an organizational article. James Town Foundation is a large, renowned institution that is trusted by many.

Part 2

Zacharakis, J., & Van Der Werff, J. A. (2012). The Future of Adult Education in The Military. New Directions for Adult And Continuing Education, (136), 89-98.

The authors’ ideas are very true and consistent with my area of study. There is an important need to research and focus on then better ways of improving the military education. According to the authors, adult education in the forces is largely tied in the future of adult learning and therefore the adult educators should extend their vision on the importance of adult education. The adult educators must insist on being focused by exploring new ideas of the adult learning process. This article emphasizes on the ways in which adult education can be expanded and enhanced in order to improve critical thinking in leadership and organizational enhancement in the military. The author explains how adult education can be incorporated within the military and be of great advantage to the learning process of the military. This article is research based and is a primary source since the writers express their own opinions and findings.

Persyn, J. M., & Polson, C. J. (2012). Evolution and Influence of Military Adult Education. New Directions for Adult And Continuing Education, (136), 5-16.

This article reviews the significance of adult education amongst the forces. The article is credible because it derives its sources from very reliable sources such as Federal Government, Armed Forces, and Military Training. The authors also have deeper understanding of other sectors such as higher Education and Postsecondary Education sectors.

The largest employer which is the department of defense offers training to a larger workforce that performs over 800 types of jobs. According to the authors, the military should be well prepared for the significant defense roles and these forces the government to invest large sum of money in training and education program. The training program of the officers that the authors explain in this article is very relevant and consistent with military education since military training programs offer great career and professional development in the military.

Burridge, B. (2001). Post-Modern Military Education: Are We Meeting the Challenge? Defence Studies, 1(1), xi.

This article is research based and a primary source since it contains original findings of the research. I concur with the author of this article in the role of education in providing proper decision making process and rational thinking among the military. This article tends to give details on how the UK’s joint services command and Staff College deals with the challenge providing contemporary military education. It entirely deals with the problems of command, forces training and the process involved in the military decision. This article is credible since the author derives his sources from reliable sources such as the United Kingdom’s Joint Command and Staff College.

Directive Leadership Benefits for the Organization and Its Followers

Name

Institution

Directive Leadership Benefits for the Organization and Its Followers

A directive leader identifies standards he requires of his followers and confidently applies authority over them.

1. a. closer, harmonious and more cohesive.

A bank leader who establishes a closer relationship with his/her followers tends to enhance their morality at work and more so when s/he tends to be harmonious and more cohesive about his objectives. These make followers to provide quality services thereby attracting more clients.

A school leader who works closer with teachers, students and the school fraternity and promotes harmony and cohesion among them builds a good foundation for institution thereby promoting good results.

b. The quality of relationships within groups is higher

A bank leader who promote excellent relationship within his/her staff and clients will attract more profit margins due to quality services provided by his staff.

A school leader who maintain quality of relationship within teachers, students and parents to be higher promote peaceful co-existence thereby eliminating cases of unrest in the institution.

c. Intentions to leave the organization are lower

A bank leader whose intentions to leave the organization are lower will push his/her staff to focus on the bank’s vision, objective and goals for him to uphold his integrity.

A school leader will deliver quality education to students when s/he is not intending to leave the institution.

d. Groups are focused on achieving organizational goals

A school leader who is concerned about the welfare of the students and teachers will motivate them focus in achieving the school’s goals.

A bank leader who provides fringe benefits to his hard-working followers will challenge the entire staff to focus in achieving its goals.

e. Efficiency and/or effectiveness are improved.

When a bank leader increases the staff morality, his followers consequently improve efficiency on their service delivery.

A school leader who promotes a friendly learning environment improves the effectiveness of teachers and students to perform.

2. a. The followers feel that their roles in the organization are clearer

A school leader who is able to establish a clearer school roster will make his/her followers feel that their roles in the school are clearer.

A bank leader needs to assign each follower to a specific task for them to feel the clarity of their duties.

b. Their expectations of the organization are clearer

The school leader who clarifies the goals of each department after the end of learning period promotes quality performances.

A bank leader who writes achievable objectives and mission for the bank clarifies its expectation from followers.

c. Follower satisfaction with the work, the supervision, and the organization is higher

A school leader who creates favorable learning environment enhances followers’ satisfaction with the work, the organization and supervision.

A bank leader needs to ensure that followers’ satisfaction with the work, the organization and supervision is higher for maximum service delivery.

d. Follower stress is lower.

Achievable goals and objectives in a school lower stress on the students, teachers and parents thereby enabling them do what they can.

A bank leader who assigns each follower to his/her specialized task lowers stress among them while working.

e. Follower performance is higher

A school leader maintains closer supervision encourages higher performance in teachers and students.

A bank leader who award followers according to their output enhances higher performances in them.

Concept of Nursing

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351879” Abstract PAGEREF _Toc385351879 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351880” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc385351880 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351881” Organizational Perspective PAGEREF _Toc385351881 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351882” Disciplinary Perspective PAGEREF _Toc385351882 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351883” Professional Perspective PAGEREF _Toc385351883 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351884” Bystander Perspective PAGEREF _Toc385351884 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351885” Significance of Project PAGEREF _Toc385351885 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351886” Concept Analysis Overview PAGEREF _Toc385351886 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351887” Concept Analysis PAGEREF _Toc385351887 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351888” Evolutionary Concept Analysis PAGEREF _Toc385351888 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351889” Reasons for Selecting Evolutionary Concept Analysis PAGEREF _Toc385351889 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351890” Step 1: Identification of names and concepts and association of expressions. PAGEREF _Toc385351890 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351891” Step 2: Identification and selection of appropriate setting PAGEREF _Toc385351891 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351892” Step 5: Identification of a concept exemplar PAGEREF _Toc385351892 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351893” Implications for Policy PAGEREF _Toc385351893 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351894” Implications for Administration PAGEREF _Toc385351894 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351895” Clinical Practice Implications PAGEREF _Toc385351895 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351896” Implications for Education PAGEREF _Toc385351896 h 13

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385351897” Implications for Research PAGEREF _Toc385351897 h 13

AbstractThis project is conducted with the aim of exploring nursing professional practice as a concept, and illustrating its importance from a practice, discipline, and ethical perspective using an evolutionary concept analysis. The evolutionary concept analysis is useful in describing the uses and functions of nursing professional practice as a concept. Different elements of nursing professional practice such as conceptual models, individual deportment, and practice environment elements can be described using the evolutionary concept analysis. The project will illustrate various attributes that a nursing professional must have in order to deliver recommended care for patients in health institutions. The paper will also illustrate exemplar appropriate for nursing professional practice, based on the attributes of the concept established as a result of of the analysis. The project will identify all the implications which are contained in the findings of the nursing practice concept analysis (Rodgers, 2000).

IntroductionStudies have been conducted to research on caring because it is an integral part of nursing. There is still knowledge gap as far as caring in nursing is concerned. This project aimed at exploring nursing professional practice concept and showing the importance of this concept of a practice, discipline, and ethical point of view using evolutionary concept analysis. The project describes the uses of nursing professional practice as a concept. The project also identifies attributes related to nursing professional practice. They are derived from a Canadian context, and definition of nursing professional practice further elaborated to establish a foundation for future inquiry (Rodgers, 2000). In the nursing profession, examples of professional practice are outlined as per the concept attributes which have been identified as genuine findings of an evolutionary concept analysis. The project concludes by outlining the implications shown in the final outcome of the concept analysis.

Interest in the nursing profession practice intensified as a result of my experiences in many roles that I have executed in the field of nursing. Caring in nursing is a very important aspect as afar handling patients in health institutions, is concerned. All professionals in the field of nursing should be well conversant with the nursing professional practice as a concept in order to deliver good care to patients. It is therefore inevitable for nursing professionals to learn more about the concept of nursing professional practice.

Organizational PerspectiveIn an organizational context, departments related to Professional practice have been recently added a component of structures in the organization in various health authorities in British Columbia. In the early 2000s, those departments were formed to supplement the work of the newly formed role of chief nursing officer in the province. These departments have been identified to be responsible for promoting recommended professional practice in places of work. The services and programs within departments are aimed at supporting professionals in the health sector by promoting their professional standards in their workplaces. The programs also promote inter-professional collaboration and evidence based practices. The interest to further explore nursing professional practice becomes inevitable with the sole aim of supporting professional roles in providing consultations in the field of nursing (Mathew and Lankshear, 2003). Many authors have established that there is no clarity as far as the significance and meaning of the nursing professional practice as a concept.

Disciplinary PerspectiveThe roles in the field of nursing have provided me with an opportunity to relate the importance of the concept of nursing professional practice, with nursing as a profession which involves care giving. This is shown in multiple ways by which the concept is used in the field of nursing. The nursing literature also describes the influence of collective interrelated conceptualizations relating to nursing as a profession which involves practical work. It is evident that there is a discourse in the field of nursing regarding the concept of nursing professional practice. The concept is not distinctive enough to be fully relied upon in the nursing profession. There is a need for conceptual clarity concerning the concept of nursing professional practice to enable nurses carry out their duties without confusion. Professionals in the field of nursing should be well conversant with the concept of nursing professional practice in order to deliver in their discipline. This is important because it helps to strengthen current disciplinary support and professional structures (Cronin & Coughlan, 2010).

Professional PerspectiveHealth institutions that offer nursing services have established groups meant to advocate for the caring practice in nursing. The groups consist of professionals in the field of nursing who closely study the concept of nursing professional practice in order to give the best professional advice to professionals in the nursing sector.The group structure is divided into standards of practice, provisional legislation, curriculum, and practice and policy support groups. The purpose of such professional groups is to promote caring professional practice regarding the quality care and services offered to clients. A study conducted in British Colombia showed that nurses experience moral residues and distress because of their working environment. This is attributed to the fact that they work in areas where there are few or no caring professionals. This finally leads to poor service delivery. The study shows that nurses report moral distress when they are exposed to environments with the professional practice of poor quality.

Consequently, their ability to deliver better caring services is hampered. They are therefore unable to provide compassionate, competent, safe and ethical care to clients (CAN, 2008). This shows that further research is needed in order to find better solutions to improve the delivery of competent and safe services. This can only be achieved through reviewing the concept of nursing professional practice and the evaluation of conceptual analysis in order to find lasting solutions that professionals in the nursing field can use when caring for patients. It is recommended that further studies on the concept of nursing professional practice will help nurses and other health professionals understand the concept well. It will also help them to recognize, improve, sustain and acknowledge a healthy environment. Better understanding of the concept of nursing professional practice, will also help nurses to individually demonstrate professional practice to promote competent, compassionate, and ethical care in various health organizations. They can also demonstrate such professional practice within groups and within their health organizations.

It is a common challenge in many health organizations where nurses and other health professionals find it hard to conceptualize the nursing professional practice leading to poor delivery of health care. Unless specific challenges are addressed, nurses will continue to experience difficulties when executing their duties in their respective health organizations. Comprehensive programs should be developed by various stakeholders to make sure that nurses are trained on how to understand the concept of nursing professional practice. They should also be provided by enabling the environment to deliver better services.

Bystander PerspectiveThis is another context that nurses experience during the nursing professional practice. Nurses may be influenced by their journey through the entire health care system when some of their close family members are in need of care. There is a need for conceptual clarity to demystify the concept of nursing professional practice when a nurse encounters close family members who require care from them. There should be a clear guideline for guiding such health professionals on the right measures to take when they are faced with such situations in their profession. Nursing professionals, whose close family members require care, can get first hand information from them regarding the conduct of different nurses offering care for them. By so doing, a professional can be able to identify the positive attributes that a good nurse should have. This is done through listening to their description of good and bad nurses based on the care they have received from them.

Significance of Project This project therefore seeks to establish the need for creating conceptual clarity to help individual nurses and professional group leaders in various health organizations to execute their duties effectively. Scholars in the field of nursing have established that the clarity of the concept of nursing professional practice helps in strengthening the development of current disciplinary and professional support structures. This positively influences the ability of nurses to show professional practice by providing competent, quality and ethical care to various clients in the health organizations where they work. It is a project meant to find ways of making the concept of nursing professional practice easy to understand among nurses and other health professionals who deliver care services to patients in various health organizations (Coughlan and Cronin, 2010).

Concept Analysis

Concept Analysis OverviewConcepts

The concept refers to attributes in a cluster. It is noted that currently, there is no agreement on the concepts theory (Coughlan and Cronin, 2000). Rodgers identified dispositional view and entity view as the two main views of concepts. He argues that people with an entity view are able to identify concepts having important elements which do not change (Rodgers, 2000). This view is linked to the philosophical perspective of logical positivism. This view was held by renowned philosophers such as Locke, Kant, Descartes and Aristotle. The dispositional view is linked with constructivist or interpretive philosophical perspective. This perspective suggests that a concept may have one term with many meanings. Rodgers indicated that the belief which shows concepts as the disposition is viewed in concepts’ differing meanings in different disciplines

Concept AnalysisConcept analysis refers to a scientific activity which involves analyzing and defining concepts, as legitimizing by Aristotle (Coughlin and Cronin, 2010). Scholars in the field of nursing have established that development of concept plays a big role in knowledge development (Rodgers, 2000). Conceptual analysis, concept derivation, and concept synthesis are types of concept development in nursing which are useful in conceptualizing nursing professional practice. Nursing scholars have linked concept analysis with the responsibility of different disciplines in order to have concept which are easily conceptualized.

Critical theory perspective is utilized by people who use the pragmatic utility approach, to establish characteristics of a particular concept through critique of a literature. This helps to identify similar criteria which demonstrate usefulness in practice (Morse, 2000). Nursing professionals can utilize constructivist perspective to help in determining the attributes of a concept through its common understood the uses in practice. It is noted that all the three analytical approaches use literature to identify characteristics or attributes of a concept. There is a major difference that exists between evolutionary approach and other approaches, that researcher using results understand them as a heuristic. This is done with the aim of promoting further inquiry and research.

Evolutionary Concept Analysis

Concept analysis is linked to the process of developing concepts. The cycle of concept development considers the significance, use, and application of a concept. The evolutionary concept analysis involves utilizing of phase development. There are six phases that Rodgers identified which involve the following activities:

Identification of names and concepts and association of expressions.

Identification and selection of appropriate setting

Collection of data

Data analysis

Identification of a concept exemplar

Identification of implications and hypotheses for development of concept.

This approach helps in establishing a proper foundation for concept development contrary to static and universal criteria. The six phases mentioned above will provide a detailed framework to guide in analyzing professional practice concept discussed in this paper (Lankshear & Mathews, 2003).

Reasons for Selecting Evolutionary Concept Analysis

There are various reasons for selecting evolutionary analysis by Rodgers, is to explore the nursing professional practice concept. Rodgers’ approach is ideal because nursing professional practice concept has evolved with time through contextual influences. This approach is contextual and dynamic making it congruent with widely accepted nursing perspective which indicates that human beings are ever changing, and they interact with their environment in order to establish their health. It is therefore inevitable to use the Rodger’s approach in concept analysis of nursing professional practice (Rodgers, 2000).

Evolutionary Concept Analysis

Step 1: Identification of names and concepts and association of expressions.Rodgers defined concept as characteristics or idea associated with a word, and not that particular word itself. This project deals with the nursing profession practice as the concept of interest. Surrogate terms used in the field of nursing to refer to nursing professional practice include professional practice, professional nursing practice, nursing practice, professionalism, professional, and practice. These surrogate terms have been considered as antecedents in the evolutionary concept analysis. However, they are considered discrete terminologies from combined nursing professional practice concept. Determination of context or direction of analysis, also plays a major role in the initial decision making process of the evolutionary concept analysis.

Step 2: Identification and selection of appropriate settingThe setting is defined as the period of time which is explored as well as the types of disciplinary literature involved. This project therefore focuses on nursing literature established between the year 2005 and year 2011 as the appropriate setting. The disciplinary literature used includes gray literature and the peer-reviewed literature. ERIC and CINAHL online databases were used to search for the peer reviewed literature. These databases were chosen because they give credible information relating to the field of nursing. Professional practice was used as the title whereas nursing was used as the subject. They were used as the key words when searching for information in the ERIC and CINAHAL databases. Grey literature was obtained form from the Archives and Library of Canada, and Google Canada as the main internet search engine. The sources of grey literature were obtained from established and credible government, professional association, health authority, regulatory college and union websites.

Step 3: Collection of data

The step exploratory search of the literature was used in this project. This helped to establish limits that included search terms and articles between 2005 and 2011. The final step of this search using the above mentioned limits produced 60 citations. Peer reviewed literature and grey literature were determined from the 60 citations that were revealed. They were finally included in the analysis using the following criteria:

Inclusion Criteria

Definition of nursing professional practice in the context of nursing should be provided.

The articles must be published in English

The focus of the article should be the nursing professional practice

Exclusion Criteria

If professional practice is not the focus of the article.

Professional practice is described in a context that does not include nursing.

A nursing professional practice described regarding advanced practice nursing.

Nursing professional practice is described regarding specialty nursing.

The article is not published in English.

Step 4: Data analysis

This involves the review of all the articles collected with the aim of identifying elements such as surrogate terms, references, related concepts, consequences, antecedents, and attributes. The inductive analysis process started with reviews of all the documents collected. All the contents relating to the six element categories were extracted and entered in the appropriate columns of spreadsheets in excel. Thematic analysis was used to organize and reorganize same literature points to generate relevant descriptor system. The key themes were identified by establishing selection criteria for the analytic elements. This helped to arrange data in an organized manner which later helped in easy analysis of data.

The attributes of a nursing professional practice include accountability, client centered, autonomy, contextual, collaboration, ethics, continuing competence, innovation, self-regulation, leadership, disciplinary knowledge, and service.

Step 5: Identification of a concept exemplarRodgers established that discovery of an exemplar is a critical part as far as concept analysis is concerned. The goal was to describe various characteristics of the analysis in order to enhance clarity of the concept and its effective application. They are identified using analytic process, and are chosen as real versus a constructed concept example. In this project, three nursing professional practice examples are used to show the importance of the concept from a practice, discipline, and ethical perspective (Mark et al., 2003).

Step 6: Identification of implications and hypotheses for development of concept.

This is the final step that Rodgers uses in his evolutionary concept analysis. It gives an opportunity to discuss all the implications that were discovered during the process. The development cycle of the concept considers the application, use, and significance of the concept. This paper has generally focused on the use of the concept of the nursing professional practice. The implications include engagement of concept strategies meant for nurses, with the aim of lessening moral distress. This is achieved by improving the quality of environments where professionals in the field of nursing practice. The approach of showing the implications indicates the connection of evolutionary concept analysis in a cyclical manner with the concept development process.

Implications

Implications for PolicyThe results reveal implications that nurses involved in health care reform and policy development phase. The definition of this concept identifies key attributes that policy makers in health authorities, nursing groups, and government use to develop policy for influencing nursing professional practice. The three areas of policy should be considered because nursing is entrenched within social structures with both formal and informal powers (Buresh, B. & Gordon, S., 2006).

Implications for AdministrationThis analysis reveals implications for nurses and other non-nurses who work in administration mainly in three specific ways. The administrator’ implication is promoting their ability to enable them to practice through professional development. Nurse Managers who fully understand and have all the attributes recommended for nursing professional practice, and can be easily reached by staff, always offer a key element necessary for a good working environment.

Clinical Practice ImplicationsThis analysis reveals four specific implications for nurses in the clinical practice. The delineation of attributes recommended for nursing professional practice to assist nurses in developing personal learning plans as well as meeting continuing competence requirements. There is also an opportunity for nursing professionals to use nursing the attributes of nursing professional practice to fight for quality environments for professional practice. The definition of the nursing professional practice identifies the attributes of the nursing professional practice in system uses. It is also noted that participating in activities which are associated with strengthening environments of professional practice, and continuing competence, can assist in identifying pragmatic solutions meant for practicing environment challenges (Marck, 2004).

Implications for EducationThe main implications resulting from this analysis include nursing curriculum, student placements, and mentorship programs. There is a great opportunity for integrating all the attributes of the concept of nursing professional practice. The attributes provide the framework for programs mean for mentor and student placements.

Implications for ResearchThis analysis reveals five main implications that require further research. The first implication deals with identification of the organizational, nurses and client outcomes in relation to practice environment. The second implication explores perception of nurses on how the attributes impact their practice. The third implication compares the definition of professional practice regarding nursing. The fourth implication validates the scale of professional practice in different practice settings. The fifth implication discovers how definition of nursing professional practice of nursing compares to that from the analysis (Weaver, K. & Mitcham, C., 2008).

References

Association of Registered Nurses of British Columbia, Home page, 2011.

Retrieved from: < http://www.arnbc.ca> [Accessed on 27 October 2013]

Buresh, B. & Gordon, S., 2006. Silence to Voice. What Nurses Know and Must Communicate To

The Public. Canada: Cornell University Press.

Cronin, P. & Coughlan, M., 2010. Concept Analysis in Health Care Research. International

Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17 (2), pp. 62- 68.

Lankshear, S., 2011. The Professional Practice Leader. The Role of Organizational Power And

Personal Influence in Creating a Professional Practice Environment for Nurses. (Unpublished Dissertation). London Ontario: University of Western Ontario.

Mark, B., Salyer, J. & Wan, T., 2003. Professional Nursing Practice. Impact on organizational and client outcomes. Journal of Nursing Administration, 33 (4), pp. 224-234.

Mathews, S. & Lankshear, S. 2003. Describing the Essential Elements of a Professional Practice

Structure. Nursing Leadership, 16 (2), pp. 63-73.

Morse, J., 2000. Concept Analysis: An evolutionary View in B. Rodgers and K. Knafl (Eds.)

Concept Development in Nursing. Foundations, Techniques and Applications, pp.333- 352. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

Nelson, S. & Gordon, S., 2004. The Rhetoric of Rupture: Nursing As a Practice with a History?

Nursing Outlook, 52 (1), pp. 255-261.

Northrup, D. T., Tschanz, C.L., Olynyk, V.G., Schick Makaroff, K., Szabo, J. & Biasio, H.A.,

2004. Nursing: Whose Discipline Is It Anyway? Nursing Science Quarterly, 7 (1), pp. 55-62.

Rodgers, B., 2000. Concept Analysis: An Evolutionary View. In B. Rodgers and K. Knafl (Eds.)

Concept Development in Nursing. Foundations, Techniques and Applications (2nd Ed.) pp.77-102. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.

Rodney, P., Varcoe, C., Storch, J., McPherson, G., Mahoney, K., Brown, H., Pauly, B., Hartrick,

G. & Starzomski, R., 2009. Navigating Toward a Moral Horizon: A Multisite Qualitative Study of Ethical Practice in Nursing. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 41 (1), pp. 292- 319.

Storey, S., Linden, E. & Fisher, M., 2008. Showcasing Leadership Exemplars to Propel

Professional Practice Model Implementation. Journal of Nursing Administration, 38 (3), pp. 138-142.

Thorne, S., 2010. Evolution of the Workplace Representative Program. CRNBC 25 Year Anniversary. Retrieved from:<http://mediasite.mediagroup. UBC.CA/Media Group /SilverlightPlayer/Default.aspx?peid=19ef93fc313c4b26b20fe1c39706a5a11d> [Accessed on 27 October 2013]

Tofthagen, R. & Fagerstrøm, L., 2010. Rodgers’ Evolutionary Concept Analysis – A ValidMethod for Developing Knowledge in Nursing Science. Scandinavian Journal ofNursing Sciences, 24, pp. 21-31.

Walker, L. & Avant, K., 2004. Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing (4th Ed.).

Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.

Weaver, K. & Mitcham, C., 2008. Nursing Concept Analysis in North America: State Of Art.

Nursing Philosophy, 9 (3), pp. 180-194.

Explaining the Decline of Violent Crime in China Since 2001

By student’s name

Course code +name

Professor’s name

University name

City, state

Introduction

Information on crime is mostly based on the number of arrest that are approved in each China’s provence.Therefore, indicators in 2011 showed a decline in the crime rate meaning that the number of arrests recorded in most province had gone down. The above perception can contribute to the explanation of a crime decline in china though it is not the whole issue.

China lies in Asia and this continent has shown great changes in crime rate where it is becoming a peaceful place in terms of armed violence. According to history Asia was one of the dangerous places on the earth in the case of violence and death risks, for example during the Chinese civil war.

In order to be able to explain the case of chine crime decline it is important to address the issue from a social origin perspective. Poverty and inequality are structural conditions that are perceived to promote crime. However, Asia is a comparative egalitarian district of the world, although there case of inequality increase. In this regard study shows that society structural variables such as poverty, residential stability among others and society procedures variables such as social ties and collective efficacy have great impact on individual view on crime (Liu, 2005).

Crime deviance can also be used to explain crime and deviance. According to scholars social ties, as well as, resources are important although they are not enough to help in the crime control process. According to study conducted in Tianjin China revealed that collective efficacy once rooted in social ties that are weak enough can aid in the reduction of neighborhood crime rate.

Preceding China’s economy reform urban and rural residents had no freedom to relocate. However, since the economy reform these rules have been loosened. Therefore, according to china’s scholars, this social residential stability has a negative association with lack of proper interaction .For reasons like this negative relationship is poise to residential stability and neighborhood crime.

According to a great number of scholars who are in line with the tradition social disorganization

Strongly accepts that informal social control aspect is an intervening procedure in the neighborhood making it a significant crime predictor (Bellair, 1997). Another thing to note is that due to the fact that social ties raise the residential ability to socialize, monitor, and keep track of strangers within the local community and union in solving social local problems, they are able to raise informal social control and decrease crime

Literature review

There is a large pool of diverse disciplines of literature that has been published. This literature is based in criminology, as well as economics. In this regard a number of theories are there in this area which is based on diversified perspectives. These theories mostly link crime to economic growth. According to Durkheim, social norms and values breakdown can affect the rate of crime that is the crime rate may go up or decline. There are several theories that tries to explain this phenomena .Some of these theories include classical, positivist, individual trait among others.

Classical and positivist theory

According to Beccaria, the researcher of this theory states that crime occurs when the cost outweighs the benefits. That is when people go out for self interest in absence for effective punishment. These theorists believe strongly on the free will concept in the explanation of crime. This implies that if the benefits of being a criminal are far much great compared to the retribution then the criminal behaviors will seem to be more likely (Sampson, Raudenbush, & Earls, 1997). This theory has a likelihood of predicting that cases of extreme punishment have an ability to deter people from crime. On the contrary excessive punishment could be counter productive in one way or the other and would trigger the urge for criminals to commit even serious offences.

The positivist theories have face a lot of critics from the fact that they have no been able to discover causes of crime and also to come up with effective strategies for crime control. They discount the free will role and takes in account genetic factors learning, personality as well as moral development. In addition, the sociological aspect is also put into account.

Radical Criminology

This theory was proposed for the first time in 1973 by Taylor. This theorist based his views on Marxist position. In his views he states that there are no natural acts that are immoral or criminal. In this regard the implication in this is that crimes definitions are determined socially in reflection to the social values. Therefore, crime is seen as socially determined and that the criminal laws suit the powerful and wealthy people in the society (Sampson, Morenoff, & Earls, 1999). Thus people who do not have money involves in crime with an aim of enjoying the luxuries of wealth. In addition, the wealthy commits crime with an aim of increasing their wealth. However, the legal system is always in favor of the wealthy they are likely to be get arrested and punished. Therefore, if wealth was redistributed the cases of crime would be the individual result of psychopathology.

These theories try to show that the case of crime is likely to go down or up as a result of economic factors. When there many marginalized people in the society the crime rates are likely to go up. There has been a record of stable economic growth in China; this might have resulted to what led to decline in crime rate in the year 2011.

Research methodology

Researchers in this case have adapted several models, the most common model are the qualitative and quantitative research models. To be used in this study will comprise of the following. The data to be collected in this research might be borrowed from the 20th century therefore use of quantitative pardigrim is important. On the other hand qualitative research method is also important as it acts as an alternative for the other method.

Quantitative research –This research method is appropriate in this study because it relies on research that relies mainly on the quantitative data collection this pardigrim will follow all the quantitative research requirements. This method will facilitate in the use of numerical analysis. This method helps the researcher to know what he or she is expecting from the research aspects. The main objective is to come up with a mathematical model, hypothesis, and theories that pertains to a certain phenomena, for example in this case crime decline in China.

Qualitative research- This method depends on qualitative data. In addition the method will help the researcher to collected people’s perception on the issues of crime in china. Therefore the humans form the primary data collection instrument. People’s values will have impact on this research and needs to be understood and put into consideration especially at the time of research reporting section. This method will also facilitate in hypothesis and theories evaluation from the collected data.

Data collection

This study will depend mostly on the secondary data. This data from this study will be collected from the complied files of crime rate in the Law book of China. These books are published in the Chinese language where all the province crime rates are compiled in one section of the book. Again as indicated earlier the crime rates data is on the basis of the number of approved arrest that occurs in each province which are released annually. The other important thing to note is that data is not usually available for all the years making the data set to be a panel that is unbalanced.

In this case the source of information will be the government publications in China crime rates. These publications are indispensable in crime rates study and caution needs to be exercised in the results interpretation. Therefore, it is important to use the total number of persecutions in each crime as a variable. This is because it acts as another crime rate proxy and it is a variable that is usually applied in robustness especially in this study. This is what the research will apply in the data collection process for the study. After that data collected will be tabulated interpreted, analyzed appropriately recommendation and conclusion made.

References

Bellair, P. E. 1997. Social interaction and community crime: Examining the importance of neighbors networks. Criminology, 35, 677–704.

Liu, J. 2005. Crime patterns during the market transition in China. British Journal of Criminology, 45, 613–633.

Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J., & Earls, F. 1999. Beyond social capital: spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review, 64, 633–660.

Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. 1997. Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924.

Zhang, & S. F. Messner (Eds.), Crime and social control in a changing China (pp. 89–103). Westport,CT: Greenwood.



Exploring the Family Structure and Parents’ Perspective on Permissive Behaviours of Adolescents

Author’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Section 1: Learner and Topic Information

1.1 Learner Information

1.2 Research Question

How do parents explore the impact of permissive behaviours of adolescent in a single or dual parents’ home that are expected to follow the same family structure as their parents?

1.3 Title

Exploring the family structure and parents perspective on permissive behaviours of adolescents: A Qualitative Study

1.4 Research Topic

The specific topic that this study will focus on is how adolescents’ permissive behaviours may be influenced by their parents’ experiences as an adolescent. The research will attempt to propose compelling theoretical reason as to how parents felt as adolescents growing up in their homes and dealing with the changes in the family structure and conflicts. Parents may have experienced the control process from their parents in their life at one point or another, but it is unknown how parents as adolescents dealt with the behaviours of low self-esteem and emotional setbacks that may derive from this analysis. The family structure of adolescents has been discussed within literature; however the comparison between whether adolescent permissive behaviours derived from a single parents control and permissive behaviour derived from dual parents control has not been addressed fully. The family structure involves single or dual parents who are considered the disciplinarians of the household, who establish the rules and regulations of their children (Bramlett & Blumberg, 2007). The literature studied implies that growing up without both parents is associated with a host of poor child outcomes while children from single-parent families and stepparents families have higher levels of permissive behaviours which derive from substance use, stealing and negative behaviours in the home (Carlson, 2006).

1.5 Need for the Study

The fact that it is unknown how parents’ dealt with the changes within the family structure as adolescents creates the need for this study (Ginther & Pollak, 2004). The relationship between family structure and child outcomes has received a great deal of attention from research especially the effects of growing up in a single-parent and/or dual families. A parent can go through the controlling process of a child from the age of 5 in which the child is then learning how to identify their own personality (Roach, 2010). However, the most important contact in a child’s life is the parents or primary caregivers. Although teenagers at some point in their life can be aloof, i.e. wanting nothing to do with their parents, the earlier contact is usually still ingrained somewhat in their psyche (Roach, 2010). The teenagers do have different personalities and some will be more rebellious than others. There is however, a point where normal teenagers’ rebellion becomes reckless or very devious as a result of their parents’ control over them (Bjorklund, Ginther & Sundstrom, 2007). The research done on this study focuses on the family structure components or attempts to identify focal points of parental control. The main objective of the proposed research study is to identify the key points of a family structure and its outcome in adolescent years. There is a significant need for this study as it will compare and contrast how different family structures have an effect on adolescents through the experience of their parents. The research for this study is in hopes of conceptualizing a theoretical framework that will provide a support and be useful for other clinicians and researchers.

Methodology

2.0 Methodology

The proposed qualitative methodology will be based upon a grounded theory Charmaz (2006) noted that grounded theory is one of the dominant traditions within research which promotes the research method where theory is developed from the data in contrast to a theory-driven deductive analysis process. The goal of the grounded theory approach is to generate a theory that explains how an aspect of the social world, “works.” Creswell, (2009) indicates that grounded theory is a qualitative strategy of inquiry in which the researcher derives a general abstract theory of process, action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants in the study. The grounded theory approach will be a data analysis that is utilized by (Creswell, 2009) approach.

The data collection will consist of an in depth face-to-face interviews of 20 single parents ranging from mother, father, or stepparent, and dual family who have experienced difficulties in the family structure with permissive adolescents. The interview will be field-tested by professionals who are strongly familiar with the family structure of either single or dual families in their personal relationship with their parents and the quality of parent-child discord.

Advancing the Scientific Knowledge Base

3.1 Advancing Scientific Knowledge

This study will help to understand the experience of single and dual families who have faced the challenges of being adolescents and experiencing their roles as adults in the family structure with their children. The focus of the research question is designed to obtain data concerning the acts of permissive behaviours of adolescent as it relates to their parents’ family structure. The research findings will be an additional component which will support the current establishment of parental control within the family structure. This study will help in the creation of a model that will support other professionals in the mental health field with the clear support dedicated to understanding how the family structure makes a difference with an adolescent. The research has consistently shown that one of the most potent influences on the psychological and behavioural well-being of adolescents, is the type of parenting they’ll experience (Goldenberg, & Goldenberg, 2007). An individual’s psychological and social adjustment in due part reflects the quality of family relationships during childhood and adolescence. However, research indicates that the specific parenting practices adhere to the prediction that family morals and values have a heavier weight on the outcome of their child and /or children as opposed to the family climate. Family life can shape and encourage children’s social nature which includes their abilities, values, beliefs, self-esteem and character within the family context, but according to (Daly, 2004) most adolescents establish their own individuality.

Research indicates that adolescents during this day and time are experiencing dramatic changes in their lives ranging from promiscuity, drugs, high school dropout to committing criminal activities. Parenting styles and their impact on adolescent development are intended to primarily shape the very specific behaviours that work individually and together to influence or change the child’s outcome (Lewig, & Salveron, 2010). However, research conducted by (Baumrind, 1991), indicates that parenting styles are captured through a normal variation in parents’ attempts to control and socialize with their children. Baumrind, (1991) noted that parents attempt to have a normal variation of how they would use their parenting skills to bring about change within their own family structure which may have an effective impact on their children. Second, Baumrind took the next step into describing that normal parenting revolves around issues of control. The research will help to show that parents may differ in how they try to control or socialize their children and the extent to which they do so. The very impact of how adolescents portray permissive behaviours in the area of promiscuity, drugs, high school dropout or crime are looked upon from the very beginning of the primary roles; how parent/parents have the authority to control, educate, and ultimately influence their children’s outcomes. Additional research indicates that parenting behaviours further account for differences in child well-being by family structure. Children typically fare best when parents maintain a strong parent-child bond, apply consistent discipline, and respond firmly but maybe warmly to situations at home. Research further suggest that single parents have learned how to balance the provision of financial support with solo care for children, which can lead to pressure and stress ( McLanahan, & Percheski, 2008). Stepfamilies negotiate relationships for which rules are often not clearly defined (Grall, 2007). The stress level can also arise within the dual families as well in association with conflict which may result in less warmth and harsher discipline (Sobolewski, & Amato, 2007) and disagreements between parents may prevent their cooperation in decisions regarding child rearing, precluding the clear and consistent rule-setting and supervision that protects youth form risk.

3.2 Theoretical Implications

The main theoretical implication of this study is to provide a description of the lived experiences of the participants that will develop an understanding of how they parent, or their parenting style, which will provide a basis for many healthy developmental outcomes during adolescence.

This study will examine the permissive behaviours in adolescent adjustments as a function of the family structure. It will describe the personal achievements as well as the psychological adjustment during this process. The study will formulate a significant amount of research that will help other researchers in the field of mental health, psychology and psychiatry in identifying effective interventions that can be used in individual or family therapy in support of the client. The psychological adjustments will help in the redirecting of support in the success of parenting practices and child outcome by developing patterns of warmth, consistency in discipline and effective communication within the family structure. Furthermore, this study will identify any personal achievements or psychological adjustments that may be created as a challenge from other theories and will initiate other resources in support of documentation on the family structure and permissive behaviours of adolescents.

3.3 Practical Implications

This study will create additional knowledge of the topic. The process in which single and dual families raise their children has changed from generation to generation, creating patterns of increased permissive behaviours of adolescence. The focal points of permissive behaviours of adolescents may stem from the different parental styles that have been created within the family structure (Aughinbaugh, Pierret & Rothstein, 2005). According to Biblarz, the changes made within the family structure have caused a discord amongst adolescent which has been viewed by society as a problem with teenage pregnancy, drug use, juvenile arrest and dropping out of school (Biblarz, & Gottainer, 2000). As parents strive to strengthen the family, the challenges of permissive behaviours present themselves within the context of the family. Parenting behaviours are further accounted for differences in a child’s well-being by the family structure. Children typically fare best when parents maintain a strong parent-child bond, applying consistent discipline and responding firmly, but warmly to situations in the home (Thomas & Sawhill, 2005). The knowledge of this study will help clinicians to understand the family structure as a whole as it pertains to ongoing changes with permissive behaviours in adolescents.

Contributions of the Proposed Study to the Field

4.1 Contributions to the Field

The study will help to generate an emergent theory that will help to develop a clear understand of the dynamics of the family structure in its efforts to change permissive behaviours in their adolescents (DeLeire & Kalil, 2002). Amato noted that this particular theory will help in the contribution to this form of research in their emerged facts on parental conflict and family structure to be associated with family related transitions and permissive behaviours (Amato, 2005).

These contributing theories are insightful to the nature of how it fully relates to the parental time associated with parental conflict, single and dual parenthood. The stages for this emergent theory will focus on the developmental phase in creating a general process to the family structure. The emergent theory will also contribute to any additional literature that may bring knowledge to the forefront which will support the importance of the family structure.

4.2 Theoretical Foundations

The main theory that will be used for this study is Social Learning Theory by Albert Baudura. Bandura (1997) noted that this theory draws heavily from the family context and their dependency on adults. He quickly stated that infants learn how to influence actions of those around them by their social and verbal behaviours. According to Baudra (2000), this is crucial, indicated by the research that demonstrated how parents can create the efficacy of their child’s development by being responsive to communicative behaviour and by creating opportunities for efficacious actions through providing an enriched physical environment: freedom for exploration, and varied mastery experiences. According to research, parents who believe they can influence the course of their children’s development act on that belief in ways that cultivate their potential (Ardelt & Eccles, 2001). This in turn contributes to their social relations, emotional well-being, academic development, and career choices. This theory will help to stretch a ground breaking experience within the mental health area and expose it to newer and older generations, enlightening them of the benefits the theory in supporting the changing family dynamics.

Methodology Details

5.1 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this particular study is to identify the changes within the family structure and permissive behaviours in adolescents. In today’s society, the family structure continues to be affected by the ongoing changes of how parents are now raising their children (Grohol, 2010), however, how adolescents are influenced through the way their parents were raised in the traditional family structure is yet to be defined. (Bigner, 2006), noted that parents anticipated adolescence to be similar to going to war since this stage is associated with rebellion, tension, conflict, and emotional turmoil. The use of the grounded theory approach will enable the study to identify relative causes of changes in the family such as discord, with the participants that will be involved with the study. This study will contribute to the literature that will examine the very concerns with the influence of parental control and how it affects the overall well-being of the adolescent.

5.2 Research Methodology

The qualitative methodology that is used in this study is grounded theory. The research model that will be used is based on Creswell’s 2009 approach to grounded theory (Creswell, 2009). Grounded Theory is a strategy of inquiry in which the researcher derives a general, abstract theory of a process, action or interaction. Creswell noted that grounded theory involves using multiple stages of data collection and the refinement and interrelationship of categories of information (Creswell, 2009). Grounded theory allows the researcher to examine two types of characteristics of this design; the constant comparison of data with emerging categories and theoretical sampling of different groups to maximize the similarities and the differences of information (Creswell, 2009).

In order to collect data, the researcher will assure that this study is guided in the appropriate manner. The researcher will focus on a focus group interview of approximately twenty people who share similar characteristics or common interests, ranging from ages of 20-40 years of age. The focus group will have a facilitator that will guide the group based on a predetermined set of topics which will focus on the research questions by answering, “How do parents explore the impact of permissive behaviours of adolescent in a single or dual parents’ home that are expected to follow the same family structure as their parents?” Once the information has been received from each facilitator the data will be uploaded into the MAXQDA in order to retrieve the data analysis. The researcher will identify each component as it may include an implementation of new theory from the collective data.

5.3 Population and Sample

The sample size for this study will consist of 20 families (African-Americans, Caucasian, Hispanics), from single mother, father and dual family parents who are from a different cultural backgrounds. According to (Creswell, 2009) the sample size is adequate to the same standards as (Charmaz, 2006). The different categories that will be involved including single, mother, fathers and dual family structure, will display a variety of different parental structure as they will have to recall on how they were as adolescents. These participants must sign a consent that will give permission for this study. The individuals selected will range from 20 to 40 years of age, will be receiving services at a private mental health agency involved with different cultures, involved with children who display permissive behaviours in the home, school and in the community based on the pressures of their parents.

The family structure is one that is built on a complex unit bonded by strong emotional connections. The ways in which members of a family interact with each other and in relation to the group as a whole are often referred to as family dynamics (Ackerman, 1984).

5.4 Sampling Procedures

A non-probability sampling strategy that will be used is purposeful sampling. Purposeful sampling is based on how well the researcher selects individuals and sites for this study. The researcher purposefully informs an understanding of the research problem and central phenomenon for this study (Creswell, 2007). The research proposed to single, mother, fathers, step-parents and dual families who live in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Letters will be sent out through the agencies that have been chosen for this study, in order to address the importance of the study and why the study needs to be conducted. Telephone calls, e-mails and schedule appointment will be another source for ensuring that the families are volunteering to participate in the study. Once the agreement has been made, the parents will be given a consent form to sign to ensure confidentiality (Mack, Woodsong, MacQueen, Guest & Namey, 2005). Each site will be identified as a community mental health agency that provides services to families who are receiving services in the mental health agency. The participants will be asked to complete a questionnaire and place it in the envelope (sealed) that will be provided during this process by one of the facilitators. Once this information has been retrieved, then the researcher will ensure to get a demographic form filled out with the participant’s information in order to send out thank you cards and copies of the results.

5.5 Data Collection Procedures

The data will be collected through a 30 questionnaire with the participants of the study. The participants will be recruited from four different private mental health agencies. The participants will consist of at least 20 to 40 families which will then be given a packet with all important information which consist of informal consents and envelopes. The researcher at that time will go over all of the details of the packet to ensure that all participants understand the procedure. Before the participants begin the questionnaire, the researcher will ask the participants and facilitators if they have any questions or concerns to ensure clarity of this study. The researcher will also ensure to discuss the time and date that the research will be completed and when the results will be mailed to them. Once the questionnaires have been answered by the participants, the information will be sealed by the participant to avoid any changes in information. The final stage will be to send the final results to the office to be uploaded into the MAXQDA (Qualitative Data Analysis Software) in assisting with the data analysis. The hardcopy of final results will then be placed in a sealed vault under security for 10 years.

5.6 Guiding Interview Questions and Field Testing

An open-ended questionnaire which is the quickest and best format will be used in retrieving the data. The researcher’s curiosity will be supported and guided by the participants’ experience. The following questions are designed for a single mother/father and dual family. Each of these questions are guided by the Likert Scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.

1. While I was growing up, my mother felt that in a well-run home the children should have their way in the family as often as the parents do.

2. Even if her children didn’t agree with her, my mother felt that it was for our own good if we were forced to conform to what she thought was right.

3. As I was growing up, whenever my mother told me to do something, she expected me to do it immediately without asking any questions.

4. As I was growing up, once family policy had been established, my mother discussed the reasoning behind the policy with the children in the family.

5. My mother has always encouraged verbal give-and-take whenever I felt that family rules and restrictions were unreasonable.

6. My mother has always felt that what children need is to be free to make up their own minds and to do what they want to do, even if this does not agree with what their parents might want.

7. As I was growing up, my mother did not allow me to question any decision she had made.

8. As I was growing up, my mother directed the activities and decisions of the children in the family through reasoning and discipline.

9. My mother has always felt that more force should be used by parents in order to get their children to behave the way they are supposed to.

10. As I was growing up, my mother did not feel that I needed to obey rules and regulations of behaviour simply because someone in authority had established them.

11. As I was growing up, I knew what my mother expected of me in my family, but I was free to discuss those expectations with my her when I felt that they were unreasonable.

12. My mother felt that wise parents should teach their children early just who is boss in the family.

13. As I was growing up, my mother seldom gave me expectations and guidelines for my behaviour.

14. Most of the time as I was growing up, my mother did what the children in the family wanted when making family decisions.

15. As the children in my family were growing up, my mother consistently gave us direction and guidance in rational and objective ways.

16. As I was growing up, my mother would get very upset if I tried to disagree with her.

17. My mother feels that most problems in society would be solved if parents would not restrict their children’s activities, decisions, and desires as they are growing up.

18. As I was growing up, my mother let me know what behaviour she expected of me, and if I didn’t meet those expectations, she punished me.

19. As I was growing up, my mother allowed me to decide most things for myself without a lot of direction from her.

20. As I was growing up, my mother took the children’s opinions into consideration when making family decisions, but she would not decide for something simply because the children wanted it.

21. As I was growing up, my mother did not view herself as responsible for directing and guiding my behaviour.

22. As I was growing up, my mother had clear standards of behavior for the children in our home but she was willing to adjust those standards to the needs of each of the individual children in the family.

23. As I was growing up, my mother gave me direction for my behaviour and activities and she expected me to follow her direction, but she was always willing to listen to my concerns and to discuss that direction with me.

24. As I was growing up, my mother allowed me to form my own point of view on family matters and she generally allowed me to decide for myself what I was going to do.

25. My mother has always felt that most problems in society would be solved if we could get parents to strictly and forcibly deal with their children when they don’t do what they are supposed to as they are growing up.

26. As I was growing up, my mother often told me exactly what she wanted me to do and how she expected me to do it.

27. As I was growing up, my mother gave me clear direction for my behaviours and activities, but she also understood when I disagreed with her.

28. As I was growing up, my mother did not direct the behaviours, activities, and desires of the children in the family.

29. As I was growing up, I knew what my mother expected of me in the family and she insisted that I conform to those expectations simply out of respect for her authority.

30. As I was growing up, if my mother made a decision in the family that hurt me, she was willing to discuss that decision with me and to admit it if she had made a mistake.

The field test created a challenge and insightful rewards from other professionals who were able to clarify and establish support for this study. The field test result indicate that the questions designed for this study are well rounded and clear, however with one particular examiner the multiple questions may cause some confusion to the participant. After a careful review it’s clear that the questions are straightforward and form a clear basis for this study and the guided research question.

5.7 Other Data Collection Procedures

At this time no other data will be collected for this study.

5.8 Proposed Data Analyses

Next, at the end of the session, the participants will be debriefed about any unanswered questions they may want to present, that may have went unanswered, or express how they felt about the study. Copies of the consent will be given to the participants for their record and also a letter of the debriefing will be presented for their own reading that will have information as follows: please refrain from sharing this information with others because the recruitment of new participants are still being conducted; the questionnaire will be complete within 3 weeks; and thank you for your participation. Participants will be provided with the contact information of the researcher on the consent form in the event that they may have questions or concern about the research.

Grounded Theory takes various philosophical and methodological positions that influence the implementation of a set essential grounded theory methods that are based on an individuals’ perspectives (Stern, 2007). The Likert Scale Questionnaire is a unique and effective way in finding a response level from each participant (Uebersax, 2006). At the completion of each group finishing the questionnaire, the information will then be given to a professional facilitator who will then place it in a sealed envelope. When the questionnaires have been submitted in a closed envelope to the facilitators, the information will then be sent to the office personnel that will be in charge of uploading the data into the MAXQDA (Qualitative Data Analysis Software). When the information is retrieved from the MAXQDA, the researcher will then take the time to review for any errors within the categories or properties within the collected data. Once the collective data has been retrieved and reviewed by the researcher, the researcher will then send a copy of the complete analysis to her mentor for review. The researcher will then submit a brief statement to her mentor about any inconsistencies or confusion about the collected data in order to ensure that the researcher is covered at all times from any prejudice or bias. Once the information has been reviewed by her mentor and there are no inconsistencies or confusion, the researcher will immediately complete another questionnaire. Within the collection of data the information received from the questionnaire is all based upon the participant’s perspective. The researcher will ensure that if a second questionnaire has to be implemented within this study to clarify any inconsistencies or confusion, the same procedures will take place and the MAXQDA Qualitative Data Analysis Software) will still be used.

5.9 Role of the Researcher

The researcher for this study will be a single parent who lives with a pre-teen daughter, about 12 years old, and thinks that her family structure is based on the way the she was raised. The researcher should also have a clear understanding, be properly trained and have 10 years experience in working with families of different dynamics and structures. The researcher shall have knowledge of the parental structure of the home, based on how she was raised by her household as an adolescent since 1978 at the age of 13. In order to overcome any prejudice or bias with this research, the researcher will not include her family members or familiar friends in the research. The researcher will rely on the mentor for complete guidance through this study to ensure that she remains in line with the overall outcome of this study. She will also depend on her mentor to clarify the facts aligned in the literature that she may not understand. In order to maintain professionalism and avoid influencing the outcome of the research, the researcher will discuss with the mentor any feelings she may have towards this study. The culture diversity, background of families, will not have an effect on the researcher and therefore no bias or prejudice will be a part of this study. The researcher will not take advantage of the information or participant in the study.

5.10 Credibility, Dependability and Transferability

The researcher is obligated to the support of her mentor with any concerns about this research procedure. She will ensure that her mentor is contacted on a regular basis in order to help clarify any ethical concerns, prejudice or bias. She will complete this research based on integrity and the full pledge of the American Counselling Association’s Code of Ethics. The researcher will conduct the questionnaire within a focus group that will be facilitated with the support of professional staff. The researcher understands that with this type of support all confidentiality and consents will be administered first to the participants. This researcher should clearly understand that no participant will be harassed into committing to this study. Once the questionnaires have been completed by all participants, the researcher will ask the participants for any questions or concerns about this research in order to clarify any confusion. The researcher should understand that the researcher must protect the participants at all times throughout this study. The participants will also have a chance to review the results along with clarity of the outcome. The researcher at this point will depend heavily upon the mentor for guidance and instructions, but at some point during this study the researcher will have to take full initiative of increasing knowledge about this study. This study is in supp

Explain how enterprise risk management is or is not different from basic risk management.

Enterprise risk management can be explained to mean the effected process by an entity’s management, board of directors, as well as other key personnel with an objective of increasing the organization’s profitability via creation of single view to all risks, whether internal or external. Then executive level management strategy is established to counter them all. Key features associated with Enterprise Risk Management incorporate multiple risk analysis throughout the enterprise instead of detached risk silos (Brannam & Taylor, 2006). The corporate goals get achieved through risk management elevation as the strategic partner. Enterprise risk management differs from basic risk management in that the basic inculcates the periodization of risks. It means that, here, risks get classified into risk silos instead of viewing them from one angle. The basic gives priority to those risks with highest occurrence chances. In enterprise risk management, there are no priorities. Risks are treated equally plus similar treatment in the management. The fundamental features of enterprise risk management reveal its uniqueness; they incorporate multiple risk analysis rather than isolated risk silos in basic management. Therefore, the difference in the two is evident. However, they are comparable in that both deal with risk management.

Explain figure 5 on page 9 of the Brannan and Taylor paper on ERM

The figure represents the ERM fusion model that incorporates the JCAHO’s first ten items that can aid make, as well as negatively impact a hospital. Healthcare organizations should always ascertain promotion of culture of wide risk management in enterprises. They should as well set objectives that are measurable, aligning them to organizational goals. The figure indicates that the gradual incorporation and application of ERM process in the healthcare sector can guarantee accreditation maintenance. The inside section shows elements such as communications, medication safety, infection reductions, reconciling medications, slips and falls, and patient identification that can built a hospital should they be maintained. The first ten items of the model that incorporate; improper storage, expired medications, confidentiality violation, and unfamiliarity with vital procedures among others are the falling point in hospitals.

Explain Figure 2 –Risk Heat Map- on page 6 of the University of Regina document.

Risks in various organizations result in negative outcomes. The risk assessment in organizations is vital since it does communicate the mitigation alternatives, as well as inform senior management on matters regarding risks. Risk assessment is done using a heat map indicated in figure two. The figure represents a (3*3) heat map. The horizontal axis shows the likelihood that a given risk may occur within an organization to become a problem. The vertical axis indicates the probable impact the risk will cause on the objective that will not get achieved in the case whereby it fails to come into existence. The heat map has colors that are used in showing the risk areas. The colors do contrast with assorted s or usage. For instance, boxes with green are located in the lower space. Yellow ones are sited in the medium risk space of the heat map. Whichever location the boxes get placed within the risk heat map reveal or explain risk level. Risk calculation is solved via multiplying the impact with likelihood or the probability (prospect) of risk occurrence. For instance, high impact (3) multiplied by probable likelihood (3), the result is 9. The digit nine lies on a red box. Red boxes are in high-risk zones of the risk maps meaning high risk.

Use five of the ten JCAHO’s top ten actions that will make or break you (Brannan & Taylor) and analyze them according to the criteria in the Risk Heat Map (Figure 2 University of Regina).

Improper storage can be categorized as possible likelihood, and potential impact becomes medium. The resulting risk outcome when the likelihood 2 is multiplied by two, is four (4), which is in medium risk zone. The action taken is proper storage of medical equipment. Expired medication can be categorized remote likelihood since there is less supply of medication around the planet. The potential impact of the same is low hence the effect lies in low-risk zone painted green. The action by management here is stocking medication after consideration of stock turnover. Confidentiality violation refers to revealing a patient info by practitioners without owners consent. Some practitioners happen to fail on duty via presentation of patients’ private data to other persons. This is a familiar thing taking place within the industry. The occurrence likelihood of the confidentiality violation is probable while the potential impact is high. Consequently, the risk comes within the high-risk zone with a red box. The action a hospital management can take is administration of punishment to violator such as salary reduction to negatively reinforce the conduct. Unfamiliarity with crucial procedures is also a part of the items that can break a hospital. For instance, practitioners with limited comprehension of what is required to be done resulting from factors like inadequate training. This is ranked at probable likelihood with high potential impact should they happen. The resulting figure lies within the high risk-zone. The action needed for barring the risk is employing many year experienced staff. It means acquisition of staff that have acquired training for long and worked elsewhere. Non-existence documentation as a risk can be classified under remote likelihood and low impact potential. It is inconsequential. The resultant of the two is located in a green box. The risk category is in low-risk zone. The action necessary to bar this risk is proper and safe document recording, as well as storage. Backup plans must get established and competent staff with necessary equipment granted the task. This ascertains suitable documentation procedures are observed. The issue resolved in time to bar hospital cessation steering to unprecedented loss.

References:

Brannam & Taylor, (2006). A Model for Enterprise Risk Management Within a Healthcare Organization. American Society for Safety Engineers Publishers

   HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Sponsoring_Organizations_of_the_Treadway_Commission” o “Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission” Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. (2004).  HYPERLINK “http://www.coso.org/Publications/ERM/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf” “Enterprise Risk Management — Integrated Framework: Executive Summary”

Enterprise Risk Management Committee (May 2003). HYPERLINK “http://www.casact.org/research/erm/overview.pdf” “Overview of Enterprise Risk Management” (PDF). HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_Actuarial_Society” o “Casualty Actuarial Society” Casualty Actuarial Society

Question 3

Explain if and when a contract was made between Sujit and Franca and ‘Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd.

As per Australian National Employment Standards Law, a representative, for example, Sujit and Franca is a person who lives up to expectations for an alternate in return for administrations rendered. For each administration, there must be an agreement or settlement in the midst of the boss and the worker. This assertion stipulates the terms and necessities of administration at all cases. An agreement under which a worker works is called contract of administration. Taking into account the careful investigation there was a break of this agreement by Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd and all things considered, the court chose that the organization ought to remunerate Sujit and Franca. Accordingly, the organization is obliged to repay Sujit and Franca, yet Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd to abstain from paying Sujit and Franca there pay because of harms created.

Discuss what action Sujit and Frances can take in relation to the claims regarding inclusion of children’s meals and the fact the children’s swimming pool is closed.

Hence, based on the above components, Sujit and Franca is qualified to document an argument against Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd. On the other hand, to clarify these elements different cases with the details will be talked about as beneath, the cases will be of both International cases and Australian cases. This will offer an agreeable strict understanding of the claim that Sujit and Franca is attempting to seek after also to offer knowledge of how instances of the nature and size have been overseen already

Discuss the liability of Claytons Rubber Store regarding the claims made about the life jackets.

Offended parties (Sujit and Franca) offered no affirmation that the subject lifejackets were in poor condition or by one methods or an alternate lacking at the time that respondent sold the business and leased the premises to Sujit and Franca , or all things considered, at the time that the lifejackets were given. Also, prosecutor can’t be considered accountable for any forsakes that may have happened over the six years after the lifejackets were given to Sujit and Franca. Claytons Rubber Store was accountable for keeping up the condition of the lifejackets and for having they evaluated consistently. In this way, if the decedents were placed in a more unfortunate position because of the attested lacking condition of the lifejackets at the time that Sujit and Franca were supplied with the Jackets.

Discuss whether Sujit and Franca can obtain a refund for the failed trip to the Great Barrier Reef.

Most trip companies permit clients to return products in the event that they alter their opinions or get an undesirable thing as a blessing just on the grounds that it bodes well. Yet they are not needed to do unless there is a conspicuous imperfection with the service they rendered to the clients such as of the case of Sujit and Franca. Dealers likewise may oblige a receipt with a specific end goal to acknowledge returns, which helps avoid return extortion (see talk of this beneath). Legitimately, it is a matter of agreement law: If the dealer’s approach (or deals contract) obviously expresses “Law Suit” in a manner that is not befuddling to clients, then it is not needed to acknowledge returns on generally marketable products. Government law overseeing discounts is genuinely straightforward and straightforward, applying to online and in addition in-store deals. Great Barrier Reef don’t need to give a full discount on returned services unless one of the accompanying conditions is valid: The merchandise were blemished (or, all the more for the most part, the dealer broke its business contract) and refunds are a piece of the trader’s expressed refund policy.

Explain whether Sujit and Franca are entitled to be paid back the $1,000 that has been stolen from the safe.

It is not ideal that they get paid they $1000. This is because they were not keen to read the notice that was at the firm. This is considered as negligence. Hence they are not reliable to get the compensation.

Discuss whether Sujit and Franca will have to pay the fencing contractor’s bill for repair of their roof.

It is not right for the clients that is (Sujit and Franca) to pay for the bill for the roof because they did not reach to a decision with Kym do undertake the repair of the roof as he was not able to reach them via call. This means that there was not contract between (Sujit and Franca) and the repair company.

Discuss whether Franca can sue for the mental distress of a failed holiday and her inability to work.

Based on the Australian laws typically consider harms for emotional or mental distress in a short-hand way “mental distress.” Typical jury decision structures contain a solitary clear for enthusiastic trouble harms, and jury guidelines frequently need particular meaning of what types of distress and enduring are compensable. On the other hand, the real scope of recuperation for such individual harm is as wide as the scope of human feeling. Our customers ought to be qualified for recuperate for the whole negative effect on their minds, brought about by biased behavior.

Given underneath is a rundown of a portion of the types of enthusiastic pain whereupon harms may be honored. Survey of such a rundown may be imperative for various reasons:

It might be conceivable to have the judge teach the jury on different types of passionate responses that could be considered in forming an enthusiastic misery honor. For examples carter v. Chief of Corrections, 43 Mass. Application. 212 (1997) (enthusiastic misery jury guideline expressing “in that classification we consider stun, nervousness, shame, mental anguish coming about because of the separation”). Consequently, we can attempt to have the judge sharpen the jury as to which feelings they ought to focus on in their appraisal of harms.

It may even be conceivable to get separate spaces on the jury decision structure for each one sort or every part of enthusiastic pain which is vital for the situation. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 licenses recuperation for “enthusiastic torment, enduring, impediment, mental anguish, [and] loss of delight in life.” 42 U.s.c. § 1981a(b)(3). Such solid statutory dialect may aid offended party’s contentions to expand the quantity of decision structure spaces in which this kind of harms may be honored.

Thought of the different types of enthusiastic pain may help open up zones of request and self-reflection for offended parties who are uneasy talking about the subject. Once in a while it is less demanding for individuals to characterize their sentiments when given a rundown of different classes.

At long last, it ought to be perceived that occasionally offended parties can just depict their passionate pain in the broadest of terms. At the point when a case is under the watchful eye of an Appellate Court, the offended party’s air at trial is just a remote memory. The transcript won’t reflect the profundity of passionate agony experienced by the offended party, and it won’t convey such things as tears, non-verbal communication and outward appearances. It might be imperative to have the capacity to refer to point of reference that a specific sort of feeling warrants recuperation of harms.

Based on the above facts he is not able to sue the firm due to emotional distress.

References

Mitchell, Richard, Peter Gahan, Andrew Stewart, Sean Cooney, and Shelley Marshall. “The evolution of labour law in Australia: Measuring the change.”Australian Journal of Labour Law 23, no. 2 (2010): 61-93.

Schaffer, Richard, Filiberto Agusti, and Lucien Dhooge. International business law and its environment. Cengage Learning, 2014.

Bagley, Constance E., and Craig E. Dauchy. The entrepreneur’s guide to business law. Cengage Learning, 2011.

Miller, Roger LeRoy, and Gaylord A. Jentz. Fundamentals of business law: Excerpted cases. Thomson/West, 2007.

Explain in your own words the process by which banks “create” money.

The process by which the banks make create money is based on their ability to advance money to their customers (Burgi, 1994). Creation of money is not the actual printing of the money; it is the accounting process in which money lent out is credited on the bank’s books. The loans advanced are a liability from the bank. The actual money that the bank is literally working with, the float, is much less than the money that reflects on the accounts (Burgi, 1994).

Let’s take an example that person A deposits $1000, in a bank account with bank M. person B comes and borrows $500 at a 10% interest repayment rate, this means that $550 will be credited on the banks accounts. Person C comes and borrows $300 at 10% interest repayment rate, the bank will credit $330 to their account. The accounts will look something like this:

Credit

person A 1000 1000

Person B 550

Person C 330

Total 1880

The ban according to their books they have $1880 but practically they only have $200 left from the initial money deposited by person A.

Discuss the impact of that ability to create money on the economy during an inflationary gap, as well as during a recessionary gap. Considering the higher rates of unemployment and the likelihood of lower prices during a recessionary gap, do banks with their lending policies, contribute to a recovery back to potential output, or hinder that recovery? Why do you believe your answer to be correct? What about during an inflationary gap?

During a recessionary gap there are high levels of unemployment and a decrease in the average price level. This means that there isn’t enough money circulating in the economy and this means there is a decrease in aggregate demand and supply (Arnold, 2013). In order to increase the level of employment, there should be an increase in the money created by the banks in order to increase the amount of loans advanced to people. This will increase the level of investment and increase the aggregate supply due to increase in loans and increase aggregate demand because there will be more money circulating the economy. This will lead to an increase in the average price and will attract even more production and supply of commodities. Banks will aid in the recovery process.

The above answer is true because it confirms the Philips curve that is based on the assumption that in order to decrease unemployment by 1%, there must be a 3% increase in the level of inflation and the reverse is also true (Arnold, 2013). This is because more money decreases unemployment but increases the average price level.

During an inflationary gap the average prices of commodities are relatively high and the currency is usually devalued. Inflation is usually as a result of increase in the quantity of money that is circulating in the economy (Arnold, 2013). So when the banks continue to create more and more money during a period when there is inflation, then the inflationary gap will continue to increase and the economy becomes unstable. In order to curb inflation and to bring back the economy to stability where markets can clear, the banks should reduce the loans they advance to their clients by decreasing the money creation process.

References

Burgi Ed, (1994), Money Creation: The Great Confidence Trick, Orthodox Print Press, New York

Arnold, A. Roger, (2013), Economics (Arnold) 11th Edition, Prentice Hall Print, New Jersey

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Human and Biology

Part A: Explain Kitcher’s proposed factors for assessing humans’ chances for a reasonable quality of life, the sorts of genetic diseases that prevent it, and responsible or enlightened eugenic decision-making.

Eugenics or genetic modification is a medical field that has raised various social and ethical concerns since its adoption. Nevertheless, it can not be disputed that it is fundamental in enhancing the quality of life of individual through timely elimination of diseases. Its scope has been widened over time to incorporate genetic engineering and creation of individuals with ideal personalities. The most common ethical concern in this regard has been related to commoditization of humans. In his research, Kitcher contends that parental free choice should be employed on a minimal scale and only when it is absolutely necessary (161). He cites that parental free choice is likely to culminate in various social and ethical problems (Kitcher 133). These include the probability of reduction of biological diversity as individuals will tend to entirely prefer the most ideal traits and as well as the possibility of reinforcing racism and widening of the gap between the rich and the poor.

In his research, Kitcher advocates for enhancement of the quality of life of individuals and argues that this should be at the center stage of all forms of decisions (154). He contends that it is based on the ethical principle of beneficence and therefore stipulates that measures need to be undertaken to enhance the quality of the future of life and eliminate possible diseases that could compromise this. To begin with, this can be achieved through the process of genetic testing and screening. This seeks to identify defective genes that could contribute to defects in future and if possible make alterations accordingly. If it is impossible, it opts for selective abortion. Another option that can be used to prevent individuals from being born with genetic defects is pre-implantation selection that employs fetuses that have ideal characteristics (Kitcher 156). Reproductive decisions are influenced by the nature of resource distribution. Notably, this determines the medical decisions that are adopted by the affected individuals.

Kitcher contends that decision making with regards to parental choice needs to be based on credible information and enlightenment (Kitcher 243). This can be achieved through public education and awareness creation. Credible information in this respect needs to be relayed to the public to enable them make personal and informed decisions out of free will rather than coercion. At this juncture, it is worth acknowledging that medical decisions in this regard can have far reaching implication on the health of the individuals. In addition, they are expensive and require significant resources for successful operation. In this regard therefore, it is vital for the decision making process to be devoid of any complexities. Indeed sufficient knowledge needs to be availed to the affected parties. The main goal according to him needs to be to enhance the quality of life of an individual while allowing for freedom with regard to decision making. Fundamental knowledge would enable the concerned individuals to make viable choices that would help them attain this important goal.

Part B: Explain Stock’s position of maximalist (Stock’s article “The Enhanced and the Un-Enhanced”) eugenics and how it differs from Kitcher’s minimalist eugenics.

In his review, Stock assumes a different perception of the role of technology in reproduction. He argues that there should be no limits with regard to the types of genes that should be employed in manipulating the genetic make up of humans in order to come up with ideal characteristics. According to him, the relevant bodies should allow for the wide spread utilization of a variety of genes in order to attain an enhanced status of human wellbeing (Stock 56). He indicates that use of technology in genetics is inevitable because it seeks to address the needs and requirements of the dynamic world.

In this respect, he indicates that the world is increasingly changing and in the near future, humans would be compelled to use the technology in order for them to address the relative problems with ease. Further. Stock affirms that technology is an intrinsic aspect of human wellbeing that needs to be incorporated in their lives (58). Over time, it has been employed in various activities that seek to improve the quality of life of humans. Most importantly, it was invented and developed by humans and therefore it needs to be employed for human benefit. It is in this consideration that stock justifies the use of technology and argues that it does not need to raise any concerns (Stock 65).

From his analysis, it can be ascertained that Stock can make varied changes to the position assumed by Kitcher. One possible challenge would be the inability of Kitcher to fully explore the possibilities that are provided by the technology to enhance the wellbeing of humanity. In addition, Stock can challenge the position of Kitcher by highlighting that his failure to utilize all the genetic options has contributed to the creation of individuals that can not cope with the daily challenges with ease. This could be based on the realization that more than ever, global dynamism is presenting various challenges that require executive functioning of human beings.

On the other hand Kitcher could challenge the position of Stock with reference to failing to consider vital ethical concerns that govern the interaction and holistic wellbeing of humanity (Kitcher 118). In this regard, it can be argued that he approach that is assumed by Stock is likely to culminate in social conflicts and threaten social cohesion that is fundamental for growth and development. In addition, Kitcher could challenge stock by indicating that his approach is likely to lead to loss and possible extinction of genetic diversity. This is likely to result in low immunity and threaten the survival of humanity as they would lack fundamental immunity against diseases.

From the analysis, it is certain that the approach that is assumed by Kitcher regarding eugenic decision making is more logical that that assumed by his counterpart, Stock. To begin with, it should be acknowledged that technology is not the only aspect that influences human behavior regardless of the fact that it has numerous advantages that would enhance the wellbeing of the same. Humanity should be understood to be a complex conception that is influenced by a host of factors that are social, economic and cultural in nature. Since technology has been invented recently, it has to be mainstreamed in the system rather than control the same.

In addition, it would be imperative to mainstream rather than impose technology in order to enhance sustainability. This is defined by acceptance of the technology by the population and it goes a long way in enhancing effectiveness of the same. Notably, Kitcher fulfills these conditions by enlightening the community on the implications of the same before allowing them to make personal and informed decisions regarding the employment of eugenics (Kitcher 243). At this point in time, it can be contended that Kitchre’s approach is more viable and would be more beneficial to humanity than Stock’s.

Part C: The essay by Michael Sandel (“The Case against Perfection”) raises disturbing ethical problems concerning a society that involves extensive eugenic decision-making.

In his analysis, Sandel contends that genetic engineering has adverse implications on the wellbeing of humanity. He cites the example of athletics and argues that this is likely to culminate in unfair competition with the “real” human beings (Sandel 34). This is because of the fact that the enhance humans have superb characteristics that make them perfect and therefore more competitive in the society. It would further widen the gap between the rich and the poor as those who can afford these services would have an upper hand in social and economic prosperity. This disadvantages the nature humans as they are relatively less competitive because of natural defects.

In addition, Sandel indicates that this would significantly shift the responsibilities of parents with regard to reproduction (44). Instead of utilizing chance to come up with ideal off springs, they would be charged with the responsibility of choosing the ideal children. As such, they would be liable to punishment whenever they make wrong choices. Further, Mandel also notes that the procedure makes an individual less human because the natural characteristics that define humanity are eliminated (51).

I think to a certain extent, the preposition presented by Sandel are misinformed and therefore culminate in an unfair judgment of eugenics. As indicated earlier, it is worth acknowledging that he current world is characterized by a great degree of dynamism that requires humanity to assume viable characteristics in order to function effectively. Indeed, the challenges being presented currently are wide and varied and can only be effectively addressed through multi faceted approaches. Current human qualities are definite in nature and this prevents them from attaining a state of optimal functioning. They limit the same in exploring various opportunities that would enhance their overall welfare.

According to Kitcher, genetic engineering seeks to eliminate diseases and improve the quality of life of individual (231). This is ethically right and it is inclined in the moral principle of beneficence. Since the future world is likely to present more challenges than the current word, it becomes imperative to equip the future generations with vital capacities that would enable them to cope with the future problems with ease. This can only be attained through genetic engineering that eliminates diseases and improves the quality of life of these individuals. Nevertheless, it can be contended that the process needs to be modulated and incorporated in the current system through time. This would be instrumental in avoiding conflicts that are likely to arise due to the contravention of critical societal values that are currently employed in governance of human interactions. Alternatively, these can be addressed through societal enlightenment, education and awareness building (Kitcher 234). The impact on personal attitudes in this respect is likely to yield positive results.

Works Cited

Gregory, Stock. Redesigning Humans. USA: Mariner Books, 2003.

Michael, Sandel. Case Against Perfection: Ethics in Eugenics. Harvard: University Press, 2007.

Phillip, Kitcher. The Future Lives. USA: Free Press, 1997.

Explain the criminal justice Funnel. Is this a realistic model of criminal justice in our society?

Introduction

Criminal justice is process that involves series of stages that start with criminal investigation and ends with the act of freeing the person who has offended from correctional supervision. This process incorporates rules and decision making as the central theme. This field has grown significantly over the past years and it is mainly directed towards the study of crime and criminal justice in variety of societies across the world. It is been fostered by the fact globalization as it is the main national trend in most countries in the world. There is need to understand that crime issues and the response from the society members are subject to forces of the globalization (Erin, 2003)

The criminal justice funnelCriminal justice as a process is like a funnel which is characterized by wider top and narrower bottom. There are several cases in the initial stages of the criminal process which are then eliminated as the process continues to the top. Cases are eradicate as the process continues due to the fact that decisions made at any stage influence the number of cases that will proceed to another stage. The number of cases decreases as decision makers discharge other cases and others are referred for analysis. The funnel characteristic of the criminal justice can be best expressed by the fact that there are many suspects and defendants than the inmates. The U.S. constitution mandates the government to suppress any form of deprivation of privacy, life liberty and right to property. This can be effectively achieved through proper criminal justice process (Larry, 2008)

The criminal justice has never been effective and efficient in most societies. In criminal justice process, assessments are in marsed on prudence i.e. the individual exercise of judgment to make choices on possible actions to take. Decisions are sometime made without any formal rules and procedures that can lead to effective implementation of policies hence it can be a true way of eliminating some kind of vices in the society. Police in most cases are never genuine due to the fact that discretion comes into play whenever they are making decisions on whether to carry proper investigation, to arrest or use force in certain criminal issues. The model is not realistic in our societies because prosecutors are given the power to exercise their individual judgment when arriving at decisions on whether to charge an individual with a crime or whether to plea-bargain. The decisions reached depend entirely on the judgment of the prosecutors as they employ discretion when setting bail, accepting or rejecting bail and handling of sentence cases (Larry, 2008)

The criminal justice funnel is not effective and cannot be a realistic model for criminal justice due to presents of informal practices. It is quite imperative for all official courtroom work group to clearly comprehend what occurs more often in the daily life of the society. The informal processes that are sometime used in arriving at conclusions on whether to sentence someone affects policing, plea bargaining. This has been a very common feature in most criminal justice agencies especially among complex institution (Larry, 2008)

Different circumstances have compelled lawmakers to enforce laws whose intentions are perceived as outright unjust by different members in the society. When dealing with criminal cases, improper means for personal gains that are unjust. Criminal justice processes create laws that are direct reflection of values of the population in the society. In most cases, individuals are faced with certain commands that are contrary to the justice and fairness which should prevail in the society. Social antagonism to unfair laws may generate communal customs that can have countervailing effects on permissible interference (Erin, 2003)

References List

Erin, K. (2003). Criminal Justice. 20-68.

Larry, J. (2008). Criminology. 500-510