Category: Uncategorized

Name:

Institution:

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

Explain What Problems in Meeting Social Science Reliability and Validity Tests a Researcher May Have who uses the AHP Procedures

In a world that is characterized by imperfection and chaos, the use of sound, valid and consistent measurement plays an integral role in restoring order in research. Employing ineffective methods makes it difficult for researchers to accredit their arguments and arrive at meaningful conclusions. This undermines decision making and assumption of timely interventions in resolving the innumerable problems. In other words, ensuring that the measurements that are employed for analysis of social problems are reliable and valid contributes significantly to attainment of precision during the implementation of decisions. This is a sustainable measure that plays an important role in addressing the multifaceted social problems. This paper review the problems in meeting social science reliability and validity tests that a researcher who uses the AHP procedures can have.

According to Clapper, a simple analysis methodology is important in enhancing the credibility of the results. This is because essential follow up can be undertaken to review the process and make amendment accordingly. Although the AHP procedure is methodological, the possibility of an increase in the number of levels and pair-wise decisions make the process to be very complex. This triggers subjectivity that can compromise the credibility of the results. Essentially, Howell ascertains that social science researchers often employ various comparisons during analysis. Usually, this culminates in a large number of the comparison tables. The inherent complexity has far reaching implications on the decisions making process as it compromises consistency in decision making. Besides triggering subjectivity, Baker speculates that this influences the elimination of valid comparison attributes in a bit to enhance management of calculations. This limitation has made the social scientists to devise different software that aid in the managing of the respective data.

Further, Haken posits that the procedure is also liable to human psychology. In particular, researchers employing this method have exhibited the tendency to observe improvement of builds. This has made them to subconsciously inflate rankings pertaining to recent builds. In such cases, the final metrics upon which decision making is based is not always reflective of the input data. Perhaps the role of the inconsistency index impacts more on the aspects of validity and reliability of data. Lockwood and Lockwood indicate that the inconsistency index acts as a standardization measure. It needs to be above the 0.10 threshold value that is acceptable. Getting values that are lower than expected results in modification of the values of the crucial “attribute ranking vector”. This is done based on the stipulated inconsistency index. In such cases, this impacts adversely on the ultimate values. Considering that the results are employed in critical decision making, it undermines precision of the approaches that are adopted.

The PRS group asserts that in order to maximize output, there is dire need to ensure that the decision making processes is objective in nature. This is attained through the weighting process. In light of the above limitation, it is unlikely that researchers would base their decisions on credible information. The inherent modification in an attempt to ensure that the values that re employed conform to certain standards eliminates objectivity from the process. This undermines the credibility of the overall results. Although the information is got from multiple sources, its evaluation and weighting is faulty and compromises the overall quality of the procedure. Thus in order to curb this, social scientists need to be cautious especially with respect to analysis of data. For a process that requires the results to conform to certain values, this is an inherent problem that social science researchers using the AHP procedures continue to grapple with.

Bibliography

Baker, Pauline. “Conflict Resolution and Recovery Program”. Accessed 9th September, 2010 at HYPERLINK “http://www.fundforpeace.org/programs/cpr/cpr.php” t “_blank” http://www.fundforpeace.org/programs/cpr/cpr.php

Clapper James. “Review the Intelligence Threat Assessment Material”. Accessed 9th September 2010 at HYPERLINK “http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/general.htm” t “_blank” http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/general.htm.

Haken, Nate. “The Fund for Peace”. Accessed 9th September, 2010 at HYPERLINK “http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=324&Itemid=489” t “_blank” http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=324&Itemid=489

Howell, Llewellyn (ed.). The Handbook of Country and Political Risk Analysis 3rd ed East Syracuse, NY: The PRS Group, Inc., 2001.

Lockwood, Jonathan and Lockwood, Kathleen. The Lockwood Analytical Method for Prediction (LAMP). Washington DC: Joint Military Intelligence College, 1994.

The PRS Group. “Political Risk Service Methodology”, The PRS Group, Accessed 9th September 2010 at HYPERLINK “http://www.prsgroup.com/PRS_Methodology.aspx” t “_blank” http://www.prsgroup.com/PRS_Methodology.aspx.

The Quality Portal. “Review the Analytic Hierarchy”. Accessed 9th September, 2010 at HYPERLINK “http://thequalityportal.com/q_ahp.htm” t “_blank” http://thequalityportal.com/q_ahp.htm.

Experiment: Identifying College Majors Based On Individuals Facial Features.

Abstract

According to previous research, facial recognition is significant for the survival of human beings. Based on the former research, various scholars have identified the interconnection between human brains and various faces identified every day. The studies have however not identified the human brain sophistication. One studies carried out by Zayed University was to show how students could identify other individuals. The experiment entailed asking the students to identify the faces (that were photographed) and this involved students from Arts, Business, Humanities, I formation technology and education. Additionally, various students from the university were requested to identify the faces. It was expected that facial features could assist the students recognize the faces. According to the research outcome, 47% of the students recognized a good number of faces while others recognized few. This implication is that student brains had developed sophisticated specialized system that made it possible the students accurately identify the faces.

INTRODUCTION

Recognizing a face is essential for lives especially when a given person was known to be associated with criminal activities. According to Eysenck 2010, people easily identify criminals compared to other individuals. However, no research has identified how sophisticated the brain is.

Sir Francis Galton, a psychologist, in 1800 developed typical faces from different sections of the community and among the faces he developed included criminals and soldiers. This, he achieved through projecting photographs of various groups of people and creating a composite image that represented the average face of given group in the community (Jones et al, 2006). Jones et al (2006) also states, “This was done in effort to visualize the facial characteristics that were common to a particular group of people.”

In a similar way, Zayed University investigated is students could identify their colleagues on their facial features. This was to identify whether the University students could develop a specialized system in their brains that could enable them identify other students. The assumption was that facial features could provide the students with clues on the major students. Suppose the students could identify the faces and categorize the students on their majors, this that indicates that the students brains had developed specialized features. If majority of the students could not identify the faces that would mean their brains had not developed the specialized feature.

Another study carried out by Diamond and Carey in 1986 on dogs proved the hypothesis that brains develop specialized features. The study entailed showing dogs other pictures which were inverted and result confirmed that the dog’s brains had developed a specialized system since they could identify an inverted and upright pictures (Rackover, 2001).

METHOD

Participants

Those who participated in the survey included a 17-year old students form Zayed University who ages ranged from 19years to 22 years and the sampled students were in their second years of study.

Stimuli

The presented stimuli were colored student pictures from five different colleges at Zayed University. The samples students came from IT, Art, Humanities, Business, Education and Media who were presented on a projector screen.

Apparatus

We will use projectors to project students’ faces on the smart board.

Design

The study involved using a randomized procedure to show the participants pictures to be identified. The pictures were shifted and then presented to the participants.

Procedure

Those who participated in the research were first briefed on the study and the procedure. After that, the participants were given answers sheet with the 6 major colleges in Zayed University. Before identification process, the image of students was then projected on a screen and they had 10 seconds to observe the picture and identify the students major then tick the answer they thought was appropriate.

RESULTS

1143000-3175

Figure 1.

-12065210185

Figure 2.

DISCUSSION

According to the study, among the 34 questions given to the participants, the highest performer scored 50% of the total pictures while the poorest scorer had 3 correct answers out of 34 possible scores. The mean score stood at 9.8 and majority scored 13 out of possible 34 correct answers and indicated in figure 2.

According to the results shown in figure 1, there was a 5.75% probability of scoring correct answer. This indicated the probability of a participant scoring a correct answer without help. In the study, 14 participants scored above average and eight among the participants scored over 10 points by getting over 10 correct answer and this indicated that they had developed a specialized system.

For the participants who obtained more that average could be cases where they would have identified the students who were either members of their classes or they had met the student before and this affected the result outcome. The other stimuli that could have been provided is a list of students names and the giving the participants pictures to match the names and the faces. Suppose the participants scored more than 5% then he or she could be disqualified from taking part in the experiment.

The students who were pictures were asked to smile without showing their teeth and this helped in maintaining experiment standardization. Suppose the experiment was to be repeated, the students could be asked to take photos in different posters so the participants could not easily re-identify the learners. All the participants were second year students. Suppose the participants could have been fourth years students, then it could have been assumed that they could have seen the pictures for a long time. They could have developed a specialized system and so could easily identify the faces.

The participants were allowed 10 seconds to identify the pictures. Suppose the experiment was to be repeated, then time for viewing the pictures could have been reduced. This is to ensure participants could easily process the pictures and identify their majors. The answer sheet given to the participants with the list of the faces might have had effects on the experiment. The participants must have found it hard to identify the faces and match the names and the face. Suppose the experiment was to be repeated, the participants could be asked to write down then major of the faces.

List of References

Diamond and Carey 1986

Eysenck, M. (2010). Cognitive Psychology . USA: Psychology Press.

Face Research ⇒ Students ⇒ Topic 3: Are attractive faces only average?. (n.d.). Face Research. Retrieved January 23, 2014, from http://faceresearch.org/students/averagene

Rackover, S., & Cahlon, B. (2001). Face recognition and computational processes . USA: Library of Congress.

Applied Managerial Finance

Name

Institution

Date

Applied Managerial Finance

Working capital is an accounting measure used to find out the financial efficiency, liquidity and the overall operation of a given company or simply the measure of how efficient the company is in relation to its financial growth in a short term time-frame. The reason to why working capital is used in determining the operations of the company, it is because working capital includes accounts payables, accounts receivable, inventory, cash and salaries payable. Working capital is thus the difference between current assets and current liabilities (McLeary, 2000).

1. Explain what working capital is and provide an equation that can beused to compute it.

The working capital concept plays an important role in financial management for a company as it is a term required for the operation of the company. For example, a merchant has goods which yields her no profit unless she gives them out for cash, and the cash brings her some profit till the cash is given out in exchange for goods. The working capital in accounting is necessary as it is required regularly for business operations. Such business operations includes the buying of raw materials, production activities, stock and store investment, paying of both direct and indirect expenditures, and inventories or credit given to customers who keep balance (Shweta, 2013).

In financial management, a statement (working capital) showing the flow of funds is calculated. The purpose of preparing the working capital statement is to illustrate its net effect on the flow of all funds in and out of the company over a period of time. Thus, the accounting equation can best be used to show the effect of funds flow on working capital. The equation therefore is:

Liabilities + Capital = Assets or

Current Assets – Current Liabilities = Working Capital

That is, L + C= A

The equation can further be expounded to: Current Assets + Long Term Assets = Current Liabilities + Long Term Liabilities + Capital

That is, CA +LTA = CL + LTL + C

The same equation can be read as CA – CL = LTL+ C – LTA

In addition to the equation above, in case there is any change in the working capital, the result will then be equal to all the sum of the changes on either side of the equation used to compute it. That is, ∆WC (change in working capital) = ∆LTL (long term liabilities) + ∆C (change in capital) – ∆LTA (change in long term assets).

2. Compute the working capital for Apex

In computing the working capital of a given company, say Apex, one looks at the components on the balance sheet since all the components of the equation above appear on the balance sheet (Aswath, 2007).

3. Describe the trend and show whether the trend is improving, deteriorating, or moderating.

Form the balance sheet; it is evident to say that, among the current assets, the inventory takes the largest amount thus determines the gross working capital. In 2012 the inventory hiked from $6500 to $ 12100. This measures the average ability of Apex Company to manage its short-term obligations.

4. Demonstrate the need for external capital.

As a result therefore, it can be deduced from the balance sheet that, the trend of the working capital is moderating as the current assets and liabilities from either years averages to the same as the other.

References

Aswath, D. Return on Capital (ROC), Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) and Return on Equity (ROE): Measurement and Implications. Stern School of Business Article, July 2007

McLeary, F. (2000). Accounting and its Business Environment. USA: Juta and Company Ltd.

http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Xt2lLSi_qgIC&dq=explain+what+working+capital+is+and+provide+an+equation+that+can+be+used+to+compute+it.&source=gbs_navlinks_s

Shweta, M. Working Capital Trends and Liquidity Analysis of Fmcg Sector in India. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 9, Issue 4 (Mar. -Apr. 2013), PP 45-52

HYPERLINK “http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol9-issue4/F0944552.pdf”http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol9-issue4/F0944552.pdf

Quanititive Analysis

Name

Institution

Date

Hypothesis testing gives a basis for taking thoughts or theories that an individual initially build up about the economy or empowering or markets, as well as then making a decision whether these thoughts are true or sometimes when they are false. Quantitative analysis in simple terms is defined as a scientific advance to management decision building. Quantitative analysis comprises of five steps that are utilized in its advance. The step comprises of :

the null hypothesis as well as the alternate hypothesis.

the suitable test statistic as well as level of significance.

the decision rules and regulation.

Compute the suitable test statistic as well as making the decision.

Interpreting the decision selected.

When a distinction is statistically important, it means that the difference is maybe not due to likelihood. This does not tell effectively if the distinction is meaningful or minor! Effect sizes give one a quantitative way to charge to what a degree a significant distinction may also be substantively vital(Terrell, 2012).

Z-test as well as t-test are essentially the similar; they evaluate between two means to recommend whether all samples come from the similar population. There are conversely variations on the topic for the t-test. If one has a sample and wish to contrast it with a recognized mean (for example, national average) the sole or single sample t-test is accessible. If all of the samples are not independent of every other as well as have some issue in common, for instance geographical site or before/after management, the balancing sample t-test can be useful. There are as well two variation or distinctions on the two sample t-test, the first variation uses the samples which have no equal variances as well as the second employ samples whose variation or distinctions are equal(Gravetter, & Wallnau, 2000).

A statistical test on which the critical region happens to be of a sharing is one-sided so that it is either superior than or less than an assured value, however not both. If it samples that is being tested drop into the one-sided serious area, the alternative or substitute hypothesis will be established instead of using the null hypothesis. Therefore, the one-tailed test obtains its name from testing the region beneath one of the tails or sides of the normal sharing, even though the test can be employed in other non-normal sharing as well.

On the other hand, a statistical test on which the critical region of a sharing is two sided as well as tests whether a trial is either larger or superior than or less than a firmed range of standards. If the sample that is to be tested go down into either of the critical region, the alternative hypothesis will be established as a substitute of the null hypothesis.

In conclusion, the labels ” a left-tailed, ” as well as ” right-tailed test ” refer to the usual normal sharing (as well as all of the t-sharing). The key term for identifying a left-tailed test are “greater than and less than”(Terrell, 2012).

References

HYPERLINK “http://www.bibme.org/” o “Edit this item”Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2000). Statistics for the behavioral sciences (5th ed., Instructor’s ed.). Australia: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Terrell, S. R. (2012). Statistics translated: a step-by-step guide to analyzing and interpreting data. New York: Guilford Press.

Experimental/Intervention Research Design

Name

Institution

Date

Research MethodsName: ______________________________________________________________

PART I: Please refer to the IARC Intervention Trials article (posted to Moodle) in answering the following questions.

Define Intervention Trials. (50 word max; 4 points)

It is a trials done prevent or control new diseases and deal with subjects who are disease-free. Intervention trials involve evaluation of whether an agent or procedure reduces the risk of developing disease among those free from that condition at enrolment.

Briefly list 3 strengths of trials. (50 word max; 6 points)

The trials can be selectively carried on individuals without interfering with the community. It can also be carried anywhere that is suitable for intervention and this can reduce cost of hiring of rooms hence cost effective and reliable as the researcher can administer it even at home.

Briefly list 3 weaknesses of trials. (50 word max; 6 points)

The study has ethical constraints as many people can shy away from participating in it. The trials require a greater number of subjects to be followed up for a longer periods hence time consuming. As the study involve healthy people, it is logistically difficult to carry out.

List major challenges in conducting clinical trials. (50 word max; 4 points)

It is relative difficult to assign many interventions to individual levels as the trials majorly suits the community as a whole and at the same time people in the group of intervention can be easily get contaminated by the sick . The trial can easily reveal the true effect of the intervention hence compromising the result.

PART II: Now that you are familiar with trial methodology…a burgeoning expert indeed. Please read the article by Brian et al. entitled “Effect of a behaviour-change intervention on hand-washing with soap in India (Super-Amma): A cluster-randomized trial. Answer the following questions in reference to this article. Please note that when asked to “comment” you should not just restate the facts, but provide your opinion as to whether it was good, adequate, poor AND why.

Comment on sample: Size. How participants were selected. Any inclusion or exclusion criteria? (60 word max; 5 points)

The sample size was manageable as it was reasonable for analysis. The random method of selection was best suited for this experiment as it reduces bias and facilitates participation of members. The method of clustering of the villages was the best way to enhance equal participation of both the sexes in the community and finally by giving 1:1 ratio is comprehensive and inclusive for every eligible member to participate in the intervention.

Consider Outcomes: What were they? How were they assessed/measured? (75 word max; 5 points)

The primary outcome was to check the proportion of key events while the secondary outcome was to ascertain hand washers who use soap double blind to measure the outcome. Hand washing with soap was low at the begging of the experiment, however, there was a considerable increase in percentage after the second and third visit. Interestingly, the hand washing with soap was relatively higher in intervention group than in the control group at all the stages of visits.

Comment on your perception as to quality/strengths of the intervention. Weaknesses? (75 word max; 5 points)

The quality of the intervention was reasonable as there was equal representation in the sample. The use of random and stratified sampling reduces biasness in the experiment. By use of double blind method and female observers in the process reduces fear of intimidation. Timing of the experiment and door-door approach was also commendable as it reached the targeted group. The researcher also conducted a successful follow up after every six weeks.

Consider limitations as presented in IARC article. Which of these limitations do you see operative in this study? (75 word max; 5 points)

Since the study was like clinical intervention, it was difficult to assign to individual member of the community and that could take longer time to administer hence time consuming and costly. There could be an easier way of people within the intervention becoming contaminated when they are put within the strata thereby risking the healthy individuals.

Consider biases that are operative in intervention trials. Which of them are operative in this study? (75 word max; 5 points)

Invention trials are under the direct control of the investigator and the result can be easily influenced by those in charge. The trial uses double masking that can be dangerous to both the correspondents and the observers as they are not told of the dangers they are exposed to. Finally by use of only young female as observers, the trials tend to be discriminative to gender and age of individuals in the community.

Conclusions: Do the data presented by the author support their conclusions/recommendations? Please explain. (75 word max; 5 points)

Yes the data presented support the author’s findings and conclusion. The data was representative and the use of simple random and stratified method of data collection was accurate. The data had a fair representation in the sample as it took more than fifty percent of the community and used a ratio of 1:1 to be inclusive. The inclusive data gives a representative result that shows that there is a substantial increase in those using soap to wash their hands.

References

Biran, A. et al., (2014). Effect of a behaviour-change intervention on hand washing with soap in India (SuperAmma): A cluster-randomized trial. HYPERLINK “http://www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Vol 2. ” www.thelancet.com/lancetgh Vol 2.

Ejemot R, Ehiri J, Meremikwu M, Critchley J. Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 1: CD004265.

Explain What You Understand By UTM Coordinates And How They Are Derived

A Universal Transverse Mercator is an accurate projection in narrow zones. A map projection refers to any mathematical transformation of the globe onto some other surface, including many, which cannot be physically realized by any actual optical projection system. One of the widely and familiar used Mercator projection is the cylindrical projection. This projection is used because the world is encircled by an imaginary cylinder touching at the equator with the earth being projected onto the cylinder. This cylindrical projection is different from the cylindrical gnomonic in that the cylindrical projection is not what would result from placing a light at the center of the earth and projecting the surface onto the cylinder unlike the cylindrical gnomonic, which results in very extreme distortions especially in polar regions and therefore; has virtually no practical use. Since the Transverse Mercator is an accurate projection in narrow zones, it has become the common reference for the global coordinate system, which is known as the UTM system (Universal Transverse Mercator System). This system was developed to set the universal world system for mapping.

The world is subdivided into narrow longitude zones, which are projected onto a Transverse Mercator projection. A grid is constructed on the projection, and used to locate points. The upside of the grid system is that, since the grid is rectangular and decimal, it is far easier to use than latitude and longitude. The downside is that, unlike latitude and longitude, there is no way to determine grid locations independently. The Transverse Mercator Projection was used in sixty positions so as to create sixty zones around the world, with each zone six degrees in width. Positions on the earth are measured using Eastings and Northings, and are measured in meters rather than in degrees and minutes, which are the standard units of measurements for Latitudes and Longitudes. Eastings begin at 500,000 on the centre of the earth’s meridian of each zone, while Northings begin at 0 from the equator and increases moving pole wards.

The UTM system divides the earth into 60 zones that are each 60 longitude apart. These zones define the reference points for a UTM grid coordinate within a particular zone. UTM zones extend from latitude 800S to 840N. Within the Polar Regions, the Universal Polar Stereographic grid system becomes used. UTM zones are numbered from 1 to 60 starting at the International Date Line, longitude 1800, and then proceed east. Each zone is then divided into horizontal bands, which are 80latitude. These bands are assigned a letter from south to north beginning with C (omitting I and O in order to avoid confusion with numbers) and later ending with X, which is the latitudinal band and is the only exception that spans 120. When using UTM coordinates, these band letters are included in the description as well as the zone number.

In order to determine one’s location on the globe, one must be in the hemisphere and zone in which they are in. this is because coordinates will be identical from zone to zone without the zone number and zone grid letter. An example of a valid location is 15 S 0342911 E/4302262N, bearing in mind coordinates are given in terms of eastings and northings.

15 represent the UTM zone

S represents the UTM band

0342911E represent Latitude in meters

4302262N represent Longitude in meters

Reference

Garmin Corporation. (2005). Using a Garmin GPS with Paper Maps for Land Navigation. Kansas: Garmin International, Inc

Experiment design

Experiments are an important part of research development and can be used to get valuable findings about a certain phenomenon. They can be done either in the field or in a laboratory. An experiment basically means the manipulation independent variables in different ways and then observes the outcome of the other dependent variables. Experiments can be done with animals or human beings as the variables. There different types of experiments depending on how experiment can assign subjects to different conditions. In this case the experiment is about testing the effect of e-mail request with different set of information and the effect on the responses (Ryan,2007).This experiment can be conducted as a within the subject or between the subject as discussed below:

Between the subject experiment:

This is one of the most common types of experiment especially when dealing with scientific experiments. This type of experiment is specifically designed to avoid carry over effects in an experiment. In this regard the participants can be in the control group or the treatment group within the experiment but will not belong to both hence each new treatment will need a new group (Godwin,2009).

In this case the experiment has been designed such that each offer presented has different benefits as part of modification to ensure that the experiment to derive the most accurate results and also ensure that the difference between the groups does not influence the final outcome.

Our case ahs picked on an e-mail message that invites people for a survey hence the survey is the main subject in this experiment and the participation by all the interested parties will derive the results to the researchers. To further differentiate the participants the e-mails have different offers which provide an opportunity for the participants to choose from. Tests will be conducted on the three categories of responses to determine which e-mail has the highest response numbers and to make its as the basis for the survey. The main interest in this experiment will therefore to find out which e-mail has the highest number of participants.

This type of experiment will therefore derive accurate results and free from contamination by extraneous factors this is because each participant will only be subjected to single treatment in terms of their preferences. This avoids boredom and even participant establishment which may affect the results from subsequent tests. This type of experiment will however require a large number of participants to be successful since they are only tested once. This is the major drawback for the between the subject design (Russell & Purcel, 2009).

Within the subjects design:

This is another type of experiment and serves in the opposite way as between the subject design and in this case the subjects or the participants in an experiment process are subject to more than one treatment which denotes the level of independent variables in the experiment. In our first design the participants were only subjected to a single treatment within the three e-mails and hence no single participant could be gauged on more than one e-mail. Under this new design the participants will be allowed to participate as independent variables in more than one type of e-mail and hence it’s possible to get outcomes that link a single participant to the hyperlink e-mail and also the $10 charity e-mail. This experiment will therefore test the participants on the three e-mails at different levels and hence it could be started with taking the survey on the hyperlink e-mail and determine the response and then subject the same group to the $10 charity e-mail and finally to $1000 chance e-mail. The outcome will then be analyzed and then reported in terms of the responses patterns in different cases. One of the key strengths of this design is its ability to reduce the error variance due to personal differences. This type of experiment also increases the statistical power and hence the beta error in an experiment which quite desirable in deriving accurate results in an experiment process (Johnson & Christensen, 2010).

Advantages of between the subjects design:

Although both experiment designs have advantages and disadvantages the between the subject model is the most proffered due to the following reasons:

One of the core strengths of the between the subjects experiment is that it has the potential or reducing the chances of contamination in an experiement.This is due to the fact the subjects are only allowed to participate in a single treatment with subsequent tests requiring new participants.

This design also allows a whole range of questions that will lead to accurate results. This is not possible with within the subject design because the same participants are used and hence its impossible to provide for a whole range of questions for treatment (Ray, 2008).

With these key advantages between the subjects experiment is the most common and highly valued by many researchers in social science and can lead to more accurate results.

References

Godwin,C.J.(2009). Research in Psychology: Methods and Design.6th ed. Hoboken, NJ : Wiley.

Johnson,B.& Christensen,L.(2010). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and

Mixed Approaches.4th ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif. : SAGE Publications.

Ray,J.W.(2008). Methods toward a Science of Behavior and Experience.9th ed. Australia

; Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.

Russel,B.& Purcell,J.(2009). Online research essentials: Implementing and designing

Research studies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Ryan,P.T.(2007). Modern Experimental Design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Individual project

Introduction

When undertaking a project, the project manger lays down the procedure and process that will be followed to ensure that the project succeeds. The main processes of project development are project scheduling and controlling. Those processes are affected by project management elements such as PERT estimating, risk matrices, and earned value management (Kerzner, 2003). This assignment wills discuss how the above project management elements affect project scheduling and controlling. Further, it shall touch on how the project managers ability to make project and segment trade-offs can be affected by the three elements.

Explain how each of the following 3 project management elements affects the scheduling and controlling of a project

1). The value of PERT estimating

The acronym PERT stands for “Performance Evaluation Review Technique”. As the term denotes, PERT evaluates the performance of the project and reviews its progress weather is in line with the plan. This technique helps the project name to align the project according to the schedule. if the project is moving faster or slower than the planned schedule, the project manger then controls the progress by taking relevant steps (Kerzner, 2003).

PERT provides a focus around which mangers brain storm and bring their ideas together. it provides a great communication medium through which great project thinkers and planners at one level share their ideas, doubts, and fears with another level. Most importantly it is an important tool for evaluating the performance of individuals and teams. PERT enhances decision making which affects how the project should be controlled and scheduled (Kerzner, 2003).

Risk matrices

A risk matrix helps the project manger to compare processes within the project so that to make improvements on the progress and schedule plan. It helps the project manger to quantify project risk so that he can evaluate them basing on the risk impact and probability. Risk matrices affect the scheduling and controlling of the project to avoid risk occurrence (Kerzner, 2003).

Earned value management

Earned value management EVM refers to the way a project manger uses his intellect to measure the progress of the project in an objective manner. it helps the project manager to calculate what was earned from the project. This will help in changing or perfecting the project processes to improve the earnings for the money invested in the project. It helps in generation of productivity analysis, reduces the risk and forecasting, improves communication with stake holders and helps break down the project into smaller units for better understanding. All the above benefits affect project controlling and scheduling positively (Hugg, Bob 1996). 

Explain how each of the above 3 project management elements affects a project manager’s ability to make project and segment trade-offs.

Both the value of PERT estimating, risk matrices and earned value management work together to enhance the project mangers ability to make decision while still following a rational structure based on project achievement and performance. The techniques help the project manager to study past history and performance in contrast with clearly defined measurable metrics and use the knowledge to forecast the upcoming project outcome (Fleming, Quentin & Koppelman, Joel 2005).

They affect the project mangers ability to look in advance and recognize and evaluate the uncertainties which may probably affect the project performance positively or negatively and devise a response to focus on the risk proactively (Godfrey, 2010). The elements help the project manger to calculate the cost of the project and pursue all the segments which are profitable. Earned value management helps the manager to plan on new ventures or techniques to help the project gain value for its investment. Both time and cost is put into consideration under segment trade-offs controlling and scheduling.

Reference

Fleming, Quentin W. & Koppelman, Joel M. (2005). Earned value project management, thirdedition. [Books24x7 version]

Godfrey, J., (2010). PMP5 Things Project Management is not. 

Hugg, Bob (1996).  Thinking in Project Management Terms – Basic Methods and Calculations. 

Kerzner, H., (2003), Project management, a system approach to planning,scheduling and control, Apprentice Hall.

Stutzke, R. D. (2005).  Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, andProcesses.  Addison-Wesley Professional

Explain how enterprise risk management is or is not different from basic risk management.

Enterprise risk management can be explained to mean the effected process by an entity’s management, board of directors, as well as other key personnel with an objective of increasing the organization’s profitability via creation of single view to all risks, whether internal or external. Then executive level management strategy is established to counter them all. Key features associated with Enterprise Risk Management incorporate multiple risk analysis throughout the enterprise instead of detached risk silos (Brannam & Taylor, 2006). The corporate goals get achieved through risk management elevation as the strategic partner. Enterprise risk management differs from basic risk management in that the basic inculcates the periodization of risks. It means that, here, risks get classified into risk silos instead of viewing them from one angle. The basic gives priority to those risks with highest occurrence chances. In enterprise risk management, there are no priorities. Risks are treated equally plus similar treatment in the management. The fundamental features of enterprise risk management reveal its uniqueness; they incorporate multiple risk analysis rather than isolated risk silos in basic management. Therefore, the difference in the two is evident. However, they are comparable in that both deal with risk management.

Explain figure 5 on page 9 of the Brannan and Taylor paper on ERM

The figure represents the ERM fusion model that incorporates the JCAHO’s first ten items that can aid make, as well as negatively impact a hospital. Healthcare organizations should always ascertain promotion of culture of wide risk management in enterprises. They should as well set objectives that are measurable, aligning them to organizational goals. The figure indicates that the gradual incorporation and application of ERM process in the healthcare sector can guarantee accreditation maintenance. The inside section shows elements such as communications, medication safety, infection reductions, reconciling medications, slips and falls, and patient identification that can built a hospital should they be maintained. The first ten items of the model that incorporate; improper storage, expired medications, confidentiality violation, and unfamiliarity with vital procedures among others are the falling point in hospitals.

Explain Figure 2 –Risk Heat Map- on page 6 of the University of Regina document.

Risks in various organizations result in negative outcomes. The risk assessment in organizations is vital since it does communicate the mitigation alternatives, as well as inform senior management on matters regarding risks. Risk assessment is done using a heat map indicated in figure two. The figure represents a (3*3) heat map. The horizontal axis shows the likelihood that a given risk may occur within an organization to become a problem. The vertical axis indicates the probable impact the risk will cause on the objective that will not get achieved in the case whereby it fails to come into existence. The heat map has colors that are used in showing the risk areas. The colors do contrast with assorted s or usage. For instance, boxes with green are located in the lower space. Yellow ones are sited in the medium risk space of the heat map. Whichever location the boxes get placed within the risk heat map reveal or explain risk level. Risk calculation is solved via multiplying the impact with likelihood or the probability (prospect) of risk occurrence. For instance, high impact (3) multiplied by probable likelihood (3), the result is 9. The digit nine lies on a red box. Red boxes are in high-risk zones of the risk maps meaning high risk.

Use five of the ten JCAHO’s top ten actions that will make or break you (Brannan & Taylor) and analyze them according to the criteria in the Risk Heat Map (Figure 2 University of Regina).

Improper storage can be categorized as possible likelihood, and potential impact becomes medium. The resulting risk outcome when the likelihood 2 is multiplied by two, is four (4), which is in medium risk zone. The action taken is proper storage of medical equipment. Expired medication can be categorized remote likelihood since there is less supply of medication around the planet. The potential impact of the same is low hence the effect lies in low-risk zone painted green. The action by management here is stocking medication after consideration of stock turnover. Confidentiality violation refers to revealing a patient info by practitioners without owners consent. Some practitioners happen to fail on duty via presentation of patients’ private data to other persons. This is a familiar thing taking place within the industry. The occurrence likelihood of the confidentiality violation is probable while the potential impact is high. Consequently, the risk comes within the high-risk zone with a red box. The action a hospital management can take is administration of punishment to violator such as salary reduction to negatively reinforce the conduct. Unfamiliarity with crucial procedures is also a part of the items that can break a hospital. For instance, practitioners with limited comprehension of what is required to be done resulting from factors like inadequate training. This is ranked at probable likelihood with high potential impact should they happen. The resulting figure lies within the high risk-zone. The action needed for barring the risk is employing many year experienced staff. It means acquisition of staff that have acquired training for long and worked elsewhere. Non-existence documentation as a risk can be classified under remote likelihood and low impact potential. It is inconsequential. The resultant of the two is located in a green box. The risk category is in low-risk zone. The action necessary to bar this risk is proper and safe document recording, as well as storage. Backup plans must get established and competent staff with necessary equipment granted the task. This ascertains suitable documentation procedures are observed. The issue resolved in time to bar hospital cessation steering to unprecedented loss.

References:

Brannam & Taylor, (2006). A Model for Enterprise Risk Management Within a Healthcare Organization. American Society for Safety Engineers Publishers

   HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Sponsoring_Organizations_of_the_Treadway_Commission” o “Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission” Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. (2004).  HYPERLINK “http://www.coso.org/Publications/ERM/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf” “Enterprise Risk Management — Integrated Framework: Executive Summary”

Enterprise Risk Management Committee (May 2003). HYPERLINK “http://www.casact.org/research/erm/overview.pdf” “Overview of Enterprise Risk Management” (PDF). HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_Actuarial_Society” o “Casualty Actuarial Society” Casualty Actuarial Society

Question 3

Explain if and when a contract was made between Sujit and Franca and ‘Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd.

As per Australian National Employment Standards Law, a representative, for example, Sujit and Franca is a person who lives up to expectations for an alternate in return for administrations rendered. For each administration, there must be an agreement or settlement in the midst of the boss and the worker. This assertion stipulates the terms and necessities of administration at all cases. An agreement under which a worker works is called contract of administration. Taking into account the careful investigation there was a break of this agreement by Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd and all things considered, the court chose that the organization ought to remunerate Sujit and Franca. Accordingly, the organization is obliged to repay Sujit and Franca, yet Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd to abstain from paying Sujit and Franca there pay because of harms created.

Discuss what action Sujit and Frances can take in relation to the claims regarding inclusion of children’s meals and the fact the children’s swimming pool is closed.

Hence, based on the above components, Sujit and Franca is qualified to document an argument against Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd. On the other hand, to clarify these elements different cases with the details will be talked about as beneath, the cases will be of both International cases and Australian cases. This will offer an agreeable strict understanding of the claim that Sujit and Franca is attempting to seek after also to offer knowledge of how instances of the nature and size have been overseen already

Discuss the liability of Claytons Rubber Store regarding the claims made about the life jackets.

Offended parties (Sujit and Franca) offered no affirmation that the subject lifejackets were in poor condition or by one methods or an alternate lacking at the time that respondent sold the business and leased the premises to Sujit and Franca , or all things considered, at the time that the lifejackets were given. Also, prosecutor can’t be considered accountable for any forsakes that may have happened over the six years after the lifejackets were given to Sujit and Franca. Claytons Rubber Store was accountable for keeping up the condition of the lifejackets and for having they evaluated consistently. In this way, if the decedents were placed in a more unfortunate position because of the attested lacking condition of the lifejackets at the time that Sujit and Franca were supplied with the Jackets.

Discuss whether Sujit and Franca can obtain a refund for the failed trip to the Great Barrier Reef.

Most trip companies permit clients to return products in the event that they alter their opinions or get an undesirable thing as a blessing just on the grounds that it bodes well. Yet they are not needed to do unless there is a conspicuous imperfection with the service they rendered to the clients such as of the case of Sujit and Franca. Dealers likewise may oblige a receipt with a specific end goal to acknowledge returns, which helps avoid return extortion (see talk of this beneath). Legitimately, it is a matter of agreement law: If the dealer’s approach (or deals contract) obviously expresses “Law Suit” in a manner that is not befuddling to clients, then it is not needed to acknowledge returns on generally marketable products. Government law overseeing discounts is genuinely straightforward and straightforward, applying to online and in addition in-store deals. Great Barrier Reef don’t need to give a full discount on returned services unless one of the accompanying conditions is valid: The merchandise were blemished (or, all the more for the most part, the dealer broke its business contract) and refunds are a piece of the trader’s expressed refund policy.

Explain whether Sujit and Franca are entitled to be paid back the $1,000 that has been stolen from the safe.

It is not ideal that they get paid they $1000. This is because they were not keen to read the notice that was at the firm. This is considered as negligence. Hence they are not reliable to get the compensation.

Discuss whether Sujit and Franca will have to pay the fencing contractor’s bill for repair of their roof.

It is not right for the clients that is (Sujit and Franca) to pay for the bill for the roof because they did not reach to a decision with Kym do undertake the repair of the roof as he was not able to reach them via call. This means that there was not contract between (Sujit and Franca) and the repair company.

Discuss whether Franca can sue for the mental distress of a failed holiday and her inability to work.

Based on the Australian laws typically consider harms for emotional or mental distress in a short-hand way “mental distress.” Typical jury decision structures contain a solitary clear for enthusiastic trouble harms, and jury guidelines frequently need particular meaning of what types of distress and enduring are compensable. On the other hand, the real scope of recuperation for such individual harm is as wide as the scope of human feeling. Our customers ought to be qualified for recuperate for the whole negative effect on their minds, brought about by biased behavior.

Given underneath is a rundown of a portion of the types of enthusiastic pain whereupon harms may be honored. Survey of such a rundown may be imperative for various reasons:

It might be conceivable to have the judge teach the jury on different types of passionate responses that could be considered in forming an enthusiastic misery honor. For examples carter v. Chief of Corrections, 43 Mass. Application. 212 (1997) (enthusiastic misery jury guideline expressing “in that classification we consider stun, nervousness, shame, mental anguish coming about because of the separation”). Consequently, we can attempt to have the judge sharpen the jury as to which feelings they ought to focus on in their appraisal of harms.

It may even be conceivable to get separate spaces on the jury decision structure for each one sort or every part of enthusiastic pain which is vital for the situation. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 licenses recuperation for “enthusiastic torment, enduring, impediment, mental anguish, [and] loss of delight in life.” 42 U.s.c. § 1981a(b)(3). Such solid statutory dialect may aid offended party’s contentions to expand the quantity of decision structure spaces in which this kind of harms may be honored.

Thought of the different types of enthusiastic pain may help open up zones of request and self-reflection for offended parties who are uneasy talking about the subject. Once in a while it is less demanding for individuals to characterize their sentiments when given a rundown of different classes.

At long last, it ought to be perceived that occasionally offended parties can just depict their passionate pain in the broadest of terms. At the point when a case is under the watchful eye of an Appellate Court, the offended party’s air at trial is just a remote memory. The transcript won’t reflect the profundity of passionate agony experienced by the offended party, and it won’t convey such things as tears, non-verbal communication and outward appearances. It might be imperative to have the capacity to refer to point of reference that a specific sort of feeling warrants recuperation of harms.

Based on the above facts he is not able to sue the firm due to emotional distress.

References

Mitchell, Richard, Peter Gahan, Andrew Stewart, Sean Cooney, and Shelley Marshall. “The evolution of labour law in Australia: Measuring the change.”Australian Journal of Labour Law 23, no. 2 (2010): 61-93.

Schaffer, Richard, Filiberto Agusti, and Lucien Dhooge. International business law and its environment. Cengage Learning, 2014.

Bagley, Constance E., and Craig E. Dauchy. The entrepreneur’s guide to business law. Cengage Learning, 2011.

Miller, Roger LeRoy, and Gaylord A. Jentz. Fundamentals of business law: Excerpted cases. Thomson/West, 2007.

Explain in your own words the process by which banks “create” money.

The process by which the banks make create money is based on their ability to advance money to their customers (Burgi, 1994). Creation of money is not the actual printing of the money; it is the accounting process in which money lent out is credited on the bank’s books. The loans advanced are a liability from the bank. The actual money that the bank is literally working with, the float, is much less than the money that reflects on the accounts (Burgi, 1994).

Let’s take an example that person A deposits $1000, in a bank account with bank M. person B comes and borrows $500 at a 10% interest repayment rate, this means that $550 will be credited on the banks accounts. Person C comes and borrows $300 at 10% interest repayment rate, the bank will credit $330 to their account. The accounts will look something like this:

Credit

person A 1000 1000

Person B 550

Person C 330

Total 1880

The ban according to their books they have $1880 but practically they only have $200 left from the initial money deposited by person A.

Discuss the impact of that ability to create money on the economy during an inflationary gap, as well as during a recessionary gap. Considering the higher rates of unemployment and the likelihood of lower prices during a recessionary gap, do banks with their lending policies, contribute to a recovery back to potential output, or hinder that recovery? Why do you believe your answer to be correct? What about during an inflationary gap?

During a recessionary gap there are high levels of unemployment and a decrease in the average price level. This means that there isn’t enough money circulating in the economy and this means there is a decrease in aggregate demand and supply (Arnold, 2013). In order to increase the level of employment, there should be an increase in the money created by the banks in order to increase the amount of loans advanced to people. This will increase the level of investment and increase the aggregate supply due to increase in loans and increase aggregate demand because there will be more money circulating the economy. This will lead to an increase in the average price and will attract even more production and supply of commodities. Banks will aid in the recovery process.

The above answer is true because it confirms the Philips curve that is based on the assumption that in order to decrease unemployment by 1%, there must be a 3% increase in the level of inflation and the reverse is also true (Arnold, 2013). This is because more money decreases unemployment but increases the average price level.

During an inflationary gap the average prices of commodities are relatively high and the currency is usually devalued. Inflation is usually as a result of increase in the quantity of money that is circulating in the economy (Arnold, 2013). So when the banks continue to create more and more money during a period when there is inflation, then the inflationary gap will continue to increase and the economy becomes unstable. In order to curb inflation and to bring back the economy to stability where markets can clear, the banks should reduce the loans they advance to their clients by decreasing the money creation process.

References

Burgi Ed, (1994), Money Creation: The Great Confidence Trick, Orthodox Print Press, New York

Arnold, A. Roger, (2013), Economics (Arnold) 11th Edition, Prentice Hall Print, New Jersey